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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oil exploitation in Qatar'
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1
Al-Kawari, I. G. "The exploitation of oil in Qatar." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234741.
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Althani, Hamad A. "Pearls and oil : global linkages and domestic income in Qatar." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337673.
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Al-Thani, Faisal F. J. "Comprehensive financial model for oil and gas field projects in Qatar." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3891/.
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Project finance is essentially the raising of finance for a new project, secured against future revenues rather than an existing corporate balance sheet or other existing assets. The completion of the project, its successful and profitable operations, is therefore the key concern for all lenders and investors. This means that all the elements influencing the costs, revenues and returns from the project are of interest when determining the finance structure. Existing financial models were not designed to cover all these essential aspects. Analysis of the projected cash flows for the deal is therefore essential, from financial close to the end of the concession or plant life, under a range of assumptions. A case study is developed using Qatar's North Field, RasGas (Ras Laffan Liquefied Gas Company) data for this purpose. This is a multi-billion dollar company set up to develop the Gas Extracting and Utilisation Project in Qatar. The projects cannot be financed from the present country revenue, and therefore, external project financing is required. Decisions have to be made regarding the amount to be raised, acceptable securities, criteria for a Target Capital Structure for all new Gas/Oil Extraction/Utilisation Projects and other related decisions. The thesis verifies and validates a unique, innovative, specific, accurate and cost saving Comprehensive Financial Model for the oil and gas industry in Qatar, to facilitate the evaluation of new projects in the future.
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Pickering, Andrew Christopher. "An empirical analysis of the exploitation of oil." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248158.
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Boosalis, William. "Exporting Oil, Importing Education: The Politics of Education in the Arabian Peninsula." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104707.
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Thesis advisor: Kathleen Bailey<br>My thesis will be analyzing the politics of education in the Gulf in order to understand why education performance remains low. The problem extends beyond Islamic culture and rentierism. These are merely factors. The problem of education stems from the government itself in mismanaged bureaucracy and the ruling family that dominates politics. My thesis will be looking closely at Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar. My approach is looking at how the Ministry of Education or other departments responsible for implementing and enforcing education policy and how they function within the state and impact education performance for students. My thesis will cover a number of themes, such as; rentierism, culture (political, traditional, etc.), and other factors that impede education and development. My conclusion is that bureaucratic mismanagement with emphasis on rentier and cultural factors are the cause of generating the mismatch of skills making students ill prepared for the globalized world. The problems of education has differed since the 1960s to the present due to how oil shape politics and development. In addition, rentierism has changed and developed and forcing the Gulf to address more societal needs than previously before. The government is the main cause and will be discussed is how this mismanagement and centralized control over education does not prepare students for the workforce in a technologically advanced world.!<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2015<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Departmental Honors<br>Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Societies
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Al-Hargan, Ali Abdulla Qassim Khamis. "Creation of a coastal zone information system for Qatar using remote sensing and GIS." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241793.
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Attah, Amewu. "The impact of oil exploitation on a Ghanaian fishing community." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/112770/.
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The likelihood that natural resource extraction will deliver benefits to inhabitants of local communities which host the extraction venture has become a salient point in the sub-Saharan African context. It is because although the continent has seen an upsurge in resource extraction activities, the continent still features prominently in the “resource curse” debate. The “resource curse” is a phenomenon where countries which have abundant natural resources such as oil and gas, perform badly in economic development and governance compared to countries with fewer resources (Humphreys et al., 2007). Although the “resource curse” is a global occurrence it is particularly prevalent in resource-rich countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the prevalence of the resource curse in Africa, international financial institutions, national governments, leaders and inhabitants of the region continue to see the extraction of natural resource as a route out of poverty, especially for local communities which host extraction activities. This thesis focuses on the case of Ghana, a new addition to the bloc of oil-producing countries to assess whether expectations of resource benefits by inhabitants of the oil region will materialise. I used a qualitative approach, so I conducted semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in Ghana’s oil and gas industry. The exploration of the social, economic and environmental impact of oil drilling and exploitation on the study community revealed that contrary to expectations of benefits, no beneficial outcomes accrued to inhabitants of the community. There were instead reports of challenges with fishing activities such as decreased fish catch levels, longer time spent at sea and the presence of seaweed which affected fishing activities negatively. The main conclusion of this thesis is that resource-rich communities who do not have the “power” cannot compel governments of developing countries to institute resource intervention projects for them. This thesis, therefore, recommends that communities must capitalise on elections which gives them “power” over governments.
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Wawryk, Alexandra Sophia. "The protection of indigenous peoples' lands from oil exploitation in emerging economies." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw346.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 651-699. "Through case studies of three emerging economies - Ecuador, Nigeria and Russia - this thesis analyses the factors present to a greater or lesser degree in emerging economies, such as severe foreign indebtedness and the absence of the rule of law, that undermine the effectiveness of the legal system in protecting indigenous peoples from oil exploitation. Having identified these factors, I propose that a dual approach to the protection of indigenous peoples' traditional lands and their environment be adopted, whereby international laws that set out the rights of indigenous peoples and place duties on states in this regard, are reinforced and translated into practice through the self-regulation of the international oil industry through a voluntary code of conduct for oil companies seeking to operate on indigenous peoples' traditional lands."
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Jolo, Hend Abdulrahman Mohamed. "Human capital formation in the State of Qatar with special reference to oil and gas-based industries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288705.
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Al-Horr, Khalid. "Political contingency and the implementation of localisation policies : a case study of the oil and gas sector in Qatar." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21105/.
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This thesis is an exploratory study that examines the political contingency and the implementation of workforce localisation policy through an intensive case study on the oil-and gas-based industries (OGBI), the most significant economic sector in Qatar. In particular, the thesis identifies the strategies and mechanisms that the government utilises in its efforts to gain commitment from public enterprises to replace its expatriate workforce with nationals. The empirical analysis focuses on three main themes: the state influence on public organisations, obstacles to localisation, and the HR practices used to enhance workforce localisation. The findings reveal that the government has adopted some innovative control strategies that are not widely acknowledged within the literature. These include its continuously reshuffling and replacement of decision-makers and key personnel in state enterprises. Moreover, the government is dominating an active role in forming OGBI strategies through appointing the Minister of Energy in the highest hierarchical positions, such as chairman and managing director, in the industries. However, state enterprises' reaction to the state-led localisation policy varies considerably. The study provides new evidence that public organisations do not always comply with politically-determined policies. The evaluation of the implementation of localisation strategy shows that there are three approaches toward what may be called 'Qatarisation', namely, strategic engagement; pragmatic acceptance and implicit avoidance. The approaches are strongly associated with understanding of the policy aims and linking of the policy to HR practices. According to the findings of this study, several policy implications have been suggested as strategies to enhance the implementation process of workforce localisation.
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Alnaeem, Abdullah Saleh. "The instability caused by oil dependency within the banking systems of the Gulf countries : the case of KSA and Qatar." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2017. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/620211/.
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For the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), developmental pathways and future economic opportunities are inherently tied to either the stabilisation and perpetuation of the oil markets or the diversification and development of new capabilities and resource streams. In spite of such pressures and the past decade of constrained growth and development, political forces continue to affect the capacity for private enterprise and business start-ups to gain a strong and sustainable foothold within this national economy. Additional research is essential to the identification and evaluation of strategic pathways and support systems that can be applied to the KSA resource problem in order to improve the opportunity for long-term, sustainable development. The primary aim of this research is to critically assess the risks and vulnerabilities to commercial banking stability in the KSA by comparing the structural, institutional, and governmental effects and influences on lending and profitability outcomes across the Saudi Arabian and Qatari financial sectors. This research aim focuses on addressing both internal and external forces that are influencing the commercial banking industry and its capacity to perform. In addition, this research aim focuses on the accomplishments and progress that have been made in another resource-dependent nation, Qatar. The research combines primary (qualitative and quantitative research) with secondary data research. The outcome of the research is that Qatar is a country which has taken several steps towards liberating its market and shifting away from dependence on oil. It has developed services in various markets including financial services, tourism, education, and events. In contrast, KSA remains dependent on oil, meaning that its banking system and its institution are vulnerable to shock effects, especially to changes in the price of oil. For this reason, KSA needs a set of changes and reforms so as to open its economy.
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Catchpole, Roger. "Establishing cost-effective safety management for major oil and gas exploitation projects in the design phase." Thesis, Open University, 2012. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54513/.
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Disasters such as Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico, in April 2010, continue to blight the oil and gas industry despite a significant amount of research effort carried out by academia, regulatory bodies, and oil and gas companies to understand how safety-related incidents, especially disasters, can be prevented. While these have contributed to the discussion around reducing risk, they often lack the systemic influences that determine the value drivers affecting decision-making, and the ability to achieve continuous and sustainable improvements in safety performance. Consequently, this research aims to provide a more holistic approach to understanding the nature of disasters in the oil and gas industry, and identifying how future disasters can be prevented by establishing "more cost-effective strategies. Quantitative research was carried out to determine the type and validity of the data used to construct trends in major accident safety performance, and qualitative research was carried out to assess the key factors that influence safety performance, and whether these are effectively applied. The conclusions of this research are that the industry has not demonstrated effective implementation of an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OH&S-MS). Historically safety performance shows wide annual variations where trends are difficult to define and extrapolate, making it difficult to provide any significant benefit for major accident prevention. There is no evidence to indicate that moving from a prescriptive, to a goal-setting regime, has improved safety performance, and reduced the prospect of future major accidents. Disaster investigation reports have shown that the role of the regulator has been ineffective. However, the adoption of a more comprehensive, and effective approach to inherently safer designs, and the way projects are managed, have the potential to make safety management more cost-effective and reduce the prospect of future disasters.
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Zumbrägel, Tobias [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Demmelhuber, and Thomas [Gutachter] Demmelhuber. "Sustaining Power after Oil: Environmental Politics and Legitimacy in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait / Tobias Zumbrägel ; Gutachter: Thomas Demmelhuber ; Betreuer: Thomas Demmelhuber." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229194215/34.
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Ebeku, Kaniye Samuel Adheledhini. "Legal aspects of environmental issues and equity considerations in the exploitation of oil in Nigeria's Niger delta." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274315.
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Melhim, Noora Naser. "A Sacred Gift: Rebalancing Our Relationship with Water." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5891.
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In the Middle East, and specifically Qatar, water has significant cultural history and preciousness as a commodity. Today, the rapid economic development has resulted in a disconnection from the past leading to subconscious overconsumption of water.
This thesis investigates water from the context of cultural relevance, by examining systems of distribution before and after the discovery of oil. It reinterprets the materiality of the traditional ceramic vessels used to contain and preserve water with the intention of using the natural properties of clay, such as cooling and filtering, to produce new artifacts. The intent of this research is to critically comment on current water consumption habits and raise awareness by presenting alternatives solutions.
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Dagmey, Aurélien. "Enrichissement d’huiles alimentaires riches en acides gras polyinsaturés, par des composés phénoliques d’origine naturelle, afin de les protéger de la peroxydation lipidique, en vue d’une encapsulation pour augmenter la durée de conservation de ces huiles." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://bibliotheque.utc.fr/EXPLOITATION/doc/IFD/2020COMP2553.
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Les acides linoléique (LA) et α-linolénique (ALA) sont deux acides gras polyinsaturés. Ils sont indispensables à l’Homme car nous sommes incapables de les synthétiser in situ. Ces deux acides gras sont les représentants des oméga-6 (LA) et oméga-3 (ALA). Bien qu’ils soient indispensables et donc nécessaires, l’enjeu du ratio oméga-6/oméga-3 entre ces deux familles est également important à prendre en compte dans l’alimentation. Les habitudes de consommation des Français, ces trente dernières années, ont fait évoluer la balance en défaveur des oméga-3 par rapport aux oméga-6. Or un rééquilibre de la balance oméga-6/oméga-3 tend à diminuer les risques cardiovasculaires. Les huiles de lin et de cameline sont des cultures endémiques en France extrêmement riches en ALA. Elles sont les plus adaptées à une complémentation en oméga-3 d’origine végétale. Cependant, les hautes teneurs en acides gras polyinsaturés de ces huiles sont responsables de leurs faibles stabilités oxydatives. La consommation d’huiles ou de graisses oxydées n’est pas recommandée car elle peut apporter des molécules toxiques. Ainsi l’enjeu de ce projet était d’améliorer la durée de conservation d’huiles riches en acides gras polyinsaturés en valorisant les antioxydants extraits des tourteaux obtenus après trituration des graines. Parmi les molécules étudiées, l’acide gallique, l’acide caféique, le gallate de propyle ainsi que les pinorésinol et laricirésinol purifiées du lin ont montré un réel intérêt pour ralentir l’oxydation, tandis que le sécoisolaricirésinol s’est montré inefficace<br>Linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic (ALA) acids are two polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are essential for humans because we are unable to synthesize them in situ. These two fatty acids are the representatives of omega-6 (LA) and omega-3 (ALA). Although they are essential and therefore necessary, the issue of the omega-6 / omega-3 ratio between these two families is also important to take into account in the diet. The consumption habits of the French over the past thirty years have shifted the balance against omega-3s compared to omega-6s. Or a rebalancing of the omega-6 / omega-3 balance tends to reduce cardiovascular risks. Linseed and camelina oils are endemic crops in France extremely rich in ALA. They are the most suitable for supplementation with omega-3 of plant origin. However, the high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in these oils are responsible for their low oxidative stabilities. The consumption of oxidized oils or fats is not recommended because they can contribute toxic molecules. The aim of this project was to improve the shelf life of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by enhancing the antioxidant extracts of the cakes obtained after crushing the seeds. Among the molecules studied, gallic acid, caffeic acid, propyl gallate as well as pinoresinol and lariciresinol purified from flax showed a real interest in slowing down oxidation, while secoisolariciresinol was ineffective
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Santos, Leandro Carlos dos. "Gestão de recursos e reservas para aumento do aproveitamento do folhelho pirobetuminoso e aumento da recuperação de sua matéria orgânica na forma dos derivados óleo e gás." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-01092009-145125/.
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Este trabalho trata sobre o aproveitamento de reservas minerais através dos conceitos de completa extração e adequada utilização do minério, considerando estes conceitos como parte da gestão de recursos e reservas, e como elementos que poderão contribuir para o aumento da vida útil do empreendimento mineiro e para redução de custos unitários. A gestão de recursos e reservas, no universo da mineração, usualmente, tem foco na ativa descoberta, rigor na quantificação e caracterização do minério. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foca no aumento do aproveitamento das reservas minerais em função da identificação e redução de perdas na cadeia produtiva. Tais reduções deverão se aplicar para além da frente de extração do minério (frente de lavra), tratando em especial a questão da recuperação do bem de interesse presente no minério (bem mineral). Apontando no sentido da completa extração e adequada utilização do minério, as soluções propostas para redução das perdas se baseiam em ajustes de operações unitárias e na linearização e integração do aproveitamento do minério numa só cadeia de valor. Desta forma perdas de minério poderão ser transformadas em produto na mesma cadeia, ao invés de considerar aproveitamentos alternativos com diversificação de destinos e produtos. Como estudo de caso, se utilizou a industrialização do folhelho pirobetuminoso do Subgrupo Irati no estado do Paraná - Brasil, operado pela Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. - PETROBRAS. O folhelho pirobetuminoso, mas conhecido como xisto, é um minério cujo principal bem de interesse presente em sua composição é a matéria orgânica que quando decomposta termicamente produz óleo e gás. Para este aproveitamento do folhelho pirobetuminoso há uma cadeia produtiva com três grandes processos: mineração; tratamento de minérios e processamento. Sendo que, se tem associado a cada um destes processos, perdas de minério, que, se reduzidas, considerando o potencial energético e restrições para o processamento, implicam em maior aproveitamento das reservas minerais.<br>This work is about the use of mineral reserves through of the concepts of complete extraction and appropriate use of the ore, and considers these concepts as part of the management of resources and reserves, and also consider that these concepts help to increase the life of the venture mining and to reduce unit costs. The management of resources and reserves in the world of mining usually has focused on active discovery and accuracy in the quantification and characterization of the ore. The methodology used in this work focuses on increasing the use of mineral reserves according to the identification and reduction of losses in the productive chain of mining beyond the front of extraction of ore (front of mine), addressing in particular the question of the recovery of valuable mineral ore (mineral-ore). Pointing towards the complete extraction and appropriate use of the ore, the proposed solutions for reducing losses are based on adequacy of the unit operations and linearization and integration of the use of ore in a single value chain, so that losses of ore can be processed into product in the same chain instead of considering alternative uses with diversification of destinations and products. As a case study has the industrialization of the oil shale of the Subgroup Irati of the state Paraná - Brazil, operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. - PETROBRAS. Oil shale is a ore whose mineral of interest in this composition is the organic matters that when thermally decomposed produces oil and gas. To achieve the production of oil and gas from the oil shale ore is subjected to three main processes within a supply chain: mining, ore processing and; processing. Since, it has been associated to each of these cases, loss of ore which reduced involve greater use of mineral reserves, considering the energy potential and limitations for the processing of oil shale.
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Vianna, Goncalves Raphael. "Exploitation offshore d'hydrocarbures et responsabilité civile : droit comparé : Brésil, France et Etats-Unis." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010271.
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La situation actuelle des règles relatives à la responsabilité civile de l'entrepreneur pour les dommages environnementaux provoqués par l’exploitation offshore d’hydrocarbure et le transport de ce produit par des navires pétroliers, démontre que le législateur a été de plus en plus concerné par la question de la santé environnementale. Cependant, il y a beaucoup de lacunes dans les lois nationales qui peuvent entraîner une incertitude juridique considérable pour l'entrepreneur et en même temps, ne pas fournir une protection adéquate à l'environnement et à l’homme. L’étude comparée des systèmes juridiques démontre qu’il est extrêmement important que les pays qui sont exposés aux périls des marées noires, notamment ceux qui exploitent des hydrocarbures dans la mer, disposent d’un fonds spécial d’indemnisation pour garantir et faciliter la restauration de l’environnement et le payement des indemnisations aux victimes. Outre la protection de l’environnement et des droits des citoyens, le fonds offre aussi la possibilité d’application des cas exceptés et de la limitation de responsabilité. Le fonds serait utilisé pour couvrir les préjudices au-delà de la limite de responsabilité de l’entrepreneur ou dans les cas où la responsabilité de celui-ci est écartée par un cas excepté<br>The current situation of the rules governing the liability of the entrepreneur for environmental damage caused by offshore oil exploration and by the transportation of this product by oil tankers, shows that the legislator is more concerned with environmental health issues. However, there are many gaps in national legislations that can lead to considerable legal uncertainty for the responsible parties. While, at the same time it does not provide adequate protection for the environment and to human beings. The comparative study of legals systems shows the importance that countries that are exposed to the dangers of oil spills, especially those exploiting oil in the sea, to have a special indemnisation fund to guarantee and facilitate environmental restoration and payment of compensation to victims. Besides protecting the environment and citizens' rights, the fund also offers the possibility of applying the defenses of liability and limitation of liability. The funds would be used to cover the losses beyond the limit of liability of the responsible partie or when the responsibility for the accident is ruled out by a liability defense cause
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Milvydas, Ričardas. "D-6 naftos telkinio eksploatacija tarptautinės jūrų teisės požiūriu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_095344-53916.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe “D-6 naftos telkinio eksploatacija tarptautinės jūrų teisės požiūriu” analizuojami tarptautinės teisės šaltiniai, reglamentuojantys jūrinių naftos platformų statybą, eksploataciją bei atsakomybę už jų sukeltą žalą kitai valstybei. Nagrinėjama kurios tarptautinės sutartys, kiti teisės aktai yra privalomi Rusijos Federacijai ir turi būti taikomi eksploatuojant naftos telkinius Baltijos jūros kontinentiniame šelfe Rusijos jurisdikcijos zonoje. Taip pat darbe yra nurodomi atvejai, kuriais Rusija nesilaikė jai privalomų tarptautinės teisės normų projektuodama, statydama ir eksploatuodama naftos platformą D-6. Analizuojama, ar Rusijos Federacija būtų atsakinga prieš Lietuvos Respubliką už žalą, kuri gali kilti eksploatuojant D-6 naftos platformą. Tuo tikslu nagrinėjami du atsakomybės taikymo pagrindai: atsakomybė už tarptautinės teisės normų pažeidimus ir atsakomybė už kitos valstybės interesams padarytą žalą veiksmais, kurių nedraudžia tarptautinė teisė. Vertinant “griežtos” atsakomybės taikymo principą analizuojamas JT Tarptautinės teisės komisijos darbas šioje srityje. Siekiama nustatyti, ar yra susiformavęs tarptautinis paprotys, numatantis tokią valstybės atsakomybę už sukeltą žalą.
Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais konstatuojama, kad projektuojant ir statant D-6 naftos platformą buvo pažeistos tarptautinės teisės normos, tačiau šiuo metu eksploatuojant platformą Rusija laikosi tarptautinės teisės reikalavimų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The Master’s thesis “D-6 oil fields exploitation in the background of the international maritime law” analyzes sources of the international law governing construction and exploitation of offshore platforms as well as responsibility for the damages to other countries caused by such platforms. The thesis also analyzes which international treaties and other legislation are mandatory to the Russian Federation and must be followed in exploiting oil fields continental shelf in the Baltic Sea in the area of the Russian jurisdiction. Besides, the thesis provides for the cases where Russia violated mandatory legislation in planning, erecting and exploiting oil platform D-6. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes whether the Russian Federation would be liable against the Republic of Lithuania for the damages which may arise from exploitation of D-6 oil platform. To that end, the thesis analyzes two principles of liability: liability for violations of the international legislation and liability for the damages to the interests of the other country resulting from the actions not prohibited by the international law. For assessment of the principle of application of “strict” liability, the work done by the UN International Law Commission is analyzed. Attempts are made to find out whether there is an international custom providing for the country’s liability for the caused damages.
The thesis is finalized by the findings. Taking into consideration the research results it is stated that planning... [to full text]
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Du, Toit Francois Stephanus. "Olie : hoop of wanhoop vir Angola?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/824.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The increasing global demand for and dependency on oil provides tremendous
opportunities for oil-producing countries. Supported by the unprecedented
economic growth in developing countries such as China and India, the global
demand for oil is estimated to increase by 50% from the present 83 million
barrels a day to 120 million barrels a day by 2025. This increased demand for oil
provides the African oil industry with vast possibilities. Countries such as Angola,
Cameroon and Nigeria are already experiencing a large increase in direct foreign
investment, a higher Gross National Product en more favourable balance of
trade.
The logical conclusion from the abovementioned advantages of oil-rich countries
would seem to imply a sharp rise in the standard of living for the citizens of these
countries in the recent past. The purpose of this report is to determine if Angola,
as the world’s fastest growing oil-producer in terms of increased production of
barrels per day, offers its citizens an economically prosperous future.
Points highlighted by the report include the inevitable problems caused by
Angola’s colonial history and the recent twenty seven year long civil war. Angola
faces internal and external problems caused by
• “Dutch Disease”
• Fluctuating oil prices
• Poor governance
• Institutional capacity
China now plays an important if somewhat controversial role in Angola’s
prosperity by providing finance and aid with less stringent conditions than
Angola’s traditional sources. With Chinese aid Angola is now undertaking the
rebuilding of its infrastructure which is essential to counteract the negative
aspects of the country’s dependency on oil resource exploitation.
There is still significant corruption within the oil industry and it seems clear that
any attempts by international companies and non-governmental organisations to
counteract the problem will have limited success unless the governments and all
concerned parties take note of and accept new ethical and socially responsible
codes of behaviour.
Africa however is entering a new phase of accepting responsibility for its own
internal problems. The democratisation of the continent is setting new standards
for the fight against corruption.
Finally the report indicates that there are lessons to be learned from other
countries about using income from natural resources to benefit future
generations. Countries such as Botswana (diamonds) and Norway (oil) use
investment funds to limit their dependence on the resources and to counteract
the effect of fluctuating prices of the commodities.
Bearing in mind the above considerations, Angola cannot be expected to achieve
success overnight, but the country has all that is required to eventually assume its
rightful position on the continent and become another African economic success
story.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld se toenemende vraag na- en afhanklikheid van olie bied tans
geweldige geleenthede vir olie-produserende lande. Daar word beraam dat die
wêreldwye vraag na olie, gesteun deur ongekende ekonomiese groei in
ontwikkelende lande soos China en Indië, met meer as 50% van die huidige vlak
van 83 miljoen vate per dag teen 2025 tot 120 miljoen vate per dag sal toeneem.
Die moontlikhede wat hierdie verhoogde vraag vir die oliebedryf in Afrika bied, is
legio. Lande soos Angola, Kameroen en Nigerië ondervind reeds ʼn groot
toename in direkte buitelandse investering, ’n verhoging in bruto binnelandse
produk en gunstiger handelsbalanse.
In die lig van bogenoemde voordele vir lande wat ryk is aan oliehulpbronne, sou
die logiese afleiding wees dat die lewenstandaard van die burgers van hierdie
lande die afgelope paar jaar drasties moes verhoog het. Hierdie verslag het dit
ten doel om te sien of Angola, wat die wêreld se vinnigs groeiende olieprodusent
in terme van verhoogde produksie in vate per dag is, werklik sy burgers
ekonomiese voorspoed vir die toekoms bied.
Belangrike punte wat in die verslag na vore kom, is die onvermydelike probleme
waarmee Angola te kampe het weens die land se historiese agtergrond en die
onlangse burgeroorlog van sewe-en-twintig jaar. Interne en eksterne probleme
wat Angola teister is die gevolge van
• “Dutch Disease”
• Skommelende oliepryse
• Swak staatsbestuur
• Institusionele kapasiteit
China is ’n nuwe, hoewel ietwat kontroversiële, faktor in Angola se vooruitgang
en stel minder beperkende voorwaardes as Angola se tradisionele bronne vir
finansiering en hulpverlening. Met Chinese hulp is Angola nou besig met die
heropbou van sy infrastruktuur, wat noodsaaklik is as hy die negatiewe aspekte
van die land se afhanlikheid van olie-ontginning wil afskud.
Korrupsie binne die oliebedryf is egter nog beduidend en dit is duidelik dat die
pogings van internasionale maatskappye en nie-regeringsorganisasies om die
probleem die hoof te bied, beperk sal bly tensy die regerings en alle
belanghebbende partye kennis neem van nuwe etiese en sosiaal
verantwoordelike optredes en dit aanvaar.
Afrika gaan deur ’n nuwe fase waar die vasteland self verantwoordelikheid
aanvaar vir sy interne probleme. Die demokratisering van die vasteland behels
die aanvaarding van nuwe standaarde ten opsigte van die bekamping van
korrupsie.
Ten slotte noem die verslag dat daar lesse te leer is van ander lande wat hul
inkomste uit hulpbron-ontginning tot voordeel van toekomstige geslagte
aanwend. Lande soos Botswana (diamante) en Noorweë (olie) maak gebruik van
beleggingsfondse om die land se afhanklikheid van die hulpbron te beperk en om
die uitwerking van prysskommelings van die kommoditeit teen te werk.
Met inagneming van bogenoemde oorwegings kan nie verwag word dat Angola
oornag ekonomiese sukses sal behaal nie, maar die land het alles wat nodig is
om mettertyd sy regmatige plek op die vasteland in te neem en na vore te tree as
nog ’n ekonomiese suksesverhaal uit Afrika.
21
Tuelle-Pambo, Imelda. "L’exploration-production offshore des hydrocarbures : prévention, répression et réparation des déversements illicites d’hydrocarbures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0263.
Full textAbstract:
Dans l’attente d’une augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique, les énergies fossiles, telles que les hydrocarbures, restent encore la première source d’approvisionnement énergétique de l’Homme. La raréfaction des hydrocarbures sur le continent conduit les industriels à se tourner vers l’offshore. Ainsi, aux Etats-Unis (1er pays producteur de pétrole au monde en 2015), la production pétrolière offshore (principalement concentrée dans le Golfe du Mexique) représente plus de la moitié de la production nationale totale de pétrole. La France, quant à elle, se tourne désormais vers l’exploration de sa très grande zone offshore s’étendant sur les quatre coins du monde (notamment au large des côtes guyanaises). Une telle importance économique ne doit pas passer sous silence la dangerosité de l’exploitation pétrolière offshore. L’explosion du Deepwater Horizon en avril 2010, au large des côtes de la Louisiane (Golfe du Mexique ; Etats-Unis) en est une parfaite illustration (11 salariés tués, endommagement de l’écosystème, victimes collatérales, etc.). Le droit doit pouvoir appréhender efficacement les risques générés par l’exploitation des hydrocarbures en offshore. L’étude comparative des législations française et états-unienne met en exergue les carences du droit français. L’exploitation des ressources minérales du plateau continental des Etats-Unis, la répression des déversements illicites d’hydrocarbures et, la réparation des dommages qui en résultent, sont régies par des lois fédérales spéciales. A contrario, l’exploitation du plateau continental et de la Zone économique exclusive française s’inscrit dans un cadre législatif et règlementaire plus général. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de proposer une réforme de la législation actuelle. Dans cette optique, ce travail a vocation à émettre des propositions de réforme. La nouvelle législation française spéciale doit être pensée dans une approche systémique. Les éléments qui composent le système doivent interagir. Le premier élément est un régime optimal de prévention qui, s’articule autour de la sécurité des travailleurs et des installations. Le second élément est un régime de répression des infractions à la législation de prévention et, du délit de pollution par les hydrocarbures. Le troisième élément est un régime d’indemnisation civile de plein droit des conséquences dommageables de l’accident pétrolier (lorsqu’il n’est pas couvert par le régime exclusif d’indemnisation des accidents du travail) et du déversement d’hydrocarbures. Responsabilités pénale et civile concourent par ailleurs à la prévention par la dissuasion, cela en vue d’une meilleure internalisation des risques dans la politique managériale des entreprises pétrolières et parapétrolières intervenant sur les sites<br>Waiting for a complete change to the development of renewable energies, fossil energies, such as conventional oil and gas, remain still the primary source of energy supply. The rarefaction of conventional oil on the continent has lead major oil companies to turn to the offshore. Thus, in the United States (First oil producer country in the world in 2015) the offshore oil exploitation (mainly concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico) represents more than half of the national oil production. France, as for it, turns now to the exploration of its very great offshore zone extending on the four world’s corners (particularly, off the Guyana’s coasts). This significant economic development should not overlook the dangerousness of offshore oil activities. The explosion of Deepwater Horizon in April 2010, off the Louisiana’s coasts (Gulf of Mexico, The United States) is a perfect illustration (11 killed employees, ecosystem damaged, collateral victims, etc). The Law must be able to frame the risks generated by the offshore oil activities. The comparative study of French and American legal systems highlights French law’s gaps. The exploitation of the American continental shelf’s mineral resources, the repression of unlawful oil discharges and, the remedies of damages, which result from it, are governed by special federal laws. A contrario, the exploitation of the French continental shelf and exclusive economic Zone is governed by general laws. It thus appears necessary to promote a reform of the current legislation. Accordingly, this work is to put forth reform proposals. The special French new legislation must be worked out in a systemic approach. The elements which compose the system must interact. The first element is an optimal prevention that is articulated around the security of the workers and the installations. The second element is the repression of the offenses to the legislation of prevention and, unlawful oil discharges. The third element is a strict liability for the damages result from oil accident (when they are not covered by the exclusive liability for the damages result from occupational accidents) and oil spill. Criminal and civil liabilities also contribute to the prevention by the deterrent for better consideration of risks in the management of oil companies and others companies involving in offshore oil activities
22
Provost, Elise. "Études thermodynamique et structurale de deux n-alcanes lourds (n-hexacosane et n-octacosane) et de leurs mélanges dans des solvants organiques contenant sept atomes de carbone." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL069N.
Full textAbstract:
Les risques de formation de dépôts lors de l'exploitation des bruts pétroliers paraffiniques augmentent les couts de production. Ces dépôts sont principalement constitués de n-alcanes. Des études sont donc mises en œuvre, en particulier dans notre laboratoire pour analyser ce phénomène. Dans notre travail, nous avons tout d'abord mesuré les propriétés thermodynamiques et structurales des deux n-alcanes (n-hexacosane et n-octacosane). Nous avons ensuite déterminé et calculé le diagramme (n-hexacosane : n-octacosane) dans sa partie centrale en utilisant des expressions de margules à deux paramètres pour représenter la non idéalité des phases solides b'' et b-ri. La solubilité des deux n-alcanes a ensuite été mesurée dans le n-heptane, le méthylcyclohexane et le toluène. Il n'y a pas d'influence notable de la nature du solvant. Les courbes de solubilité ont été calculées en utilisant des expressions à paramètres ajustables de l'énergie de Gibbs d'excès. Les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus avec les expressions de margules à-deux paramètres et nrtl. Ces conclusions nous ont conduits à étudier le système ternaire (n-hexacosane : n-octacosane : n-heptane). La solubilité de deux mélanges (n-hexacosane : n-octacosane) dans le n-heptane ainsi que deux coupes isothermes ont été mesurées. Nous avons note que la solubilité du n-hexacosane augmente lorsqu'on ajoute un peu de n-octacosane. Ceci est du à la formation d'une phase solide (identique à celle rencontrée dans le domaine central du diagramme n-hexacosance : n-octacosane), plus soluble que le corps pur. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été restitués en utilisant des expressions de Redditch-Kister à deux paramètres et nrtl, pour représenter la phase liquide. Seuls les paramètres d'interaction binaire, définis dans l'étude des systèmes correspondants, ont été pris en compte. Les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec les valeurs expérimentales. Les interactions ternaires peuvent donc être négligées. Ce travail est encourageant puisque la démarche adoptée, simple car elle ne fait intervenir que des paramètres d'interaction binaire, est applicable à des fluides synthétiques plus complexes, représentant mieux les bruts pétroliers réels.
23
Schlothmann, Daniel. "Kurz- und langfristige Angebotskurven für Rohöl und die Konsequenzen für den Markt." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-201396.
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In dieser Arbeit wurden Angebotskurven für 22 bedeutende Ölförderländer ermittelt und anschließend zu globalen Angebotskurven aggregiert. Gemäß den ermittelten Angebotskurven sind nahezu alle gegenwärtig in der Förderphase befindlichen Ölprojekte in den Untersuchungsländern auch beim aktuellen Ölpreis von 35 bis 40 US-$ je Barrel unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Grenzkosten rentabel. Sollte der Ölpreis jedoch in den kommenden Jahren auf diesem Niveau verharren, wird es bis zum Jahr 2024 zu einem Angebotsengpass auf dem globalen Ölmarkt kommen, da zur Deckung der zukünftigen Nachfrage die Erschließung kostenintensiver, unkonventioneller Lagerstätten und von Lagerstätten in tiefen und sehr tiefen Gewässern notwendig ist. Damit es bis zum Jahr 2024 nicht zu einem solchen Angebotsengpass kommt, ist gemäß des ermittelten langfristigen Marktgleichgewichts ein Ölpreis von mindestens 80 (2014er) US-$ je Barrel notwendig.
24
Dudová, Sabina. "Energetická dimenze vztahu Súdán-Jižní Súdán na prahu 21. století a její vliv na budoucí vývoj." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192537.
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The thesis deals with the analysis of the oil industry in Sudan and South Sudan in the 21st century. The first part follows up the role of oil in the African continent; the history of oil production, the rest is devoted to a more detailed analysis of the oil sector in Sudan or South Sudan after 2011. Then the characteristics of future scenarios are realized. The scenarios are affected by the civil war in the South Sudan and border disputes between the North and the South.
25
Blum, Veronique. "Le contenu informationnel des réserves pétrolières : pertinence des actifs spécifiques mesurée par le modèle d'Ohlson." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100160.
Full textAbstract:
En dépit de quinze années de travaux, le normalisateur comptable international, l'International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), n'a pas abouti dans sa tentative de définir une norme spécifique aux activités d'extraction. Cet échec partiel soulève la question suivante : existe-t-il un contenu informationnel propre aux actifs spécifiques et s'il existe, quelle forme communicationnelle doit-il revêtir ? L'IASB s'adressant en priorité à l'actionnaire, notre travail devait naturellement débuter par l'évaluation de ses perceptions, tout en admettant le caractère restrictif d'une telle focalisation. Mobilisant la théorie positive, en cohérence avec l'orientation marché du IASB, notre étude longitudinale est conduite sur onze ans, comprenant le prix bas du baril en 1996/1997 et sa hausse soudaine en 2004, afin de mesurer la manière dont le(s) marché(s) perçoi(ven)t les éléments comptables relatifs à l'activité d'extraction pétrolière et gazière, caractérisée par la présence d'actifs spécifiques à haute teneur stratégique, et réputés très incertains. Une revue de littérature propose une double rétrospective, d'une part, des travaux interrogeant la pertinence des divulgations de valeurs ou volumes, et d'autre part, du raisonnement par les options réelles, mis à l'épreuve dans notre dernier travail empirique. Réalisé sur une population internationale, et mesurant le lien entre les divulgations comptables spécifiques à l'activité pétrolière et gazière et la valeur de marché, notre travail examine la pertinence de ces divulgations par le prisme du modèle de Ohlson tout en proposant une solution aux problèmes de colinéarités que génèrent des variables spécifiques<br>Despite a fifteen years work, the international standard setter, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) hasn't succeeded in its attempt to define a specific standard relative to extractive activities. This semi-failure raises the following - maybe unresolved - question : does an informational content proper to specific activities exist, and if it does, which would be its appropriate communication form ? Despite the restrictive aspect of a scope admitting that IASB's primary target is the shareholder, our work subsequently started with the evaluation of his/her perceptions. Consistent with the IASB's point of view, we mobilized the positivist theory in an eleven years longitudinal study, covering a period of low barrel prices - in 1996/1997- and the sudden raise of 2004, to study the way in which the market(s) perceive(s) the disclosures of specific items relative to oil and gas activities. The latter are characterized by the presence of specific assets, sometimes strategic, described by the standard setter as highly uncertain. A literature review offers a retrospective on previous researches questioning the value-relevance of either the volume or the value of oil and gas reserves, and on the Real Options Reasoning that is tested in our empirical work. Our examination, on a international sample, of the link between specific accounting disclosures and the market value relies on the Ohlson's model and provides us with some insights on the identification of multicollinearity as likely present when dealing with specific variables
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Tonfack, Kenfack Thérèse Flaviane. "Eldorado pétrolier dans le Golfe de Guinée. Risques et menaces sur la sécurité des approvisionnements." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30043.
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La raréfaction de la ressource pétrolière additionnée à l’insécurité ambiante dans la principale région pétrolifère du monde (Golfe arabo-persique), fait du Golfe de Guinée le nouvel eldorado pétrolier. Au delà du caractère off shore de sa production threaten, la méconnaissance de la valeur réelle de ses réserves prouvées, la qualité de son brut et les législations politico économiques en vigueur dans cette région sont des garanties de sécurisation des approvisionnements pour le monde occidental. Depuis les années 90, la ressource pétrolière du Golfe de Guinée attise les convoitises des grandes puissances. Conséquence de cette attractivité, le Golfe de Guinée est devenu aujourd’hui une zone de convergence des intérêts des pays développés ainsi que des puissances dites émergentes. L’enjeu géoéconomique et géopolitique en cours dans cette région, située au cœur de l’Afrique, suscite des rivalités et des affrontements entre acteurs faisant peser sur la région le spectre d’une guerre du pétrole. Certes, l’ouverture du Golfe de Guinée sur le monde représente un intérêt certain dans les stratégies militaires maritimes mises en place, et donne une vision nouvelle des enjeux. Mais cela ne doit pas oblitérer la réalité des faits. Entre géo-économie et géopolitique, la pseudo-garantie de sécurité qu’offrirait le pétrole du Golfe de Guinée fait de plus en plus l’objet de vifs débats au sein des communautés scientifiques et politiques. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux risques et menaces qui in fine peuvent réduire voire interrompre les approvisionnements pétroliers dans le Golfe de Guinée, en termes d’enjeux, de risques, de menaces et de défis potentiels pour la décennie à venir<br>The rarefaction of the oil resource, the insecurity in the main oil region of the world (Arab-Persian Gulf) made the Gulf of Guinea the new oil El Dorado. The offshore character of its production, the Miss information of the real value of its proved reserve, the quality of its crude oil and political & economic legislations current in this region are guarantees of security of the oil supplies for the western world. Since the 90s, the oil resource of the Gulf of Guinea instigates the greeds of majors. Consequence of this attractiveness, Gulf of Guinea became a zone of convergence of the interests of countries developed as well as emergent’s countries. The geo-economic interests and current geopolitics in this region, situated in the heart of Africa, instigate rivalries and confrontations between actors making be afraid of oil war.Certainly, the opening of the Gulf of Guinea on the world represents a great interest in the organized maritime military strategies, and gives a new vision of the stakes. But it does not have to obliterate the reality of the facts. Between geography-economy and geopolitics, the pseudo-guarantee of security of oil supply that would offer the oil of the Gulf of Guinea made more and more the object of deep debates within the scientific and political communities. It is in this context that we chose to be interested at the risks and threaten who in fine can reduce even to interrupt the oil supplies in the Gulf of Guinea, in terms of stakes, risks, threats and potential challenges for decade to come
27
Durango, Juan. "Impacts environnementaux de l'exploitation pétrolière en Amazonie équatorienne : de l'étude spatiale de la vulnérabilité à l'évaluation du risque." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30005.
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L'Équateur est le 5ème producteur de pétrole d'Amérique latine. La plupart des réserves se trouvent sous le nord-est de l'Amazonie équatorienne (NEA), représentant 15% de l'ensemble du pays, mais englobant une grande diversité biologique et culturelle. La production de pétrole et de gaz génère des déchets toxiques susceptibles de polluer l'environnement. La méthodologie a été définie pour évaluer les aléas et la vulnérabilité environnementale en tant que composantes indépendantes du risque, en utilisant des méthodes indicielles et des outils de hiérarchisation. Ensuite, ils ont été combinés à l'aide de méthodes de superposition spatiale. La qualité des données publiques utilisées dans cette étude a constitué une difficulté. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif était de déterminer les volumes d'hydrocarbures déversés accidentellement dans des blocs pétroliers bien documentés. Ensuite, des volumes de déversements estimés ont été attribués aux blocs mal documentés pour obtenir une carte homogène. Le deuxième objectif consistait à cartographier les principales émissions atmosphériques associées aux torchères, c'est-à-dire les gaz à effet de serre (CO2, CH4) et les particules de noir de carbone (BC). Le troisième objectif était d'évaluer la vulnérabilité potentielle du patrimoine naturel à l'échelle régionale à l'aide de proxys tels que le statut de protection et l'occupation des sols. Le quatrième objectif consistait à illustrer l'approche proposée pour l'évaluation des risques en évaluant le potentiel de contamination des eaux souterraines à partir des fosses de stockage de résidus d'hydrocarbures. Les principaux résultats indiquent 10 000,2 t (909,1 t.an-1 ; SD = 1219,5) de pétrole déversé accidentellement dans la NEA durant la période 2001-2011, selon les événements enregistrés. Cependant, une augmentation de 54.8% a été constatée lors de l'extrapolation des taux de déversement des blocs pétroliers bien documentés aux blocs mal documentés. La précision des prévisions spatialisées a été de 32 à 97%. Les gaz brûlés au cours de la période 2003-2012 se sont élevés à 7,6 Gm3 (760 Mm3.an-1), ce qui correspond à des valeurs allant de 3,7 à 4,5 kt.an-1 BC. Les hydrocarbures dans les fosses de stockage ont été estimés à 49 436,4 t. Plusieurs cartes résultent de cette thèse. Les émissions spatialisées indiquent que les déversements et les émissions des torchères sont plus fréquents dans les agglomérations de Joya de los Sachas, Dayuma et Shushufindi. Les cartes de vulnérabilité du patrimoine naturel indiquent que 42% de la surface du territoire est hautement vulnérable, à l'est de la zone d'étude. La vulnérabilité des eaux souterraines est faible à moyenne dans la plupart des zones. En outre, l'exemple envisagé pour l'évaluation des risques liés aux eaux souterraines et aux fosses non étanchéifiées indique que les impacts potentiels les plus importants sont localisés au niveau des agglomérations de Nueva Loja, Tarapoa et Shushufindi. La qualité des données publiques disponibles a été jugée acceptable. En comparant nos estimations des émissions atmosphériques avec d'autres estimations indépendantes, une différence de 2,5 fois au maximum a été trouvée. La précision de la répartition spatiale des déversements accidentels a révélé une méthodologie prometteuse pour améliorer la cartographie des aléas. L'évaluation de la vulnérabilité a montré que les composantes du patrimoine naturel permettent de construire des indices de vulnérabilité à l'échelle régionale, l'occupation des sols étant significativement corrélée à la richesse spécifique et les aires protégées étant conservées efficacement sur le long terme, véhiculant ainsi une information sur l'intégrité écologique. En conclusion, les estimations et les cartes obtenues peuvent s'avérer utiles pour la surveillance de la sécurité et la sûreté des installations, la responsabilisation des institutions publiques et l'aménagement du territoire afin de réduire les risques futurs<br>Ecuador is the 5th oil producer in Latin America. Most of crude oil reserves lie beneath the north-eastern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA), representing 15% of the entire country, yet encompassing high biodiversity and cultural heritage. Crude oil and gas production generate toxic wastes potentially polluting the environment. The methodology was set to evaluate hazards and environmental vulnerability, using score indexes and rankings, as independent components of risk. Then, they were combined using spatial overlay methods. An observed hindrance for risk analysis was the quality of public data that were used in this study. In this context, the first aim was to determine accidental oil spill volumes in well-documented oil blocks. Then, putative spill volumes were allocated to poorly-documented oil blocks to obtain a homogeneous map. The second aim was to map key atmospheric emissions associated to gas flaring, i.e., greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4) and black carbon (BC) particles. The third aim was to assess the potential vulnerability of natural heritage using regional scale proxies such as protection status and land use. Finally, the fourth aim was to exemplify the presented risk assessment approach by evaluating total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) potentially flowing to groundwater from oil pits. Main results indicate 10,000.2 t (909.1 t.yr-1; SD = 1,219.5) oil spilled in the NEA during the 2001-2011 period (11 years), according to recorded events. However, a 54.8% increase was found when extrapolating spill rates from well-documented oil blocks to poorly-documented ones. Spatial prediction accuracy ranged from 32 to 97%. Gas flared amounted to 7.6 Gm3 (760 Mm3.yr-1), equivalent to a range of 3.7 - 4.5 kt.yr-1 BC, during 2003-2012 lapse. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in unlined oil pits was estimated to 49,436.4 t. Several maps resulted from this thesis. Spatial emissions indicate spills and gas flaring are occurring at higher rates in settlements of Joya de los Sachas, Dayuma and Shushufindi. The natural heritage vulnerability maps indicated 42% of highly vulnerable surface at the most eastern side of the studied area. Groundwater vulnerability was low to medium in most areas; furthermore, the example considered for risk assessment of groundwater and unlined oil pits, indicated highest potential impacts in settlements of Nueva Loja, Tarapoa and Shushufindi. Publicly available data quality was found to be acceptable. For instance, when comparing airborne emission estimates with some other independent estimates only 2.5-fold difference was found at most. Spatial allocation accuracy of oil spills showed promising methodology for improving hazard mapping. Vulnerability assessment indicated natural heritage proxies to be suitable for building vulnerability indexes at regional scale as land use is significantly correlated to species richness, and protected areas are efficiently conserved in the long term, thus conveying some information on ecological integrity. Moreover, there was only 8.8% of spatial incongruence between the two proxies. Groundwater vulnerability mapping indicated gaps in knowledge that were discussed; some distance thresholds were proposed to select validation sites in future studies. In conclusion, estimates and maps obtained may be valuable for safety and security monitoring, accountability of public institutions and land use planning to lessen future risks
28
Moussa, Gonoko. "Sur quelques problèmes de transmission à deux exposants apparaissant en physique." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0014.
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Cette thèse traite de quelques problèmes de transmission à deux exposants provenant de la physique mathématique. Plus précisément, on étudie le problème à frontière libre de Muskat lié à l'extraction du pétrole et les problèmes de renforcement en elastcit2 et en élasticité. Dans la première partie, on établit d'abord des inégalités isopérimétriques optimales pour un problème de Muskat à flux fixe et a géométrie quelconque par comparaison avec un problème analogue à symétrie sphérique. On estime en particulier le temps critique à partir duquel le problème d'évolution dégénère. Ensuite, on considère le problème de transmission qui correspond a la partie stationnaire du problème de Muskat a deux exposants et on prédit le comportement asymptotique de ce problème de transmission, en particulier lorsque les coefficients deviennent très petits ou tres grands. Dans la deuxième partie, on étudie le renforcement d'un domaine donne par une fine couche d'un matériau dur et non homogène. Les problèmes non linéaires considérés comportement deux exposants éventuellement différents. Premièrement, on examine un modèle simplifie ou le matériau renforçant est isotrope. Deuxièmement, on analyse le problème de la rigidité à la torsion avec un renforcement non isotrope. Sous des hypothèses affaiblies, on montre que le problème limite est encore explicite, lorsque l'épaisseur de la couche est décrite par une fonction de jauge liée à l'anisotropie du matériau renforçant.
29
Reiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
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L’espace souterrain, qui s’étend depuis la surface des terres émergées et des fonds marins jusqu’au centre de la Terre, est délaissé par le droit international. Aucune règle de droit international positif ne vient réglementer l’utilisation que les Etats font de leur espace souterrain territorial, cette utilisation et le régime de la propriété souterraine faisant partie de leur domaine réservé. Si les normes internationales régissent l’utilisation de l’espace souterrain extra-territorial, celui des grands fonds marins et celui de l’Antarctique, elles n’appréhendent l’espace souterrain qu’en termes d’utilisation et de mise en valeur des ressources minérales. De ce régime juridique d’exploration et d’exploitation des ressources minérales dépend d’ailleurs le statut juridique de l’espace souterrain qui va de la pleine souveraineté de l’Etat côtier à l’exclusion de toute appropriation nationale ou individuelle. Devant la multiplication des utilisations souterraines et face aux dommages environnementaux et aux violations des droits de l’homme liés à certaines de ces utilisations, le droit international doit réinvestir l’espace souterrain et notamment le contenu et l’étendue des droits qui le concernent tant dans l’ordre interne qu’international afin d’en réglementer la mise en valeur et d’en assurer la protection<br>Until today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes
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Juteau-Martineau, Guilhem. "Quand les instruments de participation reconduisent l'incapacité politique : le cas de la régulation sociale et environnementale des activités pétrolières en Équateur." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/id/eprint/7252.
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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la régulation sociale (Reynaud, 1987, 1991) et environnementale des activités pétrolières en Amazonie équatorienne, à travers deux études de cas : les paroisses de Pacayacu et Dayuma, où l’exploitation pétrolière commence au milieu des années 1970. A partir des années 1990, une série de publications (Little, 1992 ; UPPSAE, 1992 ; Kimerling, 1993 ; CESR, 1994 ; San Sebastian, 2000) met en lien les activités pétrolières et différents impacts environnementaux, sanitaires et socio-culturels. Leur médiatisation oblige l’Etat et les entreprises pétrolières à adopter une série de normes sociales et environnementales. Récemment, une série d’instruments de participation politique institutionnalisée prétend intégrer les populations locales à la régulation environnementale des activités pétrolières. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la mise en œuvre de ces normes et leurs effets sur les capacités des populations situées dans l’aire d’influence des activités pétrolières à réduire collectivement leur vulnérabilité globale (Wilches-Chaux, 1989). L’évolution historique de la vulnérabilité structurelle des populations, notamment économique et sociale conduit au détournement des normes environnementales de leur objectif premier (droit à un environnement sain) : d’un côté les populations acceptent la pollution en échange de faveurs économiques et sociales ponctuelles concédées par les entreprises ; d’un autre côté les entreprises acceptent de faire ruisseler une part des bénéfices pétroliers pour assurer la paix sociale. Nous montrons ainsi que, sous couvert de réforme, les nouveaux instruments (Lascoumes, Le Gales, 2012) remplissent une fonction de « socialwashing », de mise en scène de l’acceptation sociale des activités pétrolières par les populations dans l’objectif de produire un effet d’image (participation sociale) au service de la promotion de l’expansion de la frontière pétrolière sur de nouveaux territoires<br>In this thesis, we study the social (Reynaud, 1987, 1991) and environmental regulation of oil activities in the Ecuadorian Amazon, through two case studies: the parishes of Pacayacu and Dayuma, where oil exploitation begins in the mid-1970s. From the 1990s, a series of publications (Little, 1992, UPPSAE, 1992, Kimerling, 1993, CESR, 1994, San Sebastian, 2000) links petroleum activities to different environmental, health and socio-cultural impacts. Their mediatization forces the state and oil companies to adopt a series of social and environmental standards. Recently, a series of instruments of institutionalized political participation claim to integrate local populations in the environmental regulation of oil activities. In this thesis, we study the implementation of these norms and their effects on the capacities of populations located in the area of influence of oil activities to collectively reduce their overall vulnerability (Wilches-Chaux, 1989). The historical evolution of the structural vulnerability of populations, particularly economic and social, leads to the diversion of environmental standards from their primary objective (right to a healthy environment): on the one hand, people accept pollution in exchange for punctual economic and social favors granted by the companies; on the other hand companies agree to run off a portion of the oil profits to ensure social peace. We show that under the guise of reform, the new instruments (Lascoumes, Le Gales, 2012) fulfill a function of "socialwashing", staging the social acceptance of oil activities by the populations with the aim of producing an image effect (social participation) in the service of promoting the expansion of the oil border in new territories
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Nguyen, Kimthoa Thi. "How resource rich countries attract foreign direct investments: a study of Western Asian countries and strategies of industrialization and diversification." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15058.
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Previous issue date: 2015-10-27<br>Fuel is a self-depleting resource and long term dependency on this commodity alone will not suffice. An export trade oriented approach can lead to faster industrialization while diversification leads to economic sustainable growth. This research seeks to understand how countries compete for foreign direct investments, and how certain activities have the most impact in the competitive global marketplace. Research suggests that when companies decide to invest abroad, they seek only to find countries that facilitate their strategic objectives. The results conclude with appropriate levels of government accountability, credibility and visibility with the private sector, foreign direct investment is attracted by policy advocacy and policy reform. By reviewing countries such as United Arab Emirates in direct comparison to Western Asian countries, including Kuwait and Iraq with high levels of fuel exports, along with Qatar with optimistic marketplace indicators and plentitude of skills and capabilities – research seems to suggest that despite high capabilities and attractive GDP, promotional investment activities yield the highest returns using policy advocacy and reform.
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Balaam, Konamadji Ngomdodji. "La protection intégrée de l'environnement dans les zones d'exploitation pétrolière des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne : le cas de l'on-shore tchadien." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3014.
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Malgré l’enclavement du Tchad, le besoin de développement économique et social a conduit l’Etat à mettre en exploitation les gisements pétrolifères. Ces gisements étant ni « délocalisables », ni « déterritorilisables », leur exploitation dans un contexte on-shore, dans des milieux naturels et à vocation agropastorale pose des problèmes spécifiques que jusque-là le droit international et la plupart des systèmes juridiques des pays en développement peinent à saisir. Il s’agit notamment des problèmes liés à l’empreinte écologique et sociale des industries pétrolières on-shore. La prise en compte des préoccupations environnementales par le droit tchadien du pétrole est très embryonnaire et infime. Le droit tchadien de l’environnement et le droit foncier n’ont pas, non plus, pris en compte les risques liés à la recherche, l’exploitation et le transport par canalisation des hydrocarbures dans leurs dispositifs. Ils n’abordent pas aussi les problématiques relatives à la remise en l’état des sites pétroliers abandonnés ou en fin de vie. Dans un tel contexte, si le législateur ne procède pas à des reformes afin de prendre concomitamment en compte les opérations pétrolières et les préoccupations environnementales dans un dispositif juridique intégré, on risque d’assister à « un second Delta du Niger dans le bassin pétrolier de Doba »<br>Despite the isolation of Chad, the need for economic and social development led the government of Chad to explore and produce oil reserves. As these deposits are neither "delocalizable or movable" nor "deteriorisable or destructible", their exploitation in onshore context and natural environments with breeding vocation raises specific problems that international law and most legal systems in developing countries have difficulties to overcome until now. These include issues related to the ecological and social’s footprint of onshore oil industries. The Chadian’s law related to oil is still tiny and is at its embryonic level therefore it doesn’t take into consideration detailed environmental concerns. Chad's environmental law and land’s law didn’t also take into account risks associated with the exploration, exploitation and transport by pipeline of hydrocarbons in their plans. They also didn’t address issues related to the restoration of abandoned or end-of-life’s oilfields. In this context, if the legislator does not carry out reforms in order to simultaneously take into account petroleum operations and environmental concerns in an integrated legal system, there is a risk of "a second Niger Delta in Doba’s oilfield"
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Al-Showaikh, Jenan. "Enhancing linkages in oil and gas in Qatar." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/27081.
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Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Masters in Development Theory and Policy In faculty of Commerce, Law and management School of Economic and Business Sciences University of Witwatersrand, 2018<br>Qatar’s economy is mainly dependent on oil and gas, making it vulnerable to global economic shifts and in need of diversification. Qatar’s state has always depended on Western consultancies, which largely advance a neoliberal agenda and so do not consider the long-term needs of Qatar’s economy. While a small body of academic literature has criticized Qatar’s economic strategy, this research provides an alternative strategy for diversification, recommending building linkages directed towards industrialisation. The study takes into account the needs of Qatar’s economy, focusing on diversification carried out in a stable way that creates employment, as well as other factors. The study finds that Qatar’s local content policies lack transparency, clarity, and monitoring institutions, as well as penalties and incentives to enforce the rules. Thus, there has been limited progress in forming the backward linkages knowledge linkages that would enable Qatar’s economic diversification.<br>XL2019
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JHENG, YI-HAN, and 鄭易漢. "Miaoli Chuhuangkeng energy exploitation of oil fields and Hakka community development." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74866200788623423672.
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碩士<br>國立聯合大學<br>經濟與社會研究所<br>103<br>Chuhuangkeng area in Miaoli is a cluster of typical Hakka immigration. Prosperity and decline in oil field relates to the change in growth and development for Hakka clusters, production mechanism in the place of energy production and the growing pace of Hakka cluster in Chuhuangkeng form the cultural style of Hakka immigration. The research purpose of this study can be divided into three main aspects: (1) Organize the multidimensional understanding analysis of Hakka diligent culture; (2) In-depth interpret the industrial cultural landscape of Hakka cluster; (3) Analyze the 「Activation」strategy of Hakka cluster that adopted after the oil mining declined.「Embedded Theory」is adopted to explore the relationship of development and decline between the oil field industry and Hakka cluster; in addition,「Cultural Heritage Preservation」 theory is used to investigate the preservation of the oil cultural landscape and future prospect for the join exhibition. 「In-depth interview」and「Literature Collection and Textual Analysis」are used as the research methods to carry out the data collection, as well as the on-site observation of landscape changes. 「In-depth interview」is adopted the semi-structured interview, and interviewees included (1) Senior Oil Miners; (2) Local Business and Residents; (3) Non-Profit Organizations; (4) Public Sectors; and (5) CPC Corporation, 13 participants in total and 16 interview sessions.
The results of this study were as follows:
1.After the state apparatus intervened in the oil field industry in Chuhuangkeng, and under the texture of「Global Market ─ National Operation ─ Local Production」, group development showed a relation of structural embeddedness. In early postwar period, most Hakka people around Chuhuangkeng entered the oil field to work through their interpersonal network, or passed the exam to enter CPC Corporation; however, most of them were mainly engaged in hard, physical and dangerous labor works or temporary works, which formed an embeddedness of weak-link network relation.
2.Oil mining didn’t have significant influence on local socio-economic development for villages around the oil field, and neighboring Hakka people who were owned fields and mainly engaged in agriculture to make a living; thus, prosperity and decline in oil field only affected the change in the population of clusters in Nanliao and Beiliao.
3.Promotion of「Old Oil Field Culture Park」urged the mining community to establish the「Association of Chuhuangkeng Cultural Preservation Promotion」, and the establishment and operation of Chuhuangkeng Living Cultural Exhibition Hall is expected to be the contact window of autonomous management for village people that also helpful to make community residents to value and respect the preservation of cultural heritage.
4. Residents of the mining community are learning the technique of persimmon dye and promoting the corresponding products, combining with the exhibition of the space in「Chuhuangkeng Living Cultural Exhibition Hall」, to make Hakka village to attempt using the combination of local resources to make the activation of their economy after the resource of oil field exhausted.
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McGugan, Brandon Ross. "Exploitation of indigenous fungi in low-cost ex situ attenuation of oil- contaminated soil." 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5421.
Full textAbstract:
The central aim of this study was to determine if indigenous fungi of an oil-contaminated
soil could be effectively used in a low-cost bioremediation of the soil. Since some of the
contaminant had been present at the site for over two decades, the indigenous microbial
species had been subjected to specific selection pressures for a protracted period, thus
facilitating key enzymatic capabilities for hydrocarbon degradation. Analysis of the
pertinent influential parameters of soil bioremediation indicated that an ex situ technique,
utilising the catabolic activities of the indigenous soil fungi, was a feasible low-cost option.
Fungi were isolated from the contaminated soil through a variety of techniques. The
abilities of these isolates to degrade the contaminant oil and a range of representative
hydrocarbon molecules was evaluated by a systematic screening programme. Sixty-two
isolates were initially examined for their growth potential on hydrocarbon-supplemented
agar. A bioassay, utilising hydrocarbon-impregnated filter paper discs, was then used to
examine the abilities of 17 selected isolates to catabolise three representative hydrocarbon
molecules (hexadecane, phenanthrene and pristane) in different concentrations. In the same
bioassay, the influence of a co-metabolite (glucose) on growth potential was also examined.
Eight fungal species: Trichophyton sp.; Mucor sp.; Penicillium sp.; Graphium sp.;
Acremoniwn sp.; Chaetomium sp.; Chrysosporium sp.; and an unidentified basidiomycete
were then selected. Liquid batch cultures with a hydrocarbon mixture of hexadecane,
phenanthrene, pristane and naphthalene facilitated quantitative analysis (HPLC) of the
hydrocarbon catabolic abilities of the selected isolates.
Ex situ bioremediation was evaluated at laboratory-scale by both bioaugmentation and
biostimulation in soil microcosm trials. During the course of the study, total petroleum
hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration (U.S. EPA Method 418.1) was used as a simple and
inexpensive parameter to monitor hydrocarbon disappearance in response to soil
treatments. Soil microbial activities were estimated by use of a fluorescein diacetate
hydrolysis bioassay. This was found to be a reliable and sensitive method to measure the activity of respiring heterotrophs as compared with the unreliable data provided by plate
counts.
In the bioaugmentation trial, the eight selected isolates were individually used to inoculate
(30% v/v) the contaminated soil. The highest rate of biodegradation (50.5% > than the
non-sterile control) was effected by an Acremonium species after 50 days incubation
(25°C). The second highest rate of biodegradation (47% > than the non-sterile control)
was achieved with a soil treatment of sterile barley/beer waste only. Comparable rates of
hydrocarbon degradation were achieved in simple biostimulation trials. Thus, due to its
lower cost, biostimulation was the preferred remediation strategy and was selected for
further laboratory investigation. Common agricultural or industrial lignocellulosic wastes
such as: wood chips; straw; manure; beer brewery waste; mushroom compost; and spent
mushroom substrate were used as soil treatments, either alone or in combination. The
effect of the addition of a standard agricultural fertiliser was also examined. The highest
level of biodegradation (54.4% > the non-sterile control) was recorded in a microcosm
supplemented (40% v/v) with chicken manure.
Finally, an ex situ bioremediation technique was examined in a pilot-scale field trial. Wood
chips and chicken manure were co-composted with the contaminated soil in a low-cost,
low-maintenance bioremediation system know as passive thermal bio venting. Extensive
monitoring of the thermal environment within the biopile was made as an indirect measure
of microbial activity. These data were then used to optimise the composting process.
Three-dimensional graphical representations of the internal temperatures, in time and
space, were constructed. From these graphs, it was determined that an inner core region of
approximately 500 cm3 provided a realistic simulation of conditions within a full-scale
biopile. During this trial a TPH reduction of 68% was achieved in 130 days.
The findings of this research suggested that the utilisation of fungal catabolism is applicable
to soils contaminated with a wide range of hydrocarbon contaminants. Passive thermal
bioventing offers a bioremediation strategy which is highly suitable for South African
conditions in terms of its low level of technological sophistication, low maintenance design and, most importantly, its relatively low cost.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.
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Akujuru, Chinem. "Exploring the inter-relationship between oil exploitation, environmental impacts and conflicts in the Niger Delta." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24108.
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Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016<br>Nigeria has earned huge revenues from the exploitation of oil resources in the Niger Delta since the discovery of oil in 1956. These huge economic gains have however, not been translated into sustainable growth and development. The Niger Delta is characterized by poverty and squalor which has been attributed to environmental degradation from the activities of oil exploitation by the Nigerian government and multi-national companies in the area and also poor governance. This study adopts an exploratory case study method to explores the interrelationship between Oil Exploitation, Environmental Impacts and Conflicts in the Niger Delta and tries to answer the question what is the nature of and inter-relationships between conflicts associated with oil exploitation in the Niger Delta Area?
The Niger Delta area has experienced a lot of oil related conflicts over the decades, which have manifested in the form of peaceful protests, violence, combat with Nigerian military forces, rise of youth militia groups, illegal oil markets, vandalism of oil pipelines, hijacking of offshore and onshore oil vessels, hostage taking, kidnapping of expatriates and oil company workers in the region. Conflicts have also taken the form of inter-communal conflicts, intra-communal conflicts, inter-state conflicts and conflicts between the Nigerian Government Oil Companies and the affected communities.
The root causes of conflicts include; the high dependence of the Niger government on oil revenue for economic growth, marginalisation and underdevelopment of the Niger Delta region, struggle for resource control and derivation formula, existing systems of neo-patrimonialism, corruption, land decrees and poor governance. The major findings include; the presence of crude oil in the Niger Delta is strongly linked to conflicts experienced in the area, rent seeking practices such as oil theft and bunkering, political thuggery, corruption and the struggle for economic and political power by political elites characterise the Niger Delta region.<br>XL2018
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Ahmed, Tausif. "Modeling Density Effects in CO2 Injection in Oil Reservoirs and A Case Study of CO2 Sequestration in a Qatari Saline Aquifer." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9919.
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CO2 injection has been used to improve oil recovery for several decades. In recent years, CO2 injection has become even more attractive because of a dual effect; injection in the subsurface 1) allows reduction of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere to reduce global warming, and 2) improves the oil recovery.
In this study, the density effect from CO2 dissolution in modeling of CO2 injection is examined. A method to model the increase in oil density with CO2 dissolution using the Peng-Robinson equation of state and the Pedersen viscosity correlation is presented. This method is applied to model the observed increase in oil density with CO2 dissolution in a West Texas crude oil. Compositional simulation of CO2 injection was performed in a 2D vertical cross section and a 3D reservoir with the density effect. The results show that the density increase from CO2 dissolution may have a drastic effect on CO2 flow path and recovery performance. One main conclusion from this work is that there is a need to have accurate density data for CO2/oil mixtures at different CO2 concentrations to ensure successful CO2 injection projects.
While CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is part of the solution, saline aquifers have the largest potential for CO2 sequestration. A literature review of the CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers is performed. The dominant trapping mechanisms and transport processes and the methods used to model them are discussed in detail. The Aruma aquifer, a shallow saline aquifer in southwest Qatar is used as a case study for CO2 sequestration. A compositional simulation model is prepared for the Aruma aquifer using the available log data and flow test data. It was found that the grid size is a key parameter in modeling CO2 sequestration accurately. It affects the propagation of the CO2 plume and amount of CO2 dissolved in brine.
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MATĚJKA, Petr. "Těžba a využití energetických surovin ve světě (geografický přehled)." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-48784.
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This Diploma theses is dealing with the creation of general current list of reserves, production, consumption and trade of each energy raw material with a view to fossil fuel. The introduction of my work is applied to general reflection reflecting present state of fuel issue. The following chapters are talking about the aims of my work, the literature analysis and the methodology. After the introductory part there are particular chapters talking about crude oil, gas and coal. All these parts of work are dividend into the subchapters containing general introduction that describes each energy raw material. This work brings the inttegrated current data of mined fuel material organized into the synoptic tables. These tables are completed with schematic graphs. The assembled tables determine the list of the biggest international producers, consumers, shippers and importers of each strategic energy commodity. The conclusion of study belongs to the summary of determined aims of work and the outline of importance of fuels in the present-day world.
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Artigaud, Cécile. "Le développement d’hydrocarbures dans l’océan Arctique et l’obligation d’entreprendre une évaluation environnementale." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24443.
Full textAbstract:
Avec la fonte des glaces, l’océan Arctique devient progressivement accessible. Ce fait entraine avec lui un regain d’intérêt pour une région ayant été longtemps oubliée par les États. Les nouvelles licences d’exploration et d’exploitation d’hydrocarbures octroyées au sein de la région témoignent du phénomène de la globalisation de l’Arctique.
Cependant, avant d’accepter un projet économique, celui-ci doit être soumis à une évaluation d’impact environnemental (EIE). Cette procédure a pour but d’informer les autorités publiques des effets qu’un projet pourrait avoir sur l’environnement. L’EIE a pour objectif de tendre vers une décision consciencieuse et écologiquement raisonnable vis-à-vis de l’avenir
d’un projet. Ainsi, la portée et le type d’informations recueillies lors d’une EIE revêtent une importance cruciale car ils peuvent influencer le choix des autorités décisionnaires.
La globalisation de l’Arctique soulève donc la question de la pertinence d’une telle procédure dans le contexte du développement d’hydrocarbures. En effet, dans cette région, les projets d’extraction d’énergies fossiles sont généralement acceptés, et ce, même s’ils prennent place dans un environnement caractérisé par sa fragilité et son unicité.
Il est donc légitime de se demander si les obligations internationales et nationales d’entreprendre une évaluation environnementale (EE) pour un projet d’extraction d’hydrocarbures sont adaptées à l’environnement spécifique de l’Arctique.<br>As the ice melts, the Arctic Ocean becomes progressively accessible. It brings a renewed interest for a region that has long been forgotten by states. The new licenses granted for the exploration and the exploitation of hydrocarbons evidence a globalization of the Arctic. However, before accepting an economic project, it must undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This procedure is intended to inform the public authorities about the impacts that a project will have on the environment. The goal of an EIA is to move towards a conscientious and ecological decision. Thus, the scope and the type of information collected is of a crucial importance as it will influence the stakeholders’ choice. Therefore, the globalization of the Arctic raises the question of the relevance of such a procedure because new hydrocarbon development projects are generally accepted even if they take place in an environment characterized by its fragility and uniqueness. As a consequence, it is legitimate to ask whether the international and national obligations to undertake an environmental assessment (E.A) for hydrocarbon projects are adapted to the specific environment of the Arctic.
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Bančanský, Andrej. "Rozdíly v řešení sporů o námořní teritoria v oblastech s energetickými surovinami." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337397.
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Energy security is an important phenomenon of the contemporary world. A significant number of oil and gas reserves are located on the seabed. Expansion of oil and gas drilling to deeper and from shore more remote locations can again raise the question of ownership of these deposits. On one hand, there are regions of the world where these disputes over borders of maritime territories escalate into a series of clashes and incidents. On the other hand, there are other areas where states can settle their disputes and cooperate on drilling. The goal of this study is to determine which factors lead to the fact that particularly in the South China Sea disagreement about the boundaries of maritime territories results in the escalation of disputes in comparison with the regions of the North Sea and the Caribbean Sea, where disputes are solved or minimized. These factors are represented by six variables, which are based on three theories: a realist, idealist and constructivist theory of international relations. The first part of this study describes the historical development of current international maritime law with regard to the territorial division of the world's oceans. It is followed by a description of three case areas. The second part deals with the theoretical foundations of the examined factors. In...