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Hu, Lin. "Oil and macroeconomy in China /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202008%20HU.
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Glenn, Russell Andrew. "No blood for oil : the strategic implications of increased Chinese oil demand on the Sino-U.S. relationship and the Oil Peace Paradox." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610390.
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Zheng, Wei. "Oil Price and Economic Growth : Evidence of China." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-16114.
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Gillam, James Thomas. "The Standard Oil Company in China (1863-1930) /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944215045.
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Leung, Chun Kai. "Sectoral consumption of oil in China, 1990-2006." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1078.
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Håkansson, Gustav. "New significant player in the oil market : What is the response on China's oil consumption from changes in oil price and income growth." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-352.
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<p>I den här studien analyseras hur Kinas konsumtion av olja påverkas av förändringar i oljepris och inkomst. Resultat visar att deras konsumtion av olja i förhållande till BNP per capita är relativt låg samt att deras fordonskoncentration är låg. År 2004 konsumerade Kina 14 procent mindre olja per capita än vad genomsnittligt land gör vid samma BNP per capitanivå. Fordonskoncentration år 2003 var 25 fordon per 1000 invånare, denna studie visar att om de hade haft en genomsnittlig fordonskoncentration skulle denna siffra varit 40 samma sätt till att vara på Deras ovan nämnda relativt låga fordonskoncentration och konsumtion av olja, kan peka mot att en fortsatt konsumtionsökning.</p><p>År 2004 var den globala konsumtionen av olja i genomsnitt 81 miljoner fat dagligen (mb/d) och Kinas uppgick till 6.7 mb/d (BPstats ). Ett antal prognoser finns gjorda angående Kinas framtida konsumtion av olja. Enligt EIA 2005, kommer den att uppgå till 12.3 mb/d år 2020 och enligt IEA 2005 till 11.2 mb/d år 2020.</p><p>Den empiriska undersökningen i denna studie belyser med signifikanta resultat hur Kinas konsumtion av olja påverkas utav pris- och inkomstförändringar. De ekonometriska resultaten i denna studie indikerar att deras konsumtion av olja är mer känslig för inkomst- än prisförändringar. Den långsiktiga inkomstelasticiteten uppmättes i den här studien till 1.317 och den långsiktiga priselasticiteten till -0.633. Med hänvisning till detta och ceteris paribus, kan en inkomstökning på 100 procent över perioden 2005-2020 leda till att Kina år 2020 konsumerar 17.6 mb/d. Således kan prognoserna från EIA (2005) och IEA (2005) vara underestimerade.</p><p>De inkomst- och priselasticitet som är estimerade i denna studie konfirmerar Dargay och Gatelys resultat från 1994 att ett mindre utvecklat lands konsumtion av olja påverkas mer av förändringar i inkomst än i pris.</p>
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曾培麗 and Pui-lai Pearly Tsang. "Memorial of Oil Street." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31986080.
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Tsui, Kai-man, and 徐啓文. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253568.
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Wang, Xuemuge. "Developing a holistic oil port sustainability framework : a case of China." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12820.
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Narus, Joseph John. "Coal to Oil in China: Scientific Development or Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones?" PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/169.
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Since the start of the 21st century, energy security concerns and rising international energy costs have led China to pursue the development of a coal to oil industry, whereby converting a portion of the nation's abundant coal reserves into gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel, China might be able to increase its domestic oil production and generate profits. But a large-scale coal to oil industry exerts added pressure on China's domestic coal reserves and water resources, and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. The tension between the potential benefits of coal to oil development and its associated negative externalities present a challenge for China's energy policymakers, who must balance competing demands for energy security, resource management, and equitable development. The challenge of effectively managing the development of this industry is complicated by the characteristic problems plaguing energy sector governance in China, including the absence of a powerful energy policymaking institution, the decentralized nature of the country's economic development, and the influence of large energy companies. This study examines the evolution of China's coal to oil industry and the policies shaping its development in order to better understand energy sector governance in China and the complex challenges confronting policymakers as they strive to balance an array of competing demands. It finds that weak energy institutions and powerful domestic actors indeed hinder China's ability to efficiently formulate energy policies for the coal to oil industry, while considerations about the industry's environmental and resource impacts compel a cautious approach to development. China's incremental approach to formulating a long-term plan for the development of the coal to oil industry may, in the end, yield more effective policies.
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Tsang, Pui-lai Pearly. "Memorial of Oil Street." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2594731x.
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Dumlao, Roberto C. "China's maritime silk road to oil : influence in the Middle East through naval modernization." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FDumlao.pdf.
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Ding, Yuanyuan. "The Party, the Oil Companies, and Energy Security: Who Determines Chinese Policy?" unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04212008-131346/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.<br>Title from file title page. John Duffield, committee chair; Daniel Franklin, Michael Herb, committee members. Electronic text (48 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed August 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-48).
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Petrovich, Ekaterina. "Crude oil futures price and stock market returns in Russia and China." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/r1/petroviche/ekaterinapetrovich.pdf.
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Leung, Pui Pui. "Changes in external oil trade of China since 1994 and their implications." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1460.
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Cao, Yang. "Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in cooking oil and related products from China." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217143.
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Chan, Yip-wai Edward, and 陳業偉. "A preliminary study on cooking oil waste management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253969.
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Lu, Hongjiang. "Improving Oil Recovery (IOR) with Polymer Flooding in a Heavy-Oil River-Channel Sandstone Reservoir." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:105-8869557.
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Most of the old oil fields in China have reached high water cut stage, in order to meet the booming energy demanding, oil production rate must be kept in the near future with corresponding IOR (Improving Oil Recovery) methods. Z106 oilfield lies in Shengli Oilfields Area at the Yellow River delta. It was put into development in 1988. Since the oil belongs to heavy oil, the oil-water mobility ratio is so unfavourable that water cut increases very quickly. Especially for reservoir Ng21, the sand rock is sediment from river channel, the permeability heterogeneity and heavy oil properties together lead to extremely poor water flooding efficiency. In order to improve the oil recovery, IOR methods are needed urgently. Considering all practical situations for this reservoir and present technique level, polymer flooding method has been selected as an IOR test with numerical simulation. For polymer flooding, since polymer resolution has the capability of enlarging water viscosity, it controls the mobility of water phase and at the same time improves the driving efficiency. During polymer flooding simulation, many factors must be taken into account for the construction of mathematical model, such as inaccessible pore volume, polymer shear thinning effect, polymer adsorption, relative permeability reduction factors, etc. All simulations were done with black oil model with polymer option in ECLIPSE. Simulation results for a theoretical river channel reservoir with serious permeability heterogeneity and heavy oil, and simulation results for practical reservoir Ng21, both have shown that polymer flooding is a feasible method for IOR. For reservoir Ng21, with polymer slug size of 0.235 PV, polymer concentration at 1.5 kg/m3, the final oil recovery after polymer flooding could reach 12.8%, the enhanced oil recovery is about 5%. If only the developable oil reserve being taken into account, the final oil recovery is about 34%, and enhanced oil recovery from polymer flooding is more than 12%. For such heavy oil river channel reservoir to reach such a final oil recovery, it could be concluded as a great success. Since there are still many such oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfields Area, polymer flooding will be of great importance for improving oil recovery in this area in the near future.
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Kwong, Kai-chi Linda, and 鄺佳慈. "New approaches to oil and grease waste management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255875.
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Li, Shuhai, and Muhammad Nadeem. "Risk Management and Internal Control : A case study of China Aviation Oil Corporation Ltd." Thesis, University West, Department of Economics and IT, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2500.
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<p>Risk management focuses on adopting a systematic and consistent approach to manage all of the risks confronting an organization.With the emergence of world as a globe village, companies are diversifying their activities; result in the increase of risks. Besides the business core activities, the increased use of derivative products by both financial and non-financial institutions and recent events or scandals continue to demonstrate the need for enhanced standards and processes of control over risk. This is of greatest interest for multinational companies, insurance organizations, banks, securities houses and non-financial institutions given the extent of their business activities in derivative products.The objective of this thesis is to identify the role and importance of internal control system in good risk management practice with a particular emphasis on management structure and reporting system and in general with Principles of Corporate Governance and Risk Management. Our focus is on the China Aviation Oil Corporation Ltd., (CAO). We will draw attention to the regulatory environment and recent regulatory and supervisory developments with respect to risk management practice.To be able to fulfill the purpose of study, qualitative research method was considered, using an inductive approach of a single case study of China Aviation Oil Corporation Ltd., with company related research literature, Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission and Fortis Bank as source of data.Based on the analysis, a number of observations were put forward in the conclusion. To begin with the strategy in relation to management structure and reporting system of CAO are employed after the company crisis for better control and reporting system. In addition, the role of information technology is considered in risk management. Meanwhile, the good governance and risk management according to Accounting Standards application in risk management system and corporate governance are included in the discussion. In attempt of entrepreneur risk management in the firm, we also discuss the role of Enterprise Risk Management on the organizational performance with different perspectives.</p>
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Feng, Hui. "Entering China: a strategy for ElectroMagnetic GeoServices as in the offshore oil exploration industry /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2004. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/3640.
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Harrison, Martin. "Relations between the Gulf oil monarchies and the People's Republic of China, 1971-2005." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435649.
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Shiwoku, Mervyn Olakunle. "Supply chain management and logistical considerations in distributing crude oil from Nigeria to China." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11489.
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The evolution of supply chain management has made significant and continuous contributions to logistical processes. This is highly relevant to crude oil logistics in Nigeria, because both indigenous and multinational oil companies who distribute crude oil from Nigerian ports are yet to adopt an integrated export logistics operation. Besides, the study explores the philosophy of supply chain management applying theoretic frameworks of supply chain process management, demand variability, and vertical integration to encourage integrated export logistics for the distribution of crude oil from Nigeria to China. In addition, the research objectives are: to identify the components of crude oil exports; to review the principles of integrated supply chain management; to analyse crude oil demand in China; to evaluate the efficiency of oil distribution, and to propose strategies that will raise the efficiency of crude oil exports to China from Nigeria. A conceptual model was developed to identify relevant issues that guide the synergy of China’s requirement for energy security and Nigeria’s crude oil supply capability. Also, both a Delphi survey and an archival research method’s were adopted to elucidate on the characteristics of the research population, the shipment frequencies between the two countries, and the sources of competing crude oil exports to China. Measures of central tendency from respondent feedback and non-parametric tests support the study’s findings. Furthermore, recommendations for strategic, operational, and tactical organisation of resources were identified to raise integrated crude oil export efficiency from Nigeria to China directed by the theoretic framework. Moreover, their implications for sustainable logistics practice in the short, medium, and long-term are considered. Finally, it was found that adopting vertical integration in a crude oil supply chain will ensure responsiveness to support export efficiency, and enhance the geographic characteristics of Nigeria for increased export shipments to China.
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Dun, Yarui. "State capitalism: a comparative study of National Oil Companies (NOCs) between Brazil and China." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18290.
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Previous issue date: 2017-05-02<br>State capitalism, the statist planning in certain economic sectors, has generated several state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that represent a significant share of activity in the global market. Despite decades of liberalization and privatization in many countries, state ownership and state-led business activity remain widespread; yet new varieties of state capitalism have also emerged. Among these new varieties, state-controlled oil and natural gas entities, also known as nation oil companies (NOCs), represent a type of hybrid organization that specifically deserves scholars’ attention as they dominate the world’s oil & gas industry; yet many of the cases prove to be problematic. The emerging markets possess some of the most important NOC players, yet scant examination has been made to question their appropriateness. This paper presents a contextualized comparison between two NOCs that root in Brazil and China to illustrate how similar and different they are in terms of their ownership style, corporate governance characteristics, and the interactions they have with the host government. We analyzed the findings by matching them with the past theories that offer explanations on NOC performance variation. We concluded that first, regime type is not a dependable factor to indicate the actual state incentives to maintain NOCs, and the goals of state serve only as an equivocate factor in explaining the variation in NOC performances. Secondly, we speculated that due to the absence of a cohesive institutional logic and consistency, Brazil has a fragmented governance system that implies in inappropriateness of state capitalism. Thirdly, we discovered that the unique dynamics between informal and formal institutions in China may justify the better fitness of state capitalism when compared with Brazil. Certain limits to the research method and expectations on further inquiries are also developed.
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Yilin, Jiang, and Liu Shihua. "Fueling the Dragon’s Power : China’s oil trade through a lens of International politics." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och it, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-4395.
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The aim of this study is focus on China’s activities/policies in oil trade and security for keeping its own development. In this study, we try to analyze China’s activities and policies in oil trading through liberalism and realism, and to show out how China acted in global market related to oil consumption, production and trade in order to satisfy China’s oil requirements. In international political theories, the concept of realism and liberalism are almost completely opposite. The cases of activities and relevant data which we selected with China on oil trade are picked and analyzed by historical analysis and quantitative researches. That can ensure the credibility, applicability and correctness of data. After analysis, the findings show that Chinese central government guide by realism more than liberalism when it process the issues with oil trade. China considers from the perspective of their own interests and focus on how to maximize their own interest. From the surface, the partners of China also received interests, but the main target of China is ensure the security of the oil, and maintain the stability of the domestic energy consumption.
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Kelly, Susan Fay Leland Sigve Reiertsen. ""Oil actually" : Chinese and U.S. energy security policies in the Caspian region /." Tromsø : Institutt for statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2007. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/993/1/thesis.pdf.
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Lu, Hongjiang. "Improving oil recovery (IOR) with polymer flooding in a heavy oil river channel sandstone reservoir." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97106587X.
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Zhang, Wen Ting. "A comparartive case study of environmental disclosure in the oil industries of China and the UK." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3959234.
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Lu, Lu. "Technico-economic evaluation of used rolling oil treatment between UCO module and conventional process in China." Thesis, KTH, VA-teknik, Vatten, Avlopp och Avfall, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99355.
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UCO (Ultra Clean Oil) module, an innovative adaption of existing used rolling oil treatment in the Aluminum industry, is being studied for its potential market in China. In this article, conventional used rolling oil treatment process in China has been evaluated and compared with the UCO module in technical and economic aspects. This article also discusses the effect of these two processes on the environment. The UCO module presented in this article, has the potential to significantly reduce the impurities in the used rolling oil and also save the cost for the raw materials, manpower, maintenance and operation for more than 1,600,000 Kr a year. With the new ― state of art‖ equipment, the UCO module has less negative effect on the environment. The UCO module appears to be more efficient but profitability was found to be lower than the conventional process in China.
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Huang, Haiping. "Effects of biodegradation on crude oil compositions and reservoir profiles in the Liaohe basin, NE China." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1641.
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Biodegradation of crude oil in reservoirs has major economic consequences. While the effects of biodegradation are empirically well known, the processes involved, the fraction of oil destroyed and the critical factors controlling degradation remain obscure. A suite of oils and reservoir extracts from the Liaohe basin, NE China, was analyzed to investigate the effects and controls of biodegradation on petroleum composition. The aims of this project were to further our understanding of the factors which influence the biodegradation of crude oils, and the processes by which these factors interact and to assess the role played by biodegradation in controlling the composition of a wide range of crude oils. The geological settings of the study area have been addressed in detail, including structural and stratigraphic characteristics, source rock and reservoir characteristics, tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation history, formation water composition. A single source and similar maturity make the study area an ideal site to investigate the constraint of biodegradation. Systematic changes seen as marked gradients in petroleum bulk composition, component concentrations and molecular indicators have been observed in biodegraded oil columns. The susceptibilities of several aromatic hydrocarbon, alkylcarbazole and alkylphenol isomers to biodegradation have been discussed for the first time in this thesis. The author also addressed the biodegradation effects on many classical geochemical evaluation procedures such as those involving facies and maturity assessmenat nd on the physical and chemical properties of petroleum. The variation in the degree of biodegradation at different sites of the column is controlled by water leg size, with a higher level of degradation being associated with a thicker water leg. The supply of nutrients from the water leg is thought to have a significant impact upon the degree of biodegradation. In addition to water leg size/nutrient supply, the compositional gradients are also controlled by the relative rate of mixing of fresh and degraded oils. The conceptual biodegradation model proposed couples geochemical and geological factors to provide a coherent approach to ascertain the impact of degradation on petroleums and to help to reliably predict biodegradation risk for an exploration target. Our data suggest that biodegradation occurs within a narrow region near the base of the oil column, probably at the oil water contact (OWC), and that in this reservoir there has been a late charge of oil to the top of the column. The mixing of oils through continuous charging and the diffusion of hydrocarbons towards the OWC, and the diffusion of metabolites of degraded oil away from the reaction site may be considered as the most important factor controlling the biodegradation process. Based on an oil charging-biodegradation model (Larter et al., 2003) mass balance calculation has been carried out and the results indicate at level 5 biodegradation up to 50% of petroleum mass has been depleted, beyond this level of biodegradation loss of oil mass is less significant but structural rearrangements are important.
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Ma, Xin. "National oil company reform from the perspective of its relationship with governments : the case of China." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2008. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/59d71b40-8ea5-4e6d-962f-9c035e7d1a3a.
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National Oil Companies ("NOCs") play an important role in a country's petroleum industry. Their relationship with their government is much more complicated than those between commercial oil companies and their shareholders due to the government's multi-dimensional role as a shareholder, resource owner, and regulator. As a result, NOCs usually take non-commercial responsibilities and their governments often employ more proactive measures to intervene. Driven by a wide range of factors, the constant revision of their relationship is a crucial component of the petroleum sector reform.The aim of the thesis is to analyse the effectiveness of NOC reform in achieving respective objectives (both commercial and non-commercial) of governments, and the major factors contributing to that effectiveness or lack of it. The thesis looks at NOC reform to the regulatory framework, the industrial structure, the pricing and distribution system, and the fiscal and financial regimes. It examines the effectiveness of reforms by evaluating the effectiveness of the relationship between governments and NOCs, using the Principal and Agent theory. A case study approach and historical analysis approach are used in analysing NOC reforms in China during the years between 1949 and 2006.The thesis concludes that the regulatory capacity of government together with its social concerns in reforming oil pricing system are two major factors, which set the pace of NOC reform and decide the effectiveness of it. It therefore shows that NOC reform is often a long term process, as the build up of the regulatory capacity takes years or even decades, as demonstrated in the case of China. The thesis also developed a new analytical framework that can be used to study general NOC reforms in countries other than China.
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Bagwandeen, Mandira. "Will Iranian oil still fuel China? An analysis of Beijing's stance on international sanctions against Iran." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9997.
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Includes abstract.<br>Due to China's growing energy needs that stem from its unrelenting drive for economic development, Beijing stresses the importance of maintaining a continuous supply of energy, particularly oil, to maintain its impressive economic growth. However, seeing as China's domestic resources are unable to satisfy its projected future oil demands, the Chinese realise that, barring significant domestic oil discoveries, their dependency on oil imports, particularly from the Middle East, will continue to increase. Since the international oil scene is dominated by Western energy companies, China's fuel procurement strategy reflects a mercantilist approach to improving its position vis-a-vis established energy consuming nations. Beijing's mercantilist stance in securing energy resources is particularly demonstrated in its oil diplomacy, which makes use of various political and economic incentives that can only be employed by the state. China's energy-centric form of diplomacy has been inevitably extended to the globe's most hydrocarbon affluent regions. Of significant importance to the Chinese is the Middle East, particularly the Persian Gulf as it contains a large stake of the world's proven oil reserves. China has thus sought to improve its relations with Persian Gulf nations such as Iran. However, Iran's relentless pursuit to obtain nuclear capabilities has implicated China in Iranian-American tensions. Although China has sought to steer clear of becoming embroiled in the Iranian nuclear situation due to its improved standing in the Gulf, Beijing has unavoidably become a significant actor in the diplomatic brinkmanship over Iran's nuclear situation. The scenario surrounding Iran's nuclear ambitions essentially pits China's national interests of energy security against its desire to maintain favourable relations with the United States. In light of this, the following thesis - "by means of a literature survey" attempts to address how Beijing manages to maintain Iranian oil imports and uphold stable relations with Washington in the face of American-led international sanctions against Iran.
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Amorim, Bruna Eloy de. "A importância das National Oil Companies para as Relações Internacionais contemporâneas: um estudo de caso da GAZPROM." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-12032018-105644/.
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O controle sobre recursos naturais como o petróleo e o gás representa um aspecto de fundamental importância no relacionamento entre países. Sendo majoritariamente controlada pelo Estado, o gerenciamento que as National Oil Companies (NOCs) fazem desses recursos possibilita sua utilização como uma ferramenta de política externa. Com o aumento dos preços dos hidrocarbonetos no mercado internacional a partir de 2000, o restabelecimento das NOCs passou a constituir uma nova possibilidade para se projetar poder em âmbito global. Nesse contexto, buscou-se, neste trabalho, analisar a eficácia da atuação da principal NOC russa, a Gazprom, para a política externa de Moscou. Para tanto, foram investigadas as relações da Rússia com quatro países: Alemanha, Ucrânia, China e Turquia. A conclusão é a de que a operacionalização da Gazprom pelo governo russo tem gerado resultados positivos para o país, ainda que tais resultados não alcancem todos os casos. Verificou-se que, em diferentes níveis, Alemanha, China e Turquia têm evitado contrapor-se diretamente a Moscou, sendo a Alemanha o caso mais significativo. A forte dependência alemã do gás natural russo tem mitigado uma postura hostil a Moscou, independentemente do partido que esteja à frente do governo. No caso da China, a dependência dos hidrocarbonetos russos também desempenha um papel importante na relação bilateral, embora outros interesses, ademais de questões energéticas, constituam igualmente fatores de aproximação e convergência. Em relação à Turquia, embora a dependência energética dos recursos russos seja também significativa nesse país, a localização estratégica do território turco tem permitido a Ancara barganhar vantagens econômicos junto a Moscou, abrandando, em certa medida, o poder da Gazprom. A Ucrânia, por sua vez, é um caso claramente dissonante: mesmo com a forte dependência deste país do gás natural russo, a política externa de Kiev tem assumido posturas manifestadamente contrárias aos interesses de Moscou.<br>Control over natural resources such as oil and gas is an aspect of fundamental importance in the relationship between countries. Being mostly controlled by the state, through National Oil Companies (NOCs), the management of these resources makes it possible for countries to use them as a foreign policy tool. With the increase in the prices of hydrocarbons in the international market since 2000, the reestablishment of NOCs became a new possibility of projecting power at a global level. In this context, the aim of this work is to analyze the effectiveness of the main Russian NOC, Gazprom, for Russian foreign policy. To this end, Russian relations with four countries, Germany, Ukraine, China and Turkey, were investigated. The conclusion is that Gazprom\'s management by Moscow has generated positive results for the country, although such positive results do not cover all cases. It has been found that, at different levels, Germany, China and Turkey have avoided opposing Moscow directly, with Germany being the most significant case. Germany\'s heavy dependence on Russian natural gas helps to mitigate any hostile stance against Moscow, regardless of which party is in office. In the case of China, dependence on Russian hydrocarbons also plays an important role in the bilateral relationship, but other factors, in addition to energy issues, contribute to their approximation and convergence. In the case of Turkey, although dependence on Russian energy is also high, Turkey\'s strategic location has allowed Ankara to bargain with Moscow, softening, to some extent, Gazprom\'s power. Ukraine, in turn, is a clearly a dissonant case: even with a strong dependence on Russian natural gas, Kiev has taken stances that are manifestly contrary to the interests of Moscow.
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Yatong, Wang. "China’s aid to african oil-producing countries : is there any link?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16436.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>Os doadores emergentes de ajuda pública ao desenvolvimento, designadamente países membros non-tradicionais do Comitê de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento, têm atraído um amplo interesse. Tendo em consideração os estudos anteriores que analisaram os motivos diferentes dos doadores tradicionais e emergentes, e a controvérsia sobre a APD da China, o meu trabalho escolhe uma área específica, o petróleo como objeto, e investiga o doador emergente representativo, a China, a fim de verificar se a sua assistência para os países produtores de petróleo bruto africanos é estimulada pelo petróleo daqueles países. O trabalho utiliza dados de APD e da importação de petróleo bruto de 2000-2014 da China em termos de 6 países produtores de petróleo africanos. Aplicando análise bivariada de correlação e análise de regressão linear, não se descobre correlação nem causalidade entre estes variáveis. Portanto, demonstra-se que o recurso de petróleo não tem influência significante à ajuda ao desenvolvimento da China para os países africanos.<br>Official development aid of emerging donors, namely non-traditional DAC countries, has attracted a wide concern. Taking into consideration former studies which have analyzed different motives of traditional and emerging donors' development assistance and the controversy on Chinese ODA, this work chooses specifically one area, the oil resources, and studies one representative emerging donor, China, in order to find out if its aid flows to African oil-producing countries are stimulated by their oil resources. The study works on data of Chinese ODA from 2000 to 2014 and of crude petroleum imports during the same period of time, with regard to 6 main African oil-producing countries. Using bivariate correlation test and linear regression test, no correlation or causality between these variables is observed. Hence, the test result demonstrates that the oil resources condition doesn't have a significance influence to Chinese development assistance to African countries.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Yamada, Makio. "Beyond oil : the political economy of Saudi-East Asian industrial relations, 1953-2013." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfbc5bd7-3eb0-40de-a970-d82ba3390426.
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p>This thesis investigates the political economy of Saudi–East Asian industrial relations in the past six decades, between 1953 and 2013. The analysis focuses on industrial diversification in Saudi Arabia and how this has affected Saudi Arabia's relations with East Asian states. Accordingly, Saudi–East Asian relations, which have hitherto been understood as consisting of energy producer-consumer relationships, are re-framed as "industrialising–industrialised relationships". This thesis identifies the main dynamics of such relationships as diffusion of industrial technology from East Asian states to Saudi Arabia, which is considered to be a microcosm of a larger collective shift in the global economy, from "divergence" to "convergence" caused by the progress in human resources development (HRD) among developing countries. In order to capture that dynamics, this thesis develops two concepts: "techno-sovereignty" and "techno-diplomacy". Techno-sovereignty assumes a developing state's pursuit of greater level of self-reliance in industrial technology through investment in HRD and avoidance of dependence on single external source of technology. On the other hand, techno-diplomacy is defined as an advanced state's diplomatic strategy of implementing the transfer of industrial technology to a developing state in order to acquire other types of gain from that state in return. Saudi Arabia's pursuit of techno-sovereignty has been implemented in two steps: first, to invite foreign direct investment (FDI) from multiple advanced states for establishing industrial production; and, second, to "Saudise" the production over the years through the transfer of knowledge, skills and technologies from the foreign investor to national industrial workers. Saudi–East Asian industrial relations have followed these patterns: Japan has practiced techno-diplomacy towards Saudi Arabia mainly in return for oil; and Taiwan has done so mainly in return for diplomatic recognition – since Taipei has been in competition with Beijing since 1949 regarding its international legitimacy. Those quid pro quo relations have provided Riyadh with strong bargaining chips vis-à-vis Tokyo and Taipei in demanding industrial cooperation from them in the past decades. Currently, as the focus of industrial diversification in Saudi Arabia shifts from capital-intensive heavy industries to labour-intensive manufacturing industries, the insufficiency in HRD in Saudi Arabia, deriving from the "rentier" nature of its society, increasingly poses obstacles to further progress of the process. Accordingly, East Asian states' contributions to the development of HRD institutions in Saudi Arabia have been coming to the fore in their bilateral industrial relations in addition to the FDI, the trend which is likely to remain important in the coming years.
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Li, Teng. "Stand-alone corporate social responsibility reporting in China : a case study of a state-owned oil multinational." Thesis, Aston University, 2017. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/33376/.
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Opsal, Ryan C. "Contrasting Oil Security Objectives Within A Grand Strategic Framework: The Case of the United States and China." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3193.
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Energy is a critical component of a state’s national security and economic considerations, and beginning in the 20th century, this focus has been acutely centered on oil. Having evolved globally, consisting of well-developed financial markets and maritime and pipeline routes traversing the world, the oil market provides massive amounts of crude to countries on a daily basis. However, not all states simply rely on the market for oil security, and instead take additional steps to secure their respective supplies. Oil supply security is a critical driver for large, consuming states, and merits further study. And, in terms of demand on the global supply, and sheer size, there are two giants that stand out, and deserve a closer look: the United States and China.
This research project approaches the task by understanding the grand strategies of both states. Using a grand strategic approach offers key advantages for analysis as both states pursue oil security in a strategic environment, and are forced to account for the various threats to supply, their own capabilities, and their ultimate security objectives.
The methodology used is a comparative, focused case study, in order to draw out differences and similarities between these two large consumers, and as a way of further illuminating the oil security approaches of both states, this research generates an oil security rating system using weightings derived from a principal components analysis on multiple countries, among several indicators, over a 22-year period.
Ultimately, the aim of this study is to demonstrate in as clear terms as possible, how these states pursue their respective strategies and whether each state may pose a threat to the oil security of the other, now or in the future.
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Wong, Yin-mei Sheron, and 黃燕媚. "MARPOL wastes in Hong Kong and other countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254421.
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Wu, Yan. "An investigation on compensation for damage of oil pollution from ships with a specific reference to law and practice in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880441.
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Yeung, Jackson Kit Shing. "Can arbitration & ADR be practically adopted in resolving disputes for oil & gas trading in mainland China?" access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b20835917a.pdf.
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Lam, Ho-cheung, and 林浩祥. "Marine waste in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125553X.
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Liang, Weiguang, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Liang_W.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.
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The results of the 3-year project successfully indicated that petroleum-derived spray oils can be used for effective control of a range of citrus pests including citrus leafminer, Asiatic citrus psyllid, chaff scale, red scale, citrus red mite. The results suggested that it should be possible, through use of horticultural and agricultural mineral oils and enhanced natural enemy activity, to reduce the number of pesticide sprays applied annually in China from 14-16 sprays to significantly fewer sprays in most regions. The results are also valuable as references for the implementation of citrus integrated pest management programs in Australia and other citrus-growing countries. However, despite extensive use of PDSOs in citrus and other crops since the late 1800s, few studies have been undertaken to determine their disruptive effects on orchard ecosystems or to compare their effects with those of synthetic pesticides, and these studies are limited in their sc<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Ding, Youhan. "Why Did China Do This? An Analysis on China's New Gasoline "Price Floor" Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/912.
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Why did China choose certain policy over others that would achieve similar impact? Because China has a significant presence in the modern international community, it is difficult yet critical to understand the policy implications of the Chinese government under its unique political and socioeconomic context. This thesis shows the impact of a specific “price floor” policy China chose to employ in its oil and gasoline market, and identifies the factors concerning the Chinese regime that it took into consideration in the decision making process, through analysing data and official statements released by the government. After different parties affected by this policy are recognized, this thesis investigate how those impacts relate back to the Chinese government’s long-term agenda of energy security and environmental protection.
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Verma, Rajneesh. "The tiger and the dragon : a neoclassical realist perspective of India and China in the oil industry in West Africa." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/794/.
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Can and does neoclassical realism explain the difference in how India and China mobilise oil (a key resource) externally to meet their respective goals and objectives. The thesis illustrates how political economy (political economy as employed in the thesis examines the structure of the economic system, not the foreign policy executive) is incorporated as the intervening variable into neoclassical realism to explain the acquisition of oil blocks by Indian and Chinese oil corporations in West Africa. Consequently, the thesis transcends the existing or prevalent theories of neoclassical realism which either elucidate structural outcomes like polarity or balancing, or deviations from neorealism like under balancing or over balancing. The thesis postulates that the independent or the exogenous variable i.e. the difference in the relative power of India and China elucidates the ability of Chinese oil companies to outbid their Indian competitors and/or be preferred as partners by international oil companies (IOCs) and/or have better quality oil blocks as well as China’s widespread outreach in 11 countries in West Africa compared to India’s presence in two counties namely Nigeria and Gabon. The intervening variable or the difference in the political economy of India and China explicates why China is represented by state owned enterprises (SOEs) in the oil industry in West Africa where as India is represented by SOEs and/or private enterprises. For case study analysis, the thesis uses a pattern-matching logic in 11 countries in West Africa and employs Angola, Nigeria and Gabon for in depth case studies. The thesis examines not only the bids that Chinese and Indian oil corporations place for the oil blocks but tries to explicate the reason why they are able to place those bids. It examines the rate of return on capital/investment, rate of interest on loans and the ease of availability of loans or finance, the difference in the level of technology and ability to acquire technology, project management skills, risk aversion, valuation of the asset and the difference in the economic, political and diplomatic support received by the Chinese and Indian oil companies from their respective governments. It also discusses the reasons why the Chinese national oil companies (NOCs) are preferred as partners by African oil companies and IOCs. Thus, the thesis provides a more comprehensive explanation for the ability of the Chinese oil companies to mobilise oil in the oil industry in West Africa relative to their Indian counterparts, and makes an empirical contribution to the existing literature on India and China in the oil industry in West Africa.
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Margulies, Matthew Eric. "The Contradictions Created by China’s Middle East Policies and Role, and Future Development Opportunities." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1305776212.
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Peng, Zhaoyang. "External shocks and structural adjustment in the post-reform Chinese economy--the case of the 1986 oil price fall /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php3983.pdf.
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Zhang, Qian Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] [Littke, and Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Sachsenhofer. "Petroleum geochemistry and petrophysics of oil and gas shales from south China and northwest Germany / Qian Zhang ; Ralf Littke, Reinhard Sachsenhofer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1231118059/34.
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Du, Toit Gerda Maria. "Political risk and Chinese investments in the African oil and gas industry : the case of China National Petroleum Corporation in South Sudan." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79944.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>Bibliography<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chinese national oil corporations have increased their foreign direct investments over the
last decade in Africa, where the political environment of oil producing countries often expose the
firms to high political risk. The analysis of political risk is increasingly relevant for the
investment decision-making process of Chinese corporations, as changes in political dynamics of
host countries can affect the opportunities and profitability of investments. The study emphasises
the need for firm-specific political risk analysis as a decision-making tool for international
businesses operating in foreign countries.
The main research question of the study is concerned with the main indicators of political
risk that Chinese corporations may face in the African oil and gas industry. Chinese oil
corporations may be affected by political instability, international and internal conflict,
corruption, and poor economic and social development in African countries. The political risk
they face may be influenced by indicators such as the location of the oil operations, the relative
importance of the Chinese oil firm to the host country’s oil industry, the competitive advantage
and technical abilities of Chinese oil firms, the support of the Chinese government to state-owned
firms, and economic relations that the host government have with China and the oil firm.
The study follows a qualitative research approach by way of an empirical case study of
the political risk faced by one of China’s national oil corporations, China National Petroleum
Corporation (CNPC), in South Sudan. A major part of CNPC’s business operations in Sudan was
transferred to South Sudan after the country seceded from Sudan in July 2011. The political risk
for CNPC in South Sudan is analysed and measured in accordance with an industry-specific
political risk model for the oil and gas industry. The study finds that CNPC faces a high level of
political risk in South Sudan since independence. An examination of the political risk analysis is done to serve as a basis for answering the
main research question. The hostile relationship between South Sudan and Sudan in particular
may expose CNPC to high political risk as it led to the shutdown of the oil industry and violent
interstate conflict. However, CNPC’s political risk exposure may be mitigated by certain
indicators, such as CNPC’s significance in the operation of the South Sudanese oil industry,
CNPC’s attributes of being a Chinese state-owned enterprise, the availability of support from the
Chinese government in the form of economic cooperation packages and CNPC’s technical
abilities in exploration operations. Furthermore, while negative sentiments on the part of the
South Sudanese government towards China and CNPC due to the latter’s close relations with
Sudan might expose CNPC to high risk, the risk is mitigated by the high level of economic
dependency of South Sudan on both China and CNPC.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die laaste dekade het Chinese nasionale oliekorporasies hulle buitelandse direkte beleggings in
Afrika uitgebrei. Die politieke omgewing van hierdie lande veroorsaak egter dikwels dat hierdie
firmas aan hoë politieke risiko blootgestel word. Omdat politieke dinamiek in gasheerlande die
geleenthede en winsgewendheid van beleggings kan affekteer, is die analise van politieke risiko
toenemend relevant in die beleggingsbesluitnemingsproses van Chinese oliekorporasies.
Die hoof-navorsingsvraag in hierdie studie handel oor die hoofindikatore van politieke
risiko waaraan hierdie korporasies in Afrika se olie- en gasindustrie blootgestel kan word.
Politieke onstabiliteit, internasionale en nasionale konflik, korrupsie, asook swak ekonomiese en
sosiale ontwikkeling in Afrikalande kan Chinese oliekorporasies affekteer. Die politieke risiko
waaraan hulle blootgestel word, kan beïnvloed word deur faktore soos die ligging van
oliebedrywighede, die relatiewe belangrikheid van die Chinese oliekorporasie vir die gasheerland
se olie-industrie, die kompeterende voordeel en tegniese vermoëns van die Chinese
oliekorporasies, die Chinese regering se ondersteuning van staatskorporasies en die ekonomiese
verhoudings wat die gasheerland met China en die oliefirmas het.
Die studie volg ‘n kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering by wyse van ‘n empiriese
gevallestudie van die politieke risiko waaraan een van China se nasionale oliekorporasies, China
National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), in Suid-Soedan blootgestel word. Sedert Suid-Soedan
se onafhanklikheidswording in Julie 2011 is die grootste gedeelte van CNPC se bedrywighede in
Soedan na Suid-Soedan oorgedra. Die politieke risiko vir CNPC is volgens ‘n industrie-spesifieke
politieke risiko-model geanaliseer en bereken. Die studie toon dat CNPC inderdaad aan ‘n hoë
vlak van politieke risiko blootgestel is sedert onafhanklikheid. Die politieke risiko-analise word ondersoek ten einde as basis te dien vir die
beantwoording van die hoof-navorsingsvraag. In die besonder kan die vyandiggesinde
verhouding tussen Suid-Soedan en Soedan CNPC blootstel aan hoë politieke risiko, onder andere
vanweë die sluiting van die olie-industrie en die gewelddadige interstaat-konflik wat dit
meegebring het. CNPC se blootstelling aan politieke risiko kan egter verminder word deur sekere
faktore soos CNPC se beduidende belangrikheid in die bedryf van die Suid-Soedanese olieindustrie,
CNPC se kenmerke as ‘n Chinese staatsonderneming, die beskikbaarheid van die
ondersteuning van die Chinese regering in die vorm van ekonomiese samewerkingspakette asook
CNPC se tegniese vermoëns in die veld van eksplorasiebedrywighede. Alhoewel die negatiewe
sentiment in die Suid-Soedanese regering teenoor China en CNPC as gevolg van hulle noue
verbintenis met Soedan vir CNPC aan hoë risiko kan blootstel, word hierdie risiko verminder
deur Suid-Soedan se hoë vlak van ekonomiese afhanklikheid van CNPC en China.
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Mráčková, Hana. "Energetická bezpečnost Čínské lidové republiky: implikace pro čínskou zahraniční politiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18107.
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The thesis is concerned with connections between energy security of PRC and it's foreign policy. It presents measures China has adopted to secure stable inflow of energy secources (mainly oil) and implications these measures have on the foreign policy.
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Huang, Ruei-Hong, and 黃睿葒. "China oil security strategy and Sino-Venezuelan oil cooperation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04785236774846819808.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>美洲研究所碩士班<br>104<br>Abstract:
The US shale revolution has reshaped the global energy industry. In the mid-2014, oil price has more than halved, and this made some petrostates suffer economic and political turmoil, like Venezuela、Nigeria and Russia…etc. China''s oil self-sufficiency ended in 1993,due to its rapid economic development、urbanization、motorization and expanding middle class population. Currently China depends on foreign imports for over fifty percent of the oil it consumes, and half of this imported oil is from the Middle East and North Africa. Due to these regions socio-political unrest and highly depends on a single chokepoint-the Strait of Malacca, China has many reasons to worry about its energy security. Since the last 1990s, Chinese State-Owned Enterprises(SOEs) started to seek oil abroad to secure its oil security by FDI、joint venture or loans-for-oil . Since 2011, Chinese SOEs are moving away from the riskier parts of the world towards more politically stable investment climates such as those in OECD member countries.
Shortly after becoming a net oil importer, China began to seek out trade and investment opportunities in Venezuela’s oil sector. The proven oil reserve in Venezuela is recognized as the largest the world, but its oil production has declined since its peak in the 1990s.When Hugo Chávez become president, Venezuela has increased public participation in the oil sector. Chávez used oil rents to develop social welfare program, instead of investing in Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) to increase production. The general strikes of 2002–2003 had brought the company operations to a halt.
It was only after Hugo Chávez took power, bilateral relationship became close. Moreover, since 2007 China has become Venezuela’s main source of foreign financing by loans-for-oil deals worth upwards more than 50 billion dollars. Since the mid-2014, oil price has been collapsing, Venezuela’s long-term wrong economic and political system and worsening economic and social problems have made Chinese face the high-risks of Venezuela sovereign default. Besides securing oil security and gaining oil rents, China also has its own strategy toward Latin America, and Venezuela remains a geopolitical prize worth competing for.