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Acheampong, Theophilus. "Essays on North Sea oil and gas economics : offshore safety economics and third party access to infrastructure in the upstream oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232397.
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This thesis explores two themes on upstream oil and gas economics centred on offshore safety economics and third party access to infrastructure in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). The first part involves work that explores the nexus between the offshore safety regime and safety outcomes. It contributes to the literature by explaining the post-Piper Alpha safety regime changes with regard to our understanding, framing of safety decision making and benchmarking of safety outcomes. The second part investigates third party access to infrastructure issues in the UKCS. It contributes to our understanding of how different third party access to infrastructure arrangements can be utilised to maximise economic recovery. Each chapter addresses fundamental issues of North Sea oil and gas operations through the application of microeconomic, operations research and econometric methods within a formal analytical framework. The results provide insights into decision-making complexities in the upstream oil and gas industry by guiding policy makers. Specifically, part one of this thesis looks at safety performance in the post-Piper Alpha era in the UKCS. It investigates ways through which a more comprehensive and theoretically informed framework can be used to understand the linkages that arise when dealing with safety regulations and their impacts on the offshore oil and gas industry. Our objective is to empirically ascertain the determinants of offshore hydrocarbon releases within the context of the post-Piper Alpha offshore safety regime regulations. This is done using an observed number of hydrocarbon releases linked to a population denominator data of the number of the installations present in the UKCS. Three research problems are examined: (1) the transmission mechanisms through which safety regulation influence firm and industry productivity; (2) the assessment methods utilised in measuring and benchmarking regulatory outcomes in terms of safety compliance; and (3) the extent to which safety policies contribute to enhancing safety levels in the oil and gas industry. We initially review the background and literature on offshore safety with a particular emphasis on the UKCS in Chapter 2. We also frame our research questions and underlying hypothesis here. In Chapter 3, we present our underlying empirical framework and model specifications followed by some descriptive analysis of the hydrocarbon releases data. The results of the various econometric model specifications are analysed in Chapter 4. The second part of the thesis explores how possible different ownership patterns (including access arrangements) might affect the economic viability of exploiting remaining resources in the UKCS. This section attempts to answer two critical questions namely how the impact of the separation of infrastructure and field ownership affect economic recovery and the impact of taxation on field and hub economics in a mature oil basin. We explore how possible different ownership structures and access arrangements might affect the economic viability of remaining UKCS reserves. We apply a mixed integer programming (MIP) model to field data from the Northern North Sea. Specifically, we examine how the unbundling of infrastructure and field ownership, as well as different cost sharing and tariff arrangements, affect the long-term economics of hubs and their user fields. Regarding the layout, Chapter 5 talks about access to infrastructure issues in the UKCS namely the regulatory framework for access and related legislation. It leads to the development of a conceptual framework and model based upon which extractions are made to capture the various potential market outcomes. In Chapter 6, the empirical model, which utilises the mixed integer programming approach, is discussed. The data sources and characterization, as well as the presentation of the results from the Baseline Model, are presented in Chapter 7. The analysis of the Tax Model and the Cost Sharing plus Tax Model including structure and simulated results with underlying assumptions are presented in Chapter 8. Finally, Chapter 9 leads to a thorough discussion of the results followed by conclusions and policy recommendations.
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Martinovich, Tony. "Factors influencing the incidence rates of injuries and accidents among seafarers and rig workers providing support to the WA offshore oil and gas industry." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1084.
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The aim of this study was to identify, discuss and make recommendations regarding causal factors associated with injuries and accidents among seafarers and rig workers providing support to the WA offshore oil and gas industry. These incidents cause significant personal and economic burdens for employees, employers and the community in general.
A sample of 484 participants were recruited from a workforce of 9800 employees (approximately 5%). Participants were stratified into 2 cohorts; those who had suffered injury (286 – study group) and those who had not (198 - controls).
Data from the study group were stratified into oilrig workers and vessel seafarers. A one-way analysis of variance revealed that the injury incidence rate for the seafarers in the study group was significantly higher (mean 14.4 injuries) in the first quarter of each multi week work period ( "swing") (P=0.001), compared to means of 4.125 and 2.44 and 4 for the subsequent quarters. For the oil rig workers, the mean injury incidence rates across the four quarters remained similar.
It was recommended that a safety officer be assigned to each vessel to support workers for the 1st quarter of each swing. Implementation of this practice has been trialled in another study leading to a reduction in the number of incidents over a 12 month period (Brown, 2009). Other factors that influenced injury incidence rates were age and level of experience, with younger and less experienced workers being more injury prone. Encouraging older, experienced workers to mentor younger employees and to manage their workload according to their physical capabilities will be a useful intervention. The implementation of these recommendations will reduce the injury incidence rate of this unique cohort of employees thus reducing the economic burden of injuries and accidents to the employee, the employer and the community in general.
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McMahon, James S. "DYNAMO systems model of the roll-response of semisubmersibles." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020130/.
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Silva, Luciano da. "Análise modal e controle de plataformas offshore sujeitas a perturbações persistentes." Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5020.
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A exploração offshore tem crescido muito nos últimos anos e grandes estruturas e equipamentos têm sido projetados e construídos para remover o óleo que se encontra abaixo da superfície do mar. Para plataformas offshore fixas tipo jaqueta é necessário analisar os problemas decorrentes da exposição dessas instalações ao ambiente hostil do oceano. Estas perturbações induzem vibrações excessivas nas estruturas, afetando o conforto e a estabilidade da instalação, e para combater essas vibrações uma ferramenta matemática foi utilizada para monitorar o estado da integridade da estrutura, a
Transformada de Hilbert-Huang (HHT). O HHT foi utilizada com sucesso para a identificação de parâmetros modais, como frequência fundamental e fator de amortecimento da plataforma. Finalmente, uma técnica de controle de vibração ativa baseada no Controle Linear Quadrático (LQ) é implementada com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos de perturbações oscilatórias indesejáveis causados por ondas e correntes marinhas.The offshore exploration has grown tremendously in recent years, and large structures and equipment has been designed and built to remove the oil that lies beneath the sea surface. For fixed jacket type offshore platforms is necessary to consider the problems arising from exposure of these facilities to the hostile ocean environment. These perturbations induce excessive vibrations in the structures affecting the comfort and stability of the facility, and for to combat these vibrations a mathematical tool was used to monitor the integrity health of the structure, namely the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT). The HHT was used for the successfully identification of modal parameters, as fundamental frequency and damping factor of the platform. Finally, an active vibration control technique based on the Control Linear Quadratic (LQ) is implemented aiming to reduce the effects of undesirable oscillatory perturbations caused by waves and marine current.
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Chipindu, Njalo Socrates Chipongue. "Pos-analise em problemas de perfuração de poços maritimos de desenvolvimento." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263688.
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Orientadores: Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, Jose Ricardo Pelaquim Mendes, Kazuo MiuraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Os problemas na perfuração de poços de petróleo são responsáveis pela maior parte dos tempos não produtivos, elevando assim os custos diários das operações. Portanto, o estudo e o entendimento destes problemas contribuirá para a otimização da perfuração, melhorando assim as práticas ou mitigando os efeitos severos das anormalidades. O presente trabalho apresenta três procedimentos para identificação das causas dos problemas que poderão auxiliar o jovem profissional a caracterizar os mais variados problemas que ocorrem durante a perfuração de um poço. Neste escopo são abordadas apenas as ocorrências pré-classificadas como dificuldade de manobra, dificuldade de avanço, e prisão. O estudo usa dados dos boletins diários de perfuração dos poços, dados de mudlogging, dados obtidos por ferramentas de monitoramento contínuo da perfuração e outros dados como o fluido utilizado, a configuração da composição de fundo, o desgaste de broca, o gráfico do caliper, litologia e trajetória do poço. A caracterização dos problemas é feita mediante a identificação e associação de eventos que levam a formular hipóteses das prováveis causas dos problemas. Dois grupos de pesquisa (Unicamp e Genesis do Brasil) em engenharia de poço implementaram separadamente os procedimentos propostos. Os resultados foram coincidentes para a maioria trechos de poços marítimos de desenvolvimento analisados, o que atesta a eficácia dos procedimentos diagnósticos. Este estudo é importante para indústria, pois pode maximizar a eficiência na perfuração, através da minimização e/ou eliminação dos tempos não produtivos, responsáveis por avultadas perdas econômicas, além de permitir tornar mais robustas as ferramentas de acompanhamento, em tempo real, das operações de perfuração, na tomada de decisões e na melhoria do processo de planejamento de poço
Abstract: Drilling problems are accountable for the majority of the non productive times in the industry raising the daily operations costs. Therefore, the study and understanding of the problems will contribute to the drilling optimization, improving the practices or by mitigating their severe effects. The present work presents three procedures for identification of causes of drilling problems which can help the young professionals to characterize a wide range of problems that occur while drilling an oil well. In this scope they are studied only the problems pre-classified by occurrence as: problems in tripping, problem in drilling ahead and stuck pipe. The study uses data from the daily drilling reports, mudlogging data, on time monitoring tools data and mud data, Bottom Hole Assembly composition, bit wear report, caliper data, litology and well trajectory. The characterization of the problems is made by identification and association of the events that lead to formulate the hypotheses of the probable causes of the problems. Two research groups (Unicamp and Genesis do Brasil) in well engineering implemented separately the three proposed procedures. The results were coincident for the majority of the analyzed intervals of offshore development wells, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed procedures. This work is important to the industry since it leads to the drilling efficiency maximization by minimization and/or elimination non productive times that are the main responsible for economic losses, beside the fact that these findings can be used to boost the capacity of the monitoring and logging tools as well as to support the on time decision making and to improve well planning process
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Wang, Hong. "Near wellbore stress analysis for wellbore strengthening." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338926861&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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ABDU, JOAO PAULO SANSEVERINO. "SAFETY ASPECTS IN OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING WITH THE FLOATING MUD CAP DRILLING TECHNIQUE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36079@1.
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Frente às dificuldades de perfurar poços em reservatórios caracterizados por carbonatos fraturados e depletados, com frequente ocorrência de massivas perdas de fluido para formação e impossibilidade de manter o retorno de fluido para superfície, foi desenvolvida a técnica FMCD- Floating Mud Cap Drilling. A técnica consiste na perfuração com bombeio contínuo de fluido pela coluna de perfuração e também pelo anular do poço, injetando todo fluido e formação cortada pela broca para o reservatório. Na técnica convencional de perfuração, o fluido é bombeado pela coluna e retorna pelo anular, sendo possível monitorar continuamente a ocorrência de kicks - influxos acidentais de hidrocarbonetos no poço No entanto, na técnica FMCD, devido à ausência de retorno de fluido no anular, torna-se necessário adotar métodos não convencionais de monitoramento e prevenção de kicks, sendo o principal método, a injeção continua de fluido pelo anular, a uma vazão determinada, que evite influxos do reservatório e migração de hidrocarbonetos para superfície, denominada vazão de segurança. Inicialmente é apresentada uma contextualização da perfuração de poços offshore com técnica convencional e técnica FMCD, associada a uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre a técnica, e também de modelos e experimentos de fluxo óleo-água. Por fim, como objetivo principal da dissertação, é realizado a discussão de premissas, análise da vazão de segurança e métodos de monitoramento de influxos. Contudo, é esperado que a revisão bibliográfica e análises desenvolvidas, auxiliem em futuros projetos de perfuração com a técnica FMCD- Floating Mud Cap. Drilling.With the oil carbonate reservoirs exploration and exploitation around the world and the Brazilian coast, new challenges for well drilling are found which requires new techniques to be developed. The carbonate reservoirs can present fractures with high conductivity along its structure, often accompanied by geological faults. When associate with scenarios where the reservoirs are depleted, due to the ongoing production of these oil fields, may lead to fluid severe losses into the formation during the news well construction. For decades, in case of total loss at offshore wells drilling, the proposed solution has been to pump sealing material into the formation and, persisting the losses, to end it with a cement plug in open hole and make another attempt to drill the interval. When these procedures were not effective, the wells were often abandoned. On one side, it should be emphasized, that pumping sealant material and cement into the producing reservoir is undesirable, due to the possibility of damaging the intervals of greater permeability and production potential which may bring reduction in productivity (or injectivity) of the well. On the other side, continuing the drilling with fluid total loss may be intolerable from the operational safety point of view, as it is not possible to use conventional kick detection methods, that are mainly based on drilling fluid mass control. Facing these difficulties of drilling wells in reservoirs characterized by fractured and depleted carbonates, the FMCD (Floating Mud Cap Drilling) technique was developed. The technique consists of drilling with continuous pumping of fluid both through the drilling column and the well annulus, injecting all fluid and formation cuts into the reservoir.
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CHIEZA, CAROLINA PONTES. "DIAGNOSTICS OF OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS DURING OIL WELL DRILLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19161@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA perfuração de poços de petróleo é uma operação complexa e de elevado risco e custo financeiro. Com o passar dos anos o número de poços horizontais e de longo alcance perfurados aumentou consideravelmente devido à existência de reservatórios mais profundos e de difícil acesso, além da necessidade de se obter uma melhor eficiência na extração do petróleo. Juntamente com este aumento na complexidade da perfuração surgiram problemas operacionais que, por muitas vezes, não são identificados e acabam sendo responsáveis pela maior parte do tempo não produtivo da operação elevando, assim, seus custos diários. Logo, o estudo destes problemas é de extrema importância para se garantir condições seguras de operação, além de contribuir para a otimização da mesma, mitigação dos efeitos causados e uma maior rapidez e eficácia nas tomadas de decisões. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de identificação de problemas operacionais a fim de otimizar a perfuração de poços, através da utilização de recursos computacionais, para gerar análises de previsão de torque, arraste e hidráulica e, posterior, comparação com os dados de perfuração obtidos, em tempo real, dos sensores de mudlogging e da ferramenta de PWD. A caracterização dos problemas foi realizada com base nos dados reais de poços horizontais, perfurados na Bacia de Campos, mediante a identificação de possíveis desvios importantes, que não estavam previstos, nos parâmetros de perfuração. Através da retro-análise dos dados de perfuração dos poços foi possível diagnosticar alguns problemas operacionais ocorridos durante esta operação, tais como: perda de circulação, prisão da coluna de perfuração, washout no tubo de perfuração e dificuldade de avanço causada por uma limpeza deficiente, pelo enceramento da broca e pela vibração na coluna de perfuração. Além disso, foram destacados também alguns exemplos que mostraram variações na tendência do torque em função de mudança na litologia do poço.
Drilling is a complex and a high risk process which involves high financial cost. Over the years the number of horizontal wells and extended reach wells increased, due to the existence of deeper reservoirs, which are more difficult to access, in addition to the need of having an improvement in the oil production efficiency. Along with this increased complexity of drilling, unidentified operational problems end up being responsible for most of the non-productive time and daily cost increase. Thus, analyzing such problems it is very important to ensure safe operating conditions, optimize drilling operation, control causes/effects and have a faster and efficient decision-making capability. This paper presents a methodology to identify operational problems in order to optimize drilling operation using computer resources to predict torque, drag and hydraulic effects and later on to compare with the drilling data obtained in real time from mudlogging sensors and PWD (Pressure While Drilling). Cases were based on real time data from horizontal wells drilled in Campos Basis, Rio de Janeiro, and the problems were identified with unforeseen changes in drilling parameters trend. After studying the available well data, it was possible to diagnose several operational problems occurred during drilling, such as: lost circulation, stuck pipe, drill pipe washout and difficulty in drilling due to a poor hole cleaning, bit balling and drill string stick-slip vibration. In addition, it was also highlighted some examples that showed variations in the torque trend due to lithology changes.
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PICARD, NICOLAS. "DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL HYDRAULICS FOR OIL WELL DRILLING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1025637714.
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Ozkan, Erdal. "Performance of horizontal wells /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1988. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8825498.
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Becker, Thomas Edward. "Correlations for drill-cuttings transport in directional-well drilling /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1987. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8712608.
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Hernæs, Marthe Pernille Voltersvik. "Human related root causes behind oil well drilling accidents." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20384.
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Many accident investigation techniques and other methods used by the petroleum industry today list a set of underlying human related causes and subsequent improvement suggestions. Do these techniques address the root cause behind the problem so that the appropriate initiatives can be implemented? The focus of the present thesis was to determine the human related root cause of two major accidents in the North Sea. This in order to give recommendations to improve the safety levels in the organisation. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, the IPT Knowledge Model was adapted to the given accidents. The data input into the model was based on interpreted observations from former investigation reports. The analysis of the blowout on Snorre A and the well control incident on Gullfaks C resulted in 49 and 63 observations respectively. For both accidents, the Human Factor that was indicated to have the largest affect on the accidents was Training and Competency (29% for Snorre A and 19% for Gullfaks C). Lack of competence was indicated as the majority subclass. Collectively, management and supervision, or lack thereof, was also indicated as being a contributing factor to the accidents. These final results coincide with the findings in other investigation reports. However, these are more acute, indicating a specific area of improvement within the company. By increasing the competency levels within the company and ensuring that the leaders and management have the proper tools to follow-up their employees and their operations, the safety levels and culture will improve.
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Kartoatmodjo, Rudjuk Sinung Trijana. "A model for finite conductivity horizontal wellbores /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1994. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9522755.
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Huang, Xiaoguang. "Limit state design of oil and gas well casings." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/99757.
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Essiwi, Mohamed Milad Ahmed. "Validation of CFD modeling for oil well drilling fluid flows." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430771.
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Campos, Wellington. "Mechanistic modeling of cuttings transport in directional wells /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1995. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9527819.
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AL-Rashidi, Abdulrahman F. "Designing neural networks for the prediction of the drilling parameters for Kuwait oil and gas fields." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1209.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 76 p. : ill. (some col.), map (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55).
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Chidamoio, João Fernando. "Experimental and numerical modelling of gaslift cavitation and instabilities in oil producing wells." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239215.
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Ali, Md Wazed. "A parametric study of cutting transport in vertical and horizontal well using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2281.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 108 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-46).
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Farrelly, M. "Performance evaluation and selection of rotary drilling bits." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234404.
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Alkaragoolee, Mohammed Y. A. "Hybrid Modelling and Optimisation of Oil Well Drillstrings." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16859.
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The failure of oil well drillstrings due to torsional and longitudinal stresses
caused by stick-slip phenomena during the drilling operation causes great
expense to industry. Due to the complicated and harsh drilling environment,
modelling of the drillstring becomes an essential requirement in studies.
Currently, this is achieved by modelling the drillstring as a torsional lumped
model (which ignores the length of the drillstring) for real-time measurement
and control. In this thesis, a distributed-lumped model including the effects of
drillstring length was developed to represent the drillstring, and was used to
simulate stick-slip vibration. The model was developed with increasing levels of
detail and the resultant models were validated against typical measured signals
from the published literature.
The stick-slip model describes the friction model that exists between the cutting
tool and the rock. Based on theoretical analysis and mathematical formulation
an efficient and adaptable model was created which was then used in the
application of a method of species conserving genetic algorithm (SCGA) to
optimise the drilling parameters.
In conclusion, it was shown that the distributed-lumped model showed improved
detail in predicting the transient response and demonstrated the importance of
including the drillstring length. Predicting the response of different parameters
along the drillstring is now possible and this showed the significant effect of
modelling the drillcollar. The model was shown to better represent real system
and was therefore far more suited to use with real time measurements.Iraqi Government, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
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Alborzi, Mahmood. "Application of neural networks to real-time log interpretation in oil well drilling." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309502.
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Dangou, Mohamad Ali Abdulla. "Investigations of the filtration parameters of drilling fluids for optimising oil well productivity." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU239344.
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The main objective of this research was to gain further understanding of the behaviour of oil wellbore fluid filtrates, the various factors affecting filter cake quality, and how these can be controlled to reduce the invasion of the filtrate around the wellbore region. The investigations were intended to define filtration behaviour and filter cake parameters at different fluids with various particle size distributions and various wellbore conditions that are: different filtration pressures, different filtration times, and different shear rates acting on the cake surface during dynamic filtration conditions. The results indicated that all the above mentioned filtration parameters have a various degree of influence on the filter cake and filtration parameters. The forces acting on a particle suspended in the wellbore fluids during dynamic cake particle deposition were also analyzed and a dynamic filtration model was developed. This model can be used to determine the average critical shear rate of these particles and the frictional coefficient factors of the particles with the cake surface. The model has then been modified to predict equilibrium filtration flow rate at any shear stress (above the critical value) applied on the cake surface. Investigations on the transient stage of the dynamic filtration agreed with literature and showed that the size of particles deposited onto the cake decreased with increasing cake thickness, causing the particle size distribution of the dynamic filter cake to alter with cake thickness.
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Shewring, Nigel Ivor Edward. "Interactions at the clay/polymer/water interface." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1998. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20358/.
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The thesis investigates the behaviour of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions and also the interactions between montmorillonite as a free standing film and in highly dispersed aqueous suspension with water soluble polymers used as additives in water based drilling fluids. FTIR microscopy and FTIR ATR spectroscopy have been employed to study in-situ dehydration of fully dispersed aqueous montmorillonite suspensions. The IR spectrum of the dispersed bentonite shows significant differences from that of a dry bentonite powder, which have been attributed to the hydration of the exchangeable cation. Drying, or concentrated salt solution causes the differences to disappear and this is attributed to the exchangeable cation settling back to its ditrigonal cavity in the silicate sheet of the mineral under these conditions. The adsorption of various molecular weights of neutral polyacrylamide (PAM) onto montmorillonite has been studied using FTIR transmission, ATR spectroscopy and XRD. Shifts seen in the NH[2] stretching and bending bands have been interpreted as being due to H-bonding with the outer co-ordination sphere of exchangeable cations. KCl has shown to have some influence on this system. Another neutral polymer used extensively in water based drilling fluids is polyalkylglycol (PAG). The adsorption of two molecular weights of this polymer from aqueous solutions of various concentrations have been monitored both in the presence and absence of KCl. The physical form of the montmorillonite (either as a free standing film or as a dispersed suspension), the concentration of the polymer solution, the polymer molecular weight and the presence of KCl all have significant effects on the adsorption of polymer. The stabilisation of montmorillonite films by PAG and PAG/KCl solutions has been monitored by ATR spectroscopy, and the dehydration of these films by polymer has been monitored using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. The interaction of PAG is thought to be via hydrogen bonding with the innermost co-ordination sphere of the exchangeable cations which thus presents a hydrophobic surface to solvent molecules, preventing the film from collapse. Since all water based drilling fluids are multi-component systems, techniques previously used have been employed to study the competitive adsorption of the polyalkylglycol and polyacrylamide components. Preferential adsorption of the PAG is seen in these systems either due to the mass transport effects (PAG is considerably smaller than PAM) or due to PAG removing all but the inner cation hydration sphere, and presenting a hydrophobic surface for the PAM, and therefore preventing its adsorption.
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Mishra, Nekkhil. "Investigation of hole cleaning parameters using computational fluid dynamics in horizontal and deviated wells." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5111.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 65 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-60).
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Pezeshki, Seyed Iliya. "Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) Approach for Barrier Management in Offshore Drilling." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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As a part of risk management, barrier management proves to be one of the critical factors in maintaining a safe state for operation in the oil and gas industry. With the introduction of non-traditional school of thought (Safety-I vs. Safety-II) on what safety is and how to achieve it, methods such as Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) have been developed to map sociotechnical systems from a different perspective. FRAM’s potential to be used explicitly in barrier management has yet to be demonstrated. Thus, this study aims to find out how FRAM, as a Safety-II approach, can add value to the barrier management in offshore drilling.
To find the suitability of FRAM in barrier management and its potential, firstly, the concepts of risk management, barrier management and FRAM were reviewed. Then, the FRAM approach has been applied to an offshore well production based on its designed barrier system regarding the kick and blowout risks as one of the common risks in offshore industry. The FRAM model was then compared to a traditional (Safety-I) representation of the system, bowtie approach, and the advantages and disadvantages of both methods were discussed.
The conclusion of this study is the application of FRAM in barrier management can be beneficial. Not only it indicates the interdependencies of the system, but also provides the analyst with additional information for decision making. FRAM in this study is not replacing a wildly used bowtie method for barrier management. Still, while acknowledging Safety-I’s advantages, it brings out its limitations and provides the analyst with a more comprehensive decision-making support tool.
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De, Jonge Boris B. "Law on pollution and debris from oil and gas drilling and production operations offshore Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ49340.pdf.
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Milburn, Catherine A. "A computational fluid dynamics study of heat loss from an offshore oil well." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364687.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used in this study to assess the influence of temperature-dependent oil viscosity and density on the flow of oil up the well, and therefore the amount of insulation required. CFD is a difficult tool to apply to flows where the grid aspect ratio is as high as it needs to be to accommodate the full length of an oil well with a realistic number of grid points. Each model was therefore intensive in terms of computational effort and time. This study shows that by allowing oil viscosity and density to vary with temperature in a 2150 m vertical well with no insulation, the production output is significantly affected. The drop in production output is approximately 3% when oil viscosity varies with temperature, but when coupled with temperature-dependent density the loss in production increases to 22%. Ten CFD models, each with a different value of insulation heat transmission coefficient lying in the range 0.35 Wm-2K-1 to 16900 Wm-2K-1, are used to establish the temperature drop between riser inlet and outlet. The results obtained allow an operator to select an appropriate insulation based on the allowable temperature drop up the well, assuming all other properties are equal. The completion fluid region is situated outside the oil flow, tubing and insulation. The fluid is stationary which suggests that natural convection currents are present. Seven CFD models with annulus heights ranging from 1 m to 64 m are used to detect these currents, and assess the effectiveness of water as an insulating completion fluid. This thesis establishes that the natural convection currents do not split into multiple cells, but remain mono-cellular when the Grashof number is approximately 1x108 and the Prandtl number is 2.3. This work also shows that heat loss due to natural convection from the completion fluid is an important contributory factor to the overall heat loss from a well, dependent on the well height.
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Martens, Emily. "The Discourses of Energy and Environmental Security in the Debate Over Offshore Oil Drilling Policy in Florida." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/254.
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Amid growing concern over access to sufficient and cheap energy resources, on March 31, 2010 the Obama Administration announced the opening of new exploratory and drilling sites for oil within the United States Outer Continental Shelf. The announcement concerning the Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Strategy came only three weeks before the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that marked an unprecedented economic and environmental disaster. Though the concern over offshore drilling, especially regarding regulation and environmental impact, has increased in the wake of the oil disaster, the general debate regarding offshore oil drilling has been a concern of environmental activists and domestic energy policy for decades. This thesis examines the development of environmental activism and energy security discourses concerning offshore oil policy in the state of Florida. It places offshore oil drilling at the intersection of discourses of energy security and environmental security by looking at the construction of ocean space as both an informant and product of the discursive constructions of energy security and environmental security. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding of how ocean spaces are incorporated into the economic, national, environmental and social imaginations of Americans, particularly Floridians, and how these imaginations, in turn, dictate offshore oil drilling policy.
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Vant, J. H. B. "Offshore oil : The influence of recruitment, selection and placement on employer attitudes, stability and accident rates in drilling companies." Thesis, Brunel University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381159.
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Leamon, Gregory Robert Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Petroleum well costs." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Petroleum Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30599.
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This is the first academic study of well costs and drilling times for Australia???s petroleum producing basins, both onshore and offshore. I analyse a substantial database of well times and costs sourced from government databases, industry and over 400 recent well completion reports. Three well phases are studied - Pre-Spud, Drilling and Completion. Relationships between well cost factors are considered, including phase time, phase cost, daily cost, rig day rate, well depth, basin, rig type, water depth, well direction, well objective (e.g. exploration), and type of completion (P&A or producer). Times and costs are analysed using scatter plots, frequency distributions, correlation and regression analyses. Drilling times are analysed for the period 1980 to 2004. Well time and variability in well time tend to increase exponentially with well depth. Technical Limits are defined for both onshore and offshore drilling times to indicate best performance. Well costs are analysed for the period 1996 to 2004. Well costs were relatively stable for this period. Long term increases in daily costs were offset to some extent by reductions in drilling times. Onshore regions studied include the Cooper/Eromanga, Surat/Bowen, Otway and Perth Basins. Offshore regions studied include the Carnarvon Basin shallow and deepwater, the Timor Sea and Victorian Basins. Correlations between regional well cost and well depth are usually high. Well costs are estimated based on well location, well depth, daily costs and type of completion. In 2003, the cost of exploration wells in Australia ranged from A$100,000 for shallow coal seam gas wells in the Surat/Bowen Basins to over A$50 million for the deepwater well Gnarlyknots-1 in the Great Australian Bight. Future well costs are expected to be substantially higher for some regions. This study proposes methods to index historical daily costs to future rig day rates as a means for estimating future well costs. Regional well cost models are particularly useful for the economic evaluation of CO2 storage sites which will require substantial numbers of petroleum-type wells.
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Dudo, Anthony David. "An environmental controversy how newspapers framed coverage of the Bush administration's proposal to drill for oil and gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Alaska) /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.65Mb., 129 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1428181.
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Valås, Inge Åsmund. "A Data-intensive Approach to Prediction of Unwanted Events during Oil and Gas Well Drilling." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9282.
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Won, Suyoun. "Investigation of mud filtrate invasion using computational fluid dynamics." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6038.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 59 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-54).
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Prado, Mauricio Gargaglione. "A block implicit numerical solution technique for two-phase multidimensiaonal steady state flow /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1995. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9523266.
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Khalili, Ali Petroleum engineering UNSW. "A review of critical coning rate correlations and identifying the most reliable equation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Petroleum engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22388.
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The study of coning in oil production is important because of huge water production associated with oil production around the world each year. Estimation of critical coning rate has been the subject of numerous studies and a number of correlations have been reported. This study presents a review of the current available methods for estimating critical coning rate for both vertical and horizontal wells. The various methods and correlations are compared and the assumptions on which they are based evaluated. Following comparison made between the correlations, the most reliable theories are identified for both vertical and horizontal wells separately. Among the correlations for vertical wells, this study recommends two implicit methods presented by Wheatley and Azar Nejad et al. They determined the oil potential distribution influenced by water cone with a remarkable accuracy. For horizontal wells, two methods, Joshi???s equation and Rechem et al formula, are considered to be the most reliable. Joshi???s equation provides lower estimates than Chaperon???s correlation in which the water cone effect on oil potential was neglected. The Recham et al formula also gives a similar result. On the whole, the Rechem et al method is preferred.
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Pelley, Dean. "Performance of twin falls davit & lifeboat evacuation system in extreme seas /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,169027.
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Badescu, Adrian Constantin. "Reservoir characterization of the Miocene Starfak and Tiger Shoal fields, offshore Louisiana through integration of sequence stratigraphy, 3-D seismic, and well-log data." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3108452.
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Karamanov, Anton. "Utilization of Horizontal-Axis Tidal Stream Turbines As a Main Power Supply System On Offshore Remote Oil&Gas Platforms." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263161.
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The master's thesis contains 97 pages, 29 tables, 33 figures and 43 sources of literature. The paper presents a study on increasing the efficiency of the power supply of remote offshore oil and gas facilities through the use of horizontal-axial tidal stream turbines. A general theoretical description of floating semi-submersible drilling rigs and a more detailed description of semi-submersible drilling unit 6000/200 type "Shelf" are presented. A theoretical description of various devices that transform the kinetic energy of water into electric power is also presented, and horizontal-axial tidal stream turbines are considered in more detail. The technical calculation for determining the parameters of turbines is carried out. The calculation was used for the case where one or several turbines are used. Economic analysis was carried out with different indicators, namely: the price of diesel fuel, the price of equipment, the load factor of hydro generators, the discount rate and the productivity of the drilling unit. An analysis of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions was also carried out. Conclusions were presented on the effectiveness of the introduction of this method of energy supply.Magisteruppsatsen innehåller 97 sidor, 29 tabeller, 33 figurer och 43 litteraturkällor. I papperet presenteras en studie om att effektiviteten i kraftförsörjningen av avlägsna offshore olje- och gasanläggningar ökar genom användning av horisontella axiella tidvattenströmsturbiner. En generell teoretisk beskrivning av flytande halvdämpbara borriggar och en mer detaljerad beskrivning av semi-submersible borrningsenhet 6000/200 typ "Hylla" presenteras. En teoretisk beskrivning av olika anordningar som omvandlar den kinetiska energin hos vatten till elkraft presenteras också, och horisontella axiella tidvattenströmsturbiner behandlas mer detaljerat. Den tekniska beräkningen för att bestämma parametrarna för turbiner utförs. Beräkningen användes för det fall där en eller flera turbiner används. Ekonomisk analys utfördes med olika indikatorer, nämligen: priset på dieselbränsle, priset på utrustning, belastningsfaktorn för hydrageneratorer, diskonteringsräntan och borrningens produktivitet. En analys av minskningen av koldioxidutsläpp gjordes också. Slutsatser presenterades om effektiviteten av införandet av denna metod för energiförsörjning.
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Al-Muraikhi, Ahmed J. "Evaluation of vertical multiphase flow correlations for Saudi Arabian field conditions." Dhahran, Saudi Arabia : King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 1989. http://library.kfupm.edu.sa/lib-downloads/1381127.pdf.
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Lima, Neto Epaminondas Gonzaga 1989. "Comportamento PVT de misturas de dióxido de carbono em emulsões base n-parafina." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265928.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O cenário das perfurações de poços de petróleo vem mudando ao longo do tempo. Tanto pela necessidade do suprimento da demanda crescente por petróleo e gás quanto pela queda na produção de campos maduros, a perfuração de poços tem se deparado com ambientes mais agressivos a cada dia: maiores temperaturas, maiores pressões, maior afastamento em relação à costa e ambientes quimicamente mais hostis. A presença considerável de dióxido de carbono - CO2 - nos reservatórios aponta para uma maior preocupação na perfuração de poços em tais formações uma vez que, se esse componente adentra ao poço numa situação de kick, sua interação com a lama de perfuração pode alterar características importantes desse fluido, tais como: densidade, viscosidade e acidez. Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o comportamento PVT de sistemas contendo CO2 e líquidos com composição similar aos fluidos de perfuração à base de óleo: n-parafina pura e emulsão inversa. Foram realizados um estudo experimental de tais sistemas, uma simulação computacional, uma análise estatística dos dados obtidos para esse sistema com o intuito de avaliar as melhores correlações matemáticas para representação dos dados experimentais e aplicações de tais correlações em exemplos de controle de poço. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a simulação consegue reproduzir bem os dados experimentais (desvios de até 16%), apenas subestimando-os em frações molares de CO2 mais elevadas. Comparando os dados para o CO2, obtidos neste trabalho, com dados para o metano, obtidos da literatura, observa-se que o sistema contendo CO2 apresenta, dentre outras características, maior fator de formação de volume e solubilidade até 15 vezes maior que o sistema contendo metano. Por fim, ao examinar os exemplos de controle de poço, percebe-se que quanto maior é o teor de CO2 no sistema, maior é o valor do pit gain, tornando a presença de CO2 no sistema favorável à detecção do kick
Abstract: The scenario of oil and gas well drilling has been changing over the years. Not only because the need of supplying the increasing demand for petroleum and gas but also due to the decrease on the production of mature fields, well drilling has been constantly facing aggressive environments: higher temperatures, higher pressures, higher offshore distances and hazardous chemical environments. The presence of carbon dioxide - CO2 - on reservoirs leads to a concern on well drilling in these formations because the entrance of this gas into the well, in a kick situation, and its interaction with the drilling fluid can change important characteristics of this fluid such as: density, viscosity and acidity. This work aims to evaluate the PVT behavior of the systems containing CO2 and liquids similar to the ones used as base for oil-based drilling fluids: n-paraffin and inverse emulsion. An experimental study of these systems, a computational simulation, a statistical analysis of the data acquired aiming to evaluate the best mathematical correlations to represent these data and applications of these correlations were carried out. The experimental results show that the simulation can reproduce satisfactorily the experimental data (deviations up to 16%), only underestimating them at higher CO2 molar fractions. When comparing the data for CO2, obtained in this work, and the ones for methane, obtained from literature, it is possible to notice that the system containing CO2 has, among other characteristics, higher oil volume formation factor and solubility 15 times greater than the system containing methane. Finally, by examining well control examples, one can notice that the pit gain assumes higher values as the CO2 content increases making the presence of CO2 in the system favorable to kick detection
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Atolini, Tarcila Mantovan. "Estudo de comportamento PVT de misturas de metano em emulsões base N-parafina a altas temperaturas, pressões e concentrações de metano." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265566.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Um dos avanços referentes ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias para perfuração de poços em condições severas de pressão e temperatura está ligado aos fluidos de perfuração. O entendimento do comportamento da mistura de fluido de perfuração e gás da formação, numa situação de influxo de gás da formação para o poço (kick), é essencial para as operações de controle de poço. Especialmente quando se utilizam fluidos orgânicos, os quais dificultam a detecção do influxo. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho é o estudo do comportamento termodinâmico desses fluidos a condições compatíveis com as de fundo de poços de alta temperatura e alta pressão (ATAP). Para atingir esta meta utilizou-se uma célula PVT com limite operacional de 200°C e 100MPa. Primeiramente estudou-se o sistema metano/nparafina nas composições de 0 a 95% em fração molar de metano e nas temperaturas de 70°C a 130°C. Numa segunda fase do trabalho foi estudado o sistema metano/emulsão com duas composições de emulsões, uma 60% n-parafina e outra 70%, variando-se também fração de gás e temperatura. Através dos dados experimentais do sistema metano/n-parafina realizou-se modelagem computacional para o cálculo da solubilidade, densidade e fator volume de formação, obtendo-se correlações que permitiram avaliar projeções baseadas na hipótese da aditividade. Para o cálculo direto dessas propriedades obtiveram-se correlações para o sistema metano/emulsões, as quais foram empregadas em cálculos de volume ganho no tanque como exemplo de sua aplicabilidade
Abstract: One of the advances in the development of drilling technologies under severe conditions of pressure and temperature is related to the drilling fluids. The understanding of the behavior of drilling fluid and the formation gas mixture, in a kick situation, is essential for the well control operations. Especially when organic fluids are used, which makes it more difficult to detect the influx of gas from the formation into the well. The main objective of this work was the study of the PVT behavior of these fluids at pressures and temperatures consistent with the HTHP well conditions. In order to accomplish that, a PVT cell with an operational limit of 200°C and 100MPa was used. First the system methane/n-paraffin was studied, with compositions from 0 to 95% in molar fraction of methane and at temperatures from 70 to 130°C. In a second phase of this work the system methane/emulsion was studied, for two different emulsions, one with 60% n-paraffin and another with 70%, also varying gas fraction and temperature. Through the experimental data of the methane/n-paraffin system a computational modeling was conducted to calculate solubility, density and formation volume factor, resulting in correlations that enabled the evaluation of the validity of the additivity hypothesis. For the entire experimental parameters spam, mathematical adjustments of the methane/emulsion system were done. This correlations were used in pit gain calculations as an example of its applicability
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Bayagbon, Anthony Mamurhomu. "Impact assessment of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry in Nigeria / A.M. Bayagbon." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6276.
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The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in
the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried
out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their
unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form
of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in
the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region.
In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of
pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in
1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest
from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural
environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of
the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non
compliance.
However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection
policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires
and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil
and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of
the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment
of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in
their operational areas/host communities.
The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to
develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil
industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is
inadequate.
Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that
resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
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Vaqueiro, Ricardo Luiz de Campos. "\"Avaliação do potencial de contaminação de aqüíferos porosos a partir da perfuração de poços de petróleo utilizando fluído n-Parafina\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44138/tde-16032007-163331/.
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Na perfuração de poços para extração de petróleo são utilizados fluidos de perfuração compostos por diversos produtos químicos com finalidades específicas em função das características de cada poço. Durante vários anos utilizou-se fluido a base de óleo diesel, devido à excelente performance proporcionada à perfuração. O aumento da preocupação ambiental levou a indústria do petróleo a elaborar composições de fluidos que fossem menos agressivas ao ambiente e, ao mesmo tempo, apresentassem performances semelhantes à do fluido base óleo diesel, destacando-se na atividade de perfuração na bacia do Recôncavo, Bahia, o fluido n-Parafina. Entre os compostos de interesse ambiental presente neste tipo de fluido, destacam-se a n-Parafina e cloretos, algumas vezes com traços de BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos). Como durante a perfuração podem ser atravessados aqüíferos portadores de água doce, resta a preocupação de que o contato desses fluidos com estes aqüíferos possa gerar problemas de contaminação ambiental. Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação de situações de poços, onde o aqüífero São Sebastião, principal da bacia do Recôncavo, foi atravessado utilizando-se fluido n-Parafina. A avaliação foi baseada em simulações matemáticas do transporte dos compostos encontrados no fluido n-Parafina e em amostras coletadas a partir de testes de formação a cabo durante a perfuração dos poços. A partir da simulação destes valores reais, pôde-se concluir que, a menos de 0,5 m da parede dos poços, as concentrações encontram-se perfeitamente dentro dos padrões de potabilidade para todos os compostos analisados. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, as utilizações do fluido n-Parafina são ambientalmente inofensivas como fluido de perfuração a ser utilizado neste tipo de cenário hidrogeológico.The use of drilling fluids or muds is standard practice in oil industry. The composition of these fluids is designed according to the formation and the well properties. For many years oil- based muds (OBM) had a worldwide use because they offered advantages over water-based muds (WBM). Increasing environmental concern led the oil industry into the formulation of a variety of syntetic organic based mud (SBM) or low-tox mineral oil- based mud, like the n-parafin based mud, with a large use at the Reconcavo Basin, Bahia, Brazil. Some of the compounds that are common to most fluid formulas are considered potential environmental contaminants, among them n-parafin and chloride, sometimes with trace BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes). The drilling of the well might cross aquifers that are used for drinking purposes before reaching the oil reservoir and the contact of the water with the drilling fluid might pose some concern about the aquifer contamination. This paper presents case studies where a well penetrated São Sebastião Aquifer, in Reconcavo Basin, using n-Parafin based mud and a mathematical model was applied to simulate the fate and transport of the compounds found in fluid and samples collected during the drilling. The results indicated that all concentration values of the detected compounds were well below water drinking standards within 0,5 m from the well. According to this conclusion, the use of the n-parafin fluid is considered harmless to the environment and is recommended for similar geological scenarios.
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Salmazo, Eduardo 1980. "Modelagem matemática da evolução de domos salinos sua influência na perfuração de poços de petróleo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263224.
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Orientador: José Ricardo Pelaquim MendesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Neste trabalho discute-se os desafios associados à atividade de perfuração de poços de petróleo através de formações afetadas pela presença de domos salinos. Domos salinos podem induzir grandes tensões nas formações subjacentes e adjacentes, impondo a necessidade de um planejamento específico para a perfuração e manutenção de poços de petróleo. Durante a perfuração, em frente à zonda de sal, há relatos de problemas de aprisionamento de coluna, dissolução de sal no fluido de perfuração, ocasionando a formação de batentes mecânicos e cavernas. Há ainda, nas formações que rodeiam um domo salino, devido à alterações no campo de tensões, problemas de instabilidade nas paredes do poço aberto e formação de zonas anormalmente prossurizadas. Após o revestimento do poço, há casos de colapso do revestimento. Para prever e mitigar os riscos associados à essa atividade é de fundamental importância o entendimento dos fenômenos físicos que o ocasionam. Com essa finalidade, foi feito um estudo à respeito de tais mecanismo físicos como fluência e instabilidade hidrodinâmica, mais especificamente a instabilidade de Rayleigh-Taylor. Desenvolveu-se, a partir de tal estudo, um modelo analítico para prever o desenvolvimento de um domo salino e discutiu-se a forma como este pode interferir em parâmetros importantes para a atividade de perfuração como, por exemplo, o campo de tensões nas formações adjacentes às camadas de sal
Abstract: In this present work are discussed the challenges associated with the drilling activities in oil wells through formations affected by the presence of salt domes. This geological structures can induce large stresses in the underlaying and adjacent formations, imposing the necessity of specific planning for drilling and maintenance of such oil wells. During drilling, facing the salt, there are reports of problems of stuck pipe, salt dissolution, forming mechanical stops and caves. There are still, in formations around a salt dome, due changes in the stress field, problems of well instability and abnormally pressure zones. After casing, there are cases of case collapse. To prevent and mitigate risks associated to this activity, is crucial understand the physical phenomena behind it. With such finality, was made an study related with such physical mechanisms, such hydrodynamic instability, specifically the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Was developed, from this study, an analytical model to predict the salt dome development and was discussed the way such it can interfer in important paramenters related to the drilling activity as, for exemple, the tension field in the formation around the salt dome
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Vespa, Alfredo Sahade. "Avaliação de inibidores de corrosão em meios agressivos que simulam os de produção de petróleo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-20062017-132713/.
Full textAbstract:
Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos.Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.
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Spier, Chelsea L. "The fate and distribution of subsurface hydrocarbons released during the 2010 MC252 oil spill in deep offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/816.
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The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform on April 20, 2010 resulted in the second largest oil spill in history. In this study, the distribution and chemical composition of hydrocarbons within a 45 km radius of the blowout was investigated. A complete set of hydrocarbon data were acquired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and from BP, including data from 16 research missions collected over eight weeks. The distribution of hydrocarbons was found to be more dispersed over a wider area in subsurface waters than previously predicted or reported. Several hydrocarbon plumes were identified including a near-surface plume (0.5 to 50 m), two small mid-depth plume (240 to 290 m and 850 to 880 m), and a large deepwater plume approximately 1,050 to 1,300 m below surface. Water soluble compounds were preferentially extracted from the rising oil in deepwater, and were found at potentially toxic levels both in and outside of areas previously reported to contain the majority of hydrocarbons. Data collected from different research missions were measured for a wide variety of chemical compounds, but not every sample was analyzed for the same chemical compounds. To overcome the challenge of variability in sample data, a non-parametric method of evaluating the percentage of detectable results, was used for all data analysis in addition to evaluation of total sample concentrations. The two analysis techniques yielded similar results. This approach may be useful in other studies in which samples are measured for varying number of compounds and have varying detection limits. The distribution and toxicity of hydrocarbons in sediments between August and October, 2010 was also investigated and was found to be fairly localized.
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Ofoegbu, Kelechi. "How contractual risk allocation provisions of oil and gas contracts have been, or may be, interpreted by an English court : a case study of some model offshore drilling rig contracts developed in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/d61b7e5f-1027-49c3-bfc8-4ff8a1d55a37.
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This study is an examination of how English courts have approached, or are likely to approach - and therefore, the effectiveness of - attempts by the parties to oil and gas contracts to allocate risks arising from the activities which form the subject matter of their respective contracts inter se. The study utilises petroleum industry standard form offshore drilling contracts in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America as the context for this analysis, and examines the risks associated with drilling and other incidental operations, in the light of catastrophic events such as the Macondo disaster in the Gulf of Mexico and the Montara disaster in the Timor Sea. Drawing from the Economic Theory of Law espoused by Richard Posner, which correlates market behaviour, resource allocation and the legal system, and so conceptualises risk from a cost and utility perspective, the study will show that it is actually the economic consequences of the occurrence of an event that are being allocated, and that the entire notion of risk allocation is a determination of how the economic cost of the occurrence of the particular consequence will be borne by the parties to the contract. The study will conclude with a comparative analysis of risk allocation in the different model contracts, and an opinion on the success/effectiveness of the model contracts, as tools used by parties for risk allocation inter se, in response to the challenges created by legislative and judicial intervention. Justification for this opinion will be given, with reference to relevant case law and statutes in the different jurisdictions. Recommendations will be made on how the risk allocation structure can be improved, either by reference to other approaches the parties could adopt, or by clarifying ambiguities in the current approach (where applicable), and proposing a balance in the instances in which, from the study's perspective, the allocation formula is skewed, either due to the imbalance of power between the parties or by the interference of external forces such as the courts and legislature.
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Токарев, М. А., and Н. М. Токарева. "Моделирование геолого-технических условий разработки нефтяных месторождений с целью выбора положения боковых стволов скважин." Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39358.
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Silva, Thiago Serra Azevedo. "Programação por restrições e escalonamento baseado em restrições: Um estudo de caso na programação de recursos para o desenvolvimento de poços de petróleo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-15082012-104104/.
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O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um problema de otimização do uso de recursos críticos no desenvolvimento de poços de petróleo marítimos e a técnica empregada para a abordagem proposta ao problema. A revisão da técnica de Programação por Restrições é feita analisando aspectos relevantes de modelagem, propagação, busca e paradigmas de programação. A especialização da técnica para problemas de escalonamento, o Escalonamento Baseado em Restrições, é descrita com ênfase nos paradigmas descritivos e nos mecanismos de propagação de restrições. Como subsídio ao uso da técnica em outros problemas, a linguagem comercial de modelagem OPL é apresentada no Apêndice. O objetivo da abordagem ao problema é obter um escalonador para maximizar a produção de óleo obtida no curto prazo. O escalonador proposto baseia-se na declaração de um modelo empregando variáveis de intervalo. Um algoritmo e um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira abordando relaxações do problema são apresentados para que se obtenha um limitante superior ao valor de produção ótimo. Para o cenário real no qual a análise experimental foi feita, foram obtidas soluções a menos de 16% do ótimo após uma hora de execução; e os testes em instâncias de tamanhos variados evidenciaram a robustez do escalonador. Direções para trabalhos futuros são apresentadas ponderando os resultados obtidos.The aim of this work is to present a problem of optimizing the use of critical resources to develop offshore oil wells and the technique used to approach the problem. The review of the Constraint Programming technique is made by analyzing relevant aspects of modeling, propagation, search and programming paradigms. The specialization of the technique to scheduling problems, known as Constraint-Based Scheduling, is described with emphasis on descriptive paradigms and constraint propagation mechanisms. In order to support the use of the technique to tackle other problems, the commercial modeling language OPL is presented in the appendix. The aim of the approach to the problem is to obtain a scheduler that maximizes the short-term production of oil. The scheduler presented relies on the description of a model using interval variables. An algorithm and an Integer Linear Programming model approaching relaxations of the problem are presented in order to obtain an upper bound for the optimal production value. For the real scenario upon which the experimental analysis was done, there were found solutions within 16% of the optimal after one hour of execution; and the tests on instances of varied sizes gave evidence of the robustness of the scheduler. Directions for future work are presented based on the results achieved.