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Journal articles on the topic 'Ohmic potential drop'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Solovjeva, Inna, Denis Solovjev, Viktoriya Konkina, and Yuri Litovka. "Optimization of the anode shape for the electroplating coating on long thin-walled detail taking into account the ohmic potential drop." MATEC Web of Conferences 329 (2020): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032903056.

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The article discusses the problem of optimizing the anode shape to reduce the non-uniformity of the electroplating coating for a long thin- walled detail. An increase in the non-uniformity of the coating due to the ohmic potential drop in the electrodes body is characteristic of such details. The problem of optimizing the anode shape is formulated to minimize the non-uniformity of the electroplating coating. The mathematical model of the electroplating process has been developed, which takes into account the ohmic potential drop in the electrodes body. The problem of optimizing the anode shape is solved by the example of zinc electroplating process in an alkaline electrolyte, taking into account the ohmic potential drop in the electrodes body and without it.

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2

Bruckenstein, Stanley. "Ohmic potential drop at electrodes exhibiting steady-state diffusional currents." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 17 (September 1987): 2098–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00144a020.

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3

Wipf, David O. "Ohmic Drop Compensation in Voltammetry: Iterative Correction of the Applied Potential." Analytical Chemistry 68, no. 11 (January 1996): 1871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac951209b.

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4

Wang, Yuwei, Erqing Zhao, Liquan Fan, Qianjun Hu, Xijun Liu, Yufeng Li, and Yueping Xiong. "Analysis of nanofiber-based La0.2Sr0.8TiO3–Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 electrode kinetics." RSC Advances 8, no. 62 (2018): 35658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06522e.

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5

AlJaberi, Forat Yasir. "Modelling current efficiency and ohmic potential drop in an innovated electrocoagulation reactor." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 164 (2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24452.

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6

Costentin, Cyrille, and Jean-Michel Savéant. "Electrochemical Capacitive Charging in Porous Materials. Discriminating between Ohmic Potential Drop and Counterion Diffusion." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 7 (May 29, 2019): 4981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00663.

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7

Rojo, Javier, Carmen Thompson, and Arturo Bronson. "Solution of Laplace's Equation to Calculate the Ohmic Potential Drop for Hexagonally‐Shaped Scratches." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 139, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2069470.

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8

Costentin, Cyril, and Jean-Michel Savéant. "Ohmic drop correction in electrochemical techniques. Multiple potential step chronoamperometry at the test bench." Energy Storage Materials 24 (January 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.07.029.

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9

Rojo, Javier, and Arturo Bronson. "Numerical analysis of certain solutions of laplace's equation to calculate the ohmic potential drop after scribing." Electrochimica Acta 38, no. 17 (December 1993): 2525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(93)80148-s.

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10

Shaw, B. A., P. J. Moran, and P. O. Gartland. "The role of ohmic potential drop in the initiation of crevice corrosion on alloy 625 in seawater." Corrosion Science 32, no. 7 (1991): 707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(91)90085-4.

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11

Mittal, Poornima, Y. S. Negi, and R. K. Singh. "Analytical Modeling and Parameter Extraction of Organic Thin Film Transistor: Effect of Contact Resistance, Doping Concentration and Field Dependent Mobility." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.585.

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For what is believed to be for the first time, the device physics based modeling approach to derive the generic model current equations of organic thin film transistor (OTFT) is described. Firstly, the current model equation is derived by considering the dependence of mobility on gate voltage and doping density, which is more realistic and relevant to organic materials containing TFTs. To model small molecule or polymer TFT, the potential drop across contacts is taken into account as contacts are not ohmic due to some morphological disorders. Further the effect of contact resistance is included and accordingly the generic model current equation is modified. It shows a good agreement of proposed current equation with simulated results which validates the proposed OTFT model from ohmic to saturation regime. Moreover, the analytical model is used to extract the contact and channel resistances in linear and saturation region and these resistances are verified through potential cut line (PCL) and transmission line methods (TLM). The extracted parameters are not only used to verify the electrical characteristics but also exhibit insight on contact potential, charge injection and transport phenomenon for organic TFT operation.

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12

Nisancioglu, K. "The Error in Polarization Resistance and Capacitance Measurements Resulting from Nonuniform Ohmic Potential Drop to Flush-Mounted Probes." CORROSION 43, no. 5 (May 1987): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583146.

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13

Samson, Gabriel, Fabrice Deby, Jean-Luc Garciaz, and Jean-Louis Perrin. "Monitoring DIAMOND device for corrosion state evaluation of reinforced concrete structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819904007.

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The corrosion of steel rebars is a major issue with respect to the durability of reinforced concrete structure. Several corrosion evaluation methods exist: half-cell potential, concrete resistivity or linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurement. However, these techniques are employed at a given moment and are not suitable for continuous corrosion evaluation. This works belongs to the DIAMOND project which aims to produce a new corrosion state measurement monitoring device. The monitoring probe consists on a cylindrical probe. A ring shape counter-electrode CE is plated on the probe side. At the centre of the CE, a reference electrode (RE) is placed for potential measurement. The device is embedded in concrete at 25 mm of the inspected rebar. The instantaneous ohmic drop observed at the beginning of the polarization measurement is only linked with the concrete resistance which depends on concrete cover and resistivity. A numerical model was developed on Comsol® to create abacuses graph that link concrete resistivity and concrete resistance. Thus, the ohmic drop measure at the beginning of the polarization can now be used to determine regularly concrete average resistivity between the monitoring probe and steel rebar. Two other series of abacus graphs are then introduced in order to determine the polarization resistance of the rebar in front of the monitoring probe (the point of interest (PI)). Two monitoring probes were placed in two types of concrete (one sound concrete and one concrete with chloride). Corrosion potential, concrete resistivity and rebar corrosion rate were monitored over around 200 days. The experimental results obtained with the monitoring probe are finally compared to the results obtained with the surface DIAMOND probe (introduced in the ICCRRR 2018 paper “Alternative methodology for linear polarization resistance assessment of reinforced concrete structure [1]”).

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14

Tessier, D. F., and B. E. Conway. "The problem of correction for ohmic potential drop in linear potential sweep experiments and the derivation of s0 values for electrode surface processes." Electrochimica Acta 30, no. 12 (December 1985): 1703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(85)87017-1.

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15

Bento, M. Fatima, Laurent Thouin, and Christian Amatore. "Potential measurements in steady state voltammetry at low electrolyte/analyte concentration ratios. Role of convection on ohmic drop: a simplified model." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 446, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00477-4.

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16

Sazou, Dimitra, and Michael Pagitsas. "Bifurcation to limit cycle oscillations induced by the ohmic potential drop during the anodic polarisation of iron in 14.8 M H3PO4." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 451, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00073-4.

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17

Pang, Zhicheng, C. Allen Chang, and Erkang Wang. "Compensation for ohmic drop in the measurement of the potential difference at a liquid/liquid interface by the step current method." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 243, no. 1 (March 1988): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(88)85030-7.

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18

Sehgal, A., B. G. Ateya, and H. W. Pickering. "Synergistic effects of chromium depletion and ohmic potential drop on the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of sensitized stainless steel." Acta Materialia 45, no. 8 (August 1997): 3389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(97)00001-3.

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19

Mareček, Vladimir, and Zdeněk Samec. "Fast performance galvanostatic pulse technique for evaluation of the ohmic potential drop and capacitance of the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 185, no. 2 (April 1985): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0368-1874(85)80134-9.

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20

Pastore, P., F. Magno, M. M. Collinson, and R. M. Wightman. "Simulation of electrochemiluminescence produced by a high-frequency square-wave potential waveform. Effects of ohmic drop and cell time constant on electrode potential, current and light emission." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 397, no. 1-2 (November 1995): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(95)04121-0.

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21

Krulic, Denise, and Nicolas Fatouros. "Peak heights and peak widths at half-height in square wave voltammetry without and with ohmic potential drop for reversible and irreversible systems." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 652, no. 1-2 (March 2011): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.009.

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22

Mahesh, K. C., and G. S. Suresh. "Kinetics of electrochemical intercalation of lithium ion into Li[Li0.2Co0.3Mn0.5]O2 electrode from Li2SO4 solution." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 09 (September 14, 2021): 656–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/09580.

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The kinetics of electrochemical lithium ion intercalation into Li[Li0.2Co0.3Mn0.5]O2 electrode in 2 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte has been studied using two electroanalytical methods, namely, potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The results are compared with those from nonaqueous electrolytes. Layered, lithium-rich Li[Li0.2Co0.3Mn0.5]O2 cathode material was synthesized by reactions under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (RAPET) method. The effects of ohmic potential drop and charge-transfer resistance have been considered while predicting the current transients obtained with aqueous electrolyte. For PITT and GITT, we have defined their characteristic time-invariant functions, It1/2 and dE/dt1/2, respectively to present the diffusion time constant τ. Application of different theoretical diffusion models for treating the results obtained by the above-mentioned techniques allowed us to calculate the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions (D) at different potentials (E). The intercalation process is explained by considering the possible attractive interactions of the intercalated species in terms of Frumkin intercalation isotherm. We have observed a strictcorrespondence between the peaks of the intercalation capacitance and the minima in the corresponding log D vs. E curve.

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23

Popescu, Ana Maria, and Virgil Constantin. "Studies on Cerium Electrochemistry in High Temperature Ionic Liquids." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.1.6054.

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The cathodic behavior of Ce3+ ions in LiF-NaF-BaF2, LiF-NaF-NaCl and NaCl-KCl molten salts at 730� C has been studied using different electrochemical techniques. The decomposition potential (Ed) and the cathodic overvoltage were determined by introducing NaCeF4 as electrochemical active species using steady-state potential-current curves recorded under galvanostatic conditions. The values of |Ed| were 1.85 V in LiF-NaF-BaF2, 2.114 V in LiF-NaF-NaCl and 2.538 V in NaCl-KCl, respectively. It was also found that the ohmic drop potential in melt is not dependent on NaCeF4 concentration and it rises as the current intensity increases. The Tafel slopes and other kinetic parameters were calculated on the assumption that the cathodic process consisted of direct discharge of Ce3+, with no solvent-solute interaction. In order to elucidate the mechanisn of cathodic process the cyclic voltammetry technique was finally used. From the evolution of the voltammograms we conclude that the electrochemical reduction of Ce3+ ion is actually a reversible process on the molybdenum electrode and cathodic reduction of Ce3+ takes place in one single step involving three electron exchange. Our study adds to the accumulating data and confirms available results of electrodeposition of metalic cerium from molten salts using NaCeF4 as solute.

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24

Quej-Ake, L. M., and A. Contreras. "Electrochemical study on the corrosion rate of X52 steel exposed to different soils." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2016-1737.

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Purpose The purpose of this work is to study the corrosion rate of X52 pipeline steel exposed to three types of soils collected in Campeche State in México. The electrochemical evaluation for X52 steel exposed to soils ranging from saturated soil until dry conditions was carried out for a period of 21 days. Owing to its versatility to study the steel corrosion process exposed to different types of soils, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry tests were performed. Additionally, optical and electronic microscopy observations of the steel surface were carried out. Design/methodology/approach Electrochemical cell arrangement was described elsewhere (Quej-Ake et al., 2014). Owing to soil being an electrolytic system with high resistivity and impedance, all electrodes were placed as close as possible, and iR-drop compensation was taken into account using two rods of graphite as an auxiliary electrode. In addition, the conductivity of the soil (Rs) obtained from EIS was used to correct the potential of the working electrode according to iR-drop, and an analysis of ohmic drop from the polarization curves was carried out. Findings Saturated conditions of the three soils were initially considered as the most corrosive conditions for X52 steel surface. Finally, 21 days of immersion time was taken into account as the more drastic condition. So, according to results, X52 steel exposed to beach sand was more susceptible to the corrosion process (0.092 mm/year). iR corrected was negligible at low over-potentials region in saturated soils, which is inside the linear region of Tafel or the activation region. In addition, high cathodic peak potential value obtained from cyclic voltammetry for X52 steel exposed to saturated soil may be attributed to hydrogen evolution reaction and neutral pH. Research limitations/implications The paper has implications for research. It bridges the gap between theory and practice. Originality/value Cyclic voltammetry is a really important tool for the electrochemical analysis of the pipeline steel surface exposed to saturated soils, but is not adequate for analysis of steel exposed to dried soils. In addition, the physicochemical results show that fissures, voids and extra-oxygen presence could also affect the electrochemical responses obtained for X52 steel exposed to soils.

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25

Vorotyntsev, Mikhail A., Mikhael D. Levi, and Doron Aurbach. "Spatially limited diffusion coupled with ohmic potential drop and/or slow interfacial exchange: a new method to determine the diffusion time constant and external resistance from potential step (PITT) experiments." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 572, no. 2 (November 2004): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.12.014.

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26

Patah, Aep, Yulia Rachmawati, Riyadini Utari, and Achmad Rochliadi. "Penentuan Resistivitas Tak-Terkompensasi Cairan Ion Berbasis Imidazol dengan Metode EIS: Pengaruh Panjang Alkil dan Perbedaan Anion." Jurnal Riset Kimia 11, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v11i2.359.

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Ionic liquids have interesting properties because they have several advantages compared to conventional organic solvents, such as high thermal stability, high viscosity, good solvent properties, non-flammable, and non-volatile. In electrochemistry, ionic liquids can be used as solvents without the addition of electrolytes. However, ionic liquids still have resistivity properties (uncompensated resistance), thus ohmic drop measurements are needed for a potential correction. Imidazole-based ionic liquids, which are known for their high conductivity and commonly used as a solvent, have been measured of their resistivity as a function of temperature, and type of their cations/anions. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method was chosen to measure the resistivity of ionic liquids and Bode plot was generated for the analysis of the results. The measured resistivities of ionic liquids are in the range of 420 to 1500 ohm. It is concluded that the resistivity of the imidazole-based ionic liquid is influenced by the size of their constituent ions, the viscosity, and the resistance is decreased with increasing temperature.

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27

Montella, C. "Combined effects of Tafel kinetics and Ohmic potential drop on the nonlinear responses of electrochemical systems to low-frequency sinusoidal perturbation of electrode potential – New approach using the Lambert W-function." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 672 (May 2012): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.03.003.

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28

Shao, H., L. Zifeng, Kui Xu, P. L. Taberna, and P. Simon. "Comment to the letter to the editor from Costentin et al. Entitled “Ohmic drop correction in electrochemical techniques. Multiple potential step chrono-amperometry at the test bench”." Energy Storage Materials 24 (January 2020): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.07.038.

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29

Pagitsas, Michael, and Dimitra Sazou. "Effect of the ohmic potential drop on the onset of current oscillations at the transition between active and passive states of a cobalt electrode in phosphoric acid solutions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 334, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)80562-i.

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30

Rodrigues, Romain, Stéphane Gaboreau, Julien Gance, Ioannis Ignatiadis, and Stéphanie Betelu. "Indirect Galvanostatic Pulse in Wenner Configuration: Numerical Insights into Its Physical Aspect and Its Ability to Locate Highly Corroding Areas in Macrocell Corrosion of Steel in Concrete." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 1, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 373–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd1030018.

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The use of indirect electrical techniques is gaining interest for monitoring the corrosion of steel in concrete as they do not require any connection to the rebar. In this paper, we provide insights into the physical aspects of the indirect galvanostatic pulse (GP) method in the Wenner configuration. Considering uniform corrosion, the instantaneous ohmic drop is decreased due to the presence of the rebar, which acts as a short-circuit. However, we observed that this phenomenon is independent of the electrochemical parameters of the Butler–Volmer equation. They are, however, responsible for the nonlinear decrease of the current that polarizes the rebar over time, especially for a passive rebar due to its high polarization resistance. This evolution of the resulting potential difference with time is explained by the increase of the potential difference related to concrete resistance and the global decrease of the potential difference related to the polarization resistance of the rebar. The indirect GP technique is then fundamentally different than the conventional one in three-electrode configuration, as here the steady-state potential is not only representative of polarization resistance but also of concrete resistance. Considering non-uniform corrosion, the presence of a small anodic area disturbs the current distribution in the material. This is essentially due to the different capability of anodic and cathodic areas to consume the impressed current, resulting in slowing down the evolution of the transient potential as compared to uniform corrosion. Hence, highly corroding areas have a greater effect on the transient potential than on the steady-state one. The use of this temporal evolution is thus recommended to qualitatively detect anodic areas. For the estimation of their length and position, which is one of the main current problematic issue when performing any measurement on reinforced concrete (RC) structures with conventional techniques, we suggest adjusting the probe spacing to modulate the sensitivity of the technique.

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31

Oliveira, J. C., and A. Cavaleiro. "Morphological and structural characterization of oxidized La-Si sputtered thin films." Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S3 (September 2008): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608089459.

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High temperatures in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) place stringent requirements on the cell components materials which result in high material costs for interconnects and insulation and cause the degradation of the system. The development of Intermediate Temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs) will require electrolyte materials with higher ionic conductivity at moderate temperatures than the conventional yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ). Recently, lanthanum silicates with an apatite-like structure (La9,33Si6O26) have attracted considerable interest as potential materials for low cost electrolyte. Some of these materials show conductivities at 875 K comparable to, or better than, YSZ; their high level of oxide ion mobility was related to the presence of oxygen channels along the c axis which facilitate the diffusion of the anionic species (O2− for SOFCs applications). Another way to fulfil IT-SOFCs requirements is to decrease the electrolyte thickness to the micrometer range and, therefore, the ohmic drop at the electrolyte. Magnetron sputtering has already been used to synthesize thin film electrolytes for SOFCs owing to its versatility for depositing complex materials as well as its ability to control their composition and morphology. The manufacturing of thin film lanthanum silicate electrolytes by magnetron sputtering, with thicknesses in the micrometer range, can be achieved through the previous deposition of La-Si films and subsequent thermal oxidation. The present study focuses on the characterization of the morphological and structural changes upon oxidation of La-Si films deposited by magnetron sputtering.

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32

Paul, Tanmoy, and Yoed Tsur. "Influence of Isovalent ‘W’ Substitutions on the Structure and Electrical Properties of La2Mo2O9 Electrolyte for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Ceramics 4, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4030037.

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Lanthanum molybdenum oxide (La2Mo2O9, LAMOX)-based ion conductors have been used as potential electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells. The parent compound La2Mo2O9 undergoes a structural phase transition from monoclinic (P21) to cubic (P213) at 580 °C, with an enhancement in oxide ion conductivity. The cubic phase is of interest because it is beneficial for oxide ion conduction. In search of alternative candidates with a similar structure that might have a stable cubic phase at lower temperatures, we have studied the variations of the crystal structure and ionic conductivity for 25, 50, 62.5 and 75 mol% W substitutions at the Mo site using high-temperature X-ray diffraction, dilatometry, and impedance spectroscopy. Highly dense ceramic samples have been synthesized by solid-state reaction in a two-step sintering process. Low-angle X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement confirm the stabilization of the cubic phase for all compounds in the entire temperature range considered. The substitutions of W at the Mo site produce a decrement in the lattice parameter. The thermal expansion coefficients in the high-temperature range of the W-substituted ceramics, as determined by dilatometry, are much higher than that of the unmodified sample. The impedance spectra have been modeled using a modified genetic algorithm within 300–600 °C. A distribution function of the relaxation times is obtained, and the contributions of ohmic drop, grains and grain boundaries to the conductivity have been identified. Overall, our investigation provides information about cationic substitution and insights into the understanding of oxide ion conductivity in LAMOX-based compounds for developing solid oxide fuel cells.

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33

Montella, C. "Three infinite series and integral formulations for the voltammetric responses of reversible electrochemical reactions at a rotating disk electrode. Discrimination using the method of lines, and generalization to the integral equation method with finite kinetics, Ohmic potential drop and (pseudo-) capacitive interfacial behaviour." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 880 (January 2021): 114869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114869.

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34

Bazzoni, B., S. Lorenzi, P. Marcassoli, and T. Pastore. "Current and Potential Distribution Modeling for Cathodic Protection of Tank Bottoms." Corrosion 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 026001–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3553930.

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Abstract Aboveground tanks for the storage of liquid hydrocarbon are often erected with a secondary containment membrane installed below the tank bottom to prevent soil contamination in case of leakage. The design of impressed current cathodic protection in the presence of the plastic membrane is based on distributed anodes installed in the space between the tank bottom and the membrane; among available anodes, the most commonly used are the titanium grid or ribbon activated with noble metal oxides. The configuration of the grid or ribbon anode system confined in the closed space between the bottom and membrane creates specific issues concerning the electrochemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode, the ohmic drops in the anode system, and the potential and current distribution at the cathode. Results of a number of numeric simulations performed to predict the actual distribution of current and potential are given. Design criteria are discussed.

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35

Li, P. W., and M. K. Chyu. "Electrochemical and Transport Phenomena in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 12 (August 23, 2005): 1344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098828.

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This paper begins with a brief review of the thermodynamic and electrochemical fundamentals of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Issues concerning energy budget and ideal energy conversion efficiency of the electrochemical processes in an SOFC are addressed. Chemical equilibrium is then discussed for the situations with internal reforming and shift reactions as an SOFC is fed with hydrocarbon fuel. Formulations accounting for electrical potential drops incurred by activation polarization, ohmic polarization, and concentration polarization are reviewed. This leads to a discussion on numerical modeling and simulation for predicting the terminal voltage and power output of SOFCs. Key features associated with numerical simulation include strong coupling of ion transfer rates, electricity conduction, flow fields of fuel and oxidizer, concentrations of gas species, and temperature distributions. Simulation results based primarily on authors’ research are presented as demonstration. The article concludes with a discussion of technical challenges in SOFCs and potential issues for future research.

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36

de Andrade, Carlos Eduardo, Flávia C. de Souza, Daniella R. Fernandes, Sérgio A. S. Machado, and Eliane D'Elia. "Use of Hg-Electroplated-Pt Ultramicroelectrode for Determining Elemental Sulphur in Naphtha Samples." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/265687.

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This paper describes the applicability of a Hg-electroplated-Pt ultramicroelectrode in the quantification of elemental sulphur in naphtha samples by square-wave voltammetry. A reproducible deposition methodology was studied and is reported in this paper. This methodology is innovative and relies on the quality of the mercury stock solution to obtain reproducible surfaces required for the analytical methodology. All analyses were performed using a Hg-electroplated-Pt ultramicroelectrode (Hg-Pt UME) due to the low sensibility of such devices to ohmic drops in resistive solutions. The responses of the peak areas in voltammetric experiments were linear in all of the range studied. The method developed here is accurate and reproducible, with a detection limit of 0.010 mg L−1and a good recovery range for both standard solutions of elemental sulphur (85 to 99%) and real naphtha sample (79%). These results attest to the potential for the application of this electroanalytical methodology in determining elemental sulphur in naphtha samples containing mercaptans and disulphides.

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37

Hay, Catherine E., Junqiao Lee, and Debbie S. Silvester. "Formation of 3-Dimensional Gold, Copper and Palladium Microelectrode Arrays for Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing Applications." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081170.

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Microelectrodes offer higher current density and lower ohmic drop due to increased radial diffusion. They are beneficial for electroanalytical applications, particularly for the detection of analytes at trace concentrations. Microelectrodes can be fabricated as arrays to improve the current response, but are presently only commercially available with gold or platinum electrode surfaces, thus limiting the sensing of analytes that are more electroactive on other surfaces. In this work, gold (Au), copper (Cu), and palladium (Pd) are electrodeposited at two different potentials into the recessed holes of commercial microelectrode arrays to produce 3-dimensional (3D) spiky, dendritic or coral-like structures. The rough fractal structures that are produced afford enhanced electroactive surface area and increased radial diffusion due to the 3D nature, which drastically improves the sensitivity. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), carbon dioxide gas (CO2), and hydrogen gas (H2) were chosen as model analytes in room temperature ionic liquid solvents, to demonstrate improvements in the sensitivity of the modified microelectrode arrays, and, in some cases (e.g., for CO2 and H2), enhancements in the electrocatalytic ability. With the deposition of different materials, we have demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and electrocatalytic behaviour towards the chosen analytes.

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38

Haerendel, Gerhard. "Magnetic energy conversion in the Corona and Magnetosphere." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600011278.

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Five different categories of magnetic energy conversion will be discussed, and their manifestations in the ionosphere-magnetosphere and chromosphere - corona will be compared. They are: (1) Ohmic dissipation of d.c. currents, (2) Damping of Alfvén waves, (3) Magnetic pumping, (4) Reconnection, and (5) Electrostatic acceleration parallel B. Manifestations are: (1) Ionospheric heating by Peder sen currents and generation of chromospheric faculae and plages by dissipation of field-aligned currents; (2) Generation of spicules by collisional damping of Alfvén-waves and Alfvén-wave damping in the corona by resonant absorption; (3) Drift resonance acceleration of radiation belt particles and stochastic acceleration of high-energy flare particles by Alfvén waves; (4) Reconnection at the magnetopause and in the tail, plasmoid formation and a wide variety of configuration changes and mhd instabilities in the corona for which reconnection plays a decisive role; (5) Acceleration by field-aligned potential drops as origin of auroral arcs and of > 10 MeV electron and ion beams in solar flares. Some of these mechanisms, e.g. plages, spicules, nanoflares and field-aligned electrostatic accelerations will be selected for more detailed discussion.

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39

Orlik, Marek. "An improved algorithm for the numerical simulation of cyclic voltammetric curves affected by the ohmic potential drops and its application to the kinetics of bis(biphenyl)chromium(I) electroreduction." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 575, no. 2 (February 2005): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.10.001.

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40

López Zavala, Miguel Ángel, Omar Israel González Peña, Héctor Cabral Ruelas, Cristina Delgado Mena, and Mokhtar Guizani. "Use of Cyclic Voltammetry to Describe the Electrochemical Behavior of a Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2019): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183532.

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Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used in this work to describe the electrochemical behavior of a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The system performance was evaluated under vacuum and non-pressurized conditions, different reaction times, two sweep potentials, 25 and 50 mVs−1 and under different analyte solutions, such as distilled water and domestic wastewater. CV experiments were conducted by using a potentiostat with three different configurations to collect the measurements. A dual-chamber MFC system was equipped with a DupontTM Nafion® 117 proton exchange membrane (PEM), graphite electrodes (8.0 cm × 2.5 cm × 0.2 cm) and an external electric circuit with a 100-Ω resistor. An electrolyte (0.1 M HCl, pH ≈ 1.8) was used in the cathode chamber. It was found that the proton exchange membrane plays a major role on the electrochemical behavior of the MFC when CV measurements allow observing the conductivity performance in the MFC in the absence of a reference electrode; under this potentiostat setting, less current density values are obtained on the scanned window potentials. Therefore, potentiostat setting is essential to obtain information in complex electrochemical processes present in biological systems, such as it is the case in the MFCs. Results of the study showed that wastewater constituents and the biomass suspended or attached (biofilm) over the electrode limited the electron charge transfer through the interface electrode-biofilm-liquor. This limitation can be overcome by: (i) Enhancing the conductivity of the liquor, which is a reduction of the ohmic drop, (ii) reducing the activation losses by a better catalysis, and (iii) by limiting the diffusional gradients in the bulk liquor, for instance, by forced convection. The use of the electrolyte (0.1 M HCl, pH ≈ 1.8) and its diffusion from the cathode to the anode chamber reduces the resistance to the flow of ions through the PEM and the flow of electrons through the anodic and cathodic electrolytes. Also reduces the activation losses during the electron transfer from the substrate to the electrode surface due to the electrode catalysis improvement. On the other hand, vacuum also demonstrated that it enhances the electrochemical performance of the dual-chamber MFC due to the fact that higher current densities in the system are favored.

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41

Kambiré, Ollo, Lemeyonouin A. G. Pohan, Konan H. Kondro, and Lassiné Ouattara. "Study of oxygen evolution reaction on thermally prepared xPtOy-(100-x)IrO2 electrodes." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.806.

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The mixed coupled xPtOy-(100-x)IrO2 electrodes (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100) were thermally prepared at 450 °C on titanium supports. The prepared electrodes were firstly physically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Afterwards, electrochemical characterizations were performed by voltammetric (cyclic and linear) methods in different electrolyte media (KOH and HClO4). It is shown that the prepared electrodes are composed by both PtOy (platinum and platinum oxide) and IrO2 (iridium dioxide). For xPtOy-(100-x)IrO2 electrodes having higher content of IrO2, more surface cracks and pores are formed, defining a higher surface area with more active sites. Higher surface area due to presence of both PtOy and IrO2, is for xPtOy-(100-x)IrO2 electrodes in 1 M KOH solution confirmed by cyclic voltammetry at potentials of the oxide layer region. For all prepared electrodes, voltammetric charges were found higher than for PtOy, while the highest voltammetric charge is observed for the mixed 40PtOy-60IrO2 (x = 40) electrode. The Tafel slopes for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in either basic (0.1 M KOH) or acid (0.1 M HClO4) media were determined from measured linear voltammograms corrected for the ohmic drop. The values of Tafel slopes for OER at PtOy, 90PtOy-10IrO2 and IrO2 in basic medium are 122, 55 and 40 mV dec-1, respectively. For other mixed electrodes, Tafel slopes of 40 mV dec-1 were obtained. Although proceeding by different OER mechanism, similar values of Tafel slopes were obtained in acid medium, i.e., Tafel slopes of 120, 60 and 39 mV dec-1 were obtained for PtOy, 90PtOy-10IrO2 and IrO2, and 40 mV dec-1 for other mixed electrodes. The analysis of Tafel slope values showed that OER is more rapid on coupled mixed electrodes than on pure PtOy. For mixed xPtOy-(100-x)IrO2 electrodes, OER is more rapid when the molar percent of PtOy meets the following condition: 0 ˂ x ≤ 80. This study also showed that the mixed coupled electrodes are more electrocatalytically active for OER than either PtOy or IrO2 in these two media.

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42

Korenblum, Boris, and Emmanuel I. Rashba. "Classical Properties of Low-Dimensional Conductors: Giant Capacitance and Non-Ohmic Potential Drop." Physical Review Letters 89, no. 9 (August 13, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.096803.

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43

Frankel, Gerald S. "Corrosion of Electronic and Magnetic Devices and Materials." MRS Proceedings 451 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-451-541.

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ABSTRACTCorrosion of thin film structures commonly used in electronic and magnetic devices is discussed. Typical failure modes are presented, and galvanic corrosion is discussed in some detail since it is one common problem with such devices. A graphical explanation for the determination of the ohmic potential drop during galvanic corrosion is presented. The corrosion problem of thin film disks is shown to have changed during the past ten years owing to changes in disk structure. The corrosion susceptibility of two antiferromagnetic alloys used for exchange coupling to soft magnetic layers is discussed.

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44

Schujman, Sandra B., Robert Vajtai, Yuriy Shusterman, Sujit Biswas, Brian Dewhirst, Leo J. Schowalter, Bin Q. Wei, and Pulickel M. Ajayan. "AFM-Based Surface Potential Measurements on Carbon Nanotubes." MRS Proceedings 706 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-706-z11.10.1.

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AbstractIn order to build electrical devices based on carbon nanotubes, it is crucial to understand the effects of the substrate, electrical contacts, defects and junctions on the transport properties of both multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT and SWNT). In the present study two different dispositions are analyzed. In one of them, isolated MWNT were deposited onto an insulating oxide layer over a conducting substrate and platinum electrical contacts were prepared via a focused ion beam (FIB) deposition method. An ohmic contact to the substrate allowed us to polarize it at a different potential than the nanotubes themselves. In the second one, a vertical array of MWNT was grown on a template of alumina in which one of the ends was coated with gold, to provide an electric contact. To investigate transport properties, we used an atomic force microscope (AFM) to determine the electric surface potential of MWNT. The technique employed, scanning surface potential microscopy (SSPM), applied a dc-voltage to the tip that equilibrates the local electrostatic potential on the sample so as to eliminate forces on the AFM tip caused by electric repulsion or attraction between tip and sample. There is no alteration of the sample potential caused by the tip. Surface potential measurements on the first system show that the electric transport on the MWNT has a diffusive character. The application of a (4.5V) bias between nanotube and substrate causes the resistance of the nanotube to drop by a factor of four. We can also resolve the voltage drop on the nanotube and at the contacts. The measurements in the second system (vertical arrangement) show that the nanotubes are uncapped and we can observe a contrast that varies with the application of different voltages to the back contact.

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45

Aga, Rachel S., R. Aga, and R. Mu. "Effect of ZnO Nanowire Doping on the Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Schottky Diodes." MRS Proceedings 1212 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1212-s11-08.

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AbstractDoping polymers with inorganic nanomaterials to form hybrid nanocomposites is an attractive approach to develop new lightweight optoelectronic materials with unique or improved properties. In this work, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) Schottky diodes, doped with ZnO nanowires at different P3HT-to-ZnO concentrations, were studied. Device fabrication was carried out by drop casting the nanocomposite on a Pt electrode followed by thermal evaporation of an Al top electrode. ZnO nanowires were prepared via a physical vapor method with Zn as a source. The nanowires were dispersed in chlorobenzene, then the P3HT powder was added. Properties of the diodes were investigated using capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements. In addition, electrical resistance of the nanocomposite films was also investigated using a two-point probe measurement with Pt as Ohmic contacts. Results showed that ZnO nanowire doping decreases the built in potential of the diode and the electrical resistance of the nanocomposite film.

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46

Chyan, Oliver, Jin-Jian Chen, Min Liu, Michael G. Richmond, and Kaiyuan Yang. "High Surface Area Electrode Materials by Derect Metallization of Porous Substrates." MRS Proceedings 393 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-393-265.

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ABSTRACTRecent advances in high surface area (HSA) electrode materials have played an important role in the development of high-performance batteries and fuel cells. HSA electrodes can significantly increase the power-density of batteries and fuel cells by enhancing the heterogeneous electrochemical reaction rate and concurrently reducing battery and fuel cell size and weight. The compactness of HSA electrodes can also reduce the ohmic potential drop, which has the clear advantage of reducing power losses. This paper reports results on utilizing direct metallization of porous substrates to prepare new HSA electrode materials. Specifically, Nickel HSA electrode materials, relevant to the Ni-Cd and metal-hydride rechargeable batteries, were prepared on porous carbon substrates by direct thermolysis of organometallic precursors and/or electroless Ni plating. SEM and XPS characterization results indicate a Ni metallic film was conformally coated over the porous carbon skeleton. The real electroactive areas were determined electrochemically in NaOH solution and results will be discussed in correlation with the metallization conditions.

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47

Yang, Jie, Weixiao Huang, T. P. Chow, and James E. Butler. "High Quality MPCVD Epitaxial Diamond Film for Power Device Application." MRS Proceedings 829 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-829-b7.2.

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ABSTRACTAs a wide bandgap (5.47 eV) semiconductor material, single crystal diamond has high electron mobility (reportedly between 2000 and 4400 cm2V-1s-1), high electron saturation velocity (2×107 cms-1), high breakdown voltage (>107 Vcm-1), and high thermal conductivity (>21 Wcm-1K-1). Diamond-based semiconductor devices offer the potential of operation at high voltages, power levels, temperatures and under extreme radiation conditions. In this work, we present our effort to grow high quality homo-epitaxial diamond films on (100)-single crystal diamond substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). The growth rate can vary from 0.01 to 100 micrometers per hour, depending on growth conditions, doping, and quality; and using a “lift-off” process, free-standing homo-epi films with remarkably low p-type doping (1×1014–1×1017 cm-3) and exceptionally low compensation ∼ 1×1013 cm-3 have been made. Vertical and lateral structure high voltage diamond Schottky rectifiers have been built for frequency dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V), and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. A breakdown voltage of 8 kV at 100 μm distance and 12.4 kV at 300 μm distance is recorded for lateral structure devices without Ohmic contact (back to back Schottky contacts), while an un-optimized vertical device with an back-side Ohmic contact has demonstrated a forward voltage drop of 7 V at 18 A/cm2 in a device that can only block 600 V. New test results show 3.7 kV blocking voltage vertical devices on 20 μm freestanding MPCVD diamond film. This data shows that the quality of diamond film extremely affect the electrical properties of the built devices.

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48

Dobrokhotov, Vladimir, David McIlroy, and Chris Berven. "Gas Sensing with Gold Nanoparticle-Decorated GaN Nanowire Mats." MRS Proceedings 915 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0915-r04-07.

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AbstractThe electrical properties of chemical sensors constructed from mats of bare GaN nanowires and GaN nanowires decorated with gold nanoparticles are presented. The sensors were tested in vacuum and at atmospheric pressures of Ar, N2 and methane. The current-voltage (I-V) curves of the sensor constructed with bare GaN nanowires were Ohmic and the device was insensitive to all gases tested. The I-V curves of the sensor constructed from GaN decorated with Au nanoparticles were non-linear and exhibited a drop in conductivity of five orders of magnitude relative to bare GaN nanowire sensors. The Au nanoparticle decorated nanowires also exhibited electrical responses that were chemically selective. The sensor exhibited a nominal response to Ar and a slightly greater response to N2 relative to vacuum. A suppression of the conductivity of the Au-GaN device of 50% was observed upon exposure to methane. Both the drop in conductivity of the Au-GaN nanowire-based sensor, relative to bare GaN nanowires, and the response to methane are explained in terms of the formation of a depletion layer and an increase in the depletion layer width due to physisorption induced surface potentials.

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