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Journal articles on the topic 'Ogu (African people)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Okunola, Rashidi Akanji, and Matthias Olufemi Dada Ojo. "Zangbeto: The Traditional Way of Policing and Securing the Community among the Ogu (Egun) People in Badagry, Nigeria." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 8, no. 1 (2016): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v8i1.9.

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This paper is an ethnological and anthropological study of Zangbeto among the Ogu (Egun) people of Badagry, in Nigeria. The study utilized survey design approach with emphasis on qualitative method: interview, focus group discussion and key informant investigation. Purposive and convenience sampling procedures under non –probability sampling were used in selecting the study area and respondents who participated in the study (n=40). The data gathered from the field of study were analyzed, using content analysis method. The findings in the study revealed that Zangbeto still remains an effective

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Ogungbemi, Olarotimi. "Centering the margins." Journal of Language and Sexuality 14, no. 1 (2025): 115–36. https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.00043.ogu.

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Abstract Until recently, queer sexuality has been on the periphery of African literary imaginations. Studies on queer sexuality have paid attention to its representations on social media, Nollywood movies, and the Nigerian print media, with scarce attention to how contemporary literary texts construct queer people’s identity. Therefore, this article presents findings from Jude Dibia’s Walking with Shadows, drawing attention to how language is co-opted to construct gay identity and advance rights advocacy. Using Bucholtz and Hall’s Tactics of Intersubjectivity, the article examines Jude Dibia’s

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3

Wapmuk, Sharkdam. "Pan-Africanism in the 21st century: African union and the challenges of cooperation and integration in Africa." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 10, no. 2 (2021): 283–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2021.v10n2.p283-311.

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The paper examines the extent to which Pan-Africanism and Pan-African vision of promoting African unity, cooperation and integration has been achieved under the African Union (AU) in the 21st century. It also assesses the challenges of cooperation and integration under the AU. The paper adopted a qualitative approach, while data was gathered from secondary sources and analysed thematically. It notes that the quest for African cooperation and integration is not new, but dates back to philosophy and vision of Pan-Africanism and Pan-African movement from the 1950s and 1960s. This movement later t

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Mangu, André Mbata B. "The Changing Human Rights Landscape in Africa: Organisation of African Unity, African Union, New Partnership for Africa's Development and the African Court." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 23, no. 3 (2005): 379–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934410502300304.

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As Pliny the Elder once put it, ‘ex Africa semper aliquid novi’. There is always some thing new coming out of Africa, and this time for the better. Over the last decade, some important developments unfolded on the African continent with the potential to impact on the future of African peoples. The African Union (AU) whose major purpose is to place Africa firmly on the road to development replaced the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) was launched to achieve African renaissance. The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) was devised as NEPAD

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Kiwanuka, Richard N. "The Meaning of “People” in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 1 (1988): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000074170.

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The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, also known as the Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, was adopted by the 18th Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), held in Nairobi in June 1981. Contrary to some expectations, the Charter stayed in limbo for only 5 years. It entered into force on October 21, 1986, after the deposit of the 26th instrument of ratification, the number required by its Article 63(3). By April 16, 1987, there were 33 states parties to the Charter, which makes it the largest regional human rights system in exis

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Viljoen, Frans. "Application of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights by domestic courts in Africa." Journal of African Law 43, no. 1 (1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000869x.

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The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights1 (hereinafter the “African Charter” or “Charter”) was adopted by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Assembly of Heads of State and Government in 1981. It entered into force on 21 October, 1986, after a majority of OAU member states had ratified the Charter. At present, 52 of the 53 member states have become parties: the only non-ratifying state is Eritrea.

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Udombana, Nsongurua J. "So Far, So Fair: The Local Remedies Rule in the Jurisprudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights." American Journal of International Law 97, no. 1 (2003): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3087102.

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Pending the establishment of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights remains the only institutional body for the implementation of the rights guaranteed in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), reconstituted as the African Union (AU), established the Commission in 1987, after the entry into force of the African Charter, in 1986, and pursuant to its Article 64 (1). The Commission was established, inter alia, “to promote human and peopl

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Benedek, Wolfgang. "The African Charter and Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights; How to Make it More Effective." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 1 (1993): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100103.

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This contribution discusses how to improve the African system of human and peoples' rights on the basis both of the practice of the African Commission and of a revision of the African Charter in the light of the practice and experience of other regional human rights conventions and bodies. Particular emphasis is put on improvements in the procedure of communications. Furthermore, the role of the African Commission with regard to the move towards democracy and human rights in Africa and the relationship between the Commission and the OAU will be analyzed, and a number of proposals on strengthen

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Sharpe, Marina. "The Supervision (or Not) of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention." International Journal of Refugee Law 31, no. 2-3 (2019): 261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez025.

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Abstract This article covers the supervision of the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (1969 Convention). It begins by defining treaty supervision and describing key understandings of it in the international refugee law literature. These are then harnessed to create a model of supervision (the Supervisory Model) to frame the ensuing discussion. How the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is supervised is presented within this Supervisory Model, by way of background. The article then moves on to its principal

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10

Ait-Chalaaç, Amine. "Africa as a global player in the 21st century: reality, potential or (des)illusion?" Revista Intellector | Intellector Journal 21, no. 42 (2025): 117–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796506.

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In recent decades, Africa appeared sometimes as a neglected continent. This analytical, geopolitical and historical mistake became obvious to international leaders and to international relations scholars. It is important to underline the diversity of Africa in its various components, including its political, social, economic and cultural dimensions. It is also relevant to consider the particularly strong impacts of colonisation, (neo)colonialism and decolonisation processes on African countries and peoples. These perspectives help to better understand the positions and actions of African count

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Viljoen, Frans. "Special focus." African Human Rights Law Journal 21, no. 2 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2021/v21n2a50.

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This edition of the African Human Rights Law journal starts with a 'Special focus' on the 'Forty years of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Honouring the memory of Christof Heyns'. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Charter) was adopted by the OAU Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Nairobi, Kenya, on 27 June 1981 - forty years ago in 2021. The 'special focus' marks this milestone. It also pays tribute to a baobab on the landscape of international human rights law, Professor Christof Heyns.

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Lloyd, Amanda, and Rachel Murray. "Institutions with responsibility for human rights protection under the African Union." Journal of African Law 48, no. 2 (2004): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855304482035.

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The transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU) has been the subject of some, albeit limited, debate. The role that the promotion and protection of human rights will play in the AU appears, on the face of the various documents, to be an important consideration, yet which organs will have responsibility in ensuring their implementation is still not clear. This article aims to discuss the framework of and relationship between the institutions established under the auspices of the OAU and how these have changed since the transformation to the AU. It argue

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Johnson, Segun. "Burkina-Mali War: Is Nigeria Still a Regional Power." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 3 (1986): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200306.

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Suddenly Burkina Faso and Mali were at war.‘Burkina was the aggressor***! No, it was Mali.!‘ And the attack and counter-attack continued. For the man on the street, Nigeria moved in barely four days after the war had started and that is good enough. For a student of West African states' foreign policy, that was a late more for Nigeria, more so when the hopes of Nigerians moves were dropped. For whatever the cause, Nigeria was expected to get the grasp of any crisis erupting in West Africa regardless of the countries involved—Francophones or Anglophones. Why? Authorities in the seventies had se

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Chisimdi, Udoka Ihentuge. "Resuscitating Oghu Festival Performance for Enhanced Participation: An Examination of Sustaining Trends in Contemporary Oghu Umuakah Practice." NDỤÑỌDE : Calabar Journal of The Humanities 13, no. 2 (2018): 461–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1469085.

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Abstract Various aspects of African life are still in the struggle to recover from the effects of colonialism and its attendant neo-colonial mentality. Our indigenous theatre forms and popular amusements are among the worst hit, Oghu festival inclusive here. Oghu ensemble is practised among many communities in Njaba, Isu, Mbaitolu, Oguta, Oru East and Oru West Local Government Areas of Imo State in South East Nigeria. This festival performance has dwindled so gravely over the years. But there has been some sort of revival of interest in Oghu theatre in recent times especially among the youths.

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15

Murray, Rachel. "Decisions by the African Commission on Individual Communications under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 2 (1997): 412–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060498.

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The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, adopted by the 18th Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity in Nairobi in 1981, which came into force in 1986, provided for a single commission with a wide range of powers in respect of the rights in the Charter. This was as a result of an initiative for an African regional mechanism for the protection of human rights by African jurists and subsequent conferences in the 1960s and 1970s, many of which were organised by the United Nations. In these debates several possibilities were raised for the form t

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Negm, Namira. "Distinctively African: The Unique Appeal of the African Union to International Lawyers of African Origin." International Organizations Law Review 21, no. 3 (2024): 474–83. https://doi.org/10.1163/15723747-21030010.

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Abstract This article explores the African Union’s (AU) distinct allure to international legal scholars of African descent, charting its evolution from the post-colonial era to a comprehensive continental collaboration. The AU’s departure from the limited scope of its precursor, the Organization of African Unity (oau), is evident in its holistic approach encompassing economic development, human rights, peace, and sovereignty. It emphasizes African-led solutions, robust human rights mechanisms like the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, recognition of customary law, economic integratio

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BELLO Marcus Oluyemi, TERIA Ruth Aghogho, MARCUS-BELLO Oluwatosin Adenike, GBADAMOSI Tosin Adebola, and ADEGBEHINGBE Kehinde Tope. "The effects of Sorghum bicolor leaf stalk (SBLS) on the bacterial quality of Ogi produced from maize (Zea mays)." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 11, no. 2 (2024): 1405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.2.0584.

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Ogi is a staple food in Nigeria and other West African countries given its affordability and easy preparation it is largely consumed by many people. Ogi is used as a weaning food and given to the elderly and convalescent. Studies have shown that nutrients are lost during the production of Ogi. Hence, Ogi is fortified with Sorghum bicolor leaves stalk (SBLS) to prevent malnutrition despite the antibacterial activities of the SBLS extracts against some bacteria strains but little is known on the activity of the SBLS fortified Ogi on the bacterial, physicochemical quality and proximate compositio

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18

Townes, Ashley, Mary R. Tanner, Lei Yu, et al. "Inequities Along the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services Continuum for Black Women in the United States, 2015–2020." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 79, no. 5 (2024): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000001273.

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(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2024;143:294–301 Throughout the United States, racial disparities in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses persist. Disproportionately higher rates of diagnosed STIs and HIV infections occur among Black individuals (people who identified as Black or African American were combined into this group).

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Day, PhD, Philip, Scott Secrest, MPH, Dawn Davis, MD, et al. "Prescription opioid use duration and beliefs about pain and pain medication in primary care patients." Journal of Opioid Management 16, no. 6 (2020): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2020.0600.

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Background: Patient beliefs about pain and opioids have been reported from qualitative data. To overcome limitations of unstructured assessments and small sample sizes, we determined if pain and pain medication beliefs varied by chronic pain status and opioid analgesic use (OAU) duration in primary care patients.Methods: Cross-sectional survey data obtained in 2017 and 2018 from 735 patients ≥ 18 years of age. The eight-item Barriers Questionnaire (BQ) measured beliefs about pain and pain medication. Patients reported OAU and use of other pain treatments. Multiple linear regression models esti

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Jawuoro, Stanley Odhiambo, and Nicholas Ombachi. "Push and Pull Triggers of Forced Displacement among Urban Refugees in Nairobi, Kenya." Journal of Science, Innovation and Creativity 4, no. 1 (2025): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.58721/jsic.v4i1.1049.

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Forced displacement has become one of the key development challenges of the 21st Century, with armed conflict and climate change being some of its key drivers. While more than 85% of forcibly displaced people live in the Global South, data on push and pull factors of migration is limited. This study sought to determine the push and pull factors triggering the migration of urban refugees and asylum seekers to Nairobi, Kenya. The State fragility and institutional theory, the conflict theory, and the push and pull migration theory formed theoretical underpinning. A mixed methods design was used.

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White, Jason A., Ernest Kaninjing, Kayode A. Adeniji, et al. "Abstract 1507: Tumor only analysis of whole exome sequencing from a multi-institutional Nigerian prostate cancer cohort reveals DNA repair genes associated with African ancestry." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (2022): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1507.

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Abstract Men of African ancestry (MAA) have the highest global incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa); however, the biology underlying this harsh disease presentation remains poorly understand, largely due to Africans and people within the African diaspora being under-represented in genomics research. MAA are younger at diagnosis, have higher tumor volume at diagnosis and have higher tumor aggression compared to European American men. Additionally, genomic profiling continues to show that PCa etiology and phenotype are influenced by higher amounts of African ancestry and that West Af

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Maxime, Boraud N’takpé Kama, Ake Séverin, and Jacques Gasquez. "Introduction Des Organismes Génétiquement Modifiés(OGM) Dans L’agriculture En Côte d’Ivoire: Etat De Connaissance Et Souhaits Des Populations De Six (6) Localités Du Sud Du Pays." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 30 (2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n30p112.

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Transgenic plants with their huge potential as the high yields, resistance to diseases, insects and water stress seem to be a solution for Africa and could contribute to poverty reduction and the increase of agricultural production in this area of the world often face starvation. However GMOs dragging a trail of controversy and risk maligned with a series of impacts that concern the human health, environmental, social and economic. Is the dangerousness of transgenic plants a concern people of Ivory Coast? Investigations were carried out on 400 farmers and 1000 educated people in through a seri

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Moreira, Felipe G. A. "TO BE OR NOT TO BE “SUBTLY” PHILOSOPHICALLY COLONIZED*." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 63, no. 151 (2022): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-512x2021n15106fgam.

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ABSTRACT An often-adopted use of the predicate, “to be colonized”, is one that applies it loosely, not in reference to original Africans or indigenous people enslaved by Europeans or heirs of enslaved persons, but to academics who are citizens of former colonies like Brazil, their ways of thinking, philosophical works, academic communities, etc. But under what conditions one is to do that? And how can one avoid the attribution of such predicate to oneself or one’s works? These issues have not received much attention. While dialoguing with authors associated with decolonial studies, Brazilian,

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Adejuwon, Akinsola. "The Art and life of Alàgbà Fálétí – A Pic torial, Art and Artifacts Exhibition in Honor of Alàgbà Adébáyọ̀ Fálétí (1921- 2017) curated by Akinsola Adejuwon and Seyi Ogunjobi". Yoruba Studies Review 3, № 2 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.v3i2.129995.

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Alàgbà Adébáyọ Fálétí to generations both in “town and gown” is a Yorùbá ̀ iconic cultural statement. His life was a window to different historical epochs in Nigeria. A life that spanned and recorded historical trajectories of early colonial, decolonisation, independent movement, First and Second World Wars, and Nigerian Civil War, Military and Civilian Rules experiences of Nigeria, is worth studying. The Institute of Cultural Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife in recognition of the deep engraving of the footprints of Fálétí in the sands of Yorùbá, indeed African times, called for bef

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Shedrack, Igboke C. "Agitations for Regime Change and Political Restructuring: Implications on National Integration and Development in Nigeria." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 3 (2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i3.1.

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The formation of organizations at global, regional and sub-regional levels among nation-states, especially after the World War II in 1945 was to nip n the bud situation that could escalate into war and promote global peace. It was also to promote political, economic and socio-cultural unity and welfare among member states. It was on this premise that the United Nations (UN), organizations of Africa Union (OAU) now AU, Arab League, European Union (EU), etc were formed to promote unity among nation states. The main thrust of this paper was to analyze the implications of agitation by various ethn

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Muhammad, Bilawal Khaskheli, Abate Bishaw Ayalew, Gesell Mapa Jonathan, and Alves Gomes Dos Santos Carlos. "TOW environmental migrants in the international refuge law and human rights: an assessment of protection gaps and migrants' legal protection." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 3(13) (September 30, 2020): 52–59. https://doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2020.213985.

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The concept and the rights of environmental refugee have attracted national, international governance and scholars’ attention. I have tried to analyses through descriptive and explanatory approach the current trend of environmental refugees’ legal protection and its limitation and achievement. Thus, the objective of this research work is first to review legal scholars’ work, relating to environmental refugees to show the current trend, relating to environmental refugees protection. Second, to analyse the existing legal framework to show, whether it adequately has governed the

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S.S, Sumayya, Sreelekshmi S.G, and Murugan K. "CULTIVATION AND ECONOMICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GRACILLARIA: MARINE SEAWEED." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 2 (2017): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj206.

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For decades, seaweed has been of biological, industrial, and pharmaceutical importance. Because of their nutraceutical potential, seaweed has been used as a food throughout Asia. Traditional Chinese medicine used aqueous hot extracts of certain seaweeds in the treatment of cancer. Further, the Japanese and Chinesecultures have used seaweeds to treat goiter and other glandular problems since 300 BC. The Romans used seaweeds in the treatment of wounds, burns, and rashes. The Celts noted that ordinary seaweed contracted as it dried and then expanded with moisture. In Scotland during the 18th cent

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Aubin, Nzaou-Kongo. "Droit de l'énergie et Autodétermination des peuples." African Journal of Law 3, no. 1 (2022): 160–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7150485.

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Helmholz, P., S. Zlatanova, J. Barton, and M. Aleksandrov. "GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2020 (Gi4DM2020): PREFACE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-3/W1-2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-3-w1-2020-1-2020.

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Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-

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Helmholz, P., S. Zlatanova, J. Barton, and M. Aleksandrov. "GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2020 (GI4DM2020): PREFACE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-3/W1-2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-3-w1-2020-1-2020.

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Abstract. Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-

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Cephas Lumina. "THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE AFRICAN REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM." Obiter 27, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v27i2.14390.

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The promotion and protection of human rights in Africa is underpinned by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (“the African Charter” or “Banjul Charter”) which was adopted by the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) on 27 June 1981. Other key instruments under the African human rights system are the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (which was adopted in July 2003 and addresses a variety of civil, political, economic, cultural and social rights) and the African Charter on

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Ekpa, Shedrack, and Nuarrual Hilal Md Dahlan. "Sovereignty, Internal Displacement And Right Of Intervention: Perspectives From The African Union’s Constitutive Act And The Convention For The Protection And Assistance Of Internally Displaced Persons." UUM Journal of Legal Studies, December 1, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.7.2016.4633.

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The end of the cold war and the beginning of the new millennium brought with it a new phase in state relations in Africa as more persons became forcefully uprooted from their homes and their rights violated with impunity due to intractable internal conflicts amidst the Westphalian notion of sovereignty which frowns at interference in the internal affairs of any state which was the fulcrum upon which the United Nations (UN) and Organization of African Unity (OAU) was founded. This new awakening has increasingly made perception of sovereignty to be people oriented. In the case of the Africa whic

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Willie, Ncumisa, and Popo Mfubu. "Responsibility Sharing: Towards a Unified Refugee Protection Framework in Africa." AFRICAN HUMAN MOBILITY REVIEW 2, no. 3 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.14426/ahmr.v2i3.772.

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In most African countries, refugees are not welcomed with the sense of regional solidarity that surrounded the promulgation of the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Instead, African states have increasingly followed the lead of European states by closing their borders, deporting those who have made it into their territories or restricting them to camps. Even in those countries where refugees are admitted, their treatment does not meet the Conventionâ€™s standards and obligations. Despite South Africa having enacted legislation, the Refugees Act,

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Modester, Samwel Mwasalwiba. "Towards Inclusive Employment in Africa the case of Tanzania: Fast-Tracking Aspiration Six in Agenda 2063." April 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7828302.

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Agenda 2063 (the Africa we want) is a common strategy for Africa's inclusive growth and sustainable development for the coming fifty years which was endorsed by the African leaders in 2013 when the marked the 50th anniversary of African Unity (OAU). The objective of Agenda 2063 is to achieve seven Aspirations with the associated goals meant to move Africa closer to achieving the vision 2063. These seven Aspirations show African’s desire towards shared prosperity and well-being, for togetherness and integration, for a continent of free people and broadened horizons, attainment of full

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AKPE, Okuchukwu Venatus. "Division and Unity." African Christian Theology 1, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.69683/wtnaw504.

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Namakula, Catherine S. "The Rugged Trajectory of Africa’s Reparations Agenda: From Aspiration to Claim and Action." South African Yearbook of International Law, February 18, 2025. https://doi.org/10.25159/2521-2583/15034.

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The first advances of Africa’s reparations agenda are traceable to the First International Conference on Reparations held in Nigeria in 1990. The profile of the subject was promptly raised to that of a regional undertaking at the level of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1991. The continent is henceforth seen to stumble into institutional formulations that lack the support infrastructure and formidability to operate. The momentum for reparations set by the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action of 2001 faltered in Africa, primarily because the continent prioritised development as

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"OAU: PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS." African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online 6, no. 1 (1998): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161798x00193.

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"Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, June 9, 1998: OAU Doc. OAU/LEG/EXP/AFCHPR/PROT (III)." Refugee Survey Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2005): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi037.

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"States Parties to the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1969 OAU Convention governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, and the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights." International Journal of Refugee Law 7, Special_Issue (1995): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/7.special_issue.328.

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Mutuku Justus Musila. "Global revivals: a comparison of Jonathan Edwards theology of revivals and that of Ogbu Kalu and their contribution to revivals in the contemporary African Church." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHSS) 4, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jhss.v4i1.284.

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The study of World Christianity has taken varying approaches within diverse periods. The undeniable fact is that there is probably not a single approach to the study of World Christianity that can be singled out as the sole universal one for all times. We live in a dynamic society, and many factors influence Christianity as a discipline. While it is necessary to appreciate the various models of studying world Christianity that has been in place in the past, it is equally important to note the irresistible need to employ new and relevant approaches to this study. One of these approaches is that

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"African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force Oct. 21, 1986." Refugee Survey Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2005): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi035.

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Scannell, John. "Becoming-City." M/C Journal 5, no. 2 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1951.

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Graffiti remains a particularly resilient aspect of the contemporary urban landscape and as a pillar of Hip-Hop culture enjoys an enduring popularity as a subject of academic inquiry.1 As the practice of graffiti is so historically broad it is within the context of Hip-Hop culture that I will limit my observations. In this tradition, graffiti is often rationalised as either a rebellious attempt at territorial reclamation by an alienated subculture or reduced to a practice of elaborate attention seeking. This type of account is offered in titles such as Nelson George's Hip-Hop America (George 1

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