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Mwaura, Caroline Wambui. "Examining the role of intellectual property law in Kenya's oil and gas sector." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31706.
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This thesis analyses how Kenya should apply intellectual property (IP) law in the country’s oil and gas sector to foster innovation and support economic growth within the context of the country’s development plan, Kenya Vision 2030. Specifically, the thesis considers the possible influence of IP law on innovation, investment and economic growth in the oil and gas sector in Kenya. Using doctrinal methodology, the thesis examines legislation and case law from Kenya, South Africa and the United Kingdom relating to competition and protection of patents, copyright, trade marks, trade secrets and industrial designs. This examination is based on a public interest approach to IP law and competition law and seeks to determine the possible effect of Kenya’s IP laws on investment and innovation in the sector. The study finds that IP law and competition law reflect an attempt to accommodate public interest and the interests of investors. It argues that regulation of Kenya’s oil and gas sector using IP law is likely to enhance innovation and support economic growth if relevant IP laws provide for protection of IP whilst safeguarding public interest. The thesis also finds that protection of traditional knowledge (TK) is likely to be relevant to the upstream oil and gas sector in Kenya for environmental resource management. It argues that optimal management of TK is likely to entail collaborative work between indigenous communities, public institutions and private enterprises, as provided for in Kenya’s Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Number 8 of 1999). The thesis makes proposals for a regulatory environment that is likely to provide a firmer basis for investment in the country’s oil and gas industry, promote competition in markets for IP in Kenya, provide a sustainable IP law framework for the sector for economic growth in Kenya, preserve TK of local communities and enhance equitable sharing of benefits related to TK in the context of the country’s oil and gas industry. The thesis contributes to literature on Kenya’s oil and gas industry by filling the apparent gap in analysing the possible effect of the country’s IP law on investment in the industry and public interest.
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Yiallourides, Constantinos. "Joint development of oil and gas resources : the way forward in disputed waters." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231747.
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The settlement of the maritime boundary disputes between China and Japan in the East China Sea, and between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea, is politically deadlocked. While diplomatic settlement efforts have been ongoing for the past several decades, neither side in each case appears prepared to back down from its respective maritime claims. Bilateral consultations and negotiations have been unable to prevent occasional flare-ups and, as tensions remain significantly high, it may not be long before one of the not infrequent confrontations spirals out of control. The existing status quo in each case is unstable and does not favour either side, both from the perceptive of contaminating bilateral relations as a whole, but also to the extent that it holds hostage the multiple benefits that could otherwise be generated from the exploitation of the seabed energy resources in the contested waters. Indeed, while important discoveries of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations have been made, and in fact, some of them are currently being developed in the peripheries of the East China Sea and the Aegean, the full mineral potential of the contested areas remain unproven and unrealised due to the ongoing maritime and territorial conflicts. That being the case, the debate surrounding these two conflicts has progressed to the point where there is an urgent need for a meaningful discussion on finding a practical way forward. It is the purpose of the present thesis to address this need, first, by undertaking a detailed analysis of these disputes on the basis of the legal rules and principles of international law and; second, by critically evaluating possible institutional designs of interstate cooperation on the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources in disputed areas. This thesis considers that because of the near-impossibility of settling the maritime and territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the Aegean, at least in the short term, and the remote possibility of meaningfully utilising the resources in the given areas while these conflicts persist, provisional interstate cooperation in the form of joint development constitutes the best alternative course of action for disputing states to coordinate the exploration and exploitation of resources without having resorted previously to boundary delimitation settlement. On the basis of the above analysis, this thesis discusses the prospect of realising joint development regimes in the East China Sea and the Aegean and their appropriate institutional design in the light of the legal, historical, political, and geographical characteristics of the disputes in question. The overall aim of the present study is to discern useful guidelines that can be used to inform and support diplomatic discussions on bilateral cooperation over disputed seabed energy resources by addressing three key objectives: - Better understanding of the longstanding East China Sea and Aegean maritime boundary disputes under the rules of the public international law of the sea, as developed to date having regard to international jurisprudence and state practice. - Conceptualisation and better understanding of the legal characteristics and functional benefits of joint development regimes. - Critical evaluation of variations in the design of joint development regimes having regard to successful or unsuccessful precedents in the practice of states.
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Balthrop, Andrew T. "Oil and Gas Production: An Empirical Investigation of the Common Pool." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/80.
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This dissertation focuses on the spatial aspects of oil and natural gas production to investigate the extent and effects of inefficient and unnecessary spatial competition. Because oil and natural gas are migratory, operators can cause hydrocarbon resources to flow from a neighboring property onto his or her own through rapid extraction. This problem is compounded when productive leases are comparatively small, as is the case in Texas.
Following an introduction and literature review, the third chapter takes advantage of a natural experiment to demonstrate how spillovers in production limit total cumulative recovery, and how the assignment of secure property rights can enhance economic outcomes. The chapter examines production from wells in Oklahoma and Texas near the panhandle border. While wells on either side of this line have similar geologies and so should be similarly productive they are exposed to different treatments: Oklahoma has a much higher rate of unitization (a contractual scheme where competing owners hire a common operator and share profits), whereas the unitization rate in Texas is lower. Using regression discontinuity design, I find that Oklahoma wells are produced more slowly early on, and that this results in greater cumulative recovery over the course of a well’s life (150% more relative to Texas). These results are robust after controlling for reservoir specific effects, and across parametric, semi-parametric and nonparametric specifications.
xiiThe fourth chapter quantifies the degree to which competing owners interfere with each other’s production through spatial spillovers. I use a spatial econometric model that controls for spatial autocorrelation and spatial dependence and can therefore identify the spillovers in production. Additionally, by comparing leases owned by competing producers to leases owned by a common producer, I show empirically how securing property rights through common ownership can alleviate the externality in production. A priori, one would expect that when a common producer owns adjacent leases, the producer has the incentive to fully account for how spillovers in production affect neighboring wells. Conversely, when adjacent landowners are in competition to extract the resource, they will not account for the damage rapid production causes at neighboring wells. After controlling for secondary injection I find that this is indeed the case for Slaughter field of West Texas.
The fifth chapter investigates the statistical properties of oil and natural gas production. I find striking evidence that both oil and natural gas production are power-law distributed with the exponent approximately equal to one. This distribution might arise from disequilibrium in production and exploration. Highlighting this distribution is important because it has potential consequences for the political economy of regulation as well as for resource management. For example, because the most productive wells lie in the far-right tail of the distribution, regulation geared to prevent a Deepwater Horizon scale spill need fall on a vanishingly small percent of wells. The distribution also has consequences for management because a company profitability depends disproportionately on how it manages its most productive wells.
The sixth chapter provides a short conclusion.
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Tungaraza, Joseph Mtebe. "Legal reform of oil and gas law in Tanzania in relation to foreign direct investment." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4772.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe objective of this study is to analyse the law relating to exploration and production of oil and gas in Tanzania in relation to the protection of FDI. The analysis will be based on the international standards for the protection of FDI. Some of these standards are contained in international instruments and some of them have attained the status of customary international law. Examples of such standards include: Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET), Full Protection and Security (FPS), non-arbitrariness and non-discrimination, among others. Some international instruments to be referred to include the 1992 World Bank Guidelines on Treatment of FDI and the CERDS.
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Nwete, Bede. "The role of soft law in oil and gas project development in developing countries : a study of how this impacts social-legal risks management in the oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=234033.
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Pereira, Eduardo Guedes. "Oil and gas joint operating agreements : controlling the risk to the non-operator." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=184009.
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Joint Operating Agreements (JOA) are well accepted standard agreements in the oil and gas industry. The basic aim of any JOA is to regulate the relationship of the parties in the Joint Venture: Operator and Non-Operators. The former is responsible to perform the operations on the behalf of the consortium and the latter is responsible to contribute with regards to the financial commitments and expenses of the Joint Venture. However, Joint Operation Agreements typically do not reflect the Non-Operator's perspective, as they traditionally focus on the strong position retained by the Operator. This reality is very clear as the most critical clauses (namely management of operations, limitation of liabilities and removal of the Operator) strengthen the Operator's position, often to the detriment of the Non-Operators. In consequence, such an unbalanced agreement can cause uncertainly, raises the potential for litigation and might even jeopardize the very existence of the consortium. It is important to note that some parties might still sign such an imbalanced agreement in order to secure investment into a project but they will be subject to these risks, and even ultimately termination of the agreement. However, the decline of production and the lack of new reserves (which together reflect the maturity of an oil and gas area) will lead major companies to leave such region in search for a province with greater rewards. As a matter of consequence, the strongest party of the JOA shall be replaced by smaller companies so as there will be a shift on the JOA context from a dominant position for another in equitable terms. Consequently, there is a need for a new and more balanced approach to the negotiation of Joint Operating Agreements, to apply to new, current operations and mature operations, where the Non-Operator's perspectives are fully considered and properly addressed.
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De, Jonge Boris B. "Law on pollution and debris from oil and gas drilling and production operations offshore Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ49340.pdf.
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Yeung, Jackson Kit Shing. "Can arbitration & ADR be practically adopted in resolving disputes for oil & gas trading in mainland China?" access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b20835917a.pdf.
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Arvanitis, D. "Collaboration and contract management in the context of offshore oil and gas contracts : an English law analysis." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19174/.
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This thesis provides an English law analysis on collaboration and contract management in the context of offshore upstream oil and gas contracts in light of the Maximising Economic Recovery [hereinafter ‘MER’] Strategy. The predominant subject of the thesis is the impact on offshore contracting of the MER Strategy. The thesis firstly considers that the Strategy is not merely another statute to regulate the offshore sector – its impact is of paramount importance because it sets a comprehensive framework for the coming decades until the cessation of operations in the North Sea. The MER Strategy seeks to address the field ‘maturity’ in the North Sea, which causes high extraction costs and questions the current business and contracting model. Secondly, the thesis focuses on the contracting model and relationship among operators and contractors, i.e. oil and gas companies and the supply chain. This niche area of contract law has been in the spotlight of academics and practitioners for many years, and abundant literature exists focusing on so-called ‘risk allocation’ clauses. However, the thesis approaches the subject in an original manner: looking beyond the traditional legal standpoint, it introduces the element of ‘contract and commercial management’ and focuses on the potential of ‘collaboration’. It argues that these two elements are key to the future of offshore contracting in light of the MER Strategy. The explanation of where these two terms ‘sit’ from an academic, practical and taxonomic standpoint is not an easy task. Contract and commercial management is a management-based discipline that goes beyond certain limitations imposed on the role of contract, championed by ‘strict’ school of thoughts on contract law. It perceives the contract to be mainly a device of ‘problem solving’ rather than ‘failure management’. Collaboration is a notion with great potential for contracting in general – and offshore contracting in particular – which nevertheless brings with it substantial challenges that need to be addressed. Collaboration is a crucial concept in the MER Strategy, and the thesis seeks to ascertain its meaning both within and beyond the context of the Strategy. Most importantly, the thesis explores the legal meaning and ramifications of collaboration, since although it is not a legal term of art, it is ‘reflected’ on existing doctrinal notions.
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Davis, Tracy R. "The role of First Nations in oil and gas development under federal regulatory regimes: Options for change and lessons from New Zealand." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9139.
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The objective of this thesis is to determine what role First Nations have under federal oil and gas regulatory regimes and to make recommendations to enable them to participate in oil and gas development. The author argues that there are persuasive legal and policy grounds to support an active role for First Nations in oil and gas development within their traditional territories. This position is supported through a comprehensive analysis of three federal oil and gas regimes (Northern, Offshore and Indian Reserve Regimes), their legislative frameworks, and recent developments in aboriginal jurisprudence and policy. An assessment of what role First Nations have under the federal environmental assessment regime is undertaken to supplement the overall analysis. The thesis is further supported by an international comparative component that highlights contemporary resource management issues in New Zealand.
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Phillips, Sara. "Property and prosperity: examing contemporary private property ownership in light of increased oil and gas development in the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121441.
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The concept of private property has played an important role within American history and culture. For many of the country's founding statesmen, private property was heralded as the ultimate path to freedom, financial independence, and prosperity. The role of the private landowner has evolved dramatically over the last two centuries or so, and private property has now become an important component of US states' increased oil and gas development efforts. As demand for the resources continues to rise, the US has experienced an unprecedented boom in oil and gas development, on both public and private lands. In the wake of increased development activity, the demand for greater land conservation measures has also escalated. Private property plays an integral role in US environmental conservation efforts and a growing number of landowners now seek enduring land conservation and protection.This thesis considers the role of private property in light of the arguably equally important state interests of oil and gas resource development and environmental conservation. Utilizing professors Gregory Alexander and Eduardo Peñalver's human flourishing model of the social obligation norm, I argue that private property ownership consists of two primary overarching social obligations: resource development and land conservation. Looking to the state of Colorado as a case study, I examine the various traits inherent in private land ownership within the context of resource development, demonstrating that Colorado has, to its detriment, over-emphasized the obligation of resource development while neglecting other equally important environmental considerations. Throughout the thesis, I reveal how Colorado's substandard regulatory practices have disempowered the state's private landowners, disincentivized land conservation efforts, and effectively undermined the human flourishing model of private property ownership. I therefore argue for a repositioning of the state's interests, to provide greater protection to Colorado's private landowners while also restoring balance and harmony to the social objectives of environmental preservation, and conservation and development of oil and gas resources.Le concept de propriété privée a joué un rôle important dans l'histoire et la culture Américaine. Pour beaucoup des pères fondateurs du pays, la propriété privée était considérée comme la voie ultime menant à la liberté, l'indépendance financière et la prospérité. Le rôle du propriétaire privé a considérablement évolué au cours des deux derniers siècles environ, et la propriété privée est devenue, pour les états américains, une composante importante de leur développement minier et gazier. Du fait de l'augmentation des besoins en ressources, les États-Unis ont connu un essor sans précédent de l'exploitation minière, aussi bien sur les terrains publics que privés. Au fur et à mesure du développement grandissant de l'activité minière, les exigences d'accroissement des mesures protectrices en matière de conservation des sols ont également augmenté. La propriété privée joue un rôle essentiel dans les efforts des États-Unis en matière de protection environnementale et un nombre croissant de propriétaires cherchent dorénavant une conservation et une préservation durables des terres.Cette thèse étudie le rôle de la propriété privée au regard des intérêts étatiques, sans doute aussi importants, en matière de développement des ressources gazières et pétrolières et de préservation de l'environnement. Utilisant le modèle de l'épanouissement de l'être humain fondé sur la théorie de la contrainte sociale, élaboré par les professeurs Gregory Alexander et Eduardo Peñalver, je soutiens que la propriété privée se compose de deux contraintes sociales principales : le développement des ressources et la préservation des terres. Utilisant l'état du Colorado comme cas d'étude, j'examine les différents attributs inhérents à la propriété privée des terres dans le cadre du développement des ressources, démontrant ainsi que le Colorado a, à son détriment, excessivement privilégié le développement des ressources par rapport aux autres considérations environnementales tout aussi importantes. Tout au long de la thèse, je m'attache à exposer comment les lacunes des normes règlementaires édictées par l'état du Colorado ont conduit à désavantager les propriétaires privés de l'état, décourager les initiatives en matière de préservation des sols et ont finalement desservi le modèle d'épanouissement de l'être humain par la propriété privée. J'ai donc argumenté en faveur d'un repositionnement des intérêts de l'état, afin d'offrir une meilleure protection aux propriétaires privés du Colorado, tout en rétablissant l'équilibre et l'harmonie entre les objectifs sociétaux de préservation et conservation de l'environnement et de développement des ressources pétrolières et gazières.
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Kiwory, Goodluck [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Gundel. "The Role of International Law in Intrastate Oil and Gas Governance in Tanzania / Goodluck Kiwory ; Betreuer: Jörg Gundel." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1165140659/34.
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Gordon, Greg. "The legal management of risk in oil and gas operations upon the United Kingdom continental shelf." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231443.
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This thesis is concerned with the legal management of risk in oil and gas operations upon the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. The work focusses in particular upon geological risk, political risk and the regulatory and commercial risks pertaining to major accidents. Geological risk relates to the fact that generally, oil and gas is concealed within geological formations in the deep underground. Exploration activity is, as a result, both difficult and expensive. The thesis considers the extent to which the UK's chosen licensing system has struck an appropriate balance on who should bear the risk of failure of such operations. Political risk involves (on the one hand) the risks faced by investors in interacting with the state and (on the other) the risks faced by the state when designing its regulatory system. Investors are in a precarious position due to the high level of capital investment and long-term nature of oil and gas operations: they are therefore concerned to ensure stability and autonomy of operation. The state, on the other hand, is concerned that it is not taken advantage of by the (usually more knowledgeable) industry player when designing its regulatory system. The risk of major accident is reflected both in regulation of health, safety and the environment and in the contractual arrangements entered into by commercial entities in order to determine which party should bear ultimate liability in the event that an accident causes wide-spread loss. Having regard to the example of the law applied on the UK continental shelf, the thesis demonstrates that while risk can never be wholly removed from oil and gas operations, the law can be effectively used to mitigate risk and thereafter to facilitate he appropriate distribution of such residual levels of risk as remain.
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Bojang, Buba. "The status and expanding role of joint development of common or transboundary oil and gas resources in international law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236935.
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The growth and expansion of Joint Development Agreements, which promote the joint development of common or transboundary petroleum deposits between countries with opposite or adjacent coastlines are an indication that the status of the obligation to jointly develop common or transboundary oil and gas resources as a rule of customary international law may no longer be doubtful. This research examines the origin and evolution of Joint Development (JD) to determine its status in international law, including the law of the sea. It also explores the concept of shared natural resources in international law, intending to determine whether common or transboundary oil and gas resources are a part of the family of shared natural resources. It argues that the rule applicable to other shared natural resources such as international rivers, transboundary fish stocks and transboundary groundwater may be extrapolated and applied to common or transboundary oil and gas resources. It gives a detailed, analytical account of the progressive development of the concept of JD and how the International Law Commission (ILC) failed to take this developing trend to the level of codification when it decided in 2009 to discontinue the topic of oil and gas in its programme of work. The research argues that JD of common or transboundary oil and gas resources should now be considered as a settled norm of customary international law.
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Morocco-Clarke, Susan Ayodele. "Improving environmental protection within the Nigerian oil and gas industry : long term national solutions, short term international solutions?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186680.
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This thesis carries out a comparative analysis between the modes of operation adopted in the oil and gas industries of Nigeria and developed countries (with an emphasis on the UK), examining in the process, the existing and persistent problem of pollution which has plagued the Nigerian State and gone virtually unchecked for over five decades, and dealing with the lacunae in the law currently in place in Nigeria. This analysis is carried out to ascertain the possibility of improving environmental protection in Nigeria. A course is charted through the history and development of the Nigerian oil and gas industry, extensively reviewing the environmental legal regime adopted in Nigeria, with particular reference to the oil and gas industry. Issues concerning inadequacy of legislation are addressed as well as the knotty problem of proper enforcement and indeed compliance within the industry. Also addressed is the extent to which flaring is a significant problem in Nigeria, as this is responsible not only for huge amounts of environmental pollution, but also for the loss of a considerable amount of revenue for the Nigerian government and populace. Furthermore, this thesis considers the difficulty the Nigerian judiciary has in maintaining its impartiality and the problems of corruption as well as the judicial approaches to powerful economic actors. Parallels of the Nigerian oil industry are drawn with the exploration and production processes of oil companies operating in the United Kingdom. As a consequence, this work puts forward possible solutions for the adoption of sustainable practices successfully utilised in developed countries which have not been replicated in Nigeria.
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Viergutz, Micheline. "What Are the Conditions Necessary to Promote the Ideal Relationship Amongst Petro State, State Oil Company and International Oil Company?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/336.
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An analysis of the historical relationship between the petrostate, state oil company and international oil company in the context of the resource nationalism phenomenon and its consequences to the existing contractual frameworks . Negotiating techniques and contractual stabilizing mechanisms are explored in order to identify the main parameters and conditions necessary to optimize the interaction between these key players in the international oil industry. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the contracts are identified in order to recommend new paradigms for a more harmonic future in the oil industry.
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Domingos, Anacleto Gaspar. "A critical analysis of the Angolan Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) law and the protection it offers to employees of the oil and gas industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13186.
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Includes bibliographical references.This study is specifically concerned with the effect of occupational health and safety (hereafter OHS) law in Angola and the protection it offers to employees in the oil and gas industry. The current Angolan OHS legislation continues to be characterised by the pre-independence legal system inherited from the colonial era, which creates a crisis of legitimacy and justice. This crisis may be resolved through the ratification of the International Labour Organisation OHS conventions. This dissertation examines workplace health and safety in Angola from a legal perspective in detail, and explores international instruments that are used to protect employees from unhealthy and unsafe conditions. An analysis of the relevant source materials reveals a disjunction between the international standards and the laws as implemented in Angola. It is a fact that the law is expected to offer as far as is possible reasonable health and safety protection to employees. Evidence demonstrates, however, that these laws have largely failed to meet expectations. The problem is not only the fragmentation and inconsistency of the OHS laws, but also that the framework is in need of revision and a dedicated plan to resolve the gaps in the existing legislation. The study thus explores the discontinuities and deficiencies of the regulatory framework as well as of the enforcement mechanisms. Similarly, it proposes an extensive shift of emphasis away from the current legal debate to focus on the relevant issues that will offer substantive protection to the health and safety of employees, as well as justice in law reform. Various steps need to be taken to ratify the OHS conventions in order to improve the deficient framework of OHS legislation in Angola.
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Al-Saleem, Khalid I. "The legal framework for the sustainable development of Iraqi oil and gas : a study in particular reference to the Kurdistan Region, and with special emphasis on the New Delhi Declaration." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-legal-framework-for-the-sustainable-development-of-iraqi-oil-and-gas(9dbb6166-56f3-49cd-986d-092ecb608625).html.
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Iraq’s liberation from the Saddam regime after a few decades of oppression signalled national transition to peace and stability. The entire world had its eyes fixed on Iraq as a model for newly liberated nation states. Even though Iraq was liberated from authoritarian rule, but it has yet to be liberated from its socio-economic woes. Decades of neglect at the hands of a military dictatorship, newly found ethnic and sectarian divides and now a regional cum international jihadist agenda threaten to tear Iraq apart. The true underlying cause of Iraq’s problems is socio-economic divide – precipitated at both domestic and international levels, and manifested as ethnic and sectarian conflicts. The only real solution to Iraq’s woes is to capitalise on the oil and gas resources, in such a fashion that they provide socio-economic dividends with a hope of conserving the environment for future generations. The idea of sustainable development is auspicious in terms of consequences yet elusive in terms of implementation. Iraq’s domestic problems and international pressure groups are creating an environment where sustainable development is a hard-to-realise goal. Moreover, the everchanging definition of sustainable development and the concept’s credibility poses its own dynamic undercurrents. The greatest hope at sustainable development for Iraq’s situation is to shape and implement a legislated framework through public participation, responsible legislation along the lines of globally accepted sustainable development principles. This research aims to provide various options for a legal framework for sustainable development keeping in view Iraq’s peculiar circumstances. The various challenges confronting Iraq on domestic, regional and international forums for sustainable development are discussed at length, and legal solutions are provided through an examination of international practice, stakeholder views and emerging best practices.
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Zea, Luis. "EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROGEN SULFIDE ABSORTION PHENOMENA IN BRINE/OIL MIXTURES AS A FUNCTION OF SYSTEM PRESSURE AND H2S." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3053.
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In underground oil reservoirs, Hydrogen sulfide is usually found coexisting with the oil due to bacteria reduction over a long period of time. The amount of H2S in the oil varies from place to place around the globe. When the oil extraction process begins, the presence of Hydrogen sulfide becomes noticeable as drilling tools, piping and other equipment suffer from sulfide stress cracking, electrochemical corrosion and corrosion fatigue. For this reason, the oil industry invests millions of dollars per year trying to find better ways to reduce the amount of H2S in oil. An important part of the current investigations deals with brine (sea water)/oil mixtures. The reasons are two-fold: 1) one way of extracting the petroleum from the reservoir is by injecting brine into it and since it has a higher density than oil, the latter will be ejected up to the surface. Taking into account the complex fluid flow occurring within the reservoir it is easy to understand that some brine will also be present as part of the ejected fluid; 2) brine is already present in the reservoir, so independent of the extraction method used, there will be a brine/oil mixture in the ejected flow. When brine and oil have absorbed H2S under pressure in the reservoir and then suffer a decompression during the extraction process, a certain amount of H2S is released from the liquid phase. In order to have a better prediction of how much Hydrogen sulfide can be liberated a good understanding of H2S absorption by these liquids is necessary. The amount of gas a solvent absorbs is a function of pressure, original gas concentration and temperature as described by Henry's Law. The purpose of this thesis is to experimentally analyze how much of the corrosive gas is absorbed into different brine/oil mixtures, and brine and oil, separately. In order to find sufficient data for a thorough analysis, different reservoir simulation scenarios were created. The liquids were mixed from pure brine to pure oil, resulting in 33% and 66% water cuts. Data were obtained at 2 pressures of 20atm and 70atm at room temperature. H2S concentration was also a variable, changing the original gas concentration through different values: 50, 100, and 300ppm. These experiments were conducted in an autoclave system and will better explain the hydrostatic process that occurs inside the reservoir. It was found that throughout all the water cuts, the role that total pressure plays in the absorption phenomena is of less importance as the original H2S concentration is increased. In the same manner it was observed that the highest mass-absorption ratios are always found between 50 and 100ppm and the lowest at 300ppm, this is observed for all water cuts and total pressures. Another important finding was that the ability to absorb the corrosive gas decreases as the original H2S concentration increases and this proves to be true for all water cuts and system pressures. After conducting these different reservoir scenarios, tests were conducted to simulate 300m of the horizontal section of the pipe that connects the head of the well with the platform. This was done with a high pressure 300-meter long loop. It was found that the corrosive gas is absorbed at a higher rate when there is a flow, opposite to a hydrostatic case. Henry's Law constant was identified for each water cut and each pressure, however, the test procedure could not be validated since the gas being studied was not in its pure form. Understanding the absorption phenomena of Hydrogen sulfide in different water cuts will definitely be of great help to the oil industry to make better forecasts of H2S concentrations being ejected from each well.M.S.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Aerospace Engineering MSAE
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Whalen, Christina. "The Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing, Horizontal Drilling, and Acidization in California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/969.
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The oil extraction mechanisms of hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling, and acidization have recently spread throughout the state of California. This thesis explores and assesses whether federal and state legislation should approve of fracking operations in California after studying its effects on human health, the environment, and the economy. This thesis assesses the impacts of fracking; analyzes the role of current legislation and regulation; compares California fracking to fracking in other states and countries; and provides recommendations for future action.
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Akyuz, Zeynep Ceren. "Evolution Of Oil Politics In Iraq From The 20th Century Onwards." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613778/index.pdf.
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The objective of this thesis is to analyze the Iraqi politics of oil in the period from 20 th century onwards. Within this regard, while &ldquorentier state&rdquo
conception is generally put under consideration to understand the state&rsquo
s centrality in political, economic and social spheres of oil &ndash
producing countries, contrary to this conventional approach,this thesis argues that the key to all achievements and all failures of Iraqi state is related to the status of oil in Iraq&rsquo
s engagement with the superpowers and the attractiveness of Iraqi oil for other external actors like international non-state actors and multinational companies. In the first instance, the engagement of Britain and later on, the inclusion of the U.S to the national, regional and international affairs of Iraq are discussed within the boundaries of the aforementioned argument. The role of oil in the creation of the state, in its relations with neighbour countries and in relations conducted with the super powers of the international system is analyzed. Within this context, in the aftermath of the September 11, the U.S&rsquo
s intense desires for regime change in Iraq is analyzed to reveal that the main motivation behind the invasion of Iraq in 2003 is related with the country&rsquo
s vast oil resources. In the similar vein, the developments in the post- invasion period are analyzed to indicate the prevailing prominent role of oil. Eventually, this thesis states that even though changes and continuities occur in the course of time and accordingly divergences and convergences exist in the implementations of the Iraqi state, the issue of guaranteeing the flow of oil at reasonable price has remained in the focal point of the external interventions to Iraq.
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Luhende, Boniphace. "Towards a legal framework for preventing tax revenue leakage in the upstream oil and gas industry in Tanzania: an analysis of the concepts, methods and options available in a public trusteeship model of natural resource holding." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26871.
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The recent discoveries of natural gas in Tanzania, estimated at about fifty-seven trillion cubic feet (tcf), have sparked tremendous hopes for socio-economic development in the country. While this optimism seems to be supported by conventional wisdom and economic insights, evidence from other oil-rich African countries shows that in spite of the ongoing oil and gas extraction, they are floundering in poverty, corruption and political instability. This phenomenal dichotomy between oil and gas wealth and socioeconomic development is referred to as the "resource curse". As this study demonstrates, the "curse" is partly a result of under-taxation. This study uses the resource curse study to analyze and evaluate tax-related challenges in the Tanzanian upstream oil and gas industry. In doing so, the study identifies three factors that may cause loss of potential tax revenues - referred to as "tax revenue leakage". First, the discretionary tax incentives, such as tax exemptions, lowering tax rates and special tax treatment, result in non-payment of taxes that would have otherwise been payable. Second, the International Oil Companies (IOCs) adopt a variety of techniques, such as transfer pricing, thin capitalization, corporate re-organization tax evasion and treaty shopping to exploit the loopholes or gaps in the tax laws to minimize, reduce or eliminate their tax obligations without being detected or punished. Third, corrupt Government officials willfully fail to collect taxes due, short levy taxes, grant undeserving tax incentives to the IOCs or divert revenues collected for their own account. All these factors demonstrate the close connection between under-taxation, corruption and tax avoidance. As this study argues, in the absence of counteractive measures, the Government will collect only a fraction of potential taxes, thus losing revenues required to finance development projects. The study establishes that Tanzania counteracts tax avoidance and tax evasion through anti-avoidance legislation. Tanzania also has accountability measures, which impose restraints on the exercise of public power and prevent corruption. The study concludes that although Tanzania has a competitive fiscal regime, anti-avoidance legislation and systems of accountability, the level of Government's tax revenue nevertheless depends on institutional capacity to detect, prevent and penalize tax avoidance schemes and corruption.
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Solis, Alyssa M. "The Political Landscape of Hydraulic Fracturing: Methods of Community Response in Central Arkansas." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/42.
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This thesis looks at the current fracking debate on a national scale, before focusing specifically on how this debate is playing out in the landscape of Central Arkansas. Focusing on the lack of national regulation, the unique array of state regulations that have popped up are assessed in their effectiveness on the ground through speaking with residents of the area. The demographics of these residents are analyzed within an assessment of environmental injustice vulnerability. This ethnographic approach also compares the de jure v. de facto outcomes of these regulations through the narratives of residents working with organizations across the political spectrum, and specifically seeks to gauge their own personal stories and experiences with regulators and the fracking industry. Other key actors are identified. This thesis concludes that agency capture is a reality for these residents, and their perceived powerlessness drastically increases the power of the gas companies that monopolize the political agenda in the region.
24
Enobun, Ernest. "'Quota measures' and 'trade-related investment measures' in oil and gas regulation : reconciling normative conflicts between energy-focused regimes and WTO rules on energy." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/17ddd863-cc94-4e01-ac8e-a32880d8047a.
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Regulation of border and behind-the-border measures in the oil and gas sectors presents the ‘resource access’ challenge with immense economic ramifications for export markets, yet their status under the multilateral trading regime remains obscure. Recent developments that could reshape the trading regime and market dynamics for oil and gas have seen the call for a global energy governance gain momentum in recent years. But the complex relationships between national laws, institutional norms, and the multilateral trading regime regulating energy presents an ideological ‘conflict in applicable law’. They reveal a conflict between regulatory privileges enshrined in energy resource-focused institutions namely: OPEC as a producer-only treaty, the ECT as a sector-specific multilateral energy treaty, national energy laws on the heel of the PSNR principle as a customary international law; versus international obligations under the GATT rules relevant to energy. These regimes have the trappings of nationalism, regionalism, and institutionalism in energy regulation, thereby creating an ambiguous path to global energy governance. This research revisits the institutional and regulatory architecture of oil and gas regimes from the perspective of quota measures and trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) implemented through the instrumentality of national laws, acts of NOCs (in the oil sector) and acts of non-state undertakings (in the gas sector). It therefore charts an uncommon territory and brings a new dimension to the discipline of energy and trade, with a robust examination of how regulation of quota measures and trade-related investment in the oil sector (with export restriction issues) differs from their regulation in the gas sector (with underlying competition issues) and how their varying trade effects shape their future in international economic law. Given the inherent conflicts between the legal, policy, and regulatory design of these regimes governing energy, this research first explores and applies the principle of conflict of norms to energy governance. This paves way for a hands-on approach to examining the applications of these measures under the auspices of these regimes aimed at a ‘co-operative energy governance’ between the resource-focused regimes and the GATT rules relevant to energy on the basis of their trade effects. I argue that an understanding of ‘quota measures’ and ‘TRIMs’ in the oil sector compared to their implementations in the gas sector is compelling in making a case for a systemic energy cooperation that would serve economic interests of all affected states without diminishing the normative value of each regime in each sector.
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Havemann, Luke Paul. "Greening upstream South Africa : a critical and comparative enviro-legal analysis of the offshore oil and gas activities of the United Kingdom and South Africa." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158422.
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This thesis essentially constitutes an analysis of laws designed to protect the marine environment from the pollution arising from the exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves, Chapter 2 addresses not only the origin and nature of oil and gas, but also the techniques employed in surveying for and producing these energy forms. Chapters 3 and 4, in turn, outline the history of offshore operations in South Africa and the UK, respectively, with regard, inter alia, to the location, size and economic significance of these operations. In order to properly address the South African legal framework's failure to adequately regulate pollution arising from offshore upstream operations, an explanation of the nature and forms of such pollution must first be set out. Chapter 5 analyses the concept of pollution from a legal perspective, while also giving detailed consideration to the various forms of pollution that may arise at each of the three stages of offshore oil and gas operations, which are surveying, drilling and production, and decommissioning. Chapter 6 has a dual focus. Firstly, it discusses particular environmental principles that underpin the development and application of environmentally orientated laws. Secondly, it considers various regulatory techniques and their suitability to environmental regulation of the offshore industry. Chapter 7 provides a detailed overview of the international legal framework applicable to offshore oil and gas operations. Chapters 8 and 9 consider the aspects of the UK's and South Africa's domestic legislation that provide for the environmental regulation of offshore oil and gas operations. Both chapters are structured so as to identify enviro-legal considerations relevant to each stage of offshore upstream operations. Both also contain critiques of the manner in which the relevant South African environmental law compares to that of the UK. To this end, legal lacunae and differences in regulatory approaches are identified and various suggestions are made for improving the current South African state of affairs. An argument is submitted for the formulation of a statutory solution to the South African predicament, particularly by means of the promulgation of an entirely new Act specifically designed to regulate the country's rapidly escalating offshore oil and gas industry.
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Bandreddy, Naga Abhiram. "Defining Correlation Between Radon, Uranium Deposits, and Oil and Gas Wells Using GIS Regression Methods." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1564687565423414.
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Waziri, Bukar Zanna. "An empirical investigation of the impact of global energy transition on Nigerian oil and gas exports." Thesis, Abertay University, 2016. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/245dc08e-05c2-423e-b455-737142d4b9fe.
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Net energy exporting countries (NEECs) and net energy importing countries (NEICs) depend on each other for mutual gains. However, NEICs pursue strategic policies to reduce consumption of energy from conventional sources and increase that of renewable energy in order to attain energy security and macro environmental and carbon accountability. On the other hand, NEECs such as Nigeria depend heavily on oil and gas exports to NEICs to generate revenue. As a result of this inter-dependent relationship, this PhD project adopts a dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework to underpin the study. Accordingly, the study approach is founded on the ideas of pluralism as a social reality and adopted pragmatism as the research approach. Consistent with these approaches, the study was undertaken by analysing both secondary and primary data, including macro-economic statistics of annual time-series dataset (1980-2014) and semi-structured interviews respectively. The quantitative part of the project used Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach. This method was used to investigate and analyse the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions reduction on Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. The qualitative part involved interviews with twenty senior government officials in Nigeria from six selected Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), representatives of civil society groups and academicians, to support the quantitative results and answer certain research questions. The short-run quantitative results and qualitative findings show that renewable energy consumption in developed NEICs affects Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. However, the reverse holds true for emerging NEICs. Both the quantitative results and the qualitative findings show that carbon emissions reduction in developed NEICs affects Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. Also, the quantitative results show that renewable energy consumption in developed and emerging NEICs does not affect Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. However, the qualitative findings only support the quantitative results for emerging NEICs but do not support those of developed NEICs. Similarly, the qualitative findings indicate that other external and internal factors such as discovery of shale oil and gas; improvement in energy efficient technologies; the use of long-term contract in other NEECs; stringent nature of the Nigerian Content Law and lack of passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill amongst others currently contribute in affecting Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. Moreover, the qualitative findings show that global energy transition has an impact on the Nigeria’s oil and gas revenue, savings made to the Nigerian Sovereign Wealth Fund, budget financing and will continue to affect Nigerian revenue and budget if the economy remains undiversified. Finally, the qualitative findings indicate that global energy transition has negatively affected Foreign Direct Investment flow into Nigerian petroleum industry and discoveries of new oil and gas reserves. These findings have several implications. Firstly, Nigerian oil and gas exports are affected by the carbon emissions control regime, which makes future oil and gas revenues uncertain; thereby putting pressure on budget financing and socio-economic growth and development. On this note, there is the need for Nigeria to take cautionary position in the global climate change debate in order not to adversely affect the country’s economic interest. Secondly, the consumption of energy from renewable sources in both developed and emerging NEICs is an opportunity for Nigeria to export not only its conventional energy but also renewable energy if commercially harnessed. This suggests that Nigerian should also invest heavily in renewable energy production. Thirdly, the major findings of this study provide evidence in support of the relevance of dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework within the context of energy transition in NEICs on one hand, and Nigerian oil and gas exports to these countries on the other. This implies the need for Nigeria to focus on developing internal market trajectories to increase domestic utilisation of its conventional energy rather than being dependent on external markets for the sale of the nation’s energy resources.
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Nikolaou, John. "Developing a model for effective community development agreements in the extractive industries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2142.
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Natural resource development has tremendous potential to create inclusive economic growth in countries well-endowed with oil, mineral, and agricultural resources. At the same time, natural resource development can cause negative environmental externalities, and, in several cases, extractives companies can engage in labor abuse.
The intersection of the government’s and the corporation’s interest can lie in Corporate Social Responsibility Projects.This thesis will analyze an alternative model of CSR: community development agreements (CDAs). CDAs are voluntary, or sometimes government mandated, agreements between the project developer and the project affected community that define company commitments to issues such as environmental impact mitigation, benefit sharing, and local employment, for example. The objective of this thesis is to review the theoretical underpinnings of CDA process, analyze the application of CDAs in several case studies, and develop a framework of best practices for CDAs based on those analyses.
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Vega, Rengifo Beatriz de la. "Taxation on mining and hydrocarbon investments." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116765.
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This article comments the most important aspects of the tax treatment applicable to investments of mining and oil and gas industry. The document highlights the relevant tax topics of the general tax legislation(Income Tax Law) and the special legislation of both industries (General Mining Law and Hydrocarbons Organic Law).Este artículo comenta los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento tributario de las inversiones de la industria minera y de hidrocarburos, resaltando los puntos principales de la legislación tributaria general (Ley del Impuesto a la Renta) y sectorial (Ley General de Minería y Ley Orgánica de Hidrocarburos).
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Blattler, Stephanie. "A regulação diante de incertezas científicas: um estudo sobre a possibilidade de exploração e produção de shale gas no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/20591.
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In Brazil, the debate regarding the exploration and production of shale gas became relevant with the 12th Bid Round promoted by the National Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP), which offered areas with great potential of such unconventional hydrocarbon. The country is listed as the tenth with greater shale gas potential in the world. However, due to the international controversy involving this energy source, mainly by virtue of its potential environmental impacts and damages, the matter was brought to the courts and is subject to legislative initiatives, so that the production of such hydrocarbon in Brazil has not started yet. Therefore, the present essay aims to clarify how the exploration and production of shale gas takes place and what would be its potential harmful effects to the environment, demonstrating that there are diverging scientific opinions over the most relevant of such effects. The description of the existing regulatory instruments in Brazil, such as ANP Resolution No. 21/2014, is also provided herein, as well as the description of the current legal proceedings and bills over the matter. Following, this essay also describes how the shale gas matter was solved in four states/countries, as to verify if there are any valuable lessons for Brazil. Based on the scientific uncertainty over the potential environmental damages and impacts, the precautionary rule is herein analyzed, aiming to understand how precaution may be applied to shale gas and to other cases under similar scientific uncertainty. Initially, the doctrine of absolute precaution is presented, followed by the main critics to precaution. Finally, the main conclusion is that the path of interpretation for the shale gas case and for other cases with similar scientific uncertainty is the use of the precautionary rule modulated by proportionality, so that its application does not reflect an immediate prohibition, but the management of uncertainties through regulation.
No Brasil, a discussão a respeito da exploração e produção de gás de folhelho, conhecido de forma equivocada como “gás de xisto”, ganhou expressividade com a 12ª Rodada de Licitações promovida pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), que licitou áreas com grande potencial exploratório para esse hidrocarboneto não convencional. O país apresenta o décimo maior potencial de gás de folhelho do mundo, porém, em razão da polêmica internacional que envolve essa fonte energética, principalmente em função de seus potenciais impactos e danos ambientais, a questão permanece judicializada e objeto de iniciativas legislativas, de forma que a produção desse hidrocarboneto no Brasil ainda não foi iniciada. Nesse âmbito, o presente trabalho visa esclarecer como se dá a exploração e produção do gás de folhelho e quais seriam seus potenciais efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente, demonstrando a divergência existente na comunidade científica sobre os mais relevantes desses potenciais efeitos. O trabalho também traz a descrição dos instrumentos regulatórios já existentes sobre o gás de folhelho no Brasil, como a Resolução ANP nº 21/2014, bem como dos processos judiciais e projetos de leis existentes sobre a questão. Em seguida, o presente trabalho também descreve como a questão do shale gas foi decidida em quatro estados/países, para verificar se podem ser extraídas lições para o Brasil. Com base na incerteza científica constatada sobre os potenciais danos e impactos ambientais, o postulado da precaução é aqui analisado, visando compreender como ele pode ser aplicado ao caso do gás de folhelho e a outros casos de incerteza científica análoga. Inicialmente, é apresentada a doutrina da precaução absoluta, para posteriormente introduzir as principais críticas ao postulado. Por fim, conclui-se que o caminho para a interpretação do caso do gás de folhelho e de outros casos em que recai incerteza científica análoga é a utilização do postulado da precaução modulado pela proporcionalidade, de modo que sua aplicação não reflita uma proibição imediata, mas sim o gerenciamento das incertezas envolvidas por meio da regulação.
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Cairncross-, Chinnapyel Nancy. "Can the parties to an international sale contract on CIF Incoterms varied in the oil and gas industry achieve the objective of linking the passing of ownership in the petroleum products that are sold from England to South Africa to the passing of risk in those petroleum products by indicating such intention in their contract of sale?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15184.
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This dissertation aims to focus on whether the parties to an international sale contract on CIF Incoterms varied in the oil and gas industry, specifically the petroleum sector, achieve the objective of linking the passing of ownership in the petroleum products1 sold from England to South Africa, to the passing of risk in those petroleum products by indicating such intention in their contract of sale?
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Limmer, Flávia da Costa. "Responsabilidade socioambiental da empresa de petróleo e gás." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6994.
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Agência Nacional do PetróleoFinanciadora de Estudos e Projetos
O contexto da modernização reflexiva leva ao questionamento sobre o papel das instituições tradicionais, notadamente o Poder Executivo. É possível pressupor que o modelo da sociedade de risco se reflete em alterações no direito e na economia do Brasil. Os riscos tornaram-se uma constante e exigem substituições nas formas de atuação social, o que Ulrich Beck denomina de subpolítica. A mudança é sentida especialmente em setores centrais para economia, tais como o de petróleo e gás, enquanto os riscos globais são sentidos na crise ambiental. Uma vez que as instituições, na Sociedade de Risco, são levadas a rever sua atuação, o empresariado recebe a tarefa de encontrar mecanismos para superar a crise ambiental. A responsabilidade socioambiental da empresa passa a ser exigida como contrapartida pelos lucros obtidos, especialmente para atividades potencialmente poluentes, como a petrolífera. O princípio da precaução, o desenvolvimento sustentável e a equação financeira do contrato podem ser vetores para a adoção da responsabilidade socioambiental pela indústria petrolífera. Mas para que esta possa ser vista como uma nova razão pública deve se demonstrar que ela pode motivar a evolução da sociedade como um todo. A Rio+20 definiu a economia verde como uma nova meta, principalmente para as atividades potencialmente poluentes. O objetivo central do trabalho é investigar a regulação das empresas de petróleo e gás, especialmente sobre a possibilidade de adoção da responsabilidade socioambiental. Ressalte-se que esta visa impor medidas de conservação e ações pró meio ambiente, além daquelas já estipuladas por força legal ou pelo licenciamento ambiental. A pesquisa visa apresentar possíveis soluções para os questionamentos acima, garantindo segurança jurídica para empresas de petróleo e gás, mas ao mesmo tempo visando ampliar a sustentabilidade do setor, propondo novas regras que podem ser adotadas nos editais de licitação e nos contratos de concessão e partilha de produção. Em um momento que se debate a possibilidade de direcionamento dos royalties do petróleo exclusivamente para a educação o estudo de medidas jurídicas para implementar a responsabilidade socioambiental no setor petrolífero torna-se ainda mais necessária.
The context of reflexive modernization leads to question the role of traditional institutions, especially the Executive Power. It can be assumed that the model of risk society is reflected in changes in the law and economics of Brazil. The risks have become a constant and require replacements in the forms of social action, something Ulrich Beck calls subpolitics. The change is felt especially in sectors central to the economy, such as oil and gas, while the overall risks are felt in the environmental crisis. The change is felt especially in sectors central to the economy, such as oil and gas, while the overall risks are felt in the environmental crisis. Once institutions in Risk Society are taken to review its operations, the business receives the task of finding mechanisms to overcome the environmental crisis. The environmental responsibility of the companies will be required in return for the profits, especially for potentially polluting activities such as oil. . The precautionary principle, sustainable development and financial equation of the contract can be vectors for the adoption of environmental responsibility by the oil industry. But for it to be seen as a new public reason it must be shown that it can motivate the evolution of society as a whole. Rio+20 defined green economy as a new goal, especially in what concerns the potentially polluting activities. The main objective of this study is to investigate the regulation of oil and gas companies, especially about the possibility of adoption of environmental responsibility. It should be noted that it is intended to impose conservation and pro environment measures and actions, in addition to those already stipulated for legal or environmental licensing As secondary objectives are the analysis and a critique of social and environmental responsibility as public reason, the possibility of joint liability of financial institutions in compensation for environmental damage caused by the projects of oil and gas that they fund, and the study of environmental compensation under Law No. 9.985/2000 for the oil sector. The research aims to present possible solutions to the questions above, ensuring legal certainty for oil and gas companies, but at the same time seeks to increase the sustainability of the sector by proposing new rules that may be adopted in the bidding documents and concession contracts and sharing production. In times when the debate of the possibility of targeting the oil royalties is exclusively for education the study of legal measures to implement social and environmental responsibility in the oil sector becomes even more necessary
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Rubinstein, Flávio. "Receitas públicas de recursos naturais no direito financeiro brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-27082013-113220/.
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A presente tese de doutorado analisa, de forma crítica, como as receitas de recursos naturais devem ser arrecadadas, distribuídas aos entes federativos e aplicadas no Direito Financeiro Brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se do exame dos contornos econômicos e políticos da exploração de recursos naturais, apresentando breve histórico sobre a cobrança de royalties no estrangeiro, da evolução da legislação brasileira sobre as compensações financeiras, discutindo então a natureza jurídica destas receitas públicas no direito pátrio. Com base nessas premissas, apresentam-se considerações gerais sobre a concentração geográfica de recursos naturais e o dilema da repartição de receitas provenientes da exploração destes recursos nas federações, procedendo-se então ao estudo do modelo de repartição federativa de receitas de compensações financeiras adotado pelo Brasil. Reconhecendo-se a constante evolução deste modelo e apontando-se suas virtudes e seus defeitos, desenvolve-se uma avaliação de proposições normativas de mudanças dos critérios atualmente adotados, especialmente no que diz respeito à equalização fiscal enquanto elemento de promoção de desenvolvimento subnacional e redução das desigualdades inter-regionais e intrarregionais, bem como de coesão política nacional. Finalmente, são discutidos os aspectos teóricos e práticos da aplicação das receitas oriundas da exploração de recursos naturais, bem como analisada a prática brasileira. Com fundamento nesta análise, as vinculações legais das receitas de recursos naturais e a constituição de fundos públicos financiados por estas receitas são avaliadas no contexto brasileiro. As conclusões preliminares desses pontos informam, então, o estudo sobre o papel relevante do controle de contas, da fiscalização e da transparência fiscal na promoção da eficiência e da justiça do gasto público no contexto das receitas de recursos naturais.This doctoral thesis presents a critical analysis of the collection, intergovernmental distribution and expenditure of natural resource revenues under Brazilian Public Finance law. In order to provide a comprehensive discussion of such proposition, the thesis first examines the economic and political aspects of the natural resources industry, then presents a brief historical overview of natural resources royalties under both comparative and Brazilian law and continues with an analysis of the legal status of royalties in Brazil. Building on such premises, the thesis proceeds with general remarks on the geographical concentration of natural resources in federal countries and on decentralization arrangements for royalties, as well an on the Brazilian revenue sharing instruments. Acknowledging the continuous evolution of these instruments and evaluating their costs and benefits, a discussion on alternative revenue sharing arrangements is presented, especially regarding the promotion of equalizing goals and political cohesion among subnational units of governments in Brazil. Finally, the thesis discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of public expenditures of royalty revenues, presenting an analysis of the Brazilian praxis. Building on this analysis, an evaluation of revenue earmarking procedures and natural resources funds is presented. The preliminary conclusions therein enable a discussion of accountability, public auditing and fiscal transparency in the context of natural resources revenue expenditures.
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Kikonyogo, Joseph Mary. "Similar solutions for similar problems :harmonising energy trade and investment policies and strategies in the East African community." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8557_1297769148.
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Sustainable Energy (oil, gas and electricity) plays an important role in advancing productive capacity and increasing economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this, there must be effective trade and investment in energy. Currently, there is relatively low regional and international trade in energy in the East African Community (EAC). Local and foreign direct investment flowing into the EAC is still very low in spite of a number of measures, such as, investment protection guarantees, that have been taken to improve investment. Each of the five countries in the EAC has its own energy policy, as well as a trade and investment policy and strategy. For some the policies are clearly stated
for others they are presumed. However, these policies are not effective. Without effective policies on trade and investment protection and promotion, the EAC will have minimum benefits in terms of terms of trade, investment inflows and sustainable economic development. The EAC is a customs union with an ultimate aim of attaining a political federation. Before this happens, there is need to have effective but also harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies. Adoption of comprehensive harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies shall provide a guideline to the Governments, the trade and investment agencies and other relevant stakeholders to follow in order to attain the ideals, objectives and spirit of the Community. This research, therefore, aims at proposing effective and harmonised trade and investment policies and strategies that Member States should pursue in order to develop the EAC into a viable integrated energy trade and investment zone. The study involves a review of the current policies, strategies, laws, regulations and practices in trade and investment in energy and a discussion of how the situation can be improved. The research raises many suggestions on conservation of energy as well as use of alternative sources ...
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Castro, Emília Lana de Freitas. "O Direito Internacional dos Investimentos e a promoção do direito ao desenvolvimento: reflexos na indústria do petróleo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7417.
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Agência Nacional do PetróleoO presente trabalho congrega duas temáticas de grande relevância para o estudo do Direito Internacional. A primeira delas é o Direito Internacional dos Investimentos, fruto dos intensos fluxos de capital e indivíduos ao redor do mundo e expressão de tratativas negociais e contratuais firmadas entre Estados hospedeiros e investidores estrangeiros, sendo estes dois últimos atores globais na consecução e efetivação do Direito dos Investimentos. A segunda temática refere-se ao direito ao desenvolvimento que, nascido em um ambiente de profunda e intensa discussão travada pela comunidade internacional, figura como direito multifacetado que abarca aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Nesse contexto de sustentabilidade e representatividade dos Direitos Humanos, a presente pesquisa procura demonstrar como essas duas temáticas podem contribuir para uma indústria de caráter essencialmente internacional, qual seja, a indústria do petróleo e gás natural. Com o fito de minimizar os impactos negativos causados pelas atividades de exploração e produção de óleo e gás nos países produtores, são aplicados os ensinamentos do Direito Internacional dos Investimentos e do direito ao desenvolvimento, chegando-se a alguns mecanismos que promovam o desenvolvimento nos países atuantes nessa indústria. Esses mecanismos são estudados sob a ótica do Direito Comparado e propõem uma estratégia de atuação, tanto para Estados hospedeiros, quanto para investidores estrangeiros, que permita garantir a harmonia na comunidade internacional, tornando indústria tão peculiarmente delicada e instável em um instrumento para a valorização do homem e do meio-ambiente.
This paper brings together two topics of great relevance for the study of International Law. The first one is International Investment Law, which is the outcome of the intense flows of capital and individuals around the world and expresses the consequences of contracts and treaties in force between host states and foreign investors. The second topic refers to the right to development, which came to life in an environment of deep and intense debate waged by the international community. The right to development represents the multifaceted right which encompasses social, economic and environmental aspects. In this context of sustainability and representativeness of the Human Rights, this research aims at showing how these two issues can contribute to an essentially international industry, namely the oil and natural gas industry. Intending to reduce the negative impacts of exploration and production of oil and gas activities in oil countries, the principles of International Investment Law and of the right to development are applied in order to reach some mechanisms that promote the development in the countries that take part in this industry. Such mechanisms are studied from the perspective of Comparative Law and they propose a strategy of action for both host states and foreign investors. That strategy is intended to guarantee harmony in the international community, turning this so peculiar and unstable industry into an instrument for the enhancement of both mankind and the environment.
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Tahchi, Belgacem. "Géopolitique de la Sonatrach : entre internationalisation diffuse et souveraineté en déclin." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040098.
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L’Algérie est classée au neuvième rang mondial des pays producteurs de gaz naturel et représente 2,4 % de la production de gaz naturel. Elle occupait le quinzième rang mondial, et le troisième en Afrique avec 9,2 de milliards de barils de pétrole, en termes de réserves prouvées de pétrole, soit 0,9 % des réserves mondiales. A la bonne qualité du pétrole algérien,idéal par sa faible teneur en soufre ce qui le rend très facile à raffiner, s’ajoutent une géologie clémente et une situation avantageuse vis à vis des marchés européens. Cette proximité a été renforcée par les nouveaux gazoducs t-ransméditerranéens de Medgaz et du futur Galsi et par une flotte de méthaniers. Avec une économie dépendante des recettes des hydrocarbures, constituant 97% des exportations, l’Algérie s’est mise dans un piège énergétique. Dans ce domaine l’entreprise algérienne en charge du secteur, la Sonatrach, détient le contrôle de la filière des hydrocarbures sur tous les niveaux. L’arsenal juridique du secteur s’est doté de la loi N°2006-10 relative aux hydrocarbures qui, à première vue, répond aux prospectives du développement de la Sonatrach, dans le mesure où elle cherche à se libérer de l’État et àplanifier sa propre politique expansionniste dans un schéma de management moderne s’alignant en même temps aux offres concurrentielles des grandes firmes internationales leaders dans ce domaine. L’analyse de la politique de l’entreprise et du secteur en général, a pu contribuer à donner une réponse sur la problématique des choix stratégiques qui s’offrent à de l’entrepriseAlgeria is ranked as the ninth largest natural gas producing countries, representing 2.4% of the world natural gas roduction. It held the fifteenth place in the world and the third in Africa with 9.2 billion barrels of oil in terms of proven reserves, which represents 0.9% of world oil reserves. To the good quality of Algerian oil, ideal for its low sulfur content, which makes it very easy to refine, a clement geology and an advantageous nearness from the European markets are added. This proximity is enhanced by the new trans-mediterranean pipelines Medgaz, the future Galsi and by a fleet of LNG tankers. With an economy dependent on hydrocarbon revenues, constituting 97% of its exports, Algeria is set up in an energy trap. In this field the Algerian company responsible for the sector, Sonatrach, holds control of the hydrocarbons chain on all its levels. The law 2006-10, relating to hydrocarbons, at first sight responds to forward-looking development of the Sonatrach, knowing that the Company is looking also to break free from the state and to plan its own expansionist plan in a modern management model, aligning at the same time with the competitive offers proposed by the international firms leading in this field. The analysis of the policy of the company and the Algerian hydrocarbons sector in general, contribute to answer to problematic of the strategic choices available to the company
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Kosmidis, Vasileios. "Integrated oil and gas production." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407995.
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Xu, He Kensinger John W. "Crude oil and crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5106.
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Xu, He. "Crude Oil and Crude Oil Derivatives Transactions by Oil and Gas Producers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5106/.
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This study attempts to resolve two important issues. First, it investigates the diversification benefit of crude oil for equities. Second, it examines whether or not crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers can change shareholders' wealth. With these two major goals in mind, I study the risk and return profile of crude oil, the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions, and the systematic risk exposure effect of crude oil derivatives transactions. In contrast with previous studies, this study applies the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) methodology to measure the risk and return profile of crude oil. The results show that crude oil is negatively correlated with stocks so adding crude oil into a portfolio with equities can provide significant diversification benefits for the portfolio. Given the diversification benefit of crude oil mixed with equities, this study then examines the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers. Differing from traditional corporate risk management literature, this study examines corporate derivatives transactions from the shareholders' portfolio perspective. The results show that crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do impact value. If oil and gas producing companies stop shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, company stock prices increase significantly. In contrast, if oil and gas producing companies start shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, stock prices drop marginally significantly. Thus, hedging by producers is not necessarily good. This paper, however, finds that changes in policy regarding crude oil derivatives transactions cannot significantly affect the beta of shareholders' portfolios. The value effect, therefore, cannot be attributed to any systematic risk exposure change of shareholders' portfolios. Market completeness, transaction costs, and economies of scale are identified as possible sources of value effect. The following conclusions have been obtained in this study. Crude oil provides significant diversification benefits for equities. In the presence of market imperfections, crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers may change shareholders' wealth, even though crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do not have significant effect on the systematic risk exposures of companies.
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Santos, Pedro Miguel Matos dos. "Investment in new HUB for Oil & Gas Engineering Centres by Oil & Gas Services Companies." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7882.
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Mestrado em FinançasO renovado interesse na indústria petrolífera coloca-a no topo da lista de prioridades de investimento estrangeiro para alguns países. A competitividade empresarial é um factor bastante importante numa Sociedade global e, como tal, um factor que não pode ser descurado a este nível. O objectivo deste trabalho assenta no estudo de uma decisão de investimento referente à possível expansão da actividade de empresas prestadoras de serviços na indústria petrolífera. Além da definição do enunciado da situação, uma resolução é apresentada. Esta resolução assenta em três metodologias distintas: - Modelo Free Cash-Flow; - Análise Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities e Threats (SWOT); - Modelo Matriz Híbrida. O modelo de Free Cash-Flow permitiu considerar os custos de capital de cada empresa e chegar a uma conclusão sobre o país/local que apresenta as métricas financeiras mais apelativas. A análise SWOT oferece-nos uma visão mais generalista acerca dos países considerados sobre a perspectiva de investimento.. Com o intuito de analisar factores estratégicos induzidos por parâmetros externos (de forma a não considerar apenas métricas financeiras), foi criada uma Matriz Híbrida e foi realizada a respectiva análise. Neste seguimento, os resultados apresentados pelo Modelo de Matriz Híbrida deverão ser considerados aquando da decisão de expansão. Foi possível concluir que a melhor opção base é a criação de um escritório em Portugal. Apesar desta conclusão, a solução óptima é observada quando contabilizamos os custos de abrir um escritório em Portugal e quando, simultaneamente, consideramos os impostos que são pagos na Holanda (devido à sua política de impostos mais atractiva).
The renewed interest in the Oil & Gas sector places this Industry at the top of the list of priorities for some countries in order to attract foreign investment. Corporate competitiveness is, therefore, an extremely important vehicle for a globalized Society. The aim of the present work was to study the possible investment contemplated by an expansion decision taken by some Oil & Gas Services companies. Besides the definition of the problem, an adequate resolution is also presented. This resolution is sustained by three distinct methodologies: - Free Cash-Flow Model; - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis; - Hybrid Matrix Model. The Free Cash-Flow Model enabled us to consider costs of capital and come to a decision regarding the country that presented the best financial results. The SWOT analysis provided a more generalist view over the several analysed countries. With the purpose of analysing strategic factors induced by external parameters (besides the financial field), the Hybrid Matrix Model was created and a study was carried out. Subsequently, the results presented by the Hybrid Matrix Model shall be taken into account when choosing a location for an international expansion. It was possible to conclude that the best base scenario is observed when opening an Office in Portugal. However, the optimal solution would be opening an Office in Portugal and account the profits/losses in the Netherlands, mixing the country that presents the lowest costs with the country that has the best taxation policies.
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Pitkin, Julia. "Oil, Oil, Everywhere: Environmental and Human Impacts of Oil Extraction in the Niger Delta." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/88.
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Oil extraction in Nigeria has caused extensive environmental degradation and health problems in many Nigerian communities, particularly in the ecologically sensitive Niger Delta where nearly all of the oil extraction takes place. The reasons for this are complex and have roots in Nigeria’s colonial past. The Nigerian economy is largely reliant on its petroleum resources which, in conjunction with governmental corruption and high international demand for Nigerian oil, has created a system where environmental externalities are largely ignored. Multinational oil companies with little stake in the development and environment of Nigeria are responsible for most of the extraction projects and subsequent environmental damage. However, the Nigerian federal government has failed to effectively regulate these projects. Communities in the Niger Delta bear nearly all of the environmental burden of oil extraction, but see very little of the economic benefits.
The main environmental impacts of oil extraction are oil spills, land use change, and gas flaring. Oil spills are very common in the Niger Delta. Cleanup efforts are often inadequate, resulting in loss of delicate ecosystems as well as fisheries and farmland. Large tracts of rainforest and mangrove ecosystems have been cleared or degraded by the oil extraction process. Nigeria flares more gas per barrel of oil extracted than any other country in the world, contributing to global warming and creating serious health hazards for communities located near gas flares.
Diversification of the Nigerian economy would help to alleviate many of the factors that lead to environmental degradation, including the dependence of the government on oil revenues, high unemployment, and rampant oil theft. Curbing government corruption is also vital to effective regulation of oil extraction. International consumers can help Nigeria head towards a less petroleum-driven future through an increased awareness of the origins of their oil and pressure on the Nigerian federal government and the multinational oil companies to extract oil more conscientiously or even to discontinue oil extraction. But most importantly, the solution to Nigeria’s economic concerns must ultimately come from Nigerians as international influence has been a major contributor to the environmental degradation in the first place.
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Abuhesa, Musa Bashir. "Investigation into gas flaring reduction in the oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30794/.
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Gas flaring is the burning of unwanted produced natural gas, which cannot be processed or sold during oil and gas production and processing operations. In past decades, gas flaring was believed to be environmentally tolerable. However, scientists have found that the flaring of gas is an impediment to the environment; this has led to attempting to tackle the problem of gas flaring to advance it to an acceptable level worldwide. In this study, two options were investigated for the utilisation of natural gas that was previously flared. The first option was a theoretical investigation of the use of ceramic perovskite membranes in a tubular reactor for the partial oxidation of methane (flare gas) to syngas. The H2/C product ratio of partial oxidation of methane is 2:1, which is suitable for Fischer-Tropch technology or methanol synthesis. It was found that this option is ideal for converting natural gas into synthesis gas (CO + H2), and it reduces capital and running costs, as these membranes are able to separate oxygen from the air stream with no need for an oxygen separation plant. The novelty of this approach is that the production of syngas using oxygen selective membranes can be achieved at the “Wellhead” with no requirement for the gas to be transported and a consequent reduction in transport costs. The second option was an experimental investigation in using spraying and atomisation techniques for the generation of carbon nanotubes, by spraying simulated catalyst solution droplets into a hydrocarbon gas stream (methane as a carbon source) using a novel “atomiser device” incorporating pressure swirl atomisers. The second part of the investigation was divided into two phases: Phase-I, which was implemented at the Spray Research Group laboratory at the University of Salford, involved a series of experiments which were undertaken to produce fine aerosol droplets that have a number mean diameter of less than or equal to 5 μm, which was successfully achieved. In this phase, water and air were used to simulate the metal catalyst and methane, respectively, which were used in Phase-II. Phase-II trials were implemented at the University of Oxford on a collaborative basis. A furnace was installed underneath of the Phase-I “atomiser device” and the stream of droplet particles fell down through the furnace (400 - 800o C). Reaction inside the furnace occurred to produce the Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) material. The preliminary results of the experiments in this Phase showed that it is possible to produce SWCNT. This investigation also considered an economic analysis of reducing gas flaring. A Visual Basic (VB) programme was developed to make a cost comparison between the proposed options and current conventional plants. The consideration of the economic analysis demonstrated that the cost of natural gas flaring exceeds those for syngas and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes production.
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Serra, Kelsen Valente. "Well testing for solution gas drive reservoirs /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1988. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8811978.
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Valle, Arne. "Three phase gas-oil-water pipe flow." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248608.
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Hunt, Lisa Marie. "Gas dissolution phenomena in crude oil production." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361547.
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TEIXEIRA, ANA BEATRIZ ESTEVES. "PROBABILISTIC OIL AND GAS RESERVES ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18804@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOUm dos principais fatores para avaliação do valor de uma companhia de petróleo é a sua quantidade de reservas de óleo e gás declaradas. Porém, a estimação de reservas mostra-se um procedimento de grande complexidade, dada a incerteza associada aos volumes, à recuperação, ao desenvolvimento e à comercialidade dos recursos. A abordagem probabilística permite que estas incertezas sejam consideradas na avaliação de reservas de cada projeto. Os projetos, por sua vez, são agregados para a obtenção das reservas consolidadas da companhia. A agregação quando conduzida de forma probabilística gera o chamado efeito portfólio, que representa a redução do desvio-padrão da distribuição agregada de reservas. No contexto da avaliação de reservas, o efeito portfólio pode gerar um aparente aumento nas reservas provadas agregadas. Contudo, diferentes projetos podem compartilhar riscos e por isso a determinação das correlações entre eles é um fator chave para a estimação mais precisa das reservas. Este trabalho propõe apresentar uma metodologia para a avaliação probabilística de reservas baseada em correlações e em acordo com as orientações do SPE-PRMS (2007) e as regras da Securities Exchange Commission (SEC- 2009). A metodologia se dividiu em duas etapas principais: avaliação econômica considerando incertezas nos componentes do fluxo de caixa e agregação probabilística utilizando parcialmente o método AHP para a determinação das correlações entre projetos. Foi criado um sistema para implementação da metodologia e realização de um estudo de caso com dados reais. Os resultados numéricos comprovaram a necessidade da identificação das correlações entre projetos e os impactos do efeito portfólio na agregação probabilística.
The estimation of petroleum reserves entails complex assumptions and calculations, once there is uncertainty associated with volumes, recovery, evelopment and marketability of resources. These uncertainties can be taken into account when a probabilistic approach is employed for the reserves evaluation of each project. Projects are than aggregated to obtain company´s consolidated reserves. The aggregation when conducted probabilistically generates what is known as portfolio effect, which represents the reduction in the standard deviation of the distribution of aggregate reserves. In the context of reserves evaluation, the portfolio effect can increase consolidated proved reserves. However, different exploitation projects may share similar or the same risks, hence the correlation among them is a key factor for estimating more accurately the aggregated reserves. This study proposes a correlation-based methodology for estimating oil reserves probabilistically and is in accordance with the guidelines of the SPE-PRMS (2007) and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC-2009). The methodology was presented in two major steps: economic assessment considering uncertainty in cash-flow components and probabilistic aggregation using the AHP method partially to determine the correlations among projects. To implement the methodology and run a real data case study a system was created. The numerical results proved the necessity of identifying the correlations among projects and the impacts of the portfolio effect in probabilistic aggregation.
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Alonge, Funmilayo Ronke. "Financing oil and gas projects in Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9158.
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Includes bibliographical references.Oil and gas is a major source of energy worldwide. Therefore its significance for Nigeria as a major producer cannot be understated. Notwithstanding the huge revenue derived from oil and gas, its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is minimal. This can be ascribed to the fact that there has been minimal indigenous participation in oil and gas projects as this has often been undertaken by the International Oil Companies (IOCs). To address this, the Federal Government awarded marginal fields and oil blocks to independent indigenous oil companies and enacted the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act in 2010. This has been of great benefit to indigenous participation. However, these indigenous companies often encounter a major problem in accessing finance for their projects. This dissertation examines the challenges to financing faced by the independent indigenous oil companies and how project financing will be the best means of financing a project by these companies.
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Camacho-Velázquez, Rodolfo Gabriel. "Well performance under solution gas drive /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1987. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8720613.
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Lye, Dave. "Sustainable solution-gas management in the Alberta upstream oil and gas industry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59507.pdf.
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Liao, Tianlu. "Mechanistic modeling of intermittent gas lift /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1991. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9210710.
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