Journal articles: 'Offshore wind farm development'

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Riaz, Mohammad Mushir, and Badrul Hasan Khan. "Techno-Economic Analysis and Planning for the Development of Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm in India." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34029.

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Despite India's great potential for offshore wind energy development, no offshore wind farm exists in the country. This study aims to plan a large scale offshore wind farm in the south coastal region of India. Seven potential sites were selected for the wind resource assessment study to choose the most suitable site for offshore wind farm development. An optimally matched wind turbine was also selected for each site using the respective power curves and wind speed characteristics. Weibull shape and scale parameters were estimated using WAsP, openwind, maximum likelihood (MLH), and least square regression (LSR) algorithms. The maximum energy-carrying wind speed and the most frequent wind speed were determined using these algorithmic methods. The correlation coefficient (R2) indicated the efficiency of these methods and showed that all four methods represented wind data at all sites accurately; however, openwind was slightly better than MLH, followed by LSR and WAsP methods. The coastal site, Zone-B with RE power 6.2 M152 wind turbine, was found to be the most suitable site for developing an offshore wind farm. Furthermore, the financial analysis that included preventive maintenance cost and carbon emission analysis was also done. Results show that it is feasible to develop a 430 MW wind farm in the region, zone B, by installing seventy RE power 6.2 M152 offshore wind turbines. The proposed wind farm would provide a unit price of Rs. 6.84 per kWh with a payback period of 5.9 years and, therefore, would be substantially profitable.

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Huang, Tian Rong, Peng Cheng Wu, Gong Qi Cheng, and Peng Jun Yue. "Development in Research of Engineering Investigation for Offshore Wind Farm." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.235.

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The engineering investigation was researched for offshore wind farm. On several occasions the soil conditions had proven to be a key area for offshore wind farm. The offshore engineering investigations, usually based on survey, test, simulation and analysis methods, were established information about seabed topography, seafloor soil, and offshore environment. The principle and procedures of engineering investigation were studied, offshore site conditions were analyzed for meteorological conditions, oceanographic conditions, soil conditions, seismic activity, biology, and various human activities, and engineering investigations were researched to various foundation types, and time schedule for offshore engineering investigations was established. Experience of engineering investigations was put forward to combine with foreign offshore wind farm. The engineering investigations provide project basis of various structure on offshore wind farm.

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Pool, R. "Scaling new heights [offshore wind farm development]." Power Engineer 19, no. 5 (2005): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20050504.

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Peilei, Feng, Wu Hesong, Zhang Mingsheng, and Wan Wenkni. "Study on the total reactive compensation method of offshore wind farm." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503005.

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Wind power generation is one of the most mature and most developed conditions for power generation in new energy generation technology.Large capacity and long distance offshore wind power is the trend of future wind power development.Wind power generation is one of the most mature and commercialized power generation methods in the field of renewable energy utilization.Due to the rich characteristics of offshore wind resources and the urgent need for offshore wind power development projects all over the world, the transmission and interconnection of large-scale offshore wind farms has become a hot topic in the development and research of wind power.This paper focuses on the analysis of the reactive power compensation methods for offshore wind farms, and provides a reference for the construction of offshore wind farms.

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HASHIM, FARAH ELLYZA, OSCAR PEYRE, SARAH JOHNSON LAPOK, OMAR YAAKOB, and AMI HASSAN MD DIN. "OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN MALAYSIA WITH SATELLITE ALTIMETRY." Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 15, no. 6 (August 30, 2020): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jbsd.2020.08.010.

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Realistic view on the potential of offshore wind farm development in Malaysia is necessary and requires accurate and wide coverage of wind speed data. Long term global datasets of satellite altimetry of wind speed provide a potentially valuable resource to identify the potential of offshore wind energy in Malaysia. This paper presents three different assessments of offshore wind energy resources in Malaysia using satellite altimetry. The wind speed data obtained from Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS) were validated and identified to be in agreement with previous studies. The resources were then assessed at three different levels; theoretical, technical and practical offshore wind energy potential. The technical resource potential was assessed by taking into consideration the available offshore wind turbine technology. Conflicting uses and environmental constraints that define the practical offshore wind energy resources are plotted on the maps to present a practicality of offshore wind farm development in Malaysian sea. The study concluded that, in theoretical view, Malaysia does have potential of offshore wind energy resource especially in Borneo Water with average annual wind energy density above 500 kWh/m2. However, the development of offshore wind farm in Malaysia will be difficult taking into consideration the technical and practical challenge.

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Dawid, Leszek. "Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in chosen countries of European Union." Journal of Water and Land Development 38, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0039.

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AbstractAt the end of 2016 there were 84 wind farms under construction in 11 European countries. Investments in this sector are enormous. The average cost of a wind farm construction amounts to approx. 4 mln EUR per 1 MW of installed power. Offshore wind energy production also plays a significant role in the process of ensuring energy security in Europe, and in reduction of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper is to present prospects of offshore wind energy farms development in the leading member states of the European Union as regards this problem. In this paper offshore wind farms in Germany and Denmark have been studied. In the paper the power of wind farms, the support systems as well as criteria related to location of wind farm offshore have been analysed. German and Danish sectors of offshore wind energy are strongly supported by respective governments. Both countries aim at yearly increase of wind energy share in total energy production. The research has been conducted based on the analysis of acts, regulations, the subject’s literature and information from websites.

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Enevoldsen, Peter, and Scott Victor Valentine. "Do onshore and offshore wind farm development patterns differ?" Energy for Sustainable Development 35 (December 2016): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.10.002.

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Sclavounos, Paul. "Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786829151.

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Wind is a rapidly growing renewable energy source, increasing at an annual rate of 30%, with the vast majority of wind power generated from onshore wind farms. The growth of these facilities, however, is limited by the lack of inexpensive land near major population centers and the visual impact caused by large wind turbines.Wind energy generated from floating offshore wind farms is the next frontier. Vast sea areas with stronger and steadier winds are available for wind farm development and 5 MW wind turbine towers located 20 miles from the coastline are invisible. Current offshore wind turbines are supported by monopoles driven into the seafloor or other bottom mounted structures at coastal sites a few miles from shore and in water depths of 10-15 m. The primary impediment to their growth is their prohibitive cost as the water depth increases.This article discusses the technologies and the economics associated with the development of motion resistant floating offshore wind turbines drawing upon a seven-year research effort at MIT. Two families of floater concepts are discussed, inspired by developments in the oil and gas industry for the deep water exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The interaction of the floater response dynamics in severe weather with that of the wind turbine system is addressed and the impact of this coupling on the design of the new generation of multi-megawatt wind turbines for offshore deployment is discussed. The primary economic drivers affecting the development of utility scale floating offshore wind farms are also addressed.

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Shin, Joongjin, Seokheum Baek, and Youngwoo Rhee. "Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using a Metamodel and EA/PSO Algorithm in Korea Offshore." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010146.

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This paper examines the solution to the problem of turbine arrangement in offshore wind farms. The two main objectives of offshore wind farm planning are to minimize wake loss and maximize annual energy production (AEP). There is more wind with less turbulence offshore compared with an onshore case, which drives the development of the offshore wind farm worldwide. South Korea’s offshore wind farms, which are deep in water and cannot be installed far off the coast, are affected by land complex terrain. Thus, domestic offshore wind farms should consider the separation distance from the coastline as a major variable depending on the topography and marine environmental characteristics. As a case study, a 60 MW offshore wind farm was optimized for the coast of the Busan Metropolitan City. For the analysis of wind conditions in the candidate site, wind conditions data from the meteorological tower and Ganjeolgot AWS at Gori offshore were used from 2001 to 2018. The optimization procedure is performed by evolutionary algorithm (EA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the purpose of maximizing the AEP while minimizing the total wake loss. The optimization procedure can be applied to the optimized placement of WTs within a wind farm and can be extended for a variety of wind conditions and wind farm capacity. The results of the optimization were predicted to be 172,437 MWh/year under the Gori offshore wind potential, turbine layout optimization, and an annual utilization rate of 26.5%. This could convert 4.6% of electricity consumption in the Busan Metropolitan City region in 2019 in offshore wind farms.

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Dornhelm, Esther, Helene Seyr, and Michael Muskulus. "Vindby—A Serious Offshore Wind Farm Design Game." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081499.

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To maintain the increasing interest and development in offshore wind energy, novel training tools for engineers and researchers are needed. Concurrently, educational outreach activities are in demand to inform the public about the importance of offshore wind energy. In this paper, the development of a serious game about the design and management of offshore wind farms is presented to address such demands. Such a serious game may enable a new audience to explore the field of offshore wind as well as provide researchers entering the field a better understanding of the intricacies of the industry. This requires a simulation that is realistic but also effective in teaching information and engaging outreach. Ultimately, increased public support and expanded training tools are desired to improve decision-making and to provide opportunities to test and integrate innovative solutions. The work presented here includes the game design and implementation of a prototype game. The game design involves building a game framework and developing a simplified simulation. This simulation addresses weather prediction, offshore wind farm design, operation and maintenance, energy demand, climate change, and finance. Playtesting of the prototype demonstrated immersion and informed decision-making of the players and surveys revealed that knowledge had increased while playing the game. Recommendations for future versions of the game are listed.

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Castro-Santos, Laura, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, and Luis Carral. "Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 4484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124484.

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This paper uses a method to analyze the economic influence of the size of floating offshore wind farms. The economic aspects analyzed, LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Energy) and costs, depend on the number of floating offshore wind turbines, which establishes the effect of the size of the farm. This influence has been carried out for a map in a specific location. Regarding the case study, 18 alternatives have been considered taking into account the total power of the farm and the types of floating platforms. These aspects have been studied for the location of Galicia (Spain). Results indicate how LCOE and costs vary when the size of the floating offshore wind farm is increased for the studied kinds of offshore structures. Results are useful for planning an offshore wind farm in deep waters in future investments.

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Elkinton, Christopher N., James F. Manwell, and Jon G. McGowan. "Optimizing the Layout of Offshore Wind Energy Systems." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786829188.

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Offshore wind energy technology is a reality in Europe and is poised to make a significant contribution to the U.S. energy supply in the near future as well. The layout of an offshore wind farm is a complex problem involving many trade-offs. For example, energy production increases with turbine spacing, as do electrical costs and losses. Energy production also increases with distance from shore, but so do O&M (operations and maintenance), foundation, transmission, and installation costs. Determining which of these factors dominates requires a thorough understanding of the physics behind these trade-offs, can lead to the optimal layout, and helps lower the cost of energy from these farms. This paper presents the results of a study carried out to investigate these trade-offs and to develop a method for optimizing the wind farm layout during the micrositing phase of an offshore wind energy system design. It presents a method for analyzing the cost of energy from offshore wind farms as well as a summary of the development of an offshore wind farm layout optimization tool. In addition to an initial validation of the optimization tool, an example of the use of this tool for the design of an offshore wind farm in Hull, Massachusetts, is also given.

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Komatsu, Masao, Makoto Ohta, Hitoshi Kumamoto, and Hiroto Ito. "Fukushima Floating Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project (2) - Development of Offshore Wind Turbine Floater for Japanese Waters." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 50, no. 1 (2015): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.50.20.

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Xie, Yuan. "Offshore Wind Turbines Operation and Maintenance in China: A Case Study of Donghai Bridge Offshore Wind Farm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1871.

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China has great potential in offshore wind energy and makes an ambitious target for offshore wind power development. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of offshore wind turbines become more and more important for China wind industry. This study introduces the current offshore wind power projects in China. Donghai Bridge Offshore Demonstration Wind Farm (Donghai Bridge Project) is the first commercial offshore wind power project in China, which was connected to grid in June 2010. O&M of Donghai Bridge Project represent the state-of-the-art of China offshore O&M. During the past two and half years, O&M of Donghai Bridge Project has gone through three phases and stepped into a steady stage. Its believed that analysis of O&M of Donghai Bridge Project is very helpful for Chinas offshore wind power in the future.

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D’Amico, Federico, Riccardo Mogre, Steve Clarke, Adam Lindgreen, and Martin Hingley. "How purchasing and supply management practices affect key success factors: the case of the offshore-wind supply chain." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-10-2014-0210.

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Purpose In reference to the offshore-wind industry, this study aims to show that innovative purchasing and supply management practices can increase both firm- and industry-level performance. This paper also includes a description of the offshore-wind supply chain, which remains understudied in academic literature, despite increasing global development of offshore-wind farms. Design/methodology/approach Offshore-wind farm projects use more and larger turbines, which greatly increase the complexity of the supply chain. Innovative purchasing and supply management practices, designed to tackle this growing complexity, could help companies achieve the key success factors that define this industry. The evidence comes from real-world, offshore-wind farm projects, with the London Array farm as a principal example. Findings Innovative purchasing and supply management practices include decisions to make or buy, contract forms and local-to-global sourcing. These practices affect the key success factors of the industry by increasing competition, capabilities and control. Originality/value Purchasing and supply management practices could affect industry-level performance. This paper is among the first ones to provide an analysis of the offshore-wind supply chain and its evolution.

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Guo, Yi Ni, Yan Zhang, Jian Wang, and Ye Huang. "Research of Offshore Wind Power Generation Technology." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.634.

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Offshore wind farm development direction is from shallow sea to sea . In this paper, according to the current on the wind power base also can not meet the requirements of the problem deep, analysed the base cost will not be particularly high reason. In view of the Hainan offshore wind power, put forward the design train of thought, the analysis obtained an ideal design model.

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Sørensen, Jens Nørkær, and Gunner Christian Larsen. "A Minimalistic Prediction Model to Determine Energy Production and Costs of Offshore Wind Farms." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020448.

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A numerical framework for determining the available wind power and associated costs related to the development of large-scale offshore wind farms is presented. The idea is to develop a fast and robust minimal prediction model, which with a limited number of easy accessible input variables can determine the annual energy output and associated costs for a specified offshore wind farm. The utilized approach combines an energy production model for offshore-located wind farms with an associated cost model that only demands global input parameters, such as wind turbine rotor diameter, nameplate capacity, area of the wind farm, number of turbines, water depth, and mean wind speed Weibull parameters for the site. The cost model includes expressions for the most essential wind farm cost elements—such as costs of wind turbines, support structures, cables and electrical substations, as well as costs of operation and maintenance—as function of rotor size, interspatial distance between the wind turbines, and water depth. The numbers used in the cost model are based on previous but updatable experiences from offshore wind farms, and are therefore, in general, moderately conservative. The model is validated against data from existing wind farms, and shows generally a very good agreement with actual performance and cost results for a series of well-documented wind farms.

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Wu, Jie, Zhi-Xin Wang, and Guo-Qiang Wang. "The key technologies and development of offshore wind farm in China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 34 (June 2014): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.023.

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Lin, Xia, Peng Wang, and Yonghai Yu. "Thinking About the Development of Offshore Wind Farm in Northeast China." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1026 (May 2018): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1026/1/012026.

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Wang, Hsing-Yu, Hui-Ming Fang, and Yun-Chih Chiang. "Study on the Coexistence of Offshore Wind Farms and Cage Culture." Water 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141960.

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In this study, a hydrodynamic model was used that includes the effects of wave–current interactions to simulate the wave and current patterns before and after offshore wind turbine installation in western Taiwan. By simulating the waves and currents after the offshore wind turbine was established, the waves and currents caused by the wind turbine were seen to have a limited range of influence, which is probably within an area about four to five times the size of the diameter (12–15 m) of the foundation structure. Overall, the analysis of the simulation results of the wave and current patterns after the offshore wind turbines were established shows that the underwater foundation only affected the local area near the pile structure. The wind farm (code E) of the research case can be equipped with about 720 cage cultures; if this is extended to other wind farms in the western sea area, it should be possible to produce economic-scale farming operations such as offshore wind power and fisheries. However, this study did not consider the future operation of the entire offshore wind farm. If the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms are not affected, and if the consent of the developer is obtained, it should be possible to use this method to provide economically large-scale farming areas as a mutually beneficial method for offshore wind power generation and fisheries.

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Gao, Jian Tao, and Xiao Rong Zhu. "The Influence of Detailed Onshore and Offshore Wind Farm Models on the System Voltage Level." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.601.

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For the power load centers in china coast, large-scale development of new energy (such as offshore wind power and onshore wind power) is not only an effective means of control the bad weather (such as fog and haze), but also the practical requirements of coastal power shortage. In this paper, according to actual situation of China's large-scale wind power accessing to the coastal load centers centrally, also the characteristics of onshore and offshore wind farm models is considered, The voltage variation in the centralized model and detailed model is analyzed based on the platform of PSD-BPA, and the characteristic of each model is obtained. Research results have a certain reference value for China's coastal onshore and offshore wind power development.

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Wang, Zekun, and Fuxi Zhang. "The Development and Tendency of Current Off-Shore Wind Power Plant All over the World." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019402004.

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Based on the analysis of the new and accumulated offshore wind power installed capacity and wind farm and distribution in 2010-2019, this paper focuses on the prediction and comprehensive analysis of the scale of offshore wind power construction and approval in coastal provinces and cities by the end of 2019 and the projected grid-connected scale, current industrial status, and technical advantages and disadvantages in 2022-2025. The future technology development trend is forecasted, and the relevant policy recommendations are put forward.

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Lubing, Xie, Rui Xiaoming, Li Shuai, and Hu Xin. "An opportunistic maintenance strategy for offshore wind turbine based on accessibility evaluation." Wind Engineering 44, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x19852351.

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The maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines operated under the irregular, non-stationary conditions limit the development of offshore wind power industry. Unlike onshore wind farms, the weather conditions (wind and waves) have greater impacts on the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farm. Accessibility is a key factor related to the operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbine. Considering the impact of weather conditions on the maintenance activities, the Markov method and dynamic time window are applied to represent the weather conditions, and an index used to evaluate the maintenance accessibility is then proposed. As the wind turbine is a multi-component complex system, this article uses the opportunistic maintenance strategy to optimize the preventive maintenance age and opportunistic maintenance age for the main components of the wind turbine. Taking the minimum expectation cost as objective function, this strategy integrates the maintenance work of the key components. Finally, an offshore wind farm is taken for simulation case study of this strategy; the results showed that the maintenance cost of opportunistic maintenance strategy is 10% lower than that of the preventive maintenance strategy, verifying the effectiveness of the opportunistic maintenance.

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Vollmer, Lukas, Gerald Steinfeld, and Martin Kühn. "Transient LES of an offshore wind turbine." Wind Energy Science 2, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-603-2017.

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Abstract. The estimation of the cost of energy of offshore wind farms has a high uncertainty, which is partly due to the lacking accuracy of information on wind conditions and wake losses inside of the farm. Wake models that aim to reduce the uncertainty by modeling the wake interaction of turbines for various wind conditions need to be validated with measurement data before they can be considered as a reliable estimator. In this paper a methodology that enables a direct comparison of modeled with measured flow data is evaluated. To create the simulation data, a model chain including a mesoscale model, a large-eddy-simulation (LES) model and a wind turbine model is used. Different setups are compared to assess the capability of the method to reproduce the wind conditions at the hub height of current offshore wind turbines. The 2-day-long simulation of the ambient wind conditions and the wake simulation generally show good agreements with data from a met mast and lidar measurements, respectively. Wind fluctuations due to boundary layer turbulence and synoptic-scale motions are resolved with a lower representation of mesoscale fluctuations. Advanced metrics to describe the wake shape and development are derived from simulations and measurements but a quantitative comparison proves to be difficult due to the scarcity and the low sampling rate of the available measurement data. Due to the implementation of changing synoptic wind conditions in the LES, the methodology could also be beneficial for case studies of wind farm performance or wind farm control.

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Wu, Yuan Kang, Ching Yin Lee, Dong Jing Lee, and Yung Ching Huang. "Comparative Analysis of HVAC, HVDC and Hybrid HVAC-HVDC Transmission System Based Offshore Wind Farm." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.342.

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Taiwan is developing the renewable energy actively, in which the wind energy is seen as one of important resources. However, the suitable locations for wind farm constructions are less and less on the shore, and the trend of wind farm development in the future will toward to offshore where the installation capacity of the wind farm could reach hundreds of megawatts. As the installation capacity of the wind farm increases, the effects on the interconnected AC grid are also more notable. In this paper, the off-peak system in Taiwan is used as a studied system in which the Penghu area and Taiwan grid is connected by submarine cables. This study explores the wind farm transmission system including HVAC, HVDC, and hybrid HVAC-HVDC systems and compares the differences of their impact on the system.

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Pronińska, Kamila, and Krzysztof Księżopolski. "Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Development—Poland’s Public Policy Tools Analysis and the Geostrategic Implications." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 4883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164883.

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A key question for European energy transition is which forms of renewable energy technologies will play a central role in this process. The recent dynamic growth in offshore wind power together with the vast wind energy potential of the European seas, including the Baltic Sea, make this technology an increasingly attractive and viable option. Considering the high installation and connection costs, government support is considered essential for the development of offshore wind power. The aim of this article is to analyze Poland’s public policy tools, which govern offshore wind farm development, and to present them from a wider geostrategic perspective. Authors identify, classify, and evaluate individual public policy tools with the use of multi-criteria and multi-dimensional methods while explaining their impact on offshore wind development in Poland. The analysis of the individual tools has shown that the currently applied tools give a high probability of achieving public policy objectives. The characteristics of the applied tools prove that vital decisions on offshore wind energy have been made concerning the need for decarbonization but also regarding wider geostrategic calculations. Given the changing security dynamics in the Baltic Sea region, we highlight potential geostrategic risks to the implementation of offshore wind projects.

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Shin, Joongjin, Seokheum Baek, and Youngwoo Rhee. "On the Development of a Metamodel and Design Support Excel Automation Program for Offshore Wind Farm Layout Optimization." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020148.

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In this study, a metamodel of an optimal arrangement of wind turbines was developed to maximize the energy produced by minimizing the energy loss due to wakes in a limited space when designing a wind farm. Metamodeling or surrogate modeling techniques are often used to replace expensive simulations or physical experiments of engineering problems. Given a training set, you can construct a set of metamodels. This metamodel provided insight into the correlation between wind farm geometry and the corresponding turbine layout (maximizing energy production), thereby optimizing the area of the wind farm required to maximize wind turbine capacity. In addition, a design support Microsoft Excel program was developed to quickly and easily calculate the annual energy production forecast considering the wake effect, as well as to confirm the prediction suitability, the annual energy production (AEP) analysis result of the wind farm, and the calculation result from existing commercial software were compared and verified.

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Alsubal, Shamsan, Wesam Salah Alaloul, Eu Lim Shawn, M. S. Liew, Pavitirakumar Palaniappan, and Muhammad Ali Musarat. "Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm: Kudat Malaysia Case." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147943.

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The Government of Malaysia has set a striving target to achieve a higher usage of renewable energy (RE) in the energy mix which is currently around 2% of the country’s electricity. Yet, the government intends to increase this ratio up to 20% by the year 2025. Most of the renewable energy in Malaysia comes from hydropower and biomass sources. Meanwhile, numerous studies have been conducted to determine the feasibility of wind energy in Malaysia. Several locations were reported to be economically viable for wind energy development such as Kudat, Mersing, and Kuala Terengganu. This study presents and discusses the whole life cycle cost analysis of an offshore wind farm in Kudat, Malaysia and determines the cost drivers of offshore wind energy developments. It covers the wind data collection and analysis, breakdown of whole life cycle cost structure, and calculation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Results showed that almost 67% of the total cost was incurred by the capital expenditure (CAPEX), and around 26% by operation and maintenance costs (OPEX), while decommissioning costs (DECOM) reached up to 7% of the whole life cycle costs. The LCOE was calculated and determined to be USD 127.58/MWh.

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Liang, Chao, Jing Zhang, Yongqian Liu, Jie Yan, and Wei He. "Research on the Influence of Development Scenarios on the OLCOE of Wind Power: A Case Study of China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3297050.

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To achieve a high penetration of renewable energy, wind power development in China has gradually moved to diverse manifestation (e.g., centralized onshore, low wind speed, and offshore wind power). However, preexisting studies regarding wind power cost neglect to consider the respective characteristics of different development scenarios. In this paper, the overall levelized cost of energy (OLCOE) model is established for different scenarios. Taking China’s wind farm data as an example, the impact of development scenarios and wind power permeability on OLCOE and its cost components is quantitatively analysed. The results show that, (1) in the low penetration scenario, low wind speed power has the best economy and is beneficial to the conventional units; (2) the large-scale development of offshore wind power requires a reduction in the cost of offshore wind turbines and submarine cables; and (3) at present, onshore centralized wind power has economic advantages, but there is little room for its cost reduction.

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Christensen, Erik Damgaard, Sten Esbjørn Kristensen, and Rolf Deigaard. "IMPACT OF AN OFFSHORE WIND FARM ON WAVE CONDITIONS AND SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 34 (October 30, 2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v34.sediment.87.

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Ko, Hyun-Jeung. "Installation Scheduling for the Development of Southwest Coast 2.5GW Offshore Wind Farm." Journal of Korea Port Economic Association 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.38121/kpea.2017.06.33.2.83.

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Taoufik, Meryem, and Ahmed Fekri. "GIS-based multi-criteria analysis of offshore wind farm development in Morocco." Energy Conversion and Management: X 11 (September 2021): 100103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100103.

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Tan, Ren Shen, Ping Yang, and Peng He. "The Study on the Reliability of the Collection System of the Offshore Wind Farms Considering the Electrical Faults and Switchgear Configurations." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.250.

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With the rapid development of the offshore wind power, the design of the collection system for offshore wind farms attracts widespread attentions. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing the connection property and switchgear configurations of collection systems of offshore wind farms, a comprehensive reliability assessment model and the corresponding calculation method for the traditional switchgear configuration and the complete switchgear configuration are proposed. Taking an actual planned offshore wind farm for example, the reliability of two switchgear configurations are evaluated, and the sensitivity analyses on factors affecting the reliability of the wind farms such as the failure rate and MTTR of the cables and switchgears are performed. The result shows that the complete switchgear configuration is the better choice for offshore wind farms considering reliability indexes.

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Lavanya, C., and Nandyala Darga Kumar. "Foundation Types for Land and Offshore Sustainable Wind Energy Turbine Towers." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401094.

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Wind energy is the renewable sources of energy and it is used to generate electricity. The wind farms can be constructed on land and offshore where higher wind speeds are prevailing. Most offshore wind farms employ fixed-foundation wind turbines in relatively shallow water. In deep waters floating wind turbines have gained popularity and are recent development. This paper discusses the various types of foundations which are in practice for use in wind turbine towers installed on land and offshore. The applicability of foundations based on depth of seabed and distance of wind farm from the shore are discussed. Also, discussed the improvement methods of weak or soft soils for the foundations of wind turbine towers.

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Chung, Huey-Shian. "Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Energy Policy: From Policy Dilemma to Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 10465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810465.

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Taiwan’s offshore wind energy policy (OWE policy) is a response to sustainable development goals. Offshore wind energy has become one of the fastest growing renewable energies on Taiwan’s coastline, with the government’s full support for the promotion and implementation of the OWE policy. With the operation of Taiwan’s first wind farm in 2021, increasing controversies are specifically concerned with the distribution of social, economic, and environmental burdens and benefits resulting from the OWE policy. More offshore wind farms are forthcoming by 2025. However, little attention has been paid to policy dilemmas for many aspects relevant to sustainable development. Therefore, this paper conducts a policy analysis to construct policy-relevant information of the OWE policy and identifies policy dilemmas in relation to concerns about sustainable development. This paper presents policy recommendations on the design and decision-making processes for facilitating the smooth promotion and implementation of Taiwan’s OWE policy and future renewable energy policies.

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Grilli, Annette Renee, Malcolm Spaulding, Christopher O'Reilly, and Gopu Potty. "OFFSHORE WIND FARM MACRO AND MICRO SITING PROTOCOL APPLICATION TO RHODE ISLAND." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.73.

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Since 2008, the Rhode Island (RI) Coastal Resources Management Council has been leading the development of an Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP), in partnership with the University of Rhode Island, resulting in an extensive multidisciplinary analysis of the Rhode Island offshore environment and its suitability to site offshore wind farms. As part of SAMP, a comprehensive macro-siting optimization tool: the Wind Farm Siting Index (WIFSI), integrating technical, societal, and ecological constraints, was developed within the conceptual framework of ecosystem services. WIFSI uses multivariate statistical analyses (principal component and k-means cluster analyses) to define homogeneous regions, which integrate and balance ecological and societal constraints as part of a Cost/Benefit tool. More recently, a Wind Farm micro-Siting Optimization Tool was developed (WIFSO), which uses a genetic algorithm to derive the optimal layout of a wind farm sited within one of the macro-siting selected regions. In this work, we present an overview of the current state of development of the integrated macro- and micro- siting tools.

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Zhang, Zheren, Yingjie Tang, and Zheng Xu. "Miniaturization of an Offshore Platform with Medium-Frequency Offshore Wind Farm and MMC-HVDC Technology." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082058.

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Offshore wind power has great development potential, for which the key factors are reliable and economical wind farms and integration systems. This paper proposes a medium-frequency wind farm and MMC-HVDC integration system. In the proposed scheme, the operating frequency of the offshore wind farm and its power collection system is increased from the conventional 50/60 Hz rate to the medium-frequency range, i.e., 100–400 Hz; the offshore wind power is transmitted to the onshore grid via the modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current transmission (MMC-HVDC). First, this paper explains the principles of the proposed scheme in terms of the system topology and control strategy aspects. Then, the impacts of increasing the offshore system operating frequency on the main parameters of the offshore station are discussed. As the frequency increases, it is shown that the actual value of the electrical equipment, such as the transformers, the arm inductors, and the SM capacitors of the rectifier MMC, can be reduced, which means smaller platforms are required for the step-up transformer station and the converter station. Then, the system operation characteristics are analyzed, with the results showing that the power losses in the system increase slightly with the increase of the offshore AC system frequency. Based on time domain simulation results from power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC), it is noted that the dynamic behavior of the system is not significantly affected with the increase of the offshore AC system frequency in most scenarios. In this way, the technical feasibility of the proposed offshore platform miniaturization technology is proven.

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Cordal-Iglesias, David, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Eugenio Baita-Saavedra, Manuel Ángel Graña-López, and Laura Castro-Santos. "Framework for Development of an Economic Analysis Tool for Floating Concrete Offshore Wind Platforms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8120958.

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The objective of this work is to establish a framework for the development of an economic analysis tool for floating offshore wind platforms built in concrete. The operation and usefulness of the beta version of a software, called Arcwind, is explained. It calculates the main economic aspects of offshore wind platforms built in concrete considering different locations in the European Atlantic Arc. This software allows the user to select different input parameters such as: the type of platform, the installation area of the farm, its specific location and in this way create different analysis scenarios. This paper analyzes the case study to install TELWIND® offshore concrete floating platforms in the Canary Islands, in Spain. The software provides data on the main economic parameters of the farm, such as Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay-Back Period (PBP), as well as the main costs: cost of conception and definition, cost of design and development, cost of manufacturing, cost of installation, cost of operation and cost of dismantling. Using these parameters, a first analysis of the viability of this type of floating technology built on concrete is shown.

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Rae, Gordon, and Gareth Erfort. "Offshore wind energy – South Africa’s untapped resource." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i4a7940.

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In the context of the Anthropocene, the decoupling of carbon emissions from electricity generation is critical. South Africa has an ageing coal power fleet, which will gradually be decommissioned over the next 30 years. This creates substantial opportunity for a just transition towards a future energy mix with a high renewable energy penetration. Offshore wind technology is a clean electricity generation alternative that presents great power security and decarbonisation opportunity for South Africa. This study estimated the offshore wind energy resource available within South Africa’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), using a geographic information system methodology. The available resource was estimated under four developmental scenarios. This study revealed that South Africa has an annual offshore wind energy production potential of 44.52 TWh at ocean depths of less than 50 m (Scenario 1) and 2 387.08 TWh at depths less than 1 000 m (Scenario 2). Furthermore, a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation was conducted to determine the most suitable locations for offshore wind farm development within the South African EEZ. The following suitable offshore wind development regions were identified: Richards Bay, KwaDukuza, Durban, and Struis Bay. Based on South Africa’s annual electricity consumption of 297.8 TWh in 2018, OWE could theoretically supply approximately 15% and 800% of South Africa’s annual electricity demand with offshore wind development Scenario 1 and 2 respectively.

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El Mokhi, Chakib, and Adnane Addaim. "Optimization of Wind Turbine Interconnections in an Offshore Wind Farm Using Metaheuristic Algorithms." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145761.

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Wind energy is currently one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world. For this reason, research on methods to render wind farms more energy efficient is reasonable. The optimization of wind turbine positions within wind farms makes the exploitation of wind energy more efficient and the wind farms more competitive with other energy resources. The investment costs alone for substation and electrical infrastructure for offshore wind farms run around 15–30% of the total investment costs of the project, which are considered high. Optimizing the substation location can reduce these costs, which also minimizes the overall cable length within the wind farm. In parallel, optimizing the cable routing can provide an additional benefit by finding the optimal grid network routing. In this article, the authors show the procedure on how to create an optimized wind farm already in the design phase using metaheuristic algorithms. Besides the optimization of wind turbine positions for more energy efficiency, the optimization methods of the substation location and the cable routing for the collector system to avoid cable losses are also presented.

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Wang, Yu-Kai, Juin-Fu Chai, Yu-Wen Chang, Ti-Ying Huang, and Yu-Shu Kuo. "Development of Seismic Demand for Chang-Bin Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan Strait." Energies 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2016): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9121036.

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Zhixin, Wang, Jiang Chuanwen, Ai Qian, and Wang Chengmin. "The key technology of offshore wind farm and its new development in China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 2009): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.07.004.

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Scott, K. N. "Tilting at Offshore Windmills: Regulating Wind Farm Development Within the Renewable Energy Zone." Journal of Environmental Law 18, no. 1 (December 2, 2005): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqi047.

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Tang, Xiao Wei, Qi Shao, and Bin Xue Liu. "3D FEM Analysis on Bearing Capacity Behaviors of the Multi-Piles Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2233.

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With the fast development of technology, offshore wind power generation is playing a major role for developing renewable sources in the whole world nowadays. According to the proposed Hangzhou Bay wind farm in China, using general-purpose finite element software, bearing capacity behaviors of the multi-piles foundation for offshore wind turbine are simulated in this paper by the 3D finite element method. The Mohr - Coulomb model is adopted as the elastic - plastic constitutive model of the soil and also the Coulomb Friction model as the pile - soil contact model. The bearing capacity behavior of multi-piles foundation for offshore wind turbines under monotonic and combined loading are discussed, also the bearing capacity behaviors by changing diameters, spaces of piles and loading directions as well.

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Wang, Longyan. "Comparative Study of Wind Turbine Placement Methods for Flat Wind Farm Layout Optimization with Irregular Boundary." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040639.

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For the exploitation of wind energy, planning/designing a wind farm plays a crucial role in the development of wind farm project, which must be implemented at an early stage, and has a vast influence on the stages of operation and control for wind farm development. As a step of the wind farm planning/designing, optimizing the wind turbine placements is an effective tool in increasing the power production of a wind farm leading to an increased financial return. In this paper, the optimization of an offshore wind farm with an irregular boundary is carried out to investigate the effectiveness of grid and coordinate wind farm design methods. In the study of the grid method, the effect of grid density on the layout optimization results is explored with 20 × 30 and 40 × 60 grid cells, and the means of coping with the irregular wind farm boundary using different wind farm design methods are developed in this paper. The results show that, depending on the number of installed wind turbines, a power output increase from 1% to 1.5% is achieved by increasing the grid density from 20 × 30 to 40 × 60. However, the computational time is more than doubled, rising from 23 h to 47 h with 40 wind turbines being optimized from the coarse grid cells to the densified grid cells. In comparison, the coordinate method is the best option for achieving the largest power increase of 1.5% to 2% (relative to the coarse 20 × 30 grid method), while the least computational time (21 h with 40 wind turbines optimized) is spent.

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Copping, Andrea E., Alicia M. Gorton, Roel May, Finlay Bennet, Elise DeGeorge, Miguel Repas Goncalves, and Bob Rumes. "Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 9352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229352.

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Acceptance of wind energy development is challenged by stakeholders’ concerns about potential effects on the environment, specifically on wildlife, such as birds, bats, and (for offshore wind) marine animals, and the habitats that support them. Communities near wind energy developments are also concerned with social and economic impacts, as well as impacts on aesthetics, historical sites, and recreation and tourism. Lack of a systematic, widely accepted, and balanced approach for measuring the potential damage to wildlife, habitats, and communities continues to leave wind developers, regulators, and other stakeholders in an uncertain position. This paper explores ecological risk-based management (RBM) in wind energy development for land-based and offshore wind installations. This paper provides a framework for the adaptation of ecosystem-based management to wind energy development and examines that framework through a series of case studies and best management practices for applying risk-based principles to wind energy. Ten case studies indicate that wind farm monitoring is often driven by regulatory requirements that may not be underpinned by scientific questions. While each case applies principles of adaptive management, there is room for improvement in applying scientific principles to the data collection and analysis. Challenges and constraints for wind farm development to meet RBM framework criteria include collecting sufficient baseline and monitoring data year-round, engaging stakeholder facilitators, and bringing together large and diverse scientific teams. The RBM framework approach may provide insights for improved siting and consenting/permitting processes for regulators and their advisors, particularly in those nations where wind energy is still in the early development stages on land or at sea.

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Liao, Shih-Chieh, Shih-Chieh Chang, and Tsung-Chi Cheng. "Managing the Volatility Risk of Renewable Energy: Index Insurance for Offshore Wind Farms in Taiwan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 8985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168985.

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Renewable energy is produced using renewable natural resources, including wind power. The Taiwan government aims to have renewable energy account for 20% of its total power supply by 2025, in which offshore wind power plays an important role. This paper explores the application of index insurance to renewable energy for offshore wind power in Taiwan. We employ autoregressive integrated moving average models to forecast power generation on a monthly and annual basis for the Changhua Demonstration Offshore Wind Farm. These predictions are based on an analysis of 39 years of hourly wind speed data (1980–2018) from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2, of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The data analysis and forecasting models describe the methodology used to design the insurance contract and its index for predicting offshore wind power generation. We apply our forecasting results to insurance contract pricing.

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Ferber, Dan. "An Ocean of Promise." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 04 (April 1, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-apr-1.

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This article reviews the growth of the wind industry and the need for engineering expertise and technical innovations for it. Establishing an offshore wind supply chain would spur the development of better ways to manufacture turbine parts, ship them to sea, assemble them, and maintain them. This could create jobs for engineers of all stripes, including civil, electrical, and mechanical engineers. As the offshore wind power industry grows, costs continue to fall, in part because engineers in the industry are developing better and cheaper technologies. The article also highlights that by guaranteeing large and sustained markets for offshore wind, policies can entice large turbine vendors, blade manufacturers, and other major offshore wind vendors to bid on more US projects. After investigating conditions in the industry in Europe and the United States, a research team reported in early 2015 that put-in-place policies to reduce the cost and financial risk of building an offshore wind farm could slash project financing costs and ultimately cut the levelized cost of electricity by 50%. Experience and better logistics are making the European offshore wind supply chain more efficient.

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Dower, E. J. K., A. P. Jenkins, and P. A. F. Smith. "Proposed offshore wind farm consents process in the UK: some considerations." International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 1, no. 4 (2002): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesd.2002.002358.

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Piasecka, Izabela, Andrzej Tomporowski, Józef Flizikowski, Weronika Kruszelnicka, Robert Kasner, and Adam Mroziński. "Life Cycle Analysis of Ecological Impacts of an Offshore and a Land-Based Wind Power Plant." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020231.

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This study deals with the problems connected with the benefits and costs of an offshore wind power plant in terms of ecology. Development prospects of offshore and land-based wind energy production are described. Selected aspects involved in the design, construction, and operation of offshore wind power plant construction and operation are presented. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the environmental impact of offshore and land-based wind power plants. Life cycle assessment analysis of 2-MW offshore and land wind power plants was made with the use of Eco-indicator 99 modeling. The results were compared in four areas of impact in order to obtain values of indexes for nonergonomic (impact on/by operator), nonfunctional (of/on the product), nonecological (on/by living objects), and nonsozological impacts (on/by manmade objects), reflecting the extent of threat to human health, the environment, and natural resources. The processes involved in extraction of fossil fuels were found to produce harmful emissions which in turn lead to respiratory system diseases being, thus, extremely dangerous for the natural environment. For all the studied areas, the impact on the environment was found to be higher for land-based wind power plants than for an offshore wind farm.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Offshore wind farm development'

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