Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oil desalting

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Oil desalting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Oil desalting"

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Khalaf, Ali, and Mohammed Rajab. "Crude Oil Desalting Using Multi-Surfactant Based on a Best Dosage, Solvent and Mixing Ratio." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.2.04.

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Crude oil desalting is the first processing step in a refinery. The objectives of crude desalting are the removal of salts, solids, and the formation of water from unrefined crude oil before the crude is introduced in the crude distillation unit of the refinery. The experimental work is divided into three schemes covering the effect of surfactant dosage, test different types of surfactants, and the effect of salt content on desalting efficiency. The results show that the crude oil desalting efficiency, increased with increasing surfactant quantity., The results indicate that desalting efficiency has lowered with increasing the salt content in crude oil. Also, the results show that the best solvent was toluene, and the best mixing ratio of solvent was 10 Vol. %.
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Wang, Ping, and Chao Lin Liang. "Research on the Demulsifier and Decalcifying Agent for Crude Oils in Electric Desalting Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1289.

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Development of new and efficient demulsifier and decalcifying agent of crude oil has important significance for improving the processing properties of heavy crude oil and increase the yield of light oil. High salt and water contents of crude oil after electric desalting is easy to cause the rapid expansion of volume of water after vaporization, the gas load of distillation tower increases, interfering the smooth operation of distillation tower, A slight impact will influence the quality of products separation, serious implication form the accident of punching Tower caused by the "bumping" of water; increase energy consumption and corrosion of equipment, influence twice processing quality of raw material. In addition, in processing high acid and high calcium crude oil, the presence of naphthenic acid calcium is easy to make the chaos of electrical desaltinger operation. Metal calcium may reduce the activity of catalyst of catalytic cracking and hydrocracking, increases petroleum coke ash in delayed coking, reduces the ductility of oil asphalt, aggravates the corrosion of refinery equipment, influences the safety of production. This requires to optimize the distillation technology of desalting equipment, to develop the evaluation and selection of demulsifier and decalcifying agent and reduce the moisture and salt content of desalted crude oil.
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Bai, Z. S., and H. L. Wang. "Crude Oil Desalting Using Hydrocyclones." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 85, no. 12 (January 2007): 1586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8762(07)73203-3.

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Bai, Z. S., and H. L. Wang. "Crude Oil Desalting Using Hydrocyclones." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 85, A12 (December 2007): 1586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cherd07041.

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Suleymanov, B. A., A. D. Aga-zade, A. M. Samedov, M. E. Alsafarova, and A. F. Akperova. "REAGENTS FOR DEEP DESALTING OF OIL." Oilfield Engineering, no. 3 (2019): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30713/0207-2351-2019-3-52-55.

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Lewis, JohnW, ChristineM Ferrara, and IanC Watson. "Desalting oil field by-product water." Desalination 87, no. 1-3 (September 1992): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(92)80143-w.

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Tarantsev, K. V., S. I. Ponikarov, and K. R. Tarantseva. "Oil Desalting Processes in Electric Desalting Plants as Object of Systems Analysis." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 57, no. 5-6 (September 2021): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-021-00959-0.

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Ramirez-Argaez, Marco A., Diego Abreú-López, Jesús Gracia-Fadrique, and Abhishek Dutta. "Numerical Study of Electrostatic Desalting Process Based on Droplet Collision Time." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071226.

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The desalting process of an electrostatic desalting unit was studied using the collision time of two droplets in a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion based on force balance. Initially, the model was solved numerically to perform a process analysis and to indicate the effect of the main process parameters, such as electric field strength, water content, temperature (through oil viscosity) and droplet size on the collision time or frequency of collision between a pair of droplets. In decreasing order of importance on the reduction of collision time and consequently on the efficiency of desalting separation, the following variables can be classified such as moisture content, electrostatic field strength, oil viscosity and droplet size. After this analysis, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a biphasic water–oil flow was developed in steady state using a Eulerian multiphase framework, in which collision frequency and probability of coalescence of droplets were assumed. This study provides some insights into the heterogeneity of a desalination plant which highlights aspects of design performance. This study further emphasizes the importance of two variables as moisture content and intensity of electrostatic field for dehydrated desalination by comparing the simulation with the electrostatic field against the same simulation without its presence. The overall objective of this study is therefore to show the necessity of including complex phenomena such as the frequency of collisions and coalescence in a CFD model for better understanding and optimization of the desalting process from both process safety and improvement.
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Bykov, I. Yu, E. V. Kazartsev, and T. D. Lanina. "DESIGN JUSTIFICATION OF THE MIXING DEVICE FOR EFFECTIVIZATION OF OIL DEHYDRATION AND DESALTING." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-2-68-77.

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The article shows the relevance and prospects of enhancing the effectiveness of oil dehydration and desalting by optimizing hydrodynamic regime. It identified the key processes in the equipment, affecting the efficiency of dehydration and desalting of oil, distribution of demulsifier and wash water in the treated stream of oil and the possibility of their optimization through the use of advanced equipment. Is a schematic design of the mixing device based on a new approach to the organization of the dispersion component introduced in separate streams generated with straightening canals. The provisions set out in the article are the basis for the further development of the modernized design of the mixer, and the calculation of the basic operating parameters.
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Topilnitskij, Petro. "Corrosion protection of oil production and refinery equipment." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2007): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht01.01.045.

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The review of methods of industrial equipment corrosion prevention is presented. Application of technological means using chemical reagents and surface-active substances is considered, namely dehydration and desalting of hydrocarbon products of deposits by surface-active substances – so called demulsifiers. Corrosion inhibitors and neutralizing agents for protection of condensation-refrigeration equipment and overheads of atmospheric columns are examined. The amount of reagents to be used and the process conditions were determined.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil desalting"

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Al-Otaibi, Musleh B. "Modelling and optimising of crude oil desalting process." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8056.

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The history of crude oil desalting/dehydration plant (DDP) has been marked in progressive phases-the simple gravity settling phase, the chemical treatment phase, the electrical enhancement phase and the dilution water phase. In recent times, the proper cachet would be the control-optimisation phase marked by terms such as "DDP process control", "desalter optimisation control" or "DDP automating technology". Another less perceptible aspect, but nonetheless important, has been both a punch listing of traditional plant boundaries and a grouping of factors that play the essential roles in a desalting/dehydration plant (DDP). Nowadays, modelling and optimising of a DDP performance has become more apparent in petroleum and chemical engineering, which has been traditionally concerned with production and refinery processing industries. Today's desalting/dehydration technology finds itself as an important factor in such diverse areas as petroleum engineering, environmental concerns, and advanced technology materials. The movement into these areas has created a need not only for sources useful for professionals but also for gathering relevant information essential in improving product quality and its impact on health, safety and environmental (HSE) aspects. All of the foregoing, clearly establishes the need for a comprehensive knowledge of DDP and emulsion theories, process modelling and optimisation techniques. The main objective of this work is to model and qualitatively optimise a desalting/dehydration plant. In due course, the contents of this thesis will cover in depth both the basic areas of emulsion treatment fundamentals, modelling desalting/dehydration processes and optimising the performance of desalting plants. In addition, emphasis is also placed on more advanced topics such as optimisation technology and process modifications. At the results and recommendation stage, the theme of this work-optimising desalting/dehydration plant will practically be furnished in an applicable scheme. Finally, a significant compendium of figures and experimental data are presented. This thesis, therefore, essentially presents the research and important principles of desalting/dehydration systems. It also gives the oil industry a wide breadth of important information presented in a concise and focused manner. In search of data quality and product on-line-improvement, this combination will be a powerful tool for operators and professionals in a decision support environment.
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Schmidt, Gustavo Torrents. "Modelagem da coalescência em sistemas bifásicos polidispersos usando balanço populacional e técnicas de CFD - aplicação à dessalgação de petróleo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-20102010-170921/.

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O balanço populacional é um método comprovado de se aumentar a previsibilidade do comportamento de um sistema multifásico, e sua utilização em conjunto de técnicas de CFD tem sido cada vez maior pelo desenvolvimento constante de ambas as tecnologias. Este trabalho apresenta o equacionamento genérico do balanço populacional para sistemas bifásicos com agregação e quebra de partículas, além de uma discussão sobre a natureza de sistemas bifásicos. Métodos numéricos específicos para a resolução deste tipo de problema são discutidos, implementados e validados. Como exemplo de aplicação do equacionamento sugerido, é obtido um modelo específico para o caso de coalescência de gotas de água salgada dispersas numa fase óleo submetidas a um campo elétrico alternado, como no processo de dessalgação de petróleo. Um algoritmo baseado em autômatos celulares é utilizado como fonte de dados para validação do modelo e técnicas de CFD produzem um perfil de escoamento da emulsão.
The population balance is a proven method for increasing a multiphase systems behavior predictability, and its employment along with CFD techniques is increasing following the constant development of both technologies. This work presents the generic Population Balance Equations for two-phase systems where its particles suffer aggregation and breakage and a discussion on the nature of two-phase systems. Specific numerical methods for the solution of such problems are discussed, implemented and validated. A specific model for the coalescence of water droplets dispersed in an oily phase under the effects of an alternated electric field is obtained as an application example of the suggested equations, mimicking the oil desalting process. A cellular automata based algorithm is used as data source for the models validation and CFD techniques are used to produce the emulsions flow profile.
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Bresciani, Antonio Esio. "Análise do processo de dessalgação de petróleo - otimização do uso de água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-20072009-101225/.

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Este trabalho visa o estudo da viabilidade da redução do uso de água no processo de dessalgação em refinarias de petróleo. Em uma primeira fase, foi necessário o estudo teórico da separação das emulsões água/óleo. Em seguida, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático baseado nas forças atuantes nas gotas de água, o que possibilitou a determinação do tempo entre as colisões de pares de gotas e o estabelecimento do critério para que ocorra o fenômeno de coalescência. Esse modelo foi empregado em um sistema desenvolvido com base em autômatos celulares, o qual possibilitou o acompanhamento do processo micro e macroscópico, através do cálculo para o conjunto das gotas, e o acompanhamento visual até a separação da fase contínua. Os experimentos de laboratório, para os quais foi usado equipamento ótico para a medição da intensidade de luz transmitida ou espalhada pelas gotas, possibilitaram avaliar a influência da qualidade da água de mistura no tempo de separação das emulsões. Na unidade industrial, foram realizados testes que permitiram analisar o desempenho das dessalgadoras em diferentes situações operacionais. Os resultados obtidos através dos experimentos de laboratório e da simulação usando o modelo matemático desenvolvido mostraram-se compatíveis com os dados obtidos nos testes na unidade industrial. O trabalho mostrou ser possível alterar os esquemas de usos de água nas dessalgadoras, aumentando a taxa de reciclagem e possibilitando a otimização do consumo de água fresca neste processo, o que resultaria em redução substancial no consumo geral de água na refinaria.
The aim of this work is the study of the reduction of water consumption in petroleum desalting processes. The study of the attraction forces acting on the droplets was necessary to know how the emulsion water/oil is separated. A mathematical model based upon these forces was built to calculate the time between each droplets collision and to establish criteria for their coalescence. This model was applied to a system developed based on cellular automata, which allows to follow the process micro and macroscopically. Computations were carried out to the ensemble of droplets and the visual progression, from the start of droplets separation of the continuous phase to the end of the process could be visualized. Laboratory experiments, in which optical equipment was used to measure the light intensity transmitted or scattered by the droplets, allowed to evaluate the influence of the type of mixing water in the separation time of the emulsions. Tests in the industrial unity allowed evaluating the performance of the desalting units at different operating conditions. Conclusions of the laboratory experiments and the results of the mathematical model were compared with results of the industrial tests, showing coherence between them. The work shows that it is possible to simulate the effect of the operating variables and to alter schemes of water use in desalting units, increasing the water recycling rate, allowing optimization of fresh water consumption in this process and reducing the total water consumption in the refinery.
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Ilkhaani, Shahrokh. "MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF CRUDE OIL DESALTING." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4215.

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When first received by a refinery, the crude oil usually contains some water, mineral salts, and sediments. The salt appears in different forms, most often times it is dissolved in the formation water that comes with the crude i.e. in brine form, but it could also be present as solid crystals, water-insoluble particles of corrosion products or scale and metal-organic compounds such as prophyrins and naphthenates. The amount of salt in the crude can vary typically between 5 to 200 PTB depending on the crude source, API, viscosity and other properties of the crude. For the following reasons, it is of utmost importance to reduce the amount of salt in the crude before processing the crude in the Crude Distillation Unit and consequently downstream processing units of a refinery. 1. Salt causes corrosion in the equipment. 2. Salt fouls inside the equipment. The fouling problem not only negatively impacts the heat transfer rates in the exchangers and furnace tubes but also affects the hydraulics of the system by increasing the pressure drops and hence requiring more pumping power to the system. Salt also plugs the fractionator trays and causes reduced mass transfer i.e. reduced separation efficiency and therefore need for increased re-boiler/condenser duties. 3. The salt in the crude usually has a source of metallic compounds, which could cause poisoning of catalyst in hydrotreating and other refinery units. Until a few years ago, salt concentrations as high as 10 PTB (1 PTB = 1 lb salt per 1000 bbl crude) was acceptable for desalted crude; However, most of the refineries have adopted more stringent measures for salt content and recent specs only allow 1 PTB in the desalted crude. This would require many existing refineries to improve their desalting units to achieve the tighter salt spec. This study will focus on optimizing the salt removal efficiency of a desalting unit which currently has an existing single-stage desalter. By adding a second stage desalter, the required salt spec in the desalted crude will be met. Also, focus will be on improving the heat integration of the desalting process, and optimization of the desalting temperature to achieve the best operating conditions in the plant after revamp.
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Alshehri, Ali. "Modeling and Optimization of Desalting Process in Oil Industry." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4782.

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Throughout a very long piping network crude oil in Saudi Arabia is sent to Gas Oil Separation Plant called GOSP. The main objectives of the GOSP are: - Separation of the associated gas through pressure drop in two series stages one to 120 psig and the other to 50 psig. - Separation of water by gravity separators called High Pressure Production Trap (HPPT), Dehydrator, Desalter and Water Oil Separator (WOSEP). - Reducing salt concentration to less than 10 PTB utilizing wash water and demulsifier. During the desalting process, the challenge is to overcome the existence of an emulsion layer at the interface between oil and water. In petroleum industry normally emulsions encountered are some kind of water droplets dispersed in a continuous phase of oil. In crude oil emulsions, emulsifying agents are present at the oil-water interface, hindering this coalescence process. Such agents include scale and clay particles, added chemicals or indigenous crude oil components like asphaltenes, resins, waxes and naphthenic acids. Many techniques made available to gas oil separation plant operators to minimize the effect of tight emulsions. These techniques include injection of demulsifier, increasing oil temperature, gravity separation in large vessels with high retention time as well as electrostatic voltage. From experience and studies these variables have been already optimized to a good extent; however, from the believe that knowledge never stop, this study is conducted targeting enhancing the demulsifier control and optimizing the wash water rate. The objective of this study is to design an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained on data set to cover wide operating range of all parameters effecting demulsifier dosage. This network will be used to work as a control black box inside the controller in which all effecting parameters are inputs and the demulsifier dosage is the controller output. Testing this control scheme showed an effective reduction in demulsifier consumption rate compared to the existing linear method. Results also, showed that the existing control strategy is highly conservative to prevent the salt from exceeding the limit. The generated function from the ANN was used also to optimize the amount of fresh water added to wash the salty crude oil. Finally, another ANN was developed to generate an online estimate of the salt content in the produced oil.
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Lin, Dah-cheng. "Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37956.

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The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied. For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600 °F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec) and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec). For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%) was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb = 300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface.
Graduation date: 1991
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Chang, Shih-Hsuan, and 張世萱. "Study of Desalting of Oil Sludge and Its Use for the Production of RDF-5." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67041608086839660157.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
99
This study consists of two parts, the desalting of oil sludge and the production of refuse-derived fuel-5 (RDF-5) from oil sludge. A high-gravity rotating packed bed (HGRPB) was used for the desalting of oil sludge. Steam was injected into the HGRPB. When steam contacts the oil sludge, it transfers the heat to the oil sludge and is condensed into water, dissolving and extracting the salts from the oil sludge. The results indicate that the desalting efficiency (η) is over 60% with the steam temperature (TS) within 140-220 ℃ and steam extraction time (t) of 25 min. For example, at TS = 140 ℃ and t = 25 min, the η can reach 78%. Steam can increase the temperature of oil sludge, reducing its viscosity. However, an excess amount of steam causes the volatilization of light hydrocarbons from the oil sludge, resulting in the decrease of heating value. The flow rate of steam increases with TS. The excess steam increases the water content in oil sludge, slowing down the de-watering and retarding the extraction of salt from oil sludge. The results show that the TS at 140℃ is better than 220 ℃ for desalting. The t is also an important factor. A short t may result in incomplete mixing. At least a t of 10 min is needed. At 10 min, the η becomes stable and closes to that at 25 min, indicating that HGRPB can give efficient desalting of oil sludge in a short steam extraction time. The RDF-5 was made by adding a portion of biomass to the oil sludge based solid fuel (un-desalted). According to the analysis of RDF-5 made, the heating value is quite high. Therefore, it is vital to consider the heat loading of burner, in order to avoid the damage of the hearth. In the market of solid fuel, the boiler user express that if the price and heating value is close to the present fuels (fossil fuels), they are willing to partly substitute the RDF-5 for the present fuels. It means that the acceptable fuel is no longer limited to fossil fuels. As long as the price and heating value are acceptable and the chlorine and sulfur contents are under limitation, the biofuels such as biomass-based fuels are among the suitable and alternative choices.
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Books on the topic "Oil desalting"

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Lin, Dah-cheng. Fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil \. 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oil desalting"

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Abdel-Aal, Hussein K. "Operations Handling Crude Oil: Treatment, Dehydration, and Desalting." In Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 213–22. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003137696-17.

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Kaiser, Mark J., Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, and Glenn E. Hwerk. "Crude Oil Desalting." In Petroleum Refining, 415–17. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429188893-21.

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"Crude Oil - Desalting." In Rules of Thumb for Petroleum Engineers, 183. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119403647.ch85.

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"Desalting of Crude Oil." In Petroleum and Gas Field Processing, 220–33. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429021350-13.

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"Desalting Of Crude Oil." In Chemical Industries. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203911099.ch6.

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Pereira, Juan, Ingrid Velasquez, Ronald Blanco, Meraldo Sanchez, César Pernalete, and Carlos Canelón. "Crude Oil Desalting Process." In Advances in Petrochemicals. InTech, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61274.

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Arnold, Ken, and Maurice Stewart. "Crude Oil Treating and Oil Desalting Systems." In Surface Production Operations, 351–456. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-075067853-7.50010-7.

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"Crude Oil Treatment: Dehydration, Desalting, and Stabilization." In Petroleum Economics and Engineering, 298–309. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16226-19.

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Yudelman, M. "Water and Food in Developing Countries in the Next Century." In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0010.

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The world’s supply of water is fixed. It is estimated that 97% of the world’s water exists in the oceans, 2.2% exists as ice and snow, mostly in the polar regions, and only about 0.7% of the total supply is the freshwater that sustains mankind, including the global agricultural system. This quantity of freshwater — around 40,500 km3 — which is the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, is continuously replenished by nature’s hydrological cycle. Most climatologists and hydrologists agree that there is no natural process short of climate change, especially global warming, that can increase the world’s rainfall and so the supply of freshwater. The greater the warming, the larger the expected increase in precipitation. One “simple level of analysis” suggests that global warming of 30° C could well lead to a 10% increase in evaporation and an average increase in precipitation of 10%. The biggest increases would be at high latitudes, smaller increases would occur close to the equator (Gleick, 1992). The weight of evidence suggests that this is unlikely to happen within the next several decades (Rosenzweig, 1994). It is an open question, though, as to what might happen in the second half of the next century. There are some manmade processes that can increase the supply of fresh water. One of the most important of these is the conversion of saline water from the ocean into fresh water by removing salt through desalinization or by filtration. Thus far, however, the processes that have been developed are highly energy intensive and costly; the plants presently in operation are mostly in the oil-rich, water-poor nations of the Persian Gulf. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 desalting plants operating worldwide, but together they produce less than 0.2% of the world’s total fresh water (Postel, 1991). The costs of desalting sea water range currently from about $0.80 to $1.60 m-3, and costs of treating brackish water are about $0.30 m -3, well above the costs of fresh water used for irrigation (Wolf, 1996).
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Conference papers on the topic "Oil desalting"

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Chawla, M. L. "Field Desalting of Wet Crude in Kuwait." In Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15711-ms.

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Alatiqi, I. M., and G. A. Gasmelseed. "Economic Feasibility of Crude Desalting With Multistage Agitated Extractors." In Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15712-ms.

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Sellman, Erik L., S. Pavan Kumar Mandewalkar, and Gary W. Sams. "Improved Desalting of Challanging Crude Slates in Refineries." In SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167376-ms.

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Perschke, Thomas. "Desalting of Heavy Crude Oil by using Centrifugal Technology." In SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167365-ms.

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Sellman, Erik, Gary W. Sams, and S. Pavan Kumar Mandewalkar. "Improved Dehydration and Desalting of Mature Crude Oil Fields." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/164289-ms.

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Warren, Kenneth W. "Desalting Heavy Crude Oil by Counter-Flow Electrostatic Mixing." In SPE Latin America Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/21176-ms.

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White, Ramsey, Simone Mulas, Pier Domini, Miguel Lopez, and Faris Abusittah. "Modulated AC/DC Crude Desalting Technology Application & Best Practices." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205860-ms.

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Abstract:
Abstract The Modulated AC/DC Crude Desalting technology was successfully commissioned at several Saudi Aramco facilities. Enhancements to desalting performance and optimization of plant operating expenditures were realized. Benefits of the Modulated AC/DC Desalting technology, installation and operational best practices and a comparison to conventional AC technology is shared in the paper. The conventional AC desalting technology was replaced with the Modulated AC/DC Crude Desalting technology at some Saudi Aramco facilities. After the successful commissioning, the performance of the new units was tested in one of these facilities to identify operating limits, such as maximum water cut and minimum demulsifier injection at the production header, in which the stable operation is sustainable. A comparison of the performance of the technology compared to that of previous conventional AC desalting technology was conducted through analysis of grid/plate voltage stability, demulsifier injection rate, wash water rates and crude quality parameters. Some enhancements to the process were also introduced which resulted in realizing additional benefits. The technology resulted in several benefits, including: (1) A reduction in the required demulsifier injection rate during the testing period compared to the same time period from the previous year, leading to significant cost savings; (2) Ability to maintain normal operations beyond the design water cuts of the facility; (3) No major grid outages since installation; (4) Additional data that can be used to diagnose separation performance as each transformer provides a number of feedback signals to DCS that are good indicators of the separation process. Based on the observations and analysis, the Modulated AC/DC Crude Desalting Technology has several advantages over the conventional AC Crude Desalting Technology in regards to crude desalting performance and process stability. The Modulated AC/DC Crude Desalting technology at Saudi Aramco was the first installation in Saudi Arabia for Arab Light crude oil. The paper captures Saudi Aramco’s experience and best practices that other companies can find beneficial in their efforts to maintain crude quality and reduce operating expenditures.
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Shvetsov, Vladimir, and Anas Yunusov. "New methods and treating units for electrical dehydration and desalting of oil." In SPE Russian Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/135974-ms.

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Shvetsov, Vladimir, and Anas Yunusov. "New Methods and Treating Units for Electrical Dehydration and Desalting of Oil (Russian)." In SPE Russian Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/135974-ru.

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Zeidani, K., A. Bahadori, and T. Cyr. "New Correlation for Iron Sulfide Stability in Crude Oil Desalting Plants Wastewaters." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2006-095.

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