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1
Wawryk, Alexandra Sophia. "The protection of indigenous peoples' lands from oil exploitation in emerging economies." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw346.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 651-699. "Through case studies of three emerging economies - Ecuador, Nigeria and Russia - this thesis analyses the factors present to a greater or lesser degree in emerging economies, such as severe foreign indebtedness and the absence of the rule of law, that undermine the effectiveness of the legal system in protecting indigenous peoples from oil exploitation. Having identified these factors, I propose that a dual approach to the protection of indigenous peoples' traditional lands and their environment be adopted, whereby international laws that set out the rights of indigenous peoples and place duties on states in this regard, are reinforced and translated into practice through the self-regulation of the international oil industry through a voluntary code of conduct for oil companies seeking to operate on indigenous peoples' traditional lands."
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Alonge, Funmilayo Ronke. "Financing oil and gas projects in Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9158.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Oil and gas is a major source of energy worldwide. Therefore its significance for Nigeria as a major producer cannot be understated. Notwithstanding the huge revenue derived from oil and gas, its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is minimal. This can be ascribed to the fact that there has been minimal indigenous participation in oil and gas projects as this has often been undertaken by the International Oil Companies (IOCs). To address this, the Federal Government awarded marginal fields and oil blocks to independent indigenous oil companies and enacted the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act in 2010. This has been of great benefit to indigenous participation. However, these indigenous companies often encounter a major problem in accessing finance for their projects. This dissertation examines the challenges to financing faced by the independent indigenous oil companies and how project financing will be the best means of financing a project by these companies.
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Laniyi, Sammy. "Challenges on the domestication of oil and gas insurance in Nigeria." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2018. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/25868/.
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This dissertation examines the challenges of domesticating oil and gas insurance in Nigeria. The methodology adopted is both quantitative and qualitative, using questionnaire and interview to generate required data for the research. The research identified some challenges preventing domestic insurers from insuring oil and gas risks to include inadequate capital, lack of expertise and technology, inconsistencies in government policies, poor regulation and lack of innovation. Other findings revealed that the industry is male-dominated, ages of the experienced personnel in oil and gas departments are between 40 and50 and all are well educated and also with knowledge in Local Content Act. The research contributes to knowledge by using primary data from practitioners in oil and gas, which is a departure from earlier studies. It also seeks the review of the Act to make it insurance-friendly, provides new methods of practice, and brings to the attention of the umbrella association, Nigeria Insurers Association (NIA), the need to foster cooperation among practitioners to merge or form pools to reduce capital challenges and avoid leakages in premium through connivance of practitioners with foreign firms. With this, more premiums will be retained to increase the needed capacity to domesticate more oil and gas insurance in Nigeria.
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Pitkin, Julia. "Oil, Oil, Everywhere: Environmental and Human Impacts of Oil Extraction in the Niger Delta." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/88.
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Oil extraction in Nigeria has caused extensive environmental degradation and health problems in many Nigerian communities, particularly in the ecologically sensitive Niger Delta where nearly all of the oil extraction takes place. The reasons for this are complex and have roots in Nigeria’s colonial past. The Nigerian economy is largely reliant on its petroleum resources which, in conjunction with governmental corruption and high international demand for Nigerian oil, has created a system where environmental externalities are largely ignored. Multinational oil companies with little stake in the development and environment of Nigeria are responsible for most of the extraction projects and subsequent environmental damage. However, the Nigerian federal government has failed to effectively regulate these projects. Communities in the Niger Delta bear nearly all of the environmental burden of oil extraction, but see very little of the economic benefits.
The main environmental impacts of oil extraction are oil spills, land use change, and gas flaring. Oil spills are very common in the Niger Delta. Cleanup efforts are often inadequate, resulting in loss of delicate ecosystems as well as fisheries and farmland. Large tracts of rainforest and mangrove ecosystems have been cleared or degraded by the oil extraction process. Nigeria flares more gas per barrel of oil extracted than any other country in the world, contributing to global warming and creating serious health hazards for communities located near gas flares.
Diversification of the Nigerian economy would help to alleviate many of the factors that lead to environmental degradation, including the dependence of the government on oil revenues, high unemployment, and rampant oil theft. Curbing government corruption is also vital to effective regulation of oil extraction. International consumers can help Nigeria head towards a less petroleum-driven future through an increased awareness of the origins of their oil and pressure on the Nigerian federal government and the multinational oil companies to extract oil more conscientiously or even to discontinue oil extraction. But most importantly, the solution to Nigeria’s economic concerns must ultimately come from Nigerians as international influence has been a major contributor to the environmental degradation in the first place.
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Anifowose, Babatunde A. "Assessing water and environmental impacts of oil and gas projects in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2841/.
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Oil and gas development projects are major sources of social and environmental problems particularly in oil-rich developing countries like Nigeria. Yet, data paucity hinders our understanding and ability to quantify the direction and magnitude of events. This thesis contributes to the field by adopting an interdisciplinary approach to improve our understanding of the links between oil-related socio-environmental problems and pipeline operation in the Nigerian oil and gas industry.
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Inomiesa, Oghenemarho. "Sustainable exploration of oil and gas in the United Kingdom and Nigeria." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4322/.
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research analyses the impact of oil and gas exploration in the UK and Nigeria on the environment and settlements from the sustainability perspective, using a case study of an oil producing community (Uzere) in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This region is affected by oil and gas exploration activities, in terms of socio-economic, environmental and economic impacts. This state of affairs raises issues of environmental justice among the stakeholders. The research had two case study areas and included a total of 13 focus group, 86 questionnaires and 7 interviews. Analysis of this data showed that the oil and gas exploration activities in Nigeria are different from that in the UK. The empirical evidence equally suggests that the lack of technological advancement, management, legislation and corruption are strongly related to incidence of environmental impact during oil and gas exploration. The research further discusses the need to strive towards a balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth. Highlighting the fact and fiction of sustainable development and sustainability in the Niger delta and Nigerian, how Sustainable environment and growth can only be achieved through the integration of policies that connect the environment, the economy and the society. The novelty or contribution to knowledge of the research, developed a framework based on qualitative and quantitative findings. The resulting framework highlighted or proposed ways the Nigerian government can achieve its sustainable energy obligations based on the findings and the review of relevant literature, as well findings from methodology adopted. The proposed framework can be applied both theoretical and practical, this will not only protect the environment and people from the impacts of oil and gas exploration, but will also protect Nigeria crude oil resource saving lives and livelihoods over the coming years. Furthermore the research analyses a number of strategic initiatives, which can be adopted in Nigeria, taking lesson from the UK to achieve the balance between environmental sustainability and growth through the integration of policies, management, technology that connect the environment, society and economy.
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Ofuani, Anwuli Irene. "Towards effective regulation of offshore oil and gas waste management in Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4492.
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The development of the offshore oil and gas industry has been going on for many decades with little thought of the consequences of its activities on the environment. However, in recent years, there has been a clamour by the international community to protect the marine environment from further degradation. Many global, regional and national laws have been made to that effect and some of these laws deal with the offshore oil and gas industry. One area that seems to be deficient in these laws is the management of wastes generated from operational activities of the offshore oil and gas industry especially during exploration and production. This is clearly illustrated by the inadequate regulation of offshore exploration and production (E&P) waste management in Nigeria
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Iyalomhe, David Osigbemhe. "Environmental regulation of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria, lessons from Alberta's experience." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ29006.pdf.
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Ovbagbedia, O. O. "Framework for knowledge management implementation in oil and gas projects : case Nigeria and UK." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4431/.
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This thesis examined the efficacy of knowledge management based systems and best practices that could be used to address operational issues in Nigeria. The research focussed on the experiences of senior managers in Nigeria and the UK. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to capture all the relevant experiences of senior managers. The findings revealed a number of knowledge management variables that either facilitated or limited the effectiveness of knowledge management based systems. These were synthesised into a framework capturing seven-well defined stages. All these steps emerged as being related; they are comprised of independent variables. These steps were found to comprise of knowledge management technology approaches, knowledge management people approaches, knowledge management strategies and value enhancing practices. The framework delineates the key variables that influence knowledge management based systems and highlights how value enhancing practices can be managed and implemented. The framework was developed from the key variables identified from the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Framework validation was by follow-up deliberations, which were conducted with managers in selected organisations in Nigeria and the UK. Reflecting on their experiences, the participants confirmed that the proposed knowledge management framework and its seven well-defined stages were central to the effectiveness of knowledge management in oil and gas projects. This thesis concludes by reiterating that the strategies proposed in this research cannot be expected to resolve all knowledge management operational issues in Nigeria. However, their use defines an approach that is superior to the traditional approaches typically adopted and consequently merits far wider application.
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Anosike, Charles Afam. "Sustainability Efforts of One Oil Company in Niger Delta of Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3617725.
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<p>Environmental degradation and socioeconomic dilemma continue to stigmatize oil production in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Sustainability programs of oil companies often determine the improvement of living conditions in the region. This explanatory qualitative case study, guided by systems thinking theory and sustainable value framework, explored practitioners' perceptions of sustainability programs to identify its impact on business and the host communities. The research question was designed to address how sustainability efforts of a single oil company in the Niger Delta contributed to the business performance and the livelihood of the local people. Research data were gathered from a sample of 20 experienced sustainability practitioners of the oil company, partnering nonprofit organizations, and community leaders through face-to-face semistructured interviews. Data were segmented and categorized. The data analysis process revealed several themes regarding the challenges and shortfalls of sustainability programs in the region. The oil company's understanding of sustainability as programs and projects focused on preserving resources for future generations was not evident in practice. Findings from the study suggested the need for improved inclusiveness of people in driving sustainability projects. Inclusive sustainability should enhance the oil company's contemplation mechanism to ensure eco-saving thinking and processes, which could result in improved quality of life and business performance in the region. The research findings underscore the need for oil multinational corporations (MNCs) to use a business lens in viewing sustainability to achieve sustainable value. </p>
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Ogwu, Friday Adejoh. "Environmental justice, planning and oil and gas pipelines in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1406.
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This thesis analyses the impact of oil and gas pipelines on the environment and settlements from the perspective of environmental justice, using a case study of the oilproducing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Within Nigeria, this region is most affected by oil and gas pipeline activities, in terms of both socio-economic and environmental impacts. This state of affairs raises issues of environmental justice among the stakeholders. The research for this thesis took place in three case study areas, and included a total of 6 group discussions, 30 in-depth interviews and 2 workshops. Analysis of this data showed that the oil and gas pipeline network has not improved the environmental and economic conditions of the people in the communities it traverses. The empirical evidence equally suggests that the lack of community involvement and appropriate recognition given to some groups of stakeholders in the management of the oil and gas pipeline project is strongly related to the incidence of pipeline network sabotage. The research advocates a new approach, based on the core principles of environmental justice that promotes inclusion of the necessary stakeholders, including the physical planners, and would incorporate local knowledge and experience into the environmental management of the region. Such a framework will not only protect the environment and people from the impacts of the pipelines, but will also protect the pipelines from vandalism and save Nigeria many billions of dollars, lives and livelihoods over the coming years.
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Danesi, Rosemary Adishetu. "Nonstandard work arrangements and international labour standards in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605154.
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In the past few decades, there have been significant changes caused by globalisation and information technology as regards the nature of work in both developed and developing market economies. The adoption of non-standard work arrangements (NSWAs) has been one such change. This thesis explores the nature and growth of NSWAs in Nigeria and their precarious nature. The problems associated with NSWAs have become topical issues in Nigeria because they are fast replacing the standard traditional employment system. The main question therefore to be answered in this thesis is whether or not Nigerian labour law provides a legal framework for the protection of workers in NSWAs. The author explores the incidence of NSWAs in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria by adopting the interview method to elicit first-hand information from employers and workers as represented by their unions. This thesis also examines, from the perspective of international labour standards, the adequacy of labour laws regulating non-standard work arrangements in Nigeria for ensuring the protection of the rights of non-standard workers in the work place, particularly in the areas of equality, wrongful dismissal, and freedom of association. A comparative study of the legal status of non-standard work arrangements is undertaken not only to provide an exact picture of the actual legal solutions which have been adopted in other jurisdictions to regulate the phenomenon, but also to identify the common trends such as the divergences which characterise these legal structures. The examination of the legal solutions adopted by these different jurisdictions brought to the fore the inadequacy and, in some instances, total lack of statutory protection for workers in non-standard work arrangements in Nigeria. This study, therefore, aims at preparing the ground for possible policy decisions and legislations for regulation of non-standard work arrangements and protection of non-standard workers in Nigeria.
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Tuodolo, Okubokeme Felix. "Corporate social responsibility local communities and TNCs in the oil and gas sector of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443927.
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Ahmad, Sunsi Sa'ad. "Effect of government control on the performance of upstream oil and gas companies in Nigeria." Thesis, Abertay University, 2014. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ab1004d1-640e-4414-9f77-b7285cb43186.
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International Oil Companies (IOCs) and Oil-rich nations (States) pool their resources together in order to explore for and exploit oil in the most effective and efficient manner. The IOCs are entrusted with the exploration and exploitation activities due to their technological expertise and financial capability. However, the uncertainties surrounding the exploration for oil constitute the major sources of risks in upstream operations. Similarly, moral hazard and adverse-selection problems emerge during the exploitation of oil reserves. Hence, States adopt a number of control mechanisms in order to maximise their take from the oil reserves. Thus, establishing Joint Venture Companies (JVCs) is considered to be one of such control mechanisms. The Nigeria Government has ownership (about 57%) in the JVCs operating in the upstream sector. The JVCs operate alongside other upstream oil and gas companies (non-JVCs) that do not have Government ownership. This study adopts an agency theory in order to critically analyse the principal-agent relationship expounded above. Therefore, using a multivariate regression analysis based on a panel dataset of monthly observations (1999 - 2007) this study examine the cost efficiency and gross margin of both the JVCs and non-JVCs with the aim of determining whether or not Government ownership in the JVCs has any significant and systematic effect on their performance. Findings of the study indicate that JVCs are more efficient and more profitable than the non-JVCs, as non-JVCs spend twice as much as the JVCs to produce a barrel of crude oil. Hence, it can be concluded that Government ownership really matters in improving the cost efficiency and gross margin of the upstream oil and gas companies operating in Nigeria. Similarly, due to perennial funding problem bedeviling the operations of JVCs in Nigeria, an alternative funding (AF) arrangement was introduced in 2003; so that the companies will provide funds as loan to cover for the Government share of funding shortfalls. Effect of the AF arrangement on performance of the companies on one hand and the Government Take on the other hand was determined by using Wilcoxon Sign Tests on both the pre-alternative and post-alternative funding performance measures such as capital expenditures, companies’ gross margin, companies’ drilling activities and Government Take. Findings of the study indicate that the alternative funding arrangement improved capital expenditures made by the upstream oil and gas companies as well as their gross margin. However, the findings indicate that such arrangement did not improve drilling activities. Therefore, the implication of these findings is that policy makers need to review such arrangements in such a way that not only the upstream oil and gas companies benefit from such arrangement but also the Government.
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Ojijiagwo, Emeka Nnanna. "Development of a sustainable framework to manage flare gas in an oil and gas environment : a case study of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/620607.
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Associated natural gas is produced as a by-product from crude oil exploration and production. When perceived as a non-desirable product, it is wasted during gas flaring. Globally, about 100 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) of gas is flared annually, leading to release of about 300 million tons of carbon dioxide yearly into the environment. Russia and Nigeria flare more than other countries to the tune of 35.5 and 18.27 BCM, respectively. The consequence of gas flaring has continued to pose significant threats to the environment as well as the economy of oil and gas producing countries. Therefore, this research is aimed at developing a sustainable framework that could enable management of flared gas in an oil and gas environment by generating energy and also minimise environmental impact that arises from gas flaring process. Three major research gaps were identified and they include lack of existing gas flare management framework in Nigeria, lack of economic evaluation of gas to wire (GTW) technology for flared gas reduction and, lack of cordial relationship and understanding between oil and gas producing/flaring companies and electricity producing sectors towards gas flare management. A qualitative research strategy was employed – utilising the single case study approach with embedded units of analysis. Three case study companies were used - one oil and gas producing company, and two electricity-generating companies. Data collection involved semi structured interviews, documentation, observation, and review of relevant literature. Data was analysed using QSR Nvivo version 10. A framework for flared gas reduction was developed based on literature review and also from information made available by experts operating in the oil and gas and electricity sectors. The framework shows inputs from various stakeholders, as well as an evaluation of volume of gas produced, utilized and flared. An economic assessment of GTW technology was carried out to determine the cost effectiveness of the framework. Findings from the study showed that GTW is a viable means of management, and could reduce the total volume of flared gas in Nigeria to 7.1%. This reduces environmental, health and safety hazards. It is also economically profitable. A total capital investment of £1.64b is required in the Nigerian context, with a net profit of £1.26b/year, and has a rate of return of investment of 16.3%. This study has demonstrated that GTW is a sustainable technology for reducing flared gas in Nigeria and other countries facing similar challenges as Nigeria; and capable of minimising adverse environmental and health impact associated with gas flaring. Therefore, the developed framework is also recommended for effective management of flared gas in such countries.
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Saleh-Bala, Maimuna Lami. "Conceptualising sustainable future landscapes : a case study with communities of the oil and gas exploration region Nigeria." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3881.
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The Federal government of Nigeria has undertaken social intervention programmes in the oil and gas exploration Region since 1960 producing an average of one programme each decade to address the underdevelopment of the Region. This underdevelopment appears to be as a result of the devastating effects of the oil spills and gas flaring in the Region. This has affected community wellbeing and connection with the landscape as over 94% are small communities in rural landscapes. The result is loss of livelihood, social disintegration and disruption of economic activities locally and nationally. The most recent government intervention programme is the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan (NDRDMP) of 2006 with the goal of sustainable development of the Region. This thesis therefore aligns with the argument that spatial planning is the critical sector to examine, as the problem of the Niger Delta Region is presently predominantly that of landscape degradation. Landscape planning is essential in planning for sustainability; to improve the quality of the environment at the community level it aspires for quality environments. But what vision should guide landscape planning and the future landscape change of the Region? A review of the relevant literature indicates that emerging theories view the landscape as a holistic representation of the interaction between human and natural processes and a need for transdisciplinary planning. The thesis supports this view and argues for creating a future landscape vision with the communities who live and work the landscape of the Region. Hence an empirical study of types of communities that define the Region was conducted. Using an interpretivist theoretical perspective and guided by questions posed by the Carl Steinitz Framework Model of 1990 (revised 1995; 2012) a case study approach and a variety of data collection tools appropriate to demographic groupings were employed. The findings provided insights from an analysis of the narratives of different demographic groups on the community landscape representations. Four landscape types were identified as well as various political and economic impacts on the landscape. Oil and gas exploration activities were seen not always to be the direct driver of the cultural landscape changes. The thesis demonstrated that engaging the community can help to identify the different drivers of landscape change relating to each landscape type examined. It also outlined possible change drivers for future landscapes. An implication for landscape planning is the importance in considering how future landscapes can be effectively conceptualised in a situation where the community landscapes are predominantly small and in rural settings.
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Somers-Cox, Tamara Joy. "Political risk in the oil and gas industry in emerging markets : a comparative study of Nigeria and Mexico." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86335.
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Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The interplay between political risk and emerging markets is current and dynamic. As global interest shifts, investors cannot ignore emerging market behaviour and their influence. However, with great potential and opportunities, too comes great political risk. This research study begins with the point raised by the Eurasia Group that emerging market risk differs to that of developed market risk, and that risk in some instances can be ‗unbounded‘. Subsequently, the Eurasia Group deems emerging markets a top risk for 2013. Focussing on the oil and gas industry in emerging markets, Nigeria and Mexico offer valuable case studies. This research study offers a comparative study of these two countries in order to determine a generic list of political risk factors that are facing the oil and gas industries in emerging markets. In an increasingly volatile world, with a growing global demand for energy sources, and greater uncertainty surrounding investments and potential returns, political risk analysis is an invaluable decision-making tool for Transnational Oil Corporations (TNOCs) in order for their assets and interests to be protected.
The central research question concerns the main political risk factors facing investors who want to participate in the oil and gas industry in emerging markets. The aim of the research study is to answer the central research question through the help of supplementary questions. The first of these ask what the main political risk factors for TNOCs operating in the Niger Delta are. The second question asks what the main political risk factors for TNOCs operating in the Gulf of Mexico are. So as to complete the political risk picture, the last question asks how political risk in the oil and gas industry can be mitigated. This research study will contribute to existing research, and will assist investors with risk identification, analysis and mitigation. By utilising the generic list of essential political risk factors, TNOCs are made aware of the most salient political risks in the oil and gas industry in emerging markets, and therefore are better placed to make rational and informed decisions when it comes to foreign investment.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wisselwerking tussen politieke risiko en opkomende markte is intyd en dinamies. Soos globale belange verskuif, kan beleggers nie die opkomende markte se gedrag en invloed ignoreer nie, alhoewel met groot potensiaal en geleenthede kom daar ook groot politieke risiko. Die navorsingstudie het begin met die Eurasia Groep wat uitgelig het dat opkomende markrisiko verskil van die van ‘n ontwikkelde mark en dat die risiko in sekere gevalle ―ongebonde‖ kan wees. Gevolglik is opkomende markte as ‘n top risiko vir 2013 geklassifiseer. Met ‘n fokus op die olie- en gasindustrie in opkomende markte, bied Nigerië en Mexiko waardevolle gevallestudies. Die navorsingstuk bied ‘n vergelykende studie van dié twee lande met die doel om ‘n generiese lys van politieke risikofaktore wat die olie- en gasindustrie in opkomende markte in die gesig staar, vas te stel. In ‘n toenemende onstabiele wêreld met ‘n toenemende globale aanvraag vir energiebronne en groter onsekerheid rakende beleggings en potensiële opbrengs, is politieke risiko-analise ‘n waardevolle besluitnemings-meganisme vir Trans-Nasionale Oliekorporasies (TNOKs) om hul bates en belange te beskerm.
Die sentrale navorsingsvraag fokus op die hoof politieke risikofaktore vir beleggers wat in die olie- en gasindustrie van opkomende markte wil belê. Die doel van die navorsingstudie is om die sentrale navorsingsvraag te beantwoord met behulp van aanvullende vrae. Die eerste vraag raak die hoof politieke risikofaktore vir TNOKs aan wat in die Niger-Delta opereer. Die tweede vraag handel oor die hoof politieke risikofaktore vir TNOKs wat in die Golf van Mexiko opereer. Die laaste vraag voltooi die politiese risiko profiel deur te vra hoe die politieke risiko in die olie- en gasindustrie verminder kan word. Die navorsingstudie sal bestaande navorsing aanvul en beleggers help om risiko‘s te identifiseer, analiseer en verminder. Deur ‘n generiese lys van politieke risikofaktore te gebruik, word TNOKs bewus gemaak van die mees prominente politieke risiko‘s in die olie- en gasindustrie van opkomende markte, wat hulle in staat stel om rasionele en ingeligte besluite te neem wanneer dit by internasionale beleggings kom.
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Akoh, Emmanuel Inalegwu. "Barriers to public participation in developmental projects : a Nigerian community perspective (case study of the Gbaran-Ubie oil and gas project)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001869.
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This research paper is broken up into three sections, namely an evaluation report, a literature review and research methodology. The evaluation report section is the assessment of the current state of change readiness within the Eskom Contact Centre’s based upon what the literature on change readiness prescribes. The timing of the change readiness assessment is just prior to significant organisational change. The organisational change that was about to be initiated by the organisation was initiated from the boardroom of the most senior echelons of the organisation, and was directed in a top down approach, being a strategic organisational change. The change is deemed to be critical to the organisation being able to meet its long term strategic and sustainability objectives. A critical examination of the literature explored the meaning of change readiness, the importance of it and explained the consequences for organisations that commit to transformational agendas without being ready. Key concepts such as such resistance to change and organisational inertia are described and differentiated from change readiness. The ADKAR change model and its change readiness assessment instrument were used due to the organisations preference for the model. The ADKAR model formed the framework for the analyses of the data, the discussion of the results and the recommendations to the organisation. The research conducted was quantitative in nature; a questionnaire was distributed to the employees of the seven Eskom Contact centre sites around the country through an email. A slightly modified version of the ADKAR change readiness questionnaire was sent via email with an on-line questionnaire link on it; and questions on individual readiness for change were used to assess the level of readiness of the employees. Most of the descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed with the use of Excel (version, 2010), with Factor Analysis being done in Statistica. The results of the research showed that: [iii] - The factors as proposed by the ADKAR change readiness assessment questionnaire (i.e. Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement) are not different enough to be considered as independent factors for this data set. Based on factor analysis, the factors were subsequently amended from five to three, namely Readiness, Opportunity Realisation and Uncertainty. - The Contact Centre employees were somewhat ready for change. - The Contact Centres needed to focus on all amended ADKAR factors in order to improve the readiness of the department. - The readiness levels in response to the roll out were more or less uniform. The study shows that given Eskom’s preference for the ADKAR model, future research within Eskom should therefore be conducted more circumspectly with respect to ascertaining the validity of the ADKAR factors. The study also makes mention that future work and/or research will need to be conducted, specifically on the readiness of the organisation itself, in order to improve the probability of transformational success. The ADKAR assessment is a people focused assessment and therefore focuses only on the readiness of the individual. Factors such as the adequacy of the current state of resources within the organisation, which incorporate aspects such as infrastructure, technology and staffing, will also need to be assessed to make a more holistic statement of change readiness. A concise review of the literature is incorporated into the Evaluation Report of Section 1 to underpin the study. In Section 2 a more extensive review of the literature is presented. Similarly, the design of the research is discussed in more detail in Section 3 to both describe and justify the appropriateness of the research methodology, and to give a detailed account of the way in which the research was carried out.
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Jessen, Lone. "Corruption as a political risk factor for investors in the oil and gas industry, with specific emphasis on Nigeria : identification, analysis and measurement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20296.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central research question of this study concerns how corruption as a political risk
factor should be measured in order to provide an accurate assessment of the risk factor
within the oil and gas industry. The aim is to answer this question with the aid and support
of two sub-questions that have been identified as crucial in pursuing this research. The
first sub-question conceptualizes corruption as a political risk factor specifically within the
oil and gas industry. The second sub-question addresses the oil and gas industry-specific
indicators of corruption as a political risk factor. The research embarks upon seven
industry-specific indicators, by isolating the relevant national political structural and
institutional framework, which has proved essential in identifying the level of corruption as
a risk to the oil and gas investor. The indicators are regarded as the most salient variables
that can measure the level of corruption as a political risk in a realistic and practical
approach. The indicators are subsequently systemised into a matrix that is constructed
with the aim of using it as a general measurement tool for oil and gas investors. The study
argues that this measurement tool can be of use to the oil and gas investor as it
contributes to businesses recognition and anticipation of corruption. The matrix is
furthermore applied to the oil and gas industry in Nigeria, in an attempt to test the matrix,
and in order to establish how and to what level corruption constitutes as a political risk
factor for the oil and gas industry in this country. The result of the indicators demonstrates
that the political risk of encountering corruption for the oil and gas investor in Nigeria is of a
high level. This study provides a valid basis of constituting how corruption manifests as a
risk for the oil and gas investor. Furthermore, the applicability of the matrix provides a
practical utility and constructive assessment. This thesis provides a firm foundation for
future research in this field.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sentrale navorsingsvraag van hierdie studie handel oor hoe korrupsie as 'n politieke
risiko faktor gemeet moet word om 'n akkurate bepaling van die risiko faktor binne die
oilie- en gas industrie te maak. Die doel is om hierdie vraag te beantwoord met die hulp
van twee sub-navorsingsvrae wat geïdentifiseer is essensieël on hierdie navorsing te
voltooi. Die eerste sub-navorsingvraag konseptualiseer korrupsie as 'n politieke risiko
faktor, spesifiek binne die olie en gas industrie. Die tweede sub-navorsingsvraag handel
oor die industrie-spesifieke indikatore van korrupsie as 'n politieke risiko faktor. Die
navorsing is gevestig op sewe industrie-spesifieke indikatore, wat geïsoleer word vanaf
relevante nasionale politieke strukture en institusionele raamwerke, wat essensieël is in
die identifikasie van die vlak van korrupsie as 'n risiko vir die olie en gas belegger. Die
indikatore word beskou as die mees prominente veranderlikes wat die vlak van korrupsie
as n politieke risiko kan meet, as 'n realistiese en praktiese benadering. Die indikatore
word gevolglik geplaas binne 'n raamwerk wat gebou is met die doel om dit te bebruik as
'n algemene maatstaf vir die belegger in die olie-en gas industrie. Hierdie studie
argumenteer dat die maatstaf gebruik kan word in die olie-en gas industrie, siende dat dit
bydrae tot besighede se erkenning en antisipasie van korrupsie. Die maatstaf word verder
toegepas op die geval van die olie-en gas industrie in Nigerië, met die doel om dit te toets
en ook om vas te stel tot watter vlak korrupsie as 'n politieke risiko faktor vir die olie-en gas
industrie teenwoordig is in hierdie land. Die resultaat van die indikatore dui daarop dat
daar 'n hoë vlak van politieke risiko vir die olie-en gas industrie in Nigerië bestaan. Die
studie verskaf 'n geldige basis om vas te stel hoe korrupsie in die olie-en gas industrie
manifesteer. Verder, die toepaslikheid van die maatstaf verskaf praktiese bruikbaarheid en
konstruktiewe meeting. Die tesis verskaf 'n stewige basis vir toekomstige navrsing in die
veld.
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Ogele, Felix Olufemi. "Governance of oil and gas sector in Nigeria : implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Niger Delta region." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3541.
Full textAbstract:
Given the persistence of environmental problems that characterise the oil producing communities (OPC) of Nigeria, often referred to as the Niger Delta region (NDR), this thesis examines the implication of the governance of oil and gas sector on the biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) in the region. The NDR is a coastal area that is most endowed in terms of BES and hosts exploration and production of oil and gas activities. However, the continued exploration and production of oil and gas is having deleterious impacts on BES which transcends government and oil and gas companies’ efforts to address them. This state of affair has been an issue of great concern nationally, calls therefore for the examination of the governance of the oil and gas sector with regards to conservation of BES. Informed by a review of academic literature, this thesis advances an interactive governance framework that promotes recognition and involvement of the various relevant actors/stakeholders, including local citizens in the governance of the sector. The study was conducted in two OPC in Nigeria and primary data was collected through a total of four focus group discussions, one workshop and 21 in-depth interviews, including at least one representative each from 11 government agencies, one representative each from three environmental NGOs, one representative each from both a Community-based Organisation and Hybrid organisation. Analysis of the data revealed that the governance of oil and gas sector has contributed to BES loss and degradation, which has ultimately exacerbated the conditions of living of the coastal communities. The empirical evidence equally suggests that BES degradation persists, because of bad leadership, corruption and the locals in the OPC whose values, norms and principles are supposed to be considered in policies and decision-making are not fully involved in the governance process. Additionally, the governing actors also lack the requisite capacity to perform. The study developed a schematic framework and concluded that interactive governance framework is a good antidote to illuminate the governance challenges as well as the various environmental problems including the degradation of BES that characterised the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
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Cerff, Bradley Robert. "The relationship between FDI and competitiveness : a comparative study of two African countries, with special reference to the oil and gas industries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53671.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>The relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and competitiveness in South Africa
and Nigeria was investigated. Existing data available in literature was used to analyse trends
with regards to FDI and competitiveness in South Africa and Nigeria over the last 10 years.
According to the UNCTAD report (2002) in 1997, FDI in Africa was concentrated on five
countries namely, Angola, Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa.
Nigeria in the last ten years has consistently outperformed South Africa with regards to the
amount of FDI received; yet South Africa outperforms Nigeria on all the competitiveness
indices. This has been primarily due to the fact that Nigeria's main source of FDI is the
petroleum sector. In Africa 75% of FDI goes into countries endowed with petroleum and
mineral resources with very few of these strangling to meet the above list of WAIPA reasons
favourable for FDI. The ultimate goal of a nations competitiveness is to increase efficiencies
under free and fair market conditions through foreign trade, production and investment.
Main results of this study have been the following;
• Oil is a major FDI attractor of FDI in Africa, and explains why Nigeria receives more FDI
than South Africa.
• Although Nigeria does not have a good competitive record relative to South Africa it does
however offer competitive fiscal terms to IOC's to explore and exploit the countries
abundant petroleum resources.
• Oil wealth struggles to filter down to the people of the country, as Nigeria's per capita
income remains about fifteen times lower than South Africa's, with its more efficient
economy.
• This study confirms the fact that many MNC's especially in Africa tend to be driven by
resource-seeking opportunities and rather than efficiency seeking opportunities.
Unfortunately many of the petroleum exporting countries are unable to use the wealth
generated by the petroleum industry to enhance their global competitiveness. The problem is
that many countries are not diversified enough and rely extensively on commodities to
generate much needed revenue.
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Egbon, Osamuyimen. "An exploration of accountability : evidence from the Nigerian oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6537.
Full textAbstract:
The economic activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the extractive industries of developing countries produce a myriad of immediate negative social, economic and environmental impacts on communities hosting their operations. Consequently, stakeholders have increasingly called for (greater) accountability of these corporations for the impacts of their operations on stakeholders and the wider society. The extent to which these MNCs are accountable for their operations' negative environmental impacts in the developing countries is underexplored as prior studies have primarily focused on corporate social responsibility rather than accountability of these corporations. However, accountability apparently means different things to different parties, and especially in a non-Western context. This thesis primarily seeks to explore the concept of accountability in a developing country context and how it is understood and practised within the Nigerian oil industry. More specifically, it seeks to understand the extent to which oil MNCs in Nigeria discharge accountability in the context of gas flaring and oil spills environmental pollution emanating from their operations. The study utilises a mixed methods approach to generate data to provide understanding on stakeholders' conceptions of accountability, the nature of accounts constructed by the MNCs on gas flaring and oil spills environmental incidents, and the plausible corporate sense-making embedded within those accounts. The empirical data produce both general and nuanced conceptions of accountability between the MNCs and stakeholders. An account-giving heuristic highlights four broad and further nuanced accounts the corporations provide on these negative environmental incidents which are largely in conflict with stakeholders' narratives. Moreover, the sense-making analysis of the MNCs' accounts suggests that those accounts apparently serve corporate self-interest rather than the discharge of accountability. However, organisational, institutional, relational, and national contextual factors apparently encourage the un-accountability of the MNCs. Accountability in the Nigerian oil industry will remain elusive without critical institutional and regulatory reforms.
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Onyenanu, Tochukwu Emmanuel. "An improved maintenance management strategy for gas field equipment in Escravos gas–to–liquid plant, Nigeria / T.E. Onyenanu." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4894.
Full textAbstract:
The safety record of most petrochemical industries in the world and Nigeria in particle, has not been able to come down to the maximum allowable range of 0 - 0.1 percent of tolerance on recordable injuries, due to increasing failure rates of equipment within the plant. Investigations on the maintenance audit carried out on the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) revealed that 85 percent of such failures are directly linked to improper adaptability of an effective maintenance management strategy and plan within the petrochemical industries in Nigeria.
Equally, the growth and continuous operation of any plant depends to a large extent on the maintenance of the equipment that refines the Crude Oil and natural Gas. As such, various maintenance management systems have been used over the years for the actualisation of the above purpose but with minimal success. This is evident in the fact that the level of maintenance performance of most Nigerian Petroleum Companies is always on the corrective maintenance model, which indirectly implies that the plant normally breaks down before maintenance management is applied.
A critical look at the deficiency of improper adaptability of these maintenance management plans have conspicuously manifested in five major categories of maintenance failures which includes the following;
* Failure of safety critical equipment due to lack of maintenance
* Human error during maintenance
* Static or spark discharge during maintenance in an intrinsically unsafe zone
* Incompetence of maintenance staff, and
* Poor communication between maintenance and production staff.
These gaps as identified in this research must be corrected in the Nigerian Gas Industry if meaningful progress is to be made.
Gas – To – Liquid technology is a very complex technology and with natural gas as the basic raw material, the technology not only looks intimidating but also is full of potential hazards. People are naturally afraid of the complex nature of gas in a confined environment (because of its highly combustible nature), its gaseous state makes it more complex for it to be kept under control and at the same time be moved from one form to another at different temperatures and pressures.
The maintenance audit carried out on the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) revealed some major loopholes in the maintenance management strategies adopted in the country. The audit reveals that the degree of adherence to conditions attached towards the maintenance management strategy of this equipment (in this case Gas field equipment) was too poor.
Based on the above, this research is meant to improve the existing maintenance management strategy, by developing a Maintenance Management Strategy (MMS) that will be suitable for gas field equipment in the Escravos Gas–To– Liquid (EGTL) plant, planned to be commissioned in Nigeria early 2011.
The need to research the above mentioned Maintenance Strategy became imperative due to the fact that the rate at which most of the petrochemical plants in the world are being gutted by fire, mainly due to poor maintenance management systems is alarming.
This research work proffered solutions that will reduce or completely eliminate the highlighted problems above. This was based on investigations and analysis carried out in the chosen research area.
Models were developed for the actualization of this Improved Maintenance Management Strategy (IMMS), so that the desired safe operability of the gas field equipment in the Escravos Gas–To– Liquid (EGTL) plant will be achieved without maintenance failure of any kind.<br>Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Bayagbon, Anthony Mamurhomu. "Impact assessment of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry in Nigeria / A.M. Bayagbon." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6276.
Full textAbstract:
The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in
the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried
out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their
unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form
of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in
the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region.
In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of
pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in
1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest
from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural
environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of
the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non
compliance.
However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection
policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires
and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil
and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of
the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment
of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in
their operational areas/host communities.
The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to
develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil
industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is
inadequate.
Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that
resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided.<br>Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
25
Ibem-Ezera, Victor. "Environmental Control in Oil & Gas Exploration & Production : A Case Study of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, West Africa." Thesis, Linköping University, Environmental Technique and Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57601.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The goal of this study is to examine the environmental impacts of oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), the roles of legislation, and the environmental management strategies in the petroleum industry with respect to the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study seeks to suggest sustainable solutions to the endemic economic, social, and environmental problems associated with oil and gas E&P in the region. The focus is on the environmental control in the upstream (E&P) operations of the oil and gas industry as it affects the Niger Delta region of Nigeria with a view to proffering sustainable solutions.</p><p>The heavily polluting activities and environmental impacts of the upstream oil and gas operations in the Niger Delta have over the years taken a routine dimension and are endemic as a result of inadequate environmental legislations and ineffective enforcements. Sequel to these environmental impacts is militancy, adoption of expatriates, communal conflicts, inter-ethnic conflicts, human right abuses, restiveness and other social vices as the study reveals. These social and environmental impacts of oil and gas activities in this region bring impoverishment, abject poverty, hunger, squalor, birth disease, gene mutation, and death while exposing inhabitants of the region to afflictions and diseases as the study explicitly documents.</p><p>The study also reveals that the persistence rate of unrest, restiveness, militancy and other social vices is as a result of non-dialogue status between the different stakeholders, lack of infrastructural development, lack of basic amenities, high rate of unemployment, poor policy construct, federalized mineral right / resource ownership structure, and the monopolistic nature of Nigeria’s foreign exchange earning in petroleum resources.</p><p>In this dissertation, both proactive and corrective measures to curb the menace of the social, economic and environmental impacts of oil and gas exploration & production operations in Nigeria are presented and discussed with suggestions to sustainable solution and development, better environmental legislation, and better resource policy construct while advocating for good industrial practices in the petroleum industry with emphasis on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.</p>
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Sau, Samuel Marful. "The legal and fiscal regimes of Ghana's upstream oil and gas industry : is it investor attractive? : a comparative study with the fiscal regimes of Nigeria and Angola oil industry." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505646.
Full text
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Abubakre, Alim. "Evaluating stakeholder theory in a developing country context : a case of the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/392644/.
Full textAbstract:
Since Freeman’s seminal work on stakeholder theory, there has been increased scholarly focus on developing the stakeholder concept as a theory of the firm. While the stakeholder concept is an established theory, the approach has been instrumental with much attention on the needs and responsibilities of the firm; leaving little consideration for other stakeholders (Wood, 2010). Scholarly work that focuses on the perspectives of stakeholders instead of the firm alone would help enhance the normative and strategic basis of the theory. Informed by seventy-five semi-structured interviews, this study elucidates broad and specific stakeholder perspectives using the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria as the context. The research finds that some of the assumptions underpinning stakeholder theory are Western-centric and cannot be applied unchanged in a developing country context. Based on the insights generated from the data collected, this research suggests a refined stakeholder framework which has society at its centre and focuses on all stakeholder objectives (including that of the firm), hence, not only focusing on that of the firm’s objectives as is presently the case. A synthesis of the findings from the stakeholders interviewed for this research revealed that focusing on the wellbeing of all stakeholders in society as the overarching goal would lead to symbiotic outcomes for all stakeholders. Also, interviewees argued that focus of all stakeholders in the society would result in an unconditional consideration of each stakeholder’s rights and responsibilities, plus safeguard each stakeholder’s survival. One section of the society that this research focuses on is the local community (and to a lesser extent temporary employees). This focus was informed by the empirical data, which revealed that local communities were consistently ranked as the most negatively impacted stakeholders in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. The limitation of assuming that stakeholders have a consensus as to what standards of values are considered to confer legitimacy is addressed, providing insights into a normative approach to understanding stakeholder theory particularly as it relates to developing countries. This research has revealed that multinational oil companies have strong control of Nigeria’s oil and gas industry via partnerships with many influential stakeholders, such as the government, some civil society organisations and the press. The drivers of multinational oil companies power (such as historical hangover and intra-stakeholder conflict) which result in the local communities’ vulnerability are discussed. The imbalanced power differential informed the need to consider an alternative conceptualisation of stakeholder theory which has society at its centre. A second research outcome is contextual. Although anticorruption laws exist both in Nigeria and in the home countries of the multinational oil companies, the opaque nature of the oil and gas industry allows high levels of corruption to thrive in the industry and has an impact on stakeholder expectation and engagement. The existence of stakeholder relativism or double standards in multinational oil companies’ practice in Nigeria, compared to their operations in developed countries, is articulated. Thirdly, this research highlights the need to extend past academic studies, which have focused only on corporate social responsibility to include a conceptualisation of stakeholder responsibility. A theoretical underpinning of stakeholder accountability is necessary due to some stakeholders, such as some Government officials, some Naval officers and certain members of local communities being accussed of sabotaging, stealing and engaging in illegal mining of oil products from oil facilities operated by the multinational oil companies. This research has revealed that stakeholder social irresponsibility could also lead to more corporate social irresponsibility and vice-versa. The implication of this research for practitioners and policy makers is that it offers insights into how not to allocate scarce resources in a developing country context. Another implication of this research for practitioners and policymakers is that it discusses the institutional and managerial challenges relating to engaging stakeholders and how they could be addressed in a developing country context. Also, some of the findings of this research could be useful for managers and policy makers in developed countries, if and when they experience crisis situations in their home countries (e.g. terrorist attacks, wars or natural disasters) and/or decide to expand their operations into Sub-Saharan Africa.
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West, Soalabo. "The Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations and Structures in Nigeria and South Africa in the context of international best practices." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4498.
Full textAbstract:
This work attempts to examine the laws relating to the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas installations and structures in Nigeria and South Africa, in the context of international best practices as typified by the regimes in operation in Norway and the United Kingdom. The extent to which these countries have met their obligations under international law will also be considered; being that states' liberty to design their laws applicable to the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone is limited by their obligations under international law.
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Waziri, Bukar Zanna. "An empirical investigation of the impact of global energy transition on Nigerian oil and gas exports." Thesis, Abertay University, 2016. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/245dc08e-05c2-423e-b455-737142d4b9fe.
Full textAbstract:
Net energy exporting countries (NEECs) and net energy importing countries (NEICs) depend on each other for mutual gains. However, NEICs pursue strategic policies to reduce consumption of energy from conventional sources and increase that of renewable energy in order to attain energy security and macro environmental and carbon accountability. On the other hand, NEECs such as Nigeria depend heavily on oil and gas exports to NEICs to generate revenue. As a result of this inter-dependent relationship, this PhD project adopts a dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework to underpin the study. Accordingly, the study approach is founded on the ideas of pluralism as a social reality and adopted pragmatism as the research approach. Consistent with these approaches, the study was undertaken by analysing both secondary and primary data, including macro-economic statistics of annual time-series dataset (1980-2014) and semi-structured interviews respectively. The quantitative part of the project used Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach. This method was used to investigate and analyse the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions reduction on Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. The qualitative part involved interviews with twenty senior government officials in Nigeria from six selected Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), representatives of civil society groups and academicians, to support the quantitative results and answer certain research questions. The short-run quantitative results and qualitative findings show that renewable energy consumption in developed NEICs affects Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. However, the reverse holds true for emerging NEICs. Both the quantitative results and the qualitative findings show that carbon emissions reduction in developed NEICs affects Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. Also, the quantitative results show that renewable energy consumption in developed and emerging NEICs does not affect Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. However, the qualitative findings only support the quantitative results for emerging NEICs but do not support those of developed NEICs. Similarly, the qualitative findings indicate that other external and internal factors such as discovery of shale oil and gas; improvement in energy efficient technologies; the use of long-term contract in other NEECs; stringent nature of the Nigerian Content Law and lack of passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill amongst others currently contribute in affecting Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. Moreover, the qualitative findings show that global energy transition has an impact on the Nigeria’s oil and gas revenue, savings made to the Nigerian Sovereign Wealth Fund, budget financing and will continue to affect Nigerian revenue and budget if the economy remains undiversified. Finally, the qualitative findings indicate that global energy transition has negatively affected Foreign Direct Investment flow into Nigerian petroleum industry and discoveries of new oil and gas reserves. These findings have several implications. Firstly, Nigerian oil and gas exports are affected by the carbon emissions control regime, which makes future oil and gas revenues uncertain; thereby putting pressure on budget financing and socio-economic growth and development. On this note, there is the need for Nigeria to take cautionary position in the global climate change debate in order not to adversely affect the country’s economic interest. Secondly, the consumption of energy from renewable sources in both developed and emerging NEICs is an opportunity for Nigeria to export not only its conventional energy but also renewable energy if commercially harnessed. This suggests that Nigerian should also invest heavily in renewable energy production. Thirdly, the major findings of this study provide evidence in support of the relevance of dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework within the context of energy transition in NEICs on one hand, and Nigerian oil and gas exports to these countries on the other. This implies the need for Nigeria to focus on developing internal market trajectories to increase domestic utilisation of its conventional energy rather than being dependent on external markets for the sale of the nation’s energy resources.
30
Osobajo, Oluyomi Abayomi. "Enhancing B2Com relationship quality : a research study investigating the oil producing company to host community relationship in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2450.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid and continuous deterioration of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria in the last four decades has been a major source of concern for the government and practitioners. Hence, the region has been the subject of continuous conflicts and violence between the host communities and the oil producing companies. Despite the effort of the government and practitioners, none have looked at the relationship elements and/or the quality of relationship between these two key stakeholders within the context of the Nigeria oil and gas industry. This research study makes a new contribution to the field of relationship marketing in the area of relationship quality by providing a detailed understanding of relationship elements, and determinants and dimensions of relationship quality. The research study focuses on the oil producing company to host community relationship in the Niger delta region of Nigeria, which was investigated in detail. A qualitative approach was adopted as it is considered appropriate for the research focus, which was to investigate and assess the understanding of different community actors in respect to the quality of relationship between the oil producing companies and host communities in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. In addition, explore how these actors described both the relationship elements and relationship quality constructs, and related this to their understanding of the relationship between the oil producing company and host community. Semi-structured interviews, as the primary method of data collection were conducted with different community actors. The literature review, as the secondary method of data collection were primarily used as a tool to double check and validate the interview findings. Sixteen community actors provided their views and opinions of the relationship between the oil producing companies with the host communities in the region. This research study extended the application of relationship quality frameworks that were conducted in a developed economic environment such as the United Kingdom and United States of America to a developing economic environment such as Nigeria through the replication of these frameworks and re-testing their constructs and propositions in order to develop a detailed and comprehensive framework of relationship quality in the context of a business-to-community (B2Com) relationship in a unique commercial context. In addition, this research study uncovered the importance of mutual goal and culture of the community people in addition to pre-identified constructs (i.e. mutual benefit, communication, control mutuality) as the key determinants of relationship quality for the oil producing company when engaging the host community in the relationship building process. This research study also explored the research on dimensions of relationship quality subjecting its main constructs (i.e. trust, satisfaction and commitment) to a rigorous qualitative test. Doing this, the finding further emphasised some consensus between these dimensions of relationship quality. In addition, the developed framework highlighted the importance of including the relationship elements (i.e. actor bonds, resource ties and activity links) when assessing the quality of the relationship between business and its community. In conclusion, this research document recommendations (such as, the local community forming a complete and harmonious whole when relating with external bodies, the need for international oil and gas companies in Nigeria to gain adequate and appropriate insight and understanding into the role(s) played by each of the actors within the Niger Delta community, and the importance of oil and gas practitioners developing and maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship in the region) for various stakeholders within the NOGI.
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Akade, Solace Aiwanfo. "Understanding the impact of culture on project execution in a developing country : an action research study of six international oil and gas companies in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3009605/.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the research on project execution in developing countries and project practitioners executing projects in accordance with project management practices, projects in developing countries still experience a high rate of failure (Gu et al, 2013). Supporting this view, Nzekwe et al (2015) posit that project failure has become rampant in construction projects executed in developing countries. The researcher's organization is not exempted, hence the motivation for this research. This would suggest that project failure issues are not just due to technical factors, but encompass wider behavioural non-technical factors (Skok and Doringer, 2001). The aim of this study therefore was to contribute to project management literature by investigating the impact of culture on project execution in international organizations domiciled in a developing country. The overall goal was to understand and ameliorate the high rate of project failure in a developing country context with the objective to provide strategies for successful project execution. Applying a realist research approach, this research investigates project execution and management of a project team cultural variation from an industrial context. The methodology for the study was both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data was collected through survey questionnaire from 103 experienced project practitioners involved in projects execution in the six largest international oil companies (IOCs) in Nigeria. This sample was selected to close a research gap of limited studies in the oil industry of developing countries. The reliability of the data collected was established by the Cronbach coefficient alpha calculations. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with 20 respondents. Secondary data was sourced from review of literature. The results of the Frequency, Pearson Correlation and Coefficient of Determination analysis reveal a correlation between culture and project outcome, and also a correlation between culture and behaviour. The research concludes that culture has an impact on project execution in the IOC's operating in Nigeria, a developing economy. The results will benefit both practice and academics. In practice, this research provides insight regarding the challenges project managers face when leading culturally diverse teams and propose strategies aimed at curbing project failure. The recommendations will be synthesised into actionable items in the researchers practice as a deliverable of this Action Research approach. In academia, this research will serve as a resource base for secondary data for other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out research on the impact of culture on project delivery in a developing economy.
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Konya, Kaanakia Toge. "Exploring identity processes in the work setting of a developing country through the lenses of social identity and post-colonialism." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10999.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of understanding one’s origin or existence spans across almost every sphere of social science; despite its popularity, there is still a lack of research exploring identity in the work setting of developing countries. This thesis aims to contribute to understanding identity processes of workers in developing countries through the lenses of social identity and post-colonialism. The rationale for using these areas lies in the perceived nature of identity processes for people in developing countries by taking into account historical and cultural influences; for social identity (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), the “prototype” and “cohesion, solidarity and harmony” and for post-colonialism (Sen, 2006; Ekeh, 1975; Ekanola, 2006; Mizuno & Okazawa, 2009), “power”, the “dialectics of the colonized mind” and “social formations”. This thesis takes a socio-psychological approach, which is based on a qualitative research method; in particular, 47 in-depth interviews with professionals from the oil and gas sector of Nigeria form a key aspect of the research method. Findings reveal that social identity theory can be used to interpret the propensity of Nigerians to identify with groups. The thesis finds that social identity captures the importance attached to group identification through an understanding of the drivers and benefits of harmony to the self-concept in the chosen context. However the thesis also finds that social identity but does not cater for other integral aspects of identity processes, such as power and identity struggle. The thesis finds that by addressing the perception of perpetuated colonialism produced by the persistent domination of foreign workers in senior roles and their interaction with indigenous workers, post-colonial theory adequately covers issues of power and struggle. In summary, the thesis finds that the integration of social identity theory and post-colonial theory facilitates a more holistic interpretation of identity processes in regions like Nigeria. Hence this thesis contributes to the literature on identity processes in the work setting of a developing country.
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Reis, Diego Araújo. "Os Efeitos da aplicação dos royalties petrolíferos sobre as finanças públicas dos municípios brasileiros." Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4569.
Full textAbstract:
Changes occurred with the enactment of Law 9478 of 1997, led to some municipalities a financial condition inside, due to the higher inflow of royalties from oil and natural gas. The increase in revenue from royalties from oil and natural gas also ran on the other hand, the extraordinary expansion of the oil sector and the escalation of international prices of raw materials. The sum of these features plus a
recipe mean expressive, is an important opportunity to expand investment and to meet the social demands. Royalties are derived from the operation of a nonrenewable resource, which implies that it has a period of exhaustion. For this reason, the literature stresses that his application should be made in capital and human capital. The overall goal of this dissertation is to analyze what were the purposes of
royalties on public finances of the federal entities in the period from 1999 to 2011. From the methodology were characterized variables analysis. The analysis model was adopted panel data, which combines cross-sectional data with time series. Based on the tests, it was found that the counties most dependent on royalties increased capital expenditures with increased royalties, both from the perspective as
the proportion per capita tax. For personnel costs, it was noted that these were influenced by royalties per capita in all municipalities. Moreover, from the perspective of tax ratio, the tests showed that the more dependent counties, showed a negative relationship. With regard to expenditure on education and culture, it was noted that royalties per capita influenced its formation in considerable part of the municipalities.
However, in addressing the proportion fiscal few municipalities were affected, while in
the cities most dependent inverse relationship exhibited. As for social spending on
health, sanitation, housing and urban development was seen that some of these
municipalities increased spending on the inflow of royalties. Finally, in the area of
environmental expenditures, only the counties most dependent on royalties
increased their spending with increased use.<br>As transformações ocorridas com a promulgação da lei 9.478, de 1997, propiciaram a alguns municípios brasileiros uma condição financeira privilegiada, em razão do maior ingresso de royalties provenientes da exploração de petróleo e gás natural. A elevação das receitas de royalties de petróleo e gás natural também decorreu, por outro lado, pela extraordinária expansão do setor petrolífero e pela escalada dos
preços internacionais da matéria prima. A soma desses recursos além de significar uma receita expressiva, é uma importante possibilidade de ampliação dos investimentos e para o atendimento das demandas sociais. Os royalties são provenientes da exploração de um recurso natural não renovável, o que implica dizer que ele possui um prazo de esgotamento. Por esta razão, a literatura reforça que
sua aplicação deve ser feita em bens de capital e capital humano. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é analisar quais foram os efeitos da aplicação dos royalties sobre as finanças públicas dos entes federativos no período de 1999 a 2011. A partir da metodologia foram caracterizadas as variáveis de análise. O modelo de análise adotado foi o de dados em painel, que combina dados de corte transversal com séries temporais. Com base nos testes, foi verificado que os municípios mais dependentes dos royalties elevaram as despesas de capital com o aumento dos royalties, tanto pela ótica per capita como pela proporção fiscal. Para as despesas com pessoal, observou-se que estas foram influenciadas pelos royalties per capita em todos os municípios. Ademais, pela ótica da proporção fiscal, os testes
apontaram que os municípios mais dependentes, exibiram relação negativa. No que se refere às despesas com educação e cultura, notou-se que os royalties per capita influenciaram sua formação em parte considerável dos municípios. Porém, na abordagem da proporção fiscal poucos municípios foram influenciados, ao passo em que os municípios mais dependentes exibiram relação inversa. Já para às despesas sociais com saúde, saneamento, habitação e urbanismo foi visto que parte dos municípios aumentaram estas despesas com o ingresso de royalties. Por fim, na área ambiental dos gastos, apenas os municípios mais dependentes de royalties elevaram suas despesas com o aumento do recurso.
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Moen, Siri. "Managing political risk : corporate social responsibility as a risk mitigation tool. A focus on the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20189.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The petroleum industry concern itself with natural resource extracting activities which are highly
sensitive for contributing to environmental degradation by oil spills or gas flaring. A large
proportion of the world’s oil and gas reserves is located in developing countries where the
presence of multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) is high as host countries often lack the
infrastructure needed or are financially unable to conduct extracting operations on their own. The
Niger Delta in southern Nigeria has one of the largest oil reserves in Africa and is one of the
world’s leading oil exporters. MNOCs like Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil and Statoil are
some of the firms present in the Niger Delta region. The oil-rich area in the developing country
poses high levels of political risk for the MNOCs. Local grievances, paired with environmental
degradation and human rights violations by the oil companies, have led to a tense relationship
between the local stakeholders and the MNOCs, with so-called petro-violence at the center of the
oil conflict. Frequently, oil installations are sabotaged and crude oil is stolen, causing major
financial losses for the firms, and armed attacks on oil facilities and kidnapping of MNOCs’ staff
constitute the majority of political risks facing MNOCs operating in the Niger Delta.
This study investigates how MNOCs can successfully manage such political risks, providing a
business advantage in a challenging business environment. By addressing the companys’ own
behaviour, the research analyses if social engagement through corporate social responsibility
(CSR) can mitigate political risk in the Niger Delta. The study looks at two different MNOCs
operating in the Niger delta, Shell and Statoil, and scrutinises their methods of implementation of
their CSR initiatives. The difference in approaches to CSR is elucidated where Shell claims it
has repositioned its approach from a top-down angle during the first years of conducting CSR
projects, to a more stakeholder-oriented approach. Yet, their approach is still found to carry
elements of the previous top-down approach, and has not resulted in satisfactory performance in
relation to stated goals. Statoil undertakes a stakeholder-oriented bottom-up approach, executed
with a high level of commitment. The stated CSR goals have to a great extent been met. By
assessing the two companies’ CSR strategies in relation to the frequency of political risks
experienced by each MNOC, the study finds that CSR has the potential to mitigate political risk
depending on the approach to implementation, and could serve as a political risk management
strategy.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die brandstofbedryf is betrokke by die ontginning van natuurlike hulpbronne, ’n aktiwiteit wat
hoogs sensitief is vir sy bydrae tot omgewingsbesoedeling as gevolg van storting van olie en
opvlamming van gas. ’n Baie groot deel van die wêreld se olie en gas reserwes word aangetref in
ontwikkelende lande. Die teenwoordigheid van Multinasionale Olie Korporasies (MNOKs) in
hierdie lande is groot omdat daar gewoonlik ’n gebrek aan toepaslike infrastruktuur is en die
lande ook nie finansieel in staat mag wees om die ontginning op hulle eie te doen nie. Die Niger
Delta in die Suide van Nigerië beskik oor een van die grootste olie reserwes in Afrika en is een
van die voorste olie uitvoerders in die wêreld. Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil en Statoil is
van die bekende MNOK wat ontginning doen in die Niger Delta gebied. Die olieryke gebiede in
’n ontwikkelende land kan groot politieke risiko vir die MNOKs inhou. Plaaslike griewe
gekoppel aan omgewings besoedeling en menseregte skendings deur die oliemaatskappye het
gelei tot ’n gespanne verhouding tussen hulle en die plaaslike belange groepe, en sogenaamde
“petrogeweld” staan sentraal hierin. Heel gereeld word olie-installasies gesaboteer en ru-olie
word gesteel, wat natuurlik groot finansiële verliese die firmas inhou. Daarby word gewapende
aanvalle op die olie-installasies uitgevoer en van die MNOKs se personeel ontvoer. Al hierdie
dinge vorm die groot politieke risiko’s wat die MNOKs in die Niger Delta in die gesig staar.
Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe die MNOKs met welslae hierdie politieke risiko’s kan teenwerk
om vir hulle ’n suksesvolle besigheid te vestig in ’n baie mededingende bedryfsomgewing. Deur
te kyk na die maatskappy se eie gedrag, sal die navorsing analiseer of
gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid deur korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (KSV) die politieke
risiko in die Niger Delta kan temper. Die studie kyk na twee verskillende MNOK wat in die
gebied bedryf word, Shell en Statoil, en kyk noukeurig na die manier waarop hulle KSV
inisiatiewe toegepas word. Die verskil in benadering tot die probleem word toegelig deur die feit
dat Shell beweer dat hulle ’n bo-na-onder benadering in die beginjare van KSV projekte
verander het na ’n beleid waar meer na die betrokkenheid van belangegroepe gekyk word. Tog
word gevind dat daar nog oorblyfsels is van die bo-na-onder benadering en dat doelwitte wat
gestel is nie bevredigend bereik is nie. Statoil daarenteen. Implementeer ’n onder-na-bo
benadering met betrokkenheid van belangegroepe en ’n hoë vlak van toewyding deur die
maatskappy. Die gestelde KSV doelwitte is grootliks behaal. Deur te kyk na die twee
maatskappye se ervaring van politieke risiko in verhouding met hulle KSV strategieë bevind
hierdie studie dat KSV wel die potensiaal het om, as dit suksesvol toegepas word, politieke risiko
te temper en dus kan die as ’n strategie om sodanige risiko te bestuur.
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Ajide, Olushola. "A critical assessment of corporate community engagement (CCE) in the Niger Delta." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2449.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis makes a new contribution to the field of corporate social responsibility in the area of corporate community engagement (CCE) and public relations in the area of organization-public relationships (OPRs). The thesis focuses on the Nigerian oil and gas industry community relationship in the Niger Delta region. This study provides valuable insights into how CCE works for enhancing stakeholder relationship and other desirable outcomes and thereby contributes to the growing body of knowledge on CSR in public relations. For the practice of CCE, this study reinforces the importance of relationship management as a viable and robust strategy that can bring long-term benefits both to organizations and society in general. A qualitative approach was adopted as it is considered appropriate for the research, which focuses on assessing stakeholders’ views regarding the relationship between oil and gas company and their host community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Also, exploring how the stakeholders juxtapose their understanding of the relationship determinants between the oil and gas company and their host community. Semi-structured interviews served as the primary source of data collection from various stakeholders during fieldwork in Nigeria. Secondary methods served a crucial but minor role and were used primarily for the purpose of the researcher as a tool to double check the interview findings. Thirty-five respondents provided their views and opinions concerning the relationship between the oil and gas companies and communities in the region. The study uncovered the importance of culture, social awareness, social identity, corruption, insecurity, mediation and weak institutional structures as crucial predictors of relationship determinants for the oil and gas companies during engagement with their host communities. Moreover, this study explored the research on relationship success determinants key constructs (i.e. control mutuality, trust, commitment and satisfaction) to a qualitative assessment. Also, the developed framework emphasised the need for using these factors for assessing and building a successful long term relationship. Another key finding was that there is a significant difference between how multinational oil companies (MNOCs) and indigenous oil companies (INOCs) engage with the community. This finding suggests that the INOCs have a better approach in the engagement of host communities.
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Froemming, Douglas Schiavoni. "A distribui????o das rendas do petr??leo e a efici??ncia na gest??o financeira dos munic??pios do estado de S??o Paulo." FECAP - Faculdade Escola de Com??rcio ??lvares Penteado, 2015. http://132.0.0.61:8080/tede/handle/tede/386.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-10<br>The federal decentralization promoted by the Constitution of 1988 raised the Brazilian municipalities to the important role in the dissemination of public policies. Once they are closest to the population, the decisions made at the municipal level are readily perceived by users and citizens. On the other hand, the social demands and the management of the administrative structure need efficient financial management and a constant search for resources. Additionally, the 9.478/97 Act, which amended the mode of distribution of oil revenues, brought to some municipalities, a new frontier of resources available by the distribution of oil royalties. Given this new frontier of resources, one wonders whether there is not relaxation in fiscal effort and an increasing inefficiency in the management of the administrative machinery by the benefited municipalities. The aim of this work is verify if petroleum revenues cause distortions in the way municipalities run their fiscal effort, that is, if the oil royalties contribute to increase inefficiencies in the municipalities involved in their search for the own revenues and their expense management. For this work, we selected 56 municipalities of the State of S??o Paulo which have been received the distribution of oil revenues during the period between the years 2005 to 2012. The efficiency of municipalities was obtained from a non-parametric production frontier model, the Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA, creating a ranking of the S??o Paulo municipalities which received oil royalties. Given the distribution rules of oil royalties imposed by the regulatory framework, the results showed the values distributed to S??o Paulo municipalities have great variability and has been showed relevant only in a few municipalities. There was no significant difference in the tax effort of the municipalities affected by the variable oil royalites. However, several factors related to municipal management indicated that such rents can contribute to increase inefficiencies in the management of municipal administrative machinery<br>A descentraliza????o federativa, promovida pela Constitui????o Federal de 1988, elevou os Munic??pios brasileiros ao importante papel na dissemina????o das pol??ticas p??blicas. Por estarem mais pr??ximos da popula????o, as decis??es realizadas na esfera municipal s??o prontamente percebidas pelos usu??rios e pelos cidad??os. Por outro lado, as demandas sociais e a administra????o da m??quina administrativa necessitam de uma gest??o financeira eficiente e uma constante busca por recursos. Adicionalmente, a Lei 9.478/97, que alterou o modo de distribui????o das rendas do petr??leo, trouxe, para alguns Munic??pios, uma nova fronteira de recursos, disponibilizada pela distribui????o dos royalties de petr??leo. Diante dessa nova fronteira de recursos, questiona-se se n??o h??, por parte dos Munic??pios beneficiados, um relaxamento no esfor??o fiscal e o aumento da inefici??ncia na gest??o da m??quina administrativa. Neste trabalho objetiva-se verificar se as rendas do petr??leo provocam distor????es na forma como os Munic??pios s??o conduzidos em seu esfor??o fiscal, ou seja, se os royalties de petr??leo contribuem para o aumento das inefici??ncias nos Munic??pios envolvidos em sua busca pelas receitas pr??prias e na sua gest??o de despesas. Para a realiza????o deste trabalho, foram selecionados 56 Munic??pios do Estado de S??o Paulo, contemplados pela distribui????o das rendas do petr??leo durante o per??odo compreendido entre os anos de 2005 a 2012. A efici??ncia dos Munic??pios foi obtida a partir de um modelo de fronteira de produ????o n??o param??trico, a An??lise Envolt??ria de Dados, criando um ranking dos Munic??pios paulistas beneficiados pelos royalties de petr??leo. Os resultados mostraram que, diante das regras de distribui????o dos royalties de petr??leo impostas pelo marco regulat??rio, os valores distribu??dos aos Munic??pios paulistas possuem grande variabilidade e s??o relevantes apenas em poucos Munic??pios. N??o houve diferen??a significativa no esfor??o fiscal dos Munic??pios afetados pela vari??vel royalites de petr??leo. No entanto, diversos fatores ligados ?? gest??o municipal indicaram que tais rendas contribuem para aumentar as inefici??ncias na gest??o da m??quina
administrativa municipal
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Tanaka, Carlos Alberto. "O controle externo na aplicação de royalties do petróleo em municípios brasileiros." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2706.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo apresenta uma avaliação da atuação do controle externo exercido pelos Tribunais de Contas na aplicação de royalties e participação especial do petróleo nos municípios brasileiros, compensações financeiras devidas pela exploração de reservas de petróleo no território brasileiro e transferidas pela União. Ao associar os conceitos de federalismo fiscal, incrementalismo, teoria das externalidades, transparência, accountability, rendas do petróleo e o sistema de orçamento público, sob a ótica da relação entre planejamento e controle, buscou estabelecer as bases teóricas para as análises realizadas, que objetivaram mapear as políticas públicas eventualmente financiadas com esses recursos, levantar aspectos da governança pública relacionados à aplicação desses recursos, identificar os instrumentos de controle externo utilizados e analisar os pareceres prévios do controle externo sobre as contas anuais dos municípios beneficiários. Nesse sentido, a partir de pesquisa aplicada, os dados coletados foram submetidos a tratamento quantitativo, fase denominada de 1º estágio, relacionados à estimativa de receitas, transferências intergovernamentais e o custeio de despesas correntes, em particular, de despesas com pessoal e encargos, disponibilizados pelos municípios beneficiários aos tribunais de contas estaduais, conforme determinação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. Como resultados, foram identificados a baixa qualidade das estimativas de receitas, a representativa evolução da participação das rendas do petróleo na receita total realizada e no custeio de despesas de pessoal e encargos nos orçamentos anuais. No 2º estágio da pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, via análise de conteúdo dos pareceres prévios emitidos pelo controle externo sobre as contas anuais dos municípios beneficiários, em confronto com os resultados obtidos no 1º estágio da pesquisa, foi realizada avaliação da atuação do controle externo, sob aspectos relacionados à conformidade legal, à observância de aspectos relacionados à transparência e accountability e à oportunidade de aperfeiçoamento da administração pública. Como resultado da avaliação, identificou-se que a utilização de rendas do petróleo no custeio de despesas de pessoal e encargos tem o aval do Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que essas rendas não estão associadas formalmente à execução de qualquer política pública específica, que não há avaliação do controle externo quanto às estimativas e destinação dessas receitas, que não há fundamentação teórica que suporte às análises dos pareceres prévios emitidos e que não há a emissão de recomendações de aprimoramento ou criação de legislação municipal que regulamente a aplicação e a destinação desses compensações financeiras, diante da omissão da legislação federal que as instituiu.<br>This study presents an evaluation of the external control exercised by the Courts of Auditors in the application of royalties and special oil participation in Brazilian municipalities, financial compensation due for the exploitation of oil reserves in Brazilian territory and transferred by the Union. By associating the concepts of fiscal federalism, incrementalism, externality theory, transparency, accountability, oil revenues, and the public budget system, from the point of view of the relationship between planning and control, sought to establish the theoretical bases for the analyzes carried out, which aimed to map the public policies that have been financed with these resources, to raise aspects of public governance related to the application of these resources, to identify the external control instruments used and to analyze the previous external control opinions on the annual accounts of the beneficiary municipalities. In this sense, based on applied research, quantitative treatment of the collected data has been made, phase denominated 1st stage, related to the estimation of revenues, intergovernmental transfers and the costing of current expenses, in particular, expenses with personnel and charges, made available by the Beneficiary municipalities to the state accounts courts, as determined by the Fiscal Responsibility Law. As a result, the low quality of revenue estimates, the representative evolution of the share of oil revenues in total revenue and the cost of personnel expenses and charges in annual budgets were identified. In the 2nd stage of the research, characterized by a qualitative approach, through content analysis of previous opinions issued by the external control over the annual accounts of the beneficiary municipalities, in comparison with the results obtained in the first stage of the research, an evaluation of the performance of the external control was performed, regarding aspects related to legal compliance, compliance with aspects related to transparency and accountability, and the opportunity to improve public administration. As a result of the evaluation, it was identified that the use of oil revenues in the costing of personnel expenses and charges is endorsed by the Court of Auditors of the State of Rio de Janeiro, that these revenues are not formally associated with the execution of any public policy, that there is no evaluation of external control as to the estimates and allocation of these revenues, that there is no theoretical basis that supports the analysis of the prior opinions issued and that there is no issuance of recommendations for improvement or creation of municipal legislation that regulates the application and allocation of these financial compensation, due to the omission of the federal legislation that instituted them.
38
Williamson, Ryan M. "Impacts of oil and gas development on sharp-tailed grouse on the Little Missouri National Grasslands, North Dakota /." 2009. http://wfs.sdstate.edu/wfsdept/Publications/Theses/Williamson,%20Ryan%20M.%20M.S.-2009.pdf.
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ONIBIYO, SAMSON. "Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Coastal Environments, Nigeria." 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/100.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
To compare the degree of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from Ikarama and Okwori in the Niger delta, Nigeria, concentrations of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments were measured. Analysis was conducted with gas chromatography using mass spectrometry detector. While the decrease in concentrations of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons confirmed the process of biodegradation in the sediments it was not solely fit to substantiate the degree of biodegradation in the sediments. Hence the percentage proportion of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was used. The degree of biodegradation of n-alkanes in both Okwori and Ikarama was almost similar. However, it was observed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were biodegraded in Okwori sediments than Ikarama sediments and this indicates the degree of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons impacted sediments in Okwori is greater than that of Ikarama.
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Adeniji, Samuel Babatunde. "Re-defining energy security in Nigeria through climate change risk regulation." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31529.
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This thesis examines the observed and anticipated impacts of climate change on energy security. Specifically, by incorporating emergent international legal obligations and regulations governing climate change, this thesis proposes a definitional and policy framework for energy security that can assist in making Nigeria’s energy supply more secure. This, in turn, can serve to improve Nigeria’s capacity to meet current and future climate change obligations. While the principal objective of this thesis is to explore how global climate change risk regulation provides opportunities for the state to improve energy security in Nigeria, this thesis emphasizes that Nigerian law should aim to create a balance between the dual objectives of energy security and climate change responses. Using the theory of legal transplantation, further insights for integrating climate and energy security goals to develop the definitional and policy framework of energy security in Nigeria are gained through an examination of bold initiatives taken by Germany.<br>October 2016
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Fagboyegun, Olatinuolawa Adunifeoluwa. "Enforcement of foreign investment arbitral awards in Nigeria : a case study of the oil and gas sector." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58750.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of foreign investment in a developing nation brings about economic growth and development. It increases productivity, creates more jobs, promotes the use of local goods, motivates policies and economic reforms, transfers technological know-how and skills, increases revenue for the government, among others. Nigeria has attracted quite a huge stock of foreign direct investment over the years, majorly in the oil and gas sector. Nigeria's economy is greatly dependent on the revenues generated in the oil and gas sector and the economy thrives on this sector. Disputes arise between foreign investors and government entities ? the Federal Inland Revenue Services, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, and also with other foreign investors in the sector. These disputes are settled mostly out of court because core legislations in this sector provide that arbitration shall be the settlement mechanism. Hence, disputes are expected to be settled in quick successions, free of unnecessary domestic court intervention, and hurdle-free in the enforcement of arbitral awards. However, the reverse is the case in practice.
The core aim of this research is to identify these challenges by reviewing recent arbitration cases in the oil and gas sector and to examine the legislative and procedural loop holes giving rise to such challenges. To arrive at effective recommendations, the arbitration system of Mauritius was analysed and compared to what is obtainable in Nigeria. From the comparison, this study proffers recommendations that would practically enhance the enforcement proceedings of foreign investment arbitral awards in Nigeria's oil and gas sector and subsequently in other sectors.<br>tm2017<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM<br>Unrestricted
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Bribena, E. K. "Nigeria, oil and gas exploration and the Niger delta question : a study in corporate social responsibility / E.K Bribena." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15770.
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This thesis addresses issues of the Niger Delta question which represents
one of the most intractable sources of socio-political destabilization in the
Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study is on the intricate dynamics amongst
the Nigerian state, the transnational oi l corporations, the oil - producing
communities and the insurgent militia conflict. It investigates and explicates
the "paradox of plenty" and the "resource curse", the "absentee government"
and "state capture" and the debilitating effects of petroleum politics in Nigeria.
The economic exploitation of the Niger Delta region's vast crude oil reserves
by transnational oi l corporations and government authorities is juxtaposed
with the spectre of environmental degradation, human rights violations, and
the recurrent rule of impunity. The protracted problems of the Niger Delta
region thus, provide us with a pertinent analytical and contextual framework
for the study of the dynamics and issues of transparency in other African
petro-dollar states. It is argued in this study that the Niger Delta crisis is a
conflict of values and fight for resources arising from decades of unacceptable
standards of oil exploration and the absentee character of the Nigerian State.
By its very nature, the study called for a qualitative approach, supplemented
by unstructured interviews using aide memoirs with selected officials, on the
basis of their innate knowledge of the subject matter. The legal comparative
research method, with a historic component also played an integral role in this
study.<br>Thesis (PhD.(Law) North-West University, Mafikeng campus, 2011
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Omotoso, Wasiu Adebisi. "Towards corporate environmental responsibility in Sub-Saharan Africa's oil and gas industry: opportunities and challenges." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23448.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis demonstrates the level of environmental disaster that oil TNCs have brought into Sub-Sahara Africa as a direct consequence of economic globalization. The analysis reveals the weaknesses of the environmental regime in the Sub-Sahara African region, particularly in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon as well as the lack of administrative capacity of the governments. The thesis explores alternative means through which environmental responsibility of oil TNCs could be pursued at the supranational arena and within the legal system of home states of the oil TNCs. It seeks to do so by examining the phenomenon of tort-based action for foreign direct liability of the parent oil TNCs for the conduct of their foreign subsidiaries extraterritorially.
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Manopimoke, Wirote. "Transaction costs and choice of petroleum contract." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9217.
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"LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA: PERSPECTIVES ON THE MULTI-STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUE APPROACH." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2016-03-2491.
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This thesis explores the potential and practicality of incorporating multi-stakeholder participation into the legal and institutional frameworks for managing Nigeria’s oil and gas. Despite the natural resource wealth embedded in the Niger Delta, her people suffer greatly from social, economic and infrastructural underdevelopment and this thesis argues that failure to respect the right of the Niger Delta communities to participate in Nigeria’s oil and gas management and in developmental projects that affect their lives is the foundation of the resource curse besetting the region.
As a solution to the resource curse problem of the Niger Delta and in response to the incessant conflicts, environmental degradation, social, economic and infrastructural underdevelopment and military injustice perpetrated in the region, this thesis promotes the enforcement of the right to participation of the Niger Delta peoples through the incorporation of the United Nations promoted Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue Approach (MSDA) and this argument is based on the Participatory Development Theory (PDT).
The thesis proposes legal and institutional frameworks to ensure the effective incorporation of the MSDA into Nigeria’s oil and gas regime. Other than the human rights basis for promoting the participatory development of the Niger Delta peoples, the thesis examines the business case for participatory development as an incentive to encourage oil and gas companies operating in the Niger Delta to inculcate the values of the MSDA. This thesis establishes that incorporating the MSDA into Nigeria’s oil and gas legal and institutional regime in furtherance of the participatory development of the Niger Delta communities will promote environmental sustainability, peaceful coexistence, better informed decision making processes and economic and social sustainability among others.
Though there are other rights infringement issues that bear on the development of the Niger Delta communities, it is anticipated that recognition of the Niger Delta peoples as stakeholders and their effective participation in Nigeria’s oil and gas management will give them a voice and opportunity to significantly address other human rights issues and to hold other stakeholders accountable.
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Mailula, Douglas Tlogane. "Protection of petroleum resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African States." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13610.
Full textAbstract:
The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made.<br>Public, Constitutional and International Law<br>LL. D.
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"The Role of Taxation in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Sector Reforms - Learning from the Canadian Experience." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-11-2282.
Full textAbstract:
Several stakeholders in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry have emphasized the need for petroleum sector reforms in Nigeria. Canada is reputed to have one of the best oil and gas tax regimes in the world. This thesis argues that certain tax measures in Canada’s oil and gas industry have considerable potential for addressing certain industry inefficiencies in Nigeria’s petroleum sector. In developing this argument, this thesis gives an overview of oil and gas taxation in both jurisdictions and examines the possibility of transferring laws between Nigeria and Canada by exploring legal and tax comparative law theories. The thesis also examines the major challenges in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry and identifies viable areas in Canada’s oil and gas tax system which have the potential to address these challenges. Given the peculiarities of oil and gas taxation in each jurisdiction, this thesis suggests that the selected Canadian fiscal and administrative measures may require certain modifications in order to make these measures more suitable for Nigeria’s legal and tax system.
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Aluko-Kpotie, Oluwabukola Omolara. "Staging sustainability : an indigenous performance approach to development communication." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26612.
Full textAbstract:
The process of communicating notions of sustainable development in rural grassroots communities in the oil-rich region of southern Nigeria, West Africa, is complex and remains an on-going challenge. The material consequences of ineffective communication between community leaders and their constituencies are evident in the Nigerian communities examined in this dissertation, where poverty is pervasive and where a large majority of the population can neither read nor write in English. Popular performances, specifically theatre, are an essential medium of communication and information dissemination on community development projects in these communities. Theatre for Development (TFD), as these form of popular performances are called, was first introduced to the country in 1975. Its methodology is an adaptation of the techniques of Theatre of the Oppressed created by theatre scholar Augusto Boal. The method is aimed specifically at effecting dialogue, encouraging critical thinking, and motivating the desire for community development and social change. A number of challenges, however, limit the effectiveness of this method in achieving these goals. They include funding constraints, which restrict the amount of time TFD participants spend working in any community and limit follow-up visits to sustain integral dialogues begun during a post-performance discussion. In essence, funding restrictions limit the possibility of achieving sustainable community development. To address this key challenge of time constraints and to facilitate sustained development dialogue between community stakeholders, this dissertation examines the use of indigenous performance practices staged by local performers in rural grassroots communities. By creating and staging a TFD performance using structural elements of oriki, an indigenous performance practice in the region, I address a core research question: How do structures and contents of indigenous performance practices create forums for sustained dialogue and collective consciousness awakening? The answer to this question lays the foundation for sustainable development projects in Nigeria and offers a practical way to improve the effectiveness of TFD as a medium of information dissemination, a tool to facilitate sustained dialogue, and a community development approach in rural grassroots communities in the country.<br>text