Relevant bibliographies by topics / Offshore wind farm development

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Academic literature on the topic 'Offshore wind farm development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Offshore wind farm development"

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Riaz, Mohammad Mushir, and Badrul Hasan Khan. "Techno-Economic Analysis and Planning for the Development of Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm in India." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34029.

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Despite India's great potential for offshore wind energy development, no offshore wind farm exists in the country. This study aims to plan a large scale offshore wind farm in the south coastal region of India. Seven potential sites were selected for the wind resource assessment study to choose the most suitable site for offshore wind farm development. An optimally matched wind turbine was also selected for each site using the respective power curves and wind speed characteristics. Weibull shape and scale parameters were estimated using WAsP, openwind, maximum likelihood (MLH), and least square regression (LSR) algorithms. The maximum energy-carrying wind speed and the most frequent wind speed were determined using these algorithmic methods. The correlation coefficient (R2) indicated the efficiency of these methods and showed that all four methods represented wind data at all sites accurately; however, openwind was slightly better than MLH, followed by LSR and WAsP methods. The coastal site, Zone-B with RE power 6.2 M152 wind turbine, was found to be the most suitable site for developing an offshore wind farm. Furthermore, the financial analysis that included preventive maintenance cost and carbon emission analysis was also done. Results show that it is feasible to develop a 430 MW wind farm in the region, zone B, by installing seventy RE power 6.2 M152 offshore wind turbines. The proposed wind farm would provide a unit price of Rs. 6.84 per kWh with a payback period of 5.9 years and, therefore, would be substantially profitable.
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Huang, Tian Rong, Peng Cheng Wu, Gong Qi Cheng, and Peng Jun Yue. "Development in Research of Engineering Investigation for Offshore Wind Farm." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.235.

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The engineering investigation was researched for offshore wind farm. On several occasions the soil conditions had proven to be a key area for offshore wind farm. The offshore engineering investigations, usually based on survey, test, simulation and analysis methods, were established information about seabed topography, seafloor soil, and offshore environment. The principle and procedures of engineering investigation were studied, offshore site conditions were analyzed for meteorological conditions, oceanographic conditions, soil conditions, seismic activity, biology, and various human activities, and engineering investigations were researched to various foundation types, and time schedule for offshore engineering investigations was established. Experience of engineering investigations was put forward to combine with foreign offshore wind farm. The engineering investigations provide project basis of various structure on offshore wind farm.
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Pool, R. "Scaling new heights [offshore wind farm development]." Power Engineer 19, no. 5 (2005): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20050504.

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Peilei, Feng, Wu Hesong, Zhang Mingsheng, and Wan Wenkni. "Study on the total reactive compensation method of offshore wind farm." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503005.

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Wind power generation is one of the most mature and most developed conditions for power generation in new energy generation technology.Large capacity and long distance offshore wind power is the trend of future wind power development.Wind power generation is one of the most mature and commercialized power generation methods in the field of renewable energy utilization.Due to the rich characteristics of offshore wind resources and the urgent need for offshore wind power development projects all over the world, the transmission and interconnection of large-scale offshore wind farms has become a hot topic in the development and research of wind power.This paper focuses on the analysis of the reactive power compensation methods for offshore wind farms, and provides a reference for the construction of offshore wind farms.
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HASHIM, FARAH ELLYZA, OSCAR PEYRE, SARAH JOHNSON LAPOK, OMAR YAAKOB, and AMI HASSAN MD DIN. "OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN MALAYSIA WITH SATELLITE ALTIMETRY." Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 15, no. 6 (August 30, 2020): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jbsd.2020.08.010.

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Realistic view on the potential of offshore wind farm development in Malaysia is necessary and requires accurate and wide coverage of wind speed data. Long term global datasets of satellite altimetry of wind speed provide a potentially valuable resource to identify the potential of offshore wind energy in Malaysia. This paper presents three different assessments of offshore wind energy resources in Malaysia using satellite altimetry. The wind speed data obtained from Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS) were validated and identified to be in agreement with previous studies. The resources were then assessed at three different levels; theoretical, technical and practical offshore wind energy potential. The technical resource potential was assessed by taking into consideration the available offshore wind turbine technology. Conflicting uses and environmental constraints that define the practical offshore wind energy resources are plotted on the maps to present a practicality of offshore wind farm development in Malaysian sea. The study concluded that, in theoretical view, Malaysia does have potential of offshore wind energy resource especially in Borneo Water with average annual wind energy density above 500 kWh/m2. However, the development of offshore wind farm in Malaysia will be difficult taking into consideration the technical and practical challenge.
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Dawid, Leszek. "Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in chosen countries of European Union." Journal of Water and Land Development 38, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0039.

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AbstractAt the end of 2016 there were 84 wind farms under construction in 11 European countries. Investments in this sector are enormous. The average cost of a wind farm construction amounts to approx. 4 mln EUR per 1 MW of installed power. Offshore wind energy production also plays a significant role in the process of ensuring energy security in Europe, and in reduction of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper is to present prospects of offshore wind energy farms development in the leading member states of the European Union as regards this problem. In this paper offshore wind farms in Germany and Denmark have been studied. In the paper the power of wind farms, the support systems as well as criteria related to location of wind farm offshore have been analysed. German and Danish sectors of offshore wind energy are strongly supported by respective governments. Both countries aim at yearly increase of wind energy share in total energy production. The research has been conducted based on the analysis of acts, regulations, the subject’s literature and information from websites.
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Enevoldsen, Peter, and Scott Victor Valentine. "Do onshore and offshore wind farm development patterns differ?" Energy for Sustainable Development 35 (December 2016): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.10.002.

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Sclavounos, Paul. "Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786829151.

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Wind is a rapidly growing renewable energy source, increasing at an annual rate of 30%, with the vast majority of wind power generated from onshore wind farms. The growth of these facilities, however, is limited by the lack of inexpensive land near major population centers and the visual impact caused by large wind turbines.Wind energy generated from floating offshore wind farms is the next frontier. Vast sea areas with stronger and steadier winds are available for wind farm development and 5 MW wind turbine towers located 20 miles from the coastline are invisible. Current offshore wind turbines are supported by monopoles driven into the seafloor or other bottom mounted structures at coastal sites a few miles from shore and in water depths of 10-15 m. The primary impediment to their growth is their prohibitive cost as the water depth increases.This article discusses the technologies and the economics associated with the development of motion resistant floating offshore wind turbines drawing upon a seven-year research effort at MIT. Two families of floater concepts are discussed, inspired by developments in the oil and gas industry for the deep water exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The interaction of the floater response dynamics in severe weather with that of the wind turbine system is addressed and the impact of this coupling on the design of the new generation of multi-megawatt wind turbines for offshore deployment is discussed. The primary economic drivers affecting the development of utility scale floating offshore wind farms are also addressed.
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Shin, Joongjin, Seokheum Baek, and Youngwoo Rhee. "Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using a Metamodel and EA/PSO Algorithm in Korea Offshore." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010146.

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This paper examines the solution to the problem of turbine arrangement in offshore wind farms. The two main objectives of offshore wind farm planning are to minimize wake loss and maximize annual energy production (AEP). There is more wind with less turbulence offshore compared with an onshore case, which drives the development of the offshore wind farm worldwide. South Korea’s offshore wind farms, which are deep in water and cannot be installed far off the coast, are affected by land complex terrain. Thus, domestic offshore wind farms should consider the separation distance from the coastline as a major variable depending on the topography and marine environmental characteristics. As a case study, a 60 MW offshore wind farm was optimized for the coast of the Busan Metropolitan City. For the analysis of wind conditions in the candidate site, wind conditions data from the meteorological tower and Ganjeolgot AWS at Gori offshore were used from 2001 to 2018. The optimization procedure is performed by evolutionary algorithm (EA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the purpose of maximizing the AEP while minimizing the total wake loss. The optimization procedure can be applied to the optimized placement of WTs within a wind farm and can be extended for a variety of wind conditions and wind farm capacity. The results of the optimization were predicted to be 172,437 MWh/year under the Gori offshore wind potential, turbine layout optimization, and an annual utilization rate of 26.5%. This could convert 4.6% of electricity consumption in the Busan Metropolitan City region in 2019 in offshore wind farms.
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Dornhelm, Esther, Helene Seyr, and Michael Muskulus. "Vindby—A Serious Offshore Wind Farm Design Game." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081499.

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To maintain the increasing interest and development in offshore wind energy, novel training tools for engineers and researchers are needed. Concurrently, educational outreach activities are in demand to inform the public about the importance of offshore wind energy. In this paper, the development of a serious game about the design and management of offshore wind farms is presented to address such demands. Such a serious game may enable a new audience to explore the field of offshore wind as well as provide researchers entering the field a better understanding of the intricacies of the industry. This requires a simulation that is realistic but also effective in teaching information and engaging outreach. Ultimately, increased public support and expanded training tools are desired to improve decision-making and to provide opportunities to test and integrate innovative solutions. The work presented here includes the game design and implementation of a prototype game. The game design involves building a game framework and developing a simplified simulation. This simulation addresses weather prediction, offshore wind farm design, operation and maintenance, energy demand, climate change, and finance. Playtesting of the prototype demonstrated immersion and informed decision-making of the players and surveys revealed that knowledge had increased while playing the game. Recommendations for future versions of the game are listed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Offshore wind farm development"

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Cameron, Iain Dickson. "Use of synthetic aperture radar for offshore wind resource assessment and wind farm development in the UK." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3848.

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The UK has an abundant offshore wind resource with offshore wind farming set to grow rapidly over the coming years. Optimisation of energy production is of the utmost importance and accurate estimates of wind speed distributions are critical for the planning process. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data can provide synoptic, wide area wind field estimates at resolutions of a few kilometres and has great potential for wind resource assessment. This thesis addresses the key challenges for the operational implementation of SAR in this context; namely the accuracy of SAR wind retrievals and the ability of SAR to characterise the mean wind speed and wind power density. We consider the main stages of SAR wind retrieval; the retrieval algorithm; sources of a priori information; the optimal configuration of the retrieval system; and the challenges for and accuracy of SAR wind resource estimation. This study was conducted for the eastern Irish Sea in the UK, a region undergoing significant offshore wind energy development. A new wind retrieval algorithm was developed that implements a maximum a posterior probability (MAP) method drawn from Bayesian statistics. MAP was demonstrated to be less sensitive to input errors than the standard direction-based wind speed algorithm (DWSA) and provides a simple retrieval quality check via the error reduction ratio. Retrieval accuracy is strongly influenced by the quality of a priori information. The accuracy of two operationally viable a priori sources, mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) data and WISAR image directions, was evaluated by comparison against in-situ wind observations and WERA coastal data. Results show that NWP wind speeds produce good wind speed and direction estimates with standard deviations of ¬±2 ms-1 and ±16o respectively. WISAR directions were less accurate producing standard deviations ranging from ±20o to ±29o, but were preferable when strong differences between NWP timesteps were observed. The accuracy of SAR wind retrievals was evaluated by comparison against in-situ wind observations. The MAP algorithm was found to provide modest improvements in retrieval accuracy over DWSA. Highest quality retrievals achieved using the CMOD5 forward model, producing wind speeds with a RMSE of 1.83 ms-1. Regarding the ability of SAR to estimate offshore wind resources, dataset density was found to be a controlling parameter. With 103 scenes available mean wind speeds were well characterised by comparison against in-situ observations and Wind Atlas results, while wind power density showed considerable errors. The accuracy of wind speed maps was further improved by accounting for wind direction and fetch effects upon the SAR wind distribution. A key strength of the SAR wind fields is their ability to identify the effect of mesoscale structures upon the surface wind field with atmospheric gravity waves observed in 30% of the images. These structures are shown to introduce wind speed fluctuations of up to ±2 ms-1 at scales of 5 to 10 km and may have significant implications for wind power prediction. These findings show that SAR may provide an important source of wide area wind speed observations as a complement to existing wind resource estimation techniques. SAR may be of particular use in coastal areas where complex wind fields are observed.
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Bergvall, Daniel. "Cost Comparison of Repowering Alternatives for Offshore Wind Farms." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395298.

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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate different repowering alternatives from the viewpoint of increasing power production from existing offshore wind farms (OWF), as some of the first commissioned OWFs are approaching the end of their expected lifetime. The thesis presents a literature review of components and financial aspects that are of importance for repowering of OWFs. In the literature review, risks and uncertainties regarding repowering are also lifted and analysed. The thesis contains a case study on Horns Rev 1 OWF, where three different repowering scenarios are evaluated by technical and financial performance, aiming to compare the cost of repowering alternatives. The design of the case study is based around previous studies of offshore repowering having focused mainly on achieving the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCoE) and highest possible capacity factor, often resulting in suggested repowering utilizing smaller wind turbines than the existing ones. In order to evaluate the financial viability of repowering alternatives, the software RETScreen Expert was used to estimate the annual energy production (AEP) after losses and calculate the net present value (NPV) and LCoE for lifetime extension and full repowering utilizing different capacity wind turbines. Input values from the literature as well as real wind resource measurements from the site was utilized to achieve as accurate results as possible. The result of the case study shows that repowering of OWFs have the possibility of providing a very strong business case with all scenarios resulting in a positive NPV as well as lower LCoE than the benchmarked electricity production price. Although the initial investment cost of the different repowering alternatives presented in this thesis still are uncertain to some extent, due to the lack of reliable costs for repowering alternatives, this thesis provides a base for further research regarding the repowering of OWFs.
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Pearce, Bryony. "The ecology of Sabellaria spinulosa reefs." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10098.

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Reef habitats built by the tubiculous polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa have been identified as a habitat with significant conservation importance, based on their historic decline across Europe and the assumption that, like many other biogenic reef systems, S. spinulosa reefs enhance biodiversity. Despite the high conservation status of this habitat very little work has been undertaken to explore the role that S. spinulosa reefs play in marine ecosystems, or their sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. Observations of the reproductive ecology and population dynamics of the reef building organism indicate that S. spinulosa exhibit life-history traits typically associated with r-strategists, indicating that this species is likely to have the ability to recover quickly following most anthropogenic disturbance events. A series of surveys on S. spinulosa reefs identified at the Thanet Offshore Wind Farm site, where the extent of the reef habitat was found to have increased between the pre-construction and post construction survey despite extensive cable laying and turbine installation, corroborates these findings. Detailed investigations into the macrofauna associated with S. spinulosa reefs in the eastern English Channel revealed that S. spinulosa reefs support macrofaunal communities that are comparable to those associated with adjacent muddy sandy gravel and gravelly muddy sand in terms of species composition, taxonomic breadth and beta-diversity. A consistent enhancement in species richness, abundance and biomass was identified in samples collected from S. spinulosa reefs when compared with adjacent sedimentary deposits, as well as a corresponding reduction in the equitability of species, indicating that some macrofauna are able to exist in higher densities within this habitat. The increase in macrofaunal biomass associated with S. spinulosa reefs was found to influence the diet of demersal fish species, with some species feeding on the reef organism itself while others feed on species found in high densities on the reefs. The high abundance of juvenile flatfish associated with this habitat also suggests that S. spinulosa reefs may provide an important nursery habitat.
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Haugsten, Hansen Thomas. "Offshore Wind Farm Layouts : Performance Comparison for a 540 MW Offshore Wind Farm." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9990.

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This master thesis has been written at the Department of Electric Power Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The work has been carried out at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, where the author spent the last year of his studies as an exchange student. In the thesis, six different designs of the electrical grid of a 540 MW offshore wind farm, placed 100km off the Norwegian coast, have been studied and compared. At this distance, AC cable transmission might be difficult because of the reactive power production in the cables. Taking this into consideration, two options for the transmission system to shore have been studied. In addition to the AC cable transmission, voltage source converter based HVDC transmission, in the form of HVDC Light, has been studied, giving a total of 12 models. The main scope of the thesis was to study the load flow situation and power system performance of the different offshore wind farm layouts. Two load flow cases were run for each model; the first studying the model when the active power transmission to shore was maximized, the second studying the model under a contingency situation. The reliability of the six designs was compared by calculating the expected number of cable failures during the life time of the wind farm for each design, and what consequence the disconnection of any cable would have on the power losses. In order to study the effect of the offshore grid design and transmission system design on the offshore power system stability, dynamic simulations have also been executed, and the voltage response and rotor speed response following a fault have been studied. All simulations have been executed in version 31 of the program PSS/E. The wind farm was modeled full scale, consisting of 108 wind turbines rated at 5MW. The wind turbines were modeled as doubly fed induction generators, using the generic wind model that comes with the program. The load flow simulations showed that an AC cable connection to shore gave lower total system losses than a DC connection for all designs. The lowest losses were found at the n-sided ring design in the AC/AC system, and the highest losses were found for the star design in the AC/DC system. These losses were 2.33% and 8.19% of the total installed capacity, respectively. In the dynamic simulations, a three phase short circuit fault, lasting 150ms, was applied at three different places in the system. The simulations showed that except from at the wind turbines that were islanded as a result of a fault, all dynamic responses were stable. The HVDC Light transmission to shore gave the highest voltage drops and the lowest voltage peaks offshore. Also, the maximum speed deviation was found to be larger when using HVDC Light transmission compared to using AC cables, with two exceptions; the radial and star designs when a fault was applied to the transmission system. A comparison of the six different grid designs showed that the results were varying. Based on the results in this thesis it has not been concluded that one of the offshore designs have better dynamic qualities than the other. The simulation results indicated that this is case specific, and more dependent on where in the offshore grid the fault occurs rather than the design of the offshore grid.

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Sinha, Yashwant. "Optimisation of offshore wind farm maintenance." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/1572.

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The installed capacity of European Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) is likely to rise from the 2014 value of 7GW to 150GW in 2030. However maintenance of OWT is facing unprecedented challenges and cost 35% of lifetime costs. This will be equivalent to £14billion/year by 2030 if current OWT maintenance schemes are not changed. However the complexities around OWT operation require tools and systems to optimise OWT maintenance. The design of optimal OWT maintenance requires failure analysis of over 10,000 components in OWT for which there is little published work relating to performance and failure. In this work, inspection reports of over 400 wind turbine gearboxes (source: Stork Technical Services) and SCADA data (source: Shetland Aerogenerators Ltd) were studied to identify issues with performance and failures in wind turbines. A modified framework of Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (i.e. FMECA+) was designed to analyse failures according to the unique requirements of OWT maintenance planners. The FMECA+ framework enables analysis and prediction of failures for varied root causes, and determines their consequences over short and long periods of time. A software tool has been developed around FMECA+ framework that enables prediction of component level failures for varied root causes. The tool currently stores over 800 such instances. The need to develop a FMECA+ based Enterprise Resource Planning tool has been identified and preliminary results obtained from its development have been shown. Such a software package will routinely manage OWT data, predict failures in components, manage resources and plan an optimal maintenance. This will solve some big problems that OWT maintenance planners currently face. This will also support the use of SCADA and condition monitoring data in planning OWT maintenance, something which has been difficult to manage for a long time.
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Pillai, Ajit Chitharanjan. "On the optimization of offshore wind farm layouts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25470.

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Layout optimization of offshore wind farms seeks to automate the design of the wind farm and the placement of wind turbines such that the proposed wind farm maximizes its potential. The optimization of an offshore wind farm layout therefore seeks to minimize the costs of the wind farm while maximizing the energy extraction while considering the effects of wakes on the resource; the electrical infrastructure required to collect the energy generated; the cost variation across the site; and all technical and consenting constraints that the wind farm developer must adhere to. As wakes, electrical losses, and costs are non-linear, this produces a complex optimization problem. This thesis describes the design, development, validation, and initial application of a new framework for the optimization of offshore wind farm layouts using either a genetic algorithm or a particle swarm optimizer. The developed methodology and analysis tool have been developed such that individual components can either be used to analyze a particular wind farm layout or used in conjunction with the optimization algorithms to design and optimize wind farm layouts. To accomplish this, separate modules have been developed and validated for the design and optimization of the necessary electrical infrastructure, the assessment of the energy production considering energy losses, and the estimation of the project costs. By including site-dependent parameters and project specific constraints, the framework is capable of exploring the influence the wind farm layout has on the levelized cost of energy of the project. Deploying the integrated framework using two common engineering metaheuristic algorithms to hypothetical, existing, and future wind farms highlights the advantages of this holistic layout optimization framework over the industry standard approaches commonly deployed in offshore wind farm design leading to a reduction in LCOE. Application of the tool to a UK Round 3 site recently under development has also highlighted how the use of this tool can aid in the development of future regulations by considering various constraints on the placement of wind turbines within the site and exploring how these impact the levelized cost of energy.
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Al-Mimar, Samer. "Integration of solar and wind power at Lillgrundwind farm. : Wind turbine shadow effect on solar farm atLillgrund wind farm." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Energivetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28428.

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The supply of energy is a key factor in modern societies. As the old fossil sources for energy are dwindling, conflicts arise between competing nations and regions. Fossil energy sources also contribute to the pollution of the environment and emission of greenhouse gases. With renewable energy sources many of these drawbacks with fossil fuels can be eliminated as the energy will be readily available for all without cost or environmental impact. Combining the renewable energy sources will be very effective, particularly in commercial areas where lake of electricity is high. The cost of combining onshore wind and solar power plant is affordable. Furthermore there is no power failure or load shedding situation at any times. When it is manufactured in a large scale, cost of this integrated natural resources power generation system is affordable. Moreover there is no power failure or load shedding situation at any times. Therefore, it is the most reliable renewable power or electricity resources with less spending and highly effective production. ref [1]. The thesis work would take planning of offshore renewable plant (Lillgrund) with considering the resources of renewable power. The study would take in account combining the Lillgrund wind farm with solar system and take close look into the advantage and disadvantage of combining the renewable resources together and figure out if such station can work in proper way and provide sufficient power production. The study would take in account the effect of each resource on other resource, also calculations would be done. The study site is Lillgrund in south of Sweden. The Lillgrund wind farm is the most important offshore wind power plant installed in Sweden with a total capacity of 110 MW, corresponding to 48 turbines. ref [2].
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Berglund, Arne. "Control System for Reactive Power of an Offshore Wind Farm." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-124571.

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Until just a few years ago wind farms where excluded from many of the requirementsthat can be found in grid codes. But as the numbers of wind farms have grown as wellas the sizes of them, the requirements to connect them to the grid have becomemore stringent. In this thesis it has been investigated if it’s possible to design a controlsystem that controls the reactive power from an offshore wind farm, so that the gridcode requirements regarding reactive power are fulfilled. By controlling the reactivepower the dynamic variations in the voltage are decreased. The regulator should alsobe able to help the wind farm to handle the fault conditions that are described in thegrid code.An offshore wind farm outside the coast of Western Europe is now being planned.Data from this wind farm has been used in this thesis. The wind farm has a total of 54wind turbines with more than 300 MW all together. The reactive power is controlledvia the generators and also by disconnecting and connecting four shunt reactors.A model of the wind farm has been built in Simpow, as well as design of the regulator.Simpow is a simulation program developed by ABB that enables simulations of powersystems. Different scenarios have been simulated to see if it is possible to control thewind farm in the desired way. The results show that the wind farm manages to handlefault conditions as described in the grid, and it is also possible to control the reactivepower in a desirable way.

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Västermark, Martin. "Grid Code Compliance – Wind farm HVDC connection." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204629.

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A rapid development of offshore wind power is planned in GB as a part to fulfil the EU2020 targets. 25 GW wind power capacity has been awarded to developers in nine different offshore zones outside the coast of UK. VSC-HVDC transmission is expected to be a both technical and economical favourable solution for transmitting the power into the main grid. This study investigates if such a transmission solution could comply with the regulatory framework in UK. Vattenfall and Scottish Energy Renewable will be part of this development and have been awarded the rights to develop 7200 MW of wind capacity outside the cost of East Anglia as a part of the offshore expansion plans in UK. The zone is broken down to several projects. The first project is called East Anglia ONE and this project is used as a reference case in this study. The GB Grid Code has been broken down into four areas, voltage and frequency variations; fault ride through requirements, active power control and reactive power control. Load flow calculations and dynamic simulations are designed to investigate compliance of each area. Further, simulations to investigate the interaction between the wind turbines and the offshore converter stations where done. A model representing East Anglia ONE was built in PSS/E and used to investigate grid codes compliance by load flow calculations and dynamic simulations. Data from earlier studies at Vattenfall was used to get a good representation of the wind park. A model representing a HVDC-transmission solution was provided by ABB. The results from load flow calculations and simulations show that a HVDC-solution can comply with the investigated parts of the grid codes. The limiting factor seems to be the capability to inject enough reactive power to the gird at small voltage dips during normal operation. This capability can, however, be enhanced with the right tap-changer settings at the onshore converter transformer.
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Kerkvliet, Hans. "OFFSHORE WIND FARM DECOMMISSIONING: INTRODUCING A MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION AID APPROACH." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256567.

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The objective of this Thesis is to develop a methodological framework to guide the decision maker in selecting a decommissioning method for offshore wind farms which is supported by the majority of relevant stakeholders. Initially, a literature review has been conducted to find out which methods are available to decommission an off-shore wind farm and which criteria can influence the outcome.Two methods have been found in literature, namely partial and total removal of the foundation. Furthermore, twenty one (21) criteria have been found which could influence the results. These criteria can be divided in four categories which are economical, environmental, social and technical.Subsequently, a methodological framework was developed that included four steps. First, the possible decommissioning methods should be identified. Following on that, information should be collected and stakeholders should be selected. Subsequently, criteria should be selected and as last a multi criteria decision aid method should be used. It is expected that this procedure would lead to a decommissioning method which is supported by most of the stakeholders.To validate the methodological framework, a case study in the Netherlands has been selected. For this case study, four (4) stakeholders were identified and eleven (11) criteria were assessed. The outranking multi-criteria decision aid method PROMETHEE II was selected and results were obtained. Analyzing the results, it was possible to conclude that only one stakeholder preferred the total removal method while the other three stakeholders preferred the partial removal method.
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Books on the topic "Offshore wind farm development"

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Offshore wind: A comprehensive guide to successful offshore wind farm installation. Waltham. MA: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2012.

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Ireland. Department of the Environment. Wind farm development: Guidelinesfor planning authorities. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1996.

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Monaldo, Frank. Maryland offshore wind climatology with application to wind power generation. Annapolis, MD: Maryland Power Plant Research Program, 2011.

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Zyga, Susan F. Offshore wind energy in the U.S.: Development strategy and resources. Edited by Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program (U.S.) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.). Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Energy, North Carolina Governor's Scientific Advisory Panel on Offshore. Report of the Governor's Scientific Advisory Panel on Offshore Energy. Raleigh, N.C.]: Governor's Scientific Advisory Panel on Offshore Energy, 2011.

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Offshore Wind: A Comprehensive Guide to Successful Offshore Wind Farm Installation. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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Britain, Great. Norfolk Vanguard Offshore Wind Farm Order 2020. Stationery Office, The, 2020.

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Energy, Warwick, ed. Barrow offshore wind farm: Non technical summary. Warwick: Warwick Energy, 2002.

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Durstewitz, Michael. Sea -- wind -- power: Research at the first German offshore wind farm Alpha Ventus. 2017.

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Parliament, Scotland. Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm (Navigation and Fishing) (Scotland) Act 2003. Stationery Office Books, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Offshore wind farm development"

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Merz, Karl, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, William E. Leithead, and Sung-ho Hur. "Supervisory Wind Farm Control." In Offshore Wind Energy Technology, 305–44. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119097808.ch8.

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Johnsen, Björn. "Metamorphoses of an Offshore Wind Farm." In Sea – Wind – Power, 3–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53179-2_1.

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Campos-Gaona, David, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, and John O. Tande. "Offshore Wind Farm Technology and Electrical Design." In Offshore Wind Energy Technology, 239–67. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119097808.ch6.

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Dai, Guoliang. "Monopile Foundations in Offshore Wind Farm." In Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering, 1–10. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6963-5_212-1.

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Castro-Santos, Laura. "Life-Cycle Cost of a Floating Offshore Wind Farm." In Floating Offshore Wind Farms, 23–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27972-5_2.

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Kaiser, Mark J., and Brian F. Snyder. "Offshore Wind Development 2011." In Offshore Wind Energy Cost Modeling, 1–11. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2488-7_1.

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Giebel, Gregor, and Charlotte Bay Hasager. "An Overview of Offshore Wind Farm Design." In MARE-WINT, 337–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39095-6_19.

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Dinh, Van Nguyen, and Hoa Xuan Nguyen. "Design of an Offshore Wind Farm Layout." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 233–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2306-5_31.

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Backe, Stian, and Dag Haugland. "Strategic Optimization of Offshore Wind Farm Installation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 285–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68496-3_19.

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Beiersdorf, Anika, Maria Boethling, Axel Binder, Kristin Blasche, Nico Nolte, and Christian Dahlke. "The most Important Environmental Project in a German Offshore Wind Farm." In Sea – Wind – Power, 189–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53179-2_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Offshore wind farm development"

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White, A. F. "Design and Development of 2nd Generation Wind Farm Support Vessel." In Marine Renewable & Offshore Wind Energy. RINA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.mre.2010.19.

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Chang, Ren-Rong, I.-Hsiu Lin, and Dayton Griffin. "Project certification for offshore wind farm development." In OCEANS 2014 - TAIPEI. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans-taipei.2014.6964537.

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Yadav, Mr Mukul G., and Prof Bushra Khan. "Start-Up Control of an Offshore Wind farm." In International Conference on Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development. Infogain Publication, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.icsesd2017.136.

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Sandborn, Peter, Gilbert Haddad, and Amir Kashani-Pour. "Development of a Maintenance Option Model to Optimize Offshore Wind Farm Sustainment." In 32nd ASME Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-0362.

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Wong, Kau-Fui V., Thomas Hutley, and Emma Salgado. "Offshore Wind Power and its Potential for Development in the West Wind Drift." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39825.

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Abstract:
Offshore wind power is an emerging technology capable of providing coastal cities, states, and countries with a substantial portion of their energy needs. The vast potential of offshore wind power has not been fully explored. This work endeavors to perform a review of the literature on offshore wind power. Structural, economic, and environmental aspects are discussed keeping in mind the current status of offshore wind power development around the world. Offshore wind power is a relatively new technology being used by countries such as Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and China to provide larger and larger portions of their total energy needs. In 1991 Denmark opened its first commercial offshore wind farm in Vindeby producing a mere 4.95 MW of power. More ambitious projects followed and in 2001 the Middelgrunden, Copenhagen wind farm opened producing 40 MW of power. Then in 2000 the Horns Rev wind farm was put online producing 160 MW of power. The United Kingdom has many offshore wind power projects as well. The Blyth Offshore was opened in 2000 and produces 3.8 MW of power and several others in the United Kingdom produce anywhere from 10 to 90 MW of power. By 2007 end, Denmark had 402 MW and the UK had 395 MW, Ireland, Sweden and the Netherlands had varying amounts. Countries such as China and Germany are also leaders in the development of offshore wind power. In the United States, commercial offshore wind projects had a late start. The first operational offshore wind farms opened in 2007. However, the United States does not lag behind in wind power. In 2008 the United States produced more megawatt of wind power than any other country, making them the leader of wind power production. Offshore wind, however, only constitutes a tiny portion of the total wind power production of the United States. Recent advancements in the technology associated with wind power as a renewable energy source have made it a feasible form of climate change mitigation. Recent development has led countries such as Denmark, Portugal, and Spain to devote as much as 19% of their total energy production to wind power as of 2008, and is encouraging many other developed countries to do the same. This paper performs a review of the status of offshore wind projects internationally. It considers specifically the potential of the West Wind Drift near the southernmost tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula as a geographically and meteorologically advantageous location for the implementation of these wind technologies. Many of the more general problems associated with the use of wind turbines are eliminated by location alone. The winds that cause the Antarctic Circumpolar Currents (ACC) have a consistent west to east pattern and are some of the strongest winds on Earth, both ideal qualities when considering the possibility of wind power, and the wind in this area has very low intermittency. The average wind speed between 40°S and 60°S is 15 to 24 knots with strongest winds typically between 45°S and 55°S. Cape Horn is about 56°S [1]. Historically, the ACC has been called the ‘West Wind Drift’ because the prevailing westerly wind and current are both eastward. Owing to the remoteness of the Cape Horn area and Antarctica, many of the social matters associated with the development of wind farms are eliminated. Obvious factors must be considered when developing in such an area. The paper will cover the engineering requirements of turbines functioning in subzero temperatures consistently as well as the long distance transmission associated with development in this area and its economic feasibility. It will also cover the environmental and regulatory issues associated with the development in such an area.
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Murphy, Jimmy, Chris Hannevig, and Dan Hannevig. "Development of a Gravity Foundation System for Offshore Wind Farm Applications." In OCEANS 2007 - Europe. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanse.2007.4302413.

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West, A., M. Dziedzicka, and G. Olafsson. "OWTIS™ Ship Development - Reducing Offshore Installation Costs and Improving Safety." In International Conference on the Design and Construction of Wind Farm Vessels 2014. RINA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.wfv.2014.14.

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Qing Li and Honggang Wang. "Two-stage simulation optimization for optimal development of offshore wind farm under wind uncertainty." In 2016 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2016.7822324.

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Khalifa, D., and M. Nour. "Assessment of transmission line protection with integrated offshore wind farm in UAE." In 13th International Conference on Development in Power System Protection 2016 (DPSP). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0062.

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Manabe, Hideo, Takeshi Uehiro, Masahiro Utiyama, Hiroshi Esaki, Takeshi Kinoshita, Ken Takagi, Hideo Okamura, and Masuho Satou. "Development of the floating structure for the Sailing-type Offshore Wind Farm." In OCEANS 2008 - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanskobe.2008.4531100.

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Reports on the topic "Offshore wind farm development"

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Calderer, Antoni, Xiaolei Yang, Dionysios Angelidis, Chris Feist, Michele Guala, Kelley Ruehl, Xin Guo, Aaron Boomsma, Lian Shen, and Fotis Sotiropoulos. High-resolution computational algorithms for simulating offshore wind turbines and farms: Model development and validation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1328985.

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Smaal, Aad, Pauline Kamermans, Frank Kleissen, Luca van Duren, and Tom van der Have. Flat oysters on offshore wind farms : opportunities for the development of flat oyster populations on existing and planned wind farms in the Dutch section of the North Sea. Yerseke: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/418092.

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Kamermans, Pauline, Luca van Duren, and Frank Kleissen. European flat oysters on offshore wind farms: additional locations : opportunities for the development of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) populations on planned wind farms and additional locations in the Dutch section of the North Sea. Yerseke: Wageningen Marine Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/456358.

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Smart, Gavin, Aaron Smith, Ethan Warner, Iver Bakken Sperstad, Bob Prinsen, and Roberto Lacal-Arantegui. IEA Wind Task 26: Offshore Wind Farm Baseline Documentation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1259255.

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Aker, Pamela M., Anthony M. Jones, and Andrea E. Copping. Offshore Wind Turbines - Estimated Noise from Offshore Wind Turbine, Monhegan Island, Maine: Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1006308.

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McGowan, Jon G., James F. Manwell, and Matthew A. Lackner. Offshore Wind Energy Systems Engineering Curriculum Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1233555.

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Patrick Gilman, Ben Maurer, Luke Feinberg, Alana Duerr, Lauren Peterson, Walt Musial, Phillipp Beiter, et al. National Offshore Wind Strategy: Facilitating the Development of the Offshore Wind Industry in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1325403.

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Hamilton, Bruce Duncan. U.S. Offshore Wind Manufacturing and Supply Chain Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1087161.

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Hamilton, Bruce. U.S. Offshore Wind Manufacturing and Supply Chain Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219845.

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Jak, Robbert, and Sander Glorius. Macrobenthos in offshore wind farms : a review of research, results and relevance for future developments. Den Helder: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/415357.

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