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Journal articles on the topic 'Oil incomes'
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An, Jaehyung, Alexey Mikhaylov, and Natalia Sokolinskaya. "Retraction: Oil incomes spending in sovereign fund of Norway (GPFG)." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.02.
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Retracted on August 17, 2020 by the Journal’s owner and Publisher. Type of retraction – plagiarism.There wasn’t a request for this retraction, but the reason for investigation of plagiarism fact was the Russian Academy of Sciences Committee’s report “Predatory Journals at Scopus and WoS: Translation Plagiarism from Russian Sources”: https://kpfran.ru/wp-content/uploads/plagiarism-by-translation-2.pdf” dated August 12, 2020. The publishing house has familiarized itself with the report. The article by Alexey Mikhaylov, Natalia Sokolinskaya and Evgeniy Lopatin (2019). Asset allocation in equity, fixed-income and cryptocurrency on the base of individual risk sentiment. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 16(2), 171-181. doi:10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.15 was mentioned in this report. It is noted that translation plagiarism was detected in this article - http://wiki.dissernet.org/wsave/IMFI_2019_2_1publ.html. Due to this the publishing house carried out an investigation on possible cases of plagiarism of all articles of these authors (Alexey Mikhaylov, Natalia Sokolinskaya and Evgeniy Lopatin) published in “Business Perspectives” journals. When the manuscript "Oil incomes spending in sovereign fund of Norway (GPFG)" was submitted to the Journal for consideration, the authors signed the Cover letter and attested to the fact that their manuscript is an original research and has not been published before. Then, the manuscript was accepted for consideration by the Managing Editor and was tested for plagiarism using the iThenticate and Unicheck programs. Plagiarism was not detected. On August 12, 2020 the Russian Academy of Sciences Committee’s presented the report. Editorial staff decided to re-test all articles of mentioned authors for plagiarism using the iThenticate and Unicheck programs – the programs didn’t show the plagiarism, then the articles were tested for translation plagiarism by the experts of “Business Perspectives” and plagiarism was detected (plagiarism and paraphrases from Russian-language sources). According to the results of the investigation, the Publisher and owner of the journal decided to retract this article because of plagiarism on August 17, 2020.The authors were notified of such a decision.
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Mehdi, Safdari. "A Study Examining the Effects of Oil Export in Iran." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 2 (August 15, 2011): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i2.653.
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The effect of increasing oil incomes on oil exporter countries is the main issues of political economy. Generally and especially about Iran can be recognized this effect in the government spending method, economic structure and behavior of government within the country. Since oil incomes aren’t result of the performance of economic activities, consequently increasing does not show the real economic prosperity. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between oil exports and economic growth in Iran. The data were collected from 1961-2006 and were analyzed using Cointegration, Error Correction Model, and VEC Granger causality/Wald Exogeniety model. The result of the analyses showed that there was significant relationship between oil incomes and economic growth. It showed that increasing in oil price rate lead to increasing in the government costs consequently it affect on the exchange rate and lead to increasing in real exchange rate. Therefore oil incomes are regarded as an important factor in Iran's economic growth.
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Filimonova, I. V., L. V. Eder, A. V. Komarova, and S. I. Shumilova. "Structural analysis of incomes of oil and gas companies." Problems of Economics and Management of Oil and Gas Complex, no. 4 (2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/1999-6942-2019-4(172)-9-15.
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Rosas Uriustegui, Ivan Faustino, Juan Manuel Pat Fernández, Lucio Alberto Pat Fernández, and Johannes Cornelis van der Wal. "The effect of oil palm on income strategies and food security of households in rural communities in Campeche, Mexico." Acta Universitaria 28, no. 2 (June 12, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2018.1553.
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Oil palm cropping expands rapidly in the Mexican state of Campeche. The crop has the potential to contribute to agricultural diversification and economic development of rural communities. At the same time, the effect of its rapid, unplanned expansion on income strategies and food security of domestic groups in rural communities is largely unknown. The goal of this study is to analyze the effects of the oil palm crop on income strategies and food security in rural communities of the south of Campeche State, México. The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) approach was used and information on cropping and SL was gathered through a survey and participatory community workshops. Results show that, until now, oil palm cropping is a complementary activity to the income strategies of the farmers’ families as these incorporate palm cultivation, while maintaining their other productive activities. Oil palm plantation establishment contributes to productive diversification, job creation and provision of stable incomes of domestic groups (DGs). Furthermore, domestic groups that include oil palm production in their income strategies have a greater degree of food security.
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Khakestari, marzieh, and Navid Nazari Adli. "The Impact of Sanction on the Oil Incomes in Oil Markets: Cooperative Game Approach." Journal of Research in Economic Modeling 6, no. 21 (December 1, 2015): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jemr.6.21.193.
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Goncharov, V. D., S. V. Koteev, and S. G. Salnikov. "Influence of Household Incomes on the Level of Vegetable Oil Consumption." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 4 (April 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2018-0-4-39-44.
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T. S. G. Peiris, M. T. N. Fernando, and S. Samarajeewa. "Factors influencing the use of coconut oil by the householders in Sri Lanka and their policy relevance to popularize the consumption of coconut oil." CORD 20, no. 02 (December 1, 2004): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v20i02.388.
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In recent past the concept on the use of coconut oil (CNO) by the householders in Sri Lanka has been changing due to various reasons. The reasons were studied using the generalized linear models for the survey conducted during May/June 2001 for 366 householders representing three different population sectors (urban, rural and estate) and different income groups. The significant factors influencing the use of CNO are the type of oil used in past, monthly income, quality of CNO, misconception about CNO and the population sectors. The percentage of non-CNO users is considerably higher in the urban sector, whereas CNO still is the major edible oil in the rural and estate population sectors of Sri Lanka. The percentage of householders using CNO in the sample was 91.2. In 75% of the sample, the quantity of CNO consumption per person has reduced over the last five years. The main reason for dissatisfaction for CNO is adulteration. The proportion of CNO use was significantly higher in lower income groups than the higher income groups. The proportion of the CNO use decreased sharply when the income increases above Rs. 40,000 per month. The high-income earners have shifted their preferences towards other edible oil consumption. The findings of this study suggest that the growth of the per capita incomes and the rapid urbanization in the country further reduces the consumer demand for coconut oil, unless there are effective marketing strategies implemented to promote the CNO consumption in the long run. Both the proportion and rate of CNO use can be increased through an effective campaign via media. Improving the quality and dispelling the misconception among the householders would give better prospects to the coconut oil industry in Sri Lanka.
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El Khatib, Bassel, and Ludek Sisak. "Productivity of Palm Oil Extraction Technology in Cameroon." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2014-0007.
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Abstract Agriculture and forestry remain the leading sectors in Cameroon, accounting for some 36% of the merchandise exports and for more than 40% of GDP in 1998/99. Agriculture alone accounts for more than 30% of GDP and provides employment for about 68% of the active population. The Cameroon government and industry stakeholders have continuingly expressed concern about the impact of rising food import on the local industries and the rural communities especially as vegetable oils, particularly the palm oil, has a vital role to play not only as nutritional source for the Cameroon population, but for their contribution to rural incomes and employment opportunities. Particularly, Cameroon government is expecting a significant progress in implementation of new oil extraction technology where mainly in the palm oil processing technology the value added chain in this commodity is expected. Cameroon’s oil palm industry still plays a significant role in the national economy, providing oil for house hold consumption, industrial use as well as employment for thousands of Cameroonians who are engaged in production, processing and marketing. This project aims at bringing clarity on to what extent the up to date oil extraction processing technology installed in a concrete rural district, and under a clear management and regulatory structure and environment, outperforms in terms of productivity (tons of palm oil produced), quality (price of the crude palm oil) and income generation, the existing traditional manual processing palm oil producing system. The methodology applied within this study consists of comparing key indicators across populations of small scale palm oil processors in interaction with traditional non sophisticated technology with different work environment, production capacity, socio-economic status and income levels (cross-sectional statistical analysis)
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Chalil, Diana, Riantri Barus, Zulkifli Alamsyah, Jullimursyida, Mawardati, and Isfenti Sadalia. "The impacts of oil palm plantations on local and migrant smallholders’ incomes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 336 (October 15, 2019): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/336/1/012002.
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Zulkifly, Zulkifly, Yusniar Lubis, and Syaifuddin Lubis. "Analisis Evaluasi Kebun PlaAnalisis Evaluasi Kebun Plasma Yang Dikelola Oleh Kebun Inti Dan Dikelola Sendiri Oleh Peserta Plasma Terhadap Pendapatan Petani Kelapa Sawit (Kasus Pt. Pinago Utama, Kabupaten Musi Banyu Asin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan)." AGRISAINS: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Agribisnis 2, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/agrisains.v2i1.258.
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This study aims to determine and analyze the differences and the effect of production on the income of plasma palm oil farmers who are independently managed and managed in the core of PT. Pinago Utama. This research method uses a quantitative approach, the type of research is a survey. The sample was determined by 60 stratified random sampling methods. Data were analyzed using the independent sample mean difference test and simple linear regression. The results showed that there was an insignificant difference in the production of oil palm smallholdings managed by nucleus and those managed independently by farmers. However, there are significant differences in farmers' incomes, production costs and the cost of production of plasma oil palm estates managed by the nucleus and those managed by farmers independently. The cost of production of the nucleus estate managed by the nucleus is Rp. 576.65 / kg 39.17% lower than smallholdings which are managed independently by farmers (Rp. 947.95 / kg). Changes in production obtained by farmers have a significant effect on changes in income, both for estates managed by the nucleus and those managed independently by farmers. Thus there is a difference in the effect of production on farmers' income by almost 50% (49.88%)
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Komarova, Anna. "THE ROLE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF INCOMES FROM THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 5 (2019): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-5-184-189.
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O. Roupsard. "Coconut Carbon Sequestration Part 2 / Strategies for the Carbon Market & Simulating Potential Incomes for Coconut CDM Projects." CORD 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v24i1.156.
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The following article is a review of possible strategies of the coconut sector facing the carbon market, through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Protocol of Kyoto, but also through Non-Kyoto (voluntary) initiatives. It sums up the conditions for certifying plantations, together with recent statistics of similar projects accepted by UNFCCC, which are currently displaying a rapid growth rate. It stresses the complexity of the CDM, but also the accessibility for coconut energy & afforestation + reforestation (A/R) projects, considering that coconut plantations do actually correspond to the definition of “forest”.
Using recent scientific information on C cycle of coconut plantations and coconut oil, it proposes also a simulation of the expected potential profitability of coconut energetic and A/R projects. From the point of view of the farmer and of the oil mill, in absence of any CDM project (the reference here), the value-added comes mainly from local processing of the copra into coconut oil. When implementing a short-term A/R project (t-CER), the value-added by C fixation in the ecosystem would be ca. +15 to +19%, as compared to the copra and oil references. When implementing a long-term project (l-CER), the value-added would reach +40 to +52%. When implementing an energy-oil project solely, the value-added by C fixation in the coconut oil would be only +5% (this not including other benefits at national scale, however). When implementing a dual A/R + energy-oil project, the value-added by C fixation would be +19% for t-CER, and +45% for l-CER with respect to the copra and oil references. These results are just potential values given for example, suspected to vary much according to the actual conditions of coconut plantation productivity, management and also C market conditions. However, the simulation clearly supports every APCC initiative in this direction.
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Sahidan, Ainul Shazwin, Zaki Aman, Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim, Nazirah Che Jaafar, Humaira Mat Taib, Rahmahwati Rasuddin, Amran Arifin, and Mohd Ridzuan Sohimi. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE OIL PALM GROWERS COOPERATIVE IN SABAH." International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences 4, no. 16 (June 30, 2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijmtss.416003.
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Almost one million hectares of oil palm in Malaysia have been planted by the oil palm independent smallholders (OPISH). Most of these farms are small size holding and scatters throughout Malaysia. These factors cause them to face several problems and consequently put their income below potential. To assist the OPISH, the government had introduced the oil palm grower cooperative known as Koperasi Penanam Sawit Mampan (KPSM). The objective of KPSM is to increase the oil palm yield, OPISH incomes, and as a platform of interaction between OPISH and extension officers to discuss their problems. However, cooperatives' performance can be influenced by several factors. This paper aims to study the extension officer and members' participation as independent variables. Good governance is incorporated as a moderator variable to investigate a cooperative's performance. The partial least squares (PLS 3.0) and structural equation modelling instruments are used to analyse the data in this study. Most of the respondents are male, and 22% are of the younger generation. The results demonstrated that good governance (p-value of 0.095(p<0.1) and t=1.669 (more than 1.64) has a moderate relationship between members' participation and cooperatives' performance. On the other hand, good governance did not strengthen the relationship between the extension officer and co-operatives performance.
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Afanasiev, Mst. "The Instruments of the Stabilization Fund: The Experience and Prospects." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2004): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-3-65-75.
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Сreation of the stabilization fund has become the main feature of the Russian federal budget for 2004. This instrument provides the opportunity to reduce the dependence of budget incomes on the fluctuations of oil prices. The accepted model does not consider the world experience in building of such funds as the "funds for future generations", and the increase of other revenues from the growing oil prices as well. That can lead to shortening and immobilization of the financial basis of economic growth.
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Qaim, Matin, Kibrom T. Sibhatu, Hermanto Siregar, and Ingo Grass. "Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences of the Oil Palm Boom." Annual Review of Resource Economics 12, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-024922.
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Rising global demand for vegetable oil during the last few decades has led to a drastic increase in the land area under oil palm. Especially in Southeast Asia, the oil palm boom has contributed to economic growth, but it has also spurred criticism about negative environmental and social effects. Here, we discuss palm oil production and consumption trends and review environmental, economic, and social consequences in different parts of the world. The oil palm expansion has contributed to tropical deforestation and associated losses in biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Simultaneously, it has increased incomes, generated employment, and reduced poverty among farm and nonfarm households. Around 50% of the worldwide oil palm land is managed by smallholders. Sustainability trade-offs between preserving global public environmental goods and private economic benefits need to be reduced. We discuss policy implications related to productivity growth, rainforest protection, mosaic landscapes, land property rights, sustainability certification, and smallholder inclusion, among others.
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Kimelman, S., and S. Andryushin. "Stabilization Fund and Economic Growth." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2005): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-11-70-83.
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The article analyzes the conditions of formation of the Stabilization Fund and the Development (Modernization) Fund at the expense of rental incomes from oil mining as well as rent from natural gas, platinum, gold and diamonds mining. It is argued that using the above funds in the economy is relevant taking into account factors of economic growth.
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Nkang, Nkang M. "Oil Price Shocks, Agriculture and Household Welfare in Nigeria: Results From an Economy-Wide Model." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 31 (November 30, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p158.
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Following the recent plunge in the price of crude oil in the international market and its attendant implications on oil-exporting countries, this paper simulated the impact of a fifty per cent decline in world oil price on agriculture and household welfare using a general equilibrium model, and data from a social accounting matrix (SAM) for Nigeria. Results show that gross domestic output and supply of composites in the agriculture sectors increased substantially, causing agriculture prices to decline. Furthermore, the shock reduced incomes/expenditure in all household groups except urban-north households that recorded an increase. We therefore conclude that lower oil prices may not necessarily lead to output losses, but could boost output in other sectors, engendering diversification of the export base. Also, targeted interventions would prove more effective in mitigating the negative impact of oil price shocks on households than general palliative measures based on the results of the study.
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Azis, Rosdiani, Ingka Rizkyani Akolo, Moh Fikri Pomalingo, and Ikrima Staddal. "Pengembangan Usaha Minyak Kelapa Tradisional untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan IKM Desa Posso, Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara." Agrokreatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrokreatif.6.2.150-158.
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Posso is one of the villages which is located in Kwandang sub-district, North Gorontalo, Province of Gorontalo. It has the potential of coconut plantations with a production capacity of around15,000 coconuts/month. In order to increase the potential of village, the government formed a jointly successful SMEs that are produces traditional coconut oil. The purpose of this activity is to develop a traditional coconut oil business to increase SMEs incomes. The method applied are technology transfer, provision of tools, application of technology and production assistance. Based on the results showed activities obtained training results of packaging design and packaging process that is good and proper nd business management can improve partners' skills in designing attractive packaging and able to manage this business. After this coconut oil business development’s activity, it produced knowledge about the fermentation method in making oil, how to operate coir peeling tools with a chicken paw method, management of a traditional coconut oil processing business, and an increase in partner assets which oil production increased to 150 L or around 200 bottles a month. Overall, this program is well implemented and has benefits for SMIs, especially in developing a successful SME business together.
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Zou, Gaolu, and Kwong Wing Chau. "Effects of International Crude Oil Prices on Energy Consumption in China." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153891.
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This study aims to test the effects of changes in international crude oil prices on changes in crude oil and hydropower use from 1965 to 2016. We suggest a cointegration relationship between the consumption of coal, crude oil, and hydropower and the real crude oil price. The real price is weakly exogenous for the long-run relationship and has impacted energy consumption accordingly. The long-run crude oil price elasticity of oil use is 0.460. Our estimate suggests a positive oil price–oil use relationship in China, which is dramatically different from many previous studies but is consistent with a few past studies. The growth in external oil prices may lead to a long-run increase in hydropower use in China, with a long-run price elasticity of 0.242. The long-run crude oil price elasticity of coal use is −0.930. Hence, increased oil and hydropower use could make up the energy supply–demand gap left over by the decreased coal use. Strictly planned domestic fuel prices and rapidly growing family incomes should diminish the negative effect of external oil prices on domestic crude oil demand. In the long run, given a strictly managed energy price, the growth in external oil prices is not likely to noticeably restrain the domestic oil demand or lead to a dramatic increase in coal use. We suggest that the large-scale development and utilization of hydropower may be inappropriate. Coal utilization policies must be reviewed. The appropriate increase in clean coal consumption could reduce the consumption of crude oil and hydropower; meanwhile, carbon emissions will not increase.
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Bukina, I. S., and L. N. Lykova. "A Year of a Pandemic: the State of the Russian Budget System." Federalism, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2021-2-149-168.
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In the first quarter of 2021 against the background of a slight recovery in economic activity and a continuing downward trend in real household incomes the RF consolidated budget revenues grew not only in nominal terms, but also in real terms compared to last year. The most active growth in real terms was demonstrated by tax revenues and VAT. Income taxes and social insurance payments related to the income of the population are significantly behind the rate of inflation. The formed positive trend in world oil prices, however, does not yet provide access to the level of last year’s oil and gas revenues of the federal budget. At the same time, the outstripping growth of non-oil and gas revenues, even with the increase in the total volume of federal budget expenditures above the rate of inflation, ensured the final positive balance of both the federal budget and the consolidated budget. In the first quarter of the year, spending on the national economy grew at a faster pace. The growth rate of social policy expenditures remains high. Sub-federal budget revenues also showed a pronounced upward trend, mainly due to federal transfers. There is a certain shift in emphasis from their non-target types to their target ones. Although the expenditures of the sub-federal budgets increased in real terms, the balance of the consolidated budgets remained positive. Nevertheless, in a number of regions, there is a budget deficit with a significant amount of deficit financing of expenditures. The values of the state subfederal debt decreased slightly, while the total amount of the country’s state internal debt increased significantly.
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Kampan, Palapan. "Sustainability and Competitiveness of Thailand’s Natural Rubber Industry in Times of Global Economic Flux." Asian Social Science 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n1p169.
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This study assesses economic, legal, and environmental conditions that Thai rubber farmers face, and evaluates actions they can take to increase incomes. Statistical analyses determine relationships between prices of oil, natural and synthetic rubber. Pearson correlation tests found a strong positive relationship (r = 0.887) between the price of Brent crude and Thai ribbed smoked sheets, and a moderate positive relationship between price changes in Brent and synthetic rubber (r = 0.648). Regression analysis showed Brent oil price is a good predictor of natural rubber prices. Moderate to strong positive relationships were also found between natural rubber price and gross domestic product of Japan, China, and the United States. Criminal antitrust behavior in rubber industries appeared to interfere with normal pricing in rubber markets. No significant bivariate correlation was found between rainfall in Thailand and natural rubber price, production, or export although flooding and other environmental issues clearly affected rubber farms. A survey of options showed Thai rubber farmers can improve livelihoods best through collective purchase and use of new technologies, and by integrating into downstream supply chain industries. At very least, farmers are urged to abandon monocrop methods and supplement incomes with fruit, fish, livestock, or pigs. stment budget, 2) architectural Aesthetic, and 3) utilization. Additionally, background of the interviewees is one of reinforcing factors for decision on universal design investment.
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Sereenonchai, Sukanya, and Noppol Arunrat. "Fishers’ Decisions to Adopt Adaptation Strategies and Expectations for Their Children to Pursue the Same Profession in Chumphon Province, Thailand." Climate 7, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7020034.
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Coastal communities and small-scale fisheries are highly vulnerable to climate change. In this study, we aimed to examine fishers’ decisions to adapt to climate change and their expectations for their children to pursue the same profession. Data were obtained from fisher households covering 8 districts and 22 sub-districts in the coastal area of Chumphon Province, Thailand, using participatory observation, focus group discussion, and in-person field surveys. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors influencing the fishers’ decisions and their expectations for their children to inherit their occupation. Results showed that the fishers are aware of the increasing trends in air temperature, sea water temperature, inland precipitation, offshore precipitation, and storms. Increased fishing experience and fishing income increased the likelihood of the fishers applying adaptations to climate change. Looking to the future, fishers with high fishing incomes expect their children to pursue the occupation, whereas increased fishing experience, non-fishing incomes, and perceptions of storms likely discourage them from expecting their children to be fishers. Of the fishers interviewed, 58.06% decided to apply adaptations in response to climate change by incorporating climate-smart agriculture, particularly by cultivating rubber, oil palm, and orchards as a second income source. The adoption of climate-smart fisheries should be considered in relation to the body of local knowledge, as well as the needs and priorities of the fisher community. To cope with the impacts of current and future climate change on coastal communities, the national focal point of adaptation should be climate change, and related governmental agencies should pay more attention to these key factors for adaptation.
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Lee, Janice Ser Huay, Jaboury Ghazoul, Krystof Obidzinski, and Lian Pin Koh. "Oil palm smallholder yields and incomes constrained by harvesting practices and type of smallholder management in Indonesia." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34, no. 2 (June 19, 2013): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0159-4.
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Berry, Sara. "Social institutions and access to resources." Africa 59, no. 1 (January 1989): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160762.
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Opening ParagraphFor over a decade African economies have been plagued by recurrent food shortages, economic decline and growing disparities between the living standards of rich and poor. To a large extent food shortages and rural impoverishment may be attributed to external shocks—world recession, oil price shocks, deteriorating terms of trade and mounting debt service obligations—compounded in the 1970s and early 1980s by drought and war. In addition government policies have exacerbated the effects of adverse environmental and world market trends, aggravating rather than alleviating food shortages and depressing rural output and incomes.
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Zakiya Salim Alhasni. "Tourism versus Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Tourism – An Element of Economic Growth of Metropolitan Cities, Entrepreneurs." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (March 28, 2021): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v7i2.1798.
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Oman's economy highly depends on oil revenue since it accounts for more than half of all its export incomes. Other sectors like fishery and agriculture are some of the other major sources of income that are perceived to have some influence on minimizing the economic gaps of the population while contributing constructively to the country's GDP. Oman being strategically and geographically located gives it a better chance to add to the sources of its revenues. Tourism is hence seen as a key contributor to the economy and its sustainability. The reason behind this is the fact that Oman possesses great tourism potential in terms of its culture, climate, and natural environment. Proper understanding of the relationship that exists between the contribution from tourism and the SDGs is important in the development of the sector to improve development within the area. This research elucidated the constructive economic effects of tourism in Oman that can generate revenues and maintain sustainable economic growth, which in turn can help the country achieve its SDGs.
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Mili, Samir, and Maria Bouhaddane. "Forecasting Global Developments and Challenges in Olive Oil Supply and Demand: A Delphi Survey from Spain." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030191.
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Forecasting future supply and demand is a topical subject in the olive oil sector due to its relevance for decision making and the lack of comprehensive and consensual estimates at the global level. This study aims at overcoming this gap in research by providing a foresight of global supply and demand for olive oil for the years to come. We use the Delphi technique to estimate the expected annual growth rates in the olive oil production and consumption worldwide as well as their likely impact on Spanish exports by 2025. Another key objective of the study is to elicit expert judgements on the factors that are likely to shape the predicted changes as well as the international challenges ahead. Results suggest substantial future increases in production in new-producing countries, in parallel with a slower growth in the European traditional suppliers whose focus will increasingly be placed on quality and sustainability rather than quantity. In addition, a significant growth in the world’s demand for olive oil is expected in non-traditional markets, which will be driven by greater awareness of the positive health and sustainability attributes of this product, jointly with the changes in lifestyles and rising incomes of several consumer segments. These emerging markets offer promising prospects for the international expansion of olive oil companies. Future international challenges facing the olive oil industry include new market entry, worldwide product promotion, quality standards’ harmonization, enacting trade facilitation schemes, and dealing with the COVID-19 impacts. Findings improve market predictability and transparency, and ultimately support decision-making and strategic planning in the olive oil sector.
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Belousova, A. A. "THE NEW BUDGET RULE FOR 2018-2020." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-1-67-75.
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The article considers a new mechanism for the formation of the Russian budget. This work is a continuation of the study of the draft budget for 2015 and the planning period 2016 and 2017. The new budget rule is aimed mainly at stabilizing the economy. The purpose of the rule is to reduce the dependence of the budget on market incomes. The new budget rule will be applied from 2018 onwards. The main directions of the new budget plan are defined, among which the development of the defense, space and nuclear industries is traditionally. The possible consequences of an increase in tax rates are considered. In this regard, the emphasis is on the main changes in the draft budget. The decision to change the budget rule is due to the fact that the current mechanism has a positive feedback, that is, it can contribute both to excessive strengthening of the ruble, and to its excessive weakening. The conclusions of the impact of the new budget rule on macroeconomic indicators and the ruble exchange rate have been made. Progressiveness of taxation in the oil sector will remain, but with the growth of oil prices, the ruble rate will no longer react so much. This means that the economy of oil projects will move along with oil prices. At the same time, the course’s stability will stabilize the situation for the non-oil part of the economy.
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Ivanova, Tanyana Nikolaevna, Aleksandr Ivanovich Korshunov, and Vladimir Pavlovich Koretckiy. "Dual Completion Petroleum Production Engineering for Several Oil Formations." Management Systems in Production Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2018-0035.
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Abstract Cost-efficient, enabling technologies for keeping and increasing the reservoir recovery rate of oil-formations with high water cut of produced fluids and exhausted resource are really essential. One of the easiest but short-term ways to increase oil production and incomes at development of oil deposits is cost of development and capital cost reduction. Therefore, optimal choice and proper feasibility study on the facilities for multilayer oil fields development, especially at the late stage of reservoir working, is a crucial issue for now-day oil industry. Currently, the main oil pools do not reach the design point of coefficient of oil recovery. The basic feature of the late stage of reservoir working is the progressing man-made impact on productive reservoir because of water injection increasing for maintaining reservoir pressure. Hence cost-efficient, enabling technologies for keeping and increasing the reservoir recovery rate of oil-formations with high water cut of produced fluids and exhausted resource are really essential. To address the above concerns the dual completion petroleum production engineering was proposed. The intensity of dual completion of formation with of different permeability is determined by rational choice of each of them. The neglect of this principle results a disproportionately rate of highly permeable formations development for the time. In effect the permeability of the formations or their flow rate is decreasing. The problem is aggravated by lack of awareness of mechanics of layers' mutual interference in producers and injectors. Dual completion experience in Russian has shown, that success and efficiency of the technology in many respects depend on engineering support. One of the sufficient criteria for the choice of operational objects should be maximal involvement of oil-saturated layers by oil displacement from seams over the economic life of well producing oil. If it is about getting high rate of oil recovery for irregular formations there is no alternative to dual completion and production. The recommended dual completion petroleum production technology enables development several formations by single well at the time. The dual completion petroleum production technology has been more important than ever because it is right not only for formations but for thin layers with undeveloped remaining reserves.
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Bessems, Kathelijne M. H. H., Evelyne Linssen, Marion Lomme, and Patricia Van Assema. "The Effectiveness of the Good Affordable Food Intervention for Adults with Low Socioeconomic Status and Small Incomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072535.
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Good Affordable Food (GAF) is a small-group nutrition education intervention for adults with low socioeconomic status and small incomes. It aims to empower participants to save money on groceries and consume healthier diets. This paper reports the short-term and longer-term effects on behavioural determinants and self-reported behavioural changes. A quasi-experimental control group design was applied with a baseline measurement, a post-test immediately after the intervention, and a follow-up measurement after six months. The study included 237 participants (intervention group: n = 131; control group: n = 106) at baseline, 197 at post-test, and 152 at follow-up. Data were collected by telephone, mostly using closed interview questions. Positive short-term and longer-term effects were found for attitude towards the costs of healthy foods, food label use, and the use of liquid butter or oil to prepare hot meals. Short-term intervention effects related to knowledge towards saving money on groceries, self-efficacy towards healthy eating, portion size awareness, and mindful eating. GAF was effective in changing some determinants and behaviours related to cost and food consumption, however, mostly in the short term. Thereby, it is an example of combining pricing and health information in nutrition education that developers of effective nutrition education for low-income groups can build on.
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Silva-Barbeau, Irma, Stephen G. Hull, Marilyn S. Prehm, and William E. Barbeau. "Women's Access to Food-Processing Technology at the Household Level is Associated with Improved Diets at the Pre-Harvest Lean Season in the Gambia." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 3 (September 2005): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650502600308.
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Background Women's access to food processing technology at the household level may have positive dietary benefits during the pre-harvest lean season when households are most stressed from food shortages and higher energy expenditures from agricultural work. Objective This study in rural Gambia was conducted to determine if women's access to small manually operated oil presses (ram) for sesame oil extraction had any significant effects on seasonal fluctuations of household oil supply and on dietary intakes of women and children. Methods Participants were 40 women and children with access to community-based motorized oil press expellers (Expeller-control), 37 women and children with access to village-based ram presses (Press-experiment), and 43 women and children with access to both ram press and motorized expeller (Combination). Dietary data were collected at baseline, at peak oil-pressing, at pre-harvest lean, and at the post-harvest seasons. Results Households in the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed 37 and 51 percent more oil, respectively, than those in the Expeller-control group during the pre-harvest lean season. Women from the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed more energy at the lean season than those in the Expeller-control group. Similarly, children from the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed more protein at peak oil-processing season than those from the Expeller-control group. At the pre-harvest season children from these two groups also consumed more protein, however, only the consumption of the Combination children was statistically significant compared with that of the Expeller-control group ( p < .05). Press-experiment children consumed more nutrient-dense weaning foods during the pre-harvest lean season than Expeller-control children. Conclusions Women's access to appropriate technology can provide the means to “add value” to their agriculture product, which may serve as an economic stabilizer with potential to increase dietary intakes and incomes, especially during the pre-harvest lean season.
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Le, Hung, Quang Nguyen, Don Nguyen, Bunmi Malau-Aduli, Peter Nichols, and Aduli Malau-Aduli. "Nutritional Supplements Fortified with Oils from Canola, Flaxseed, Safflower and Rice Bran Improve Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Australian Prime Lambs." Animals 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120231.
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This study investigated live animal performance and carcass characteristics of Australian prime lambs fed oil based polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched pellets in a feedlot system. The tested hypothesis was that supplementation of lambs with a variety of dietary oil based PUFA enriched pellets would enhance growth and carcass characteristics compared with the control lambs fed only with lucerne hay. Seventy-two, 6 months old White Suffolk x Corriedale first-cross prime lambs with an average liveweight (LWT) of 35.7 ± 0.9 kg were allocated to six treatment groups in a completely randomised experimental design. The treatments were: (1) control: lucerne hay only; or lucerne hay plus wheat-based pellets infused with 50 mL/kg dry matter (DM) of oils from (2) rice bran (RBO); (3) canola (CO); (4) rumen protected (RPO); (5) flaxseed (FO) and (6) safflower (SO) dietary sources. All lambs had ad libitum access to lucerne hay and clean fresh water. Supplemented lambs were fed 1 kg of pellet/head/day for 10 weeks. Feed intake, final LWT, average daily gain (ADG), body conformation and carcass characteristics of lambs in the supplemented groups were all greater than for the control group. SO lambs had the lowest ADG of 190.3 g/day. RBO and CO treatments had the lowest feed cost per unit gain of AU$3.0/kg. Supplemented lambs had similar over the hooks (OTH) incomes that were all higher than that of the control group. This empirical evidence-based data demonstrated that supplementation of lambs with RBO and CO had comparatively lower feed costs without compromising ADG, carcass characteristics and OTH income.
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Zubarevich, N. V. "Regions of Russia during a pandemic: Socio-economic dynamics and budget revenues." Journal of the New Economic Association 51, no. 3 (2021): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-51-3-10.
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It is difficult to identify the most and the least affected regions in the pandemic crisis, since the dynamics of different indicators did not coincide. Industrial output decline was deeper in oil-extracting regions. Agglomerations of federal cities, recreation regions of the South and the republics of the North Caucasus had the strongest decline in the service sector. The dynamics of labor markets in the regions during the pandemic strongly depended on institutional factors – state support for employed in small businesses and assistance to the unemployed. Small business employment in most regions did not decline. The level of registered unemployment grew faster in the largest agglomerations, and the slowest emerging from the crisis were the underdeveloped republics. After a strong decline in the population incomes in the 2nd quarter of 2020 due to lockdowns, a gradual convergence of regional dynamics began, but without a noticeable improvement. In terms of population income and employment, Moscow is recovering from the crisis much faster thanks to its huge competitive advantages. The dynamics of own revenues of regional budgets during pandemic is associated with the structure of the economy and the importance of profit tax in the budget revenues. The largest losses in 2020 were experienced by the oil-extracting regions due to a sharp reduction in profit tax. Since 2021, the own revenues of the budgets of metallurgical regions grew the fastest due to a threefold increase in this tax. Lockdowns in the first wave of the pandemic turned out to be less significant because the number of regions with a decline in their own revenues in the 2nd quarter of 2020 was 1,5 times less than in 2020.
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Demiral, Mehmet. "Currency Depreciation, Trade Balance and Intra-Industry Trade Interactions in Turkey’s OECD Trade." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 4 (March 23, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n4p8.
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<p>This study re-examines the determinants of Turkey’s trade balance in its manufactures trade with 33 OECD-member countries for the short-run and the long-run. Unlike other studies, in the relationships we also control the moderating effects of the availability of import substitutes proxied by intra-industry trade. We analyze quarterly aggregated time-series data of the period spanning from 1998.QI to 2015.QIII, following the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to the cointegration and the error correction modeling. Estimation results reveal that real effective exchange rate, together with domestic and foreign incomes are still among the core determinants of Turkey’s trade balance in the manufacturing sectors. There is no significant impact of domestic final oil prices that also include all the taxes on gasoline. The trade balance depends on domestic income negatively and the aggregated income of the OECD countries positively. The finding that real depreciation of Turkish lira against to those of Turkey’s OECD trade partners improves trade balance in both the short-run and the long-run, indicates no evidence of J-curve adjustment process. Unsurprisingly, the intra-industry trade seems to be an important factor that moderates the elasticities of trade balance to its determinants, especially to real effective exchange rate and domestic income. Overall results underline the importance of import-substitution capability besides the export-oriented production to ease the longstanding large trade deficits for Turkey.</p><strong></strong>
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Knapp, Gunnar, and Thomas A. Morehouse. "Alaska's North Slope Borough revisited." Polar Record 27, no. 163 (October 1991): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013061.
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AbstractAlaska's North Slope Borough, established in 1972, is a unique institution of Native-controlled local government in the north. Providing a case study of Native self-determination under favourable conditions of indigenous, local control of resource wealth and political power, it has been the instrument by which local Inupiat capturedand used oil wealth, with clear economic and political benefits. They have gained high levels of local public services, jobs, and incomes; and effective representation in negotiations with external corporate and government authorities; the borough has also preserved and adapted critical elements of traditional culture. Costs of development and changeunder borough leadership have included waste and inefficiency, crime and corruption. Centralized power in borough headquarters has reduced the independence of borough villages and encouraged borough citizens to act like clients and consumers. Borough economy remains dependent on uncertain tax revenues from oil, with uncertain future employment opportunities for a rapidly growing Native population. North Slope Borough government has provided the Inupiat with means to greater political self-sufficiency, and the borough has responded effectively, under great pressure, to the opportunities and problems that petroleum development has brought to the region.
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McGill, Julian, Amy Moss, Robert Swick, David Jackson, and Martin Todd. "The future protein decade: perspectives on global pressure to agriculture." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19308.
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Most of the world’s arable area is sown to either grains or oilseeds, and it is the big movements in the profitability of these crops that determine the pressure on global cropping-area supply. This perspective incorporates publicly available data, primarily from the FAO, to demonstrate some of the shifting pressures on global agriculture. Additionally, it argues that the advent of biofuel policies created additional demand for the area to produce cereal and oil crops from 2002. However, with a slowing demand growth for ethanol biofuels, crops for human and animal consumption will once again become the main driver for crop acreage. In particular, protein crops will be favoured as higher incomes are strongly linked to a greater animal-product consumption. In addition, a shift to a more intensive animal production is further increasing the demand for protein crops. Therefore, we could ultimately see a contraction in cereal crops and much faster growth in oilseeds, albeit from a lower base, as the demand for feed becomes the main driver for global agriculture. Yet, this is occurring during a time in which protein content of the major oil crops has been declining (albeit while yields continue to increase).
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Volna, Egor S., Elena B. Mishina, and Natalya L. Savchenko. "Improving the value added tax forecasting tools." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Economics 18, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3988.2020.18(4).9-18.
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The value added tax (VAT) prediction is one of the essential tools to form the Russian Federation federal budget. Presently, there are various methods and tools to forecast taxes, including VAT. This research proposes to enhance the estimation of VAT inflow into the federal budget singling out certain formation factors in the GDP structure. The dynamics of the federal budget income in the period 2010-2019 has been examined. It has been stated that VAT refers to non-oil and gas revenues, while the structural analysis of this tax enables to single out domestic production VAT and import related VAT. This tax sum division has become a basis for building federal budget VAT income forecasting models. The primary model takes into account the GDP dynamics in the given period, as well as the GDP to federal budget incomes ratio and their main elements. To develop a more accurate VAT forecasting model the above mentioned tax has been divided into two components - imports VAT and domestic consumption VAT. The imports VAT evaluation is done via the share of projected imports, which in its turn is calculated by the marginal propensity to imports. The domestic consumption VAT is done via the GDP share previously stripped off the import value. During research the excellences and faults of each model have been highlighted. The conclusion about the expediency of models based on separating imports VAT and domestic consumption VAT application for VAT forecasting has been made.
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Roett, Riordan. "The Transition to Democratic Government in Brazil." World Politics 38, no. 2 (January 1986): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010242.
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Brazil experienced both economic prosperity and political repression in the 1970s. When the “miracle” faltered after the oil shocks, however, repression came to be viewed as neither politically effective nor conducive to further economic growth. Workers, whose incomes had risen during the “economic miracle,” began to seek political freedom as well. The church, a strong proponent of liberation theology, also played an important role by supporting the poor in their struggle. In addition, the elite pressured for liberalization when they perceived that their control over economic rewards was being eroded by increasing state domination of the economy.The elite may now be more responsive to mass demands in order to preclude the return of military control. Their ability to respond will be largely determined by international factors over which Brazil has little influence.
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Success Ikechi, Kanu, and Nwadiubu Anthony. "Global Oil Price Shocks and Effects on Economic Growth: An Econometric Investigation of Nigeria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 6, no. 4 (2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.64.2001.
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This study is necessitated for the reason that global oil price shocks are bound to affect the pace of economic growth in Nigeria. Given that Nigeria is a net oil-exporting country makes it particularly vulnerable to oil price fluctuations. The study made use of secondary data covering the period from 1990 to 2019. While the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test was used for preliminary analysis; ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was used for short-run estimates. A combination of Johansen Co-integration test, Vector Auto Regression analysis, Granger causality test, Variance Decomposition, Impulse Response tests and the ARCH/ GARCH modelling techniques were used for long run estimation All the tests helped to confirm the integrity of our models. The findings of the study indicate that, in the short run, there was sufficient evidence to show that oil price changes have a significant effect on economic growth. For the long run test, the Trace statistics and Max Eigenvalue tests point to a case of non-integration. At a ten year horizon, 71.31% of the variance in economic growth is explained by shocks; while the balance of 28.69% was accounted for by the changes in the global price of crude oil. In other words, the growth of the Nigerian economy has to do with the economy itself and to some extent, fluctuations or instability associated with the global prices of oil shocks. The ARCH/GARCH analysis indicates that there exists a first-order ARCH effect and that the GARCH in mean term was also significant. Succinctly put, the above results suggest that though erratic, there is evidence of volatility clustering of oil price on economic growth in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that Nigeria splay down on the continued dominance of primary production and export and low-value addition. There is a need for a paradigm shift. Nigeria’s economic growth should be driven by a diversified production structure, essentially driven by growth in manufacturing as it would increase job offer, raise productivity and incomes. Otherwise, the Nigerian economy will remain trepid, fragile and susceptible to shocks emanating from global oil price fluctuations. Poverty is likely to persist in Nigeria without a robust manufacturing sector where innovation and technology would improve value addition and raise productivity. Lastly, since an average economy is cyclical, whence the Nigerian economy can pull through the present economic recession occasioned by the Coronavirus pandemic, she must learn to save for the rainy day. Nigeria should draw lessons from history and from past mistakes in order to avert the vagaries associated with oil price volatilities and consequent budget alignment and re-alignments.
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Hong, Ji Yeon, and Wenhui Yang. "Oilfields, Mosques and Violence: Is There a Resource Curse in Xinjiang?" British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 45–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123417000564.
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How does natural resource extraction affect ethnic violence in a strong authoritarian state? This study investigates the effects of oil and natural gas development on violent incidents in Xinjiang, China, using data from its eighty-six counties. Contrary to the resource curse claim, we find that areas with larger quantities of resource production have lower rates of violence. The analysis of reserves data confirms that this finding is not driven by endogeneity between violence and resource production. This soothing effect of resources subsides, however, in areas with high mosque density. While we find no supporting evidence that drastic ethno-demographic changes or strengthening of public security are associated with resource extraction, the analysis shows that resource development contributes to improved local economic conditions, particularly with respect to employment and the incomes of employees of state-owned enterprises.
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TANIELIAN, ADAM. "Sustainability and Competitiveness in Thai Rubber Industries." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 36, no. 1 (July 4, 2018): 50–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v36i1.5512.
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This article assesses the economic, legal and environmental conditions that Thai rubber farmers face and evaluates actions they can take to increase incomes.Statistical analyses determine relationships between prices of oil, natural and synthetic rubber. Pearson correlation tests found a strong positive relationship (r = 0.887) between the price of Brent crude and Thai ribbed smoked sheets, and a moderate positive relationship between price changes in Brent and synthetic rubber (r = 0.648). Regression analysis showed Brent oil price is a good predictor of natural rubber price. Moderate to strong positive relationships were also found between natural rubber price and the gross domestic products of Japan, China and the United States. Criminal antitrust behaviour in the rubber industries appeared to interfere with normal pricing in rubber markets. No significant bivariate correlation was found between rainfall in Thailand and natural rubber price, production or export, although fl ooding and other environmental issues clearly affected rubber farms. A survey of options showed that Thai rubber farmers can best improve their livelihoods through the collective purchase and use of new technologies and by integrating into downstream supplychain industries. At the very least, farmers are urged to abandon monocrop methods and supplement their incomes with fruit, fi sh, livestock or pigs.
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Carminati, Hudson Bolsoni, Raquel de F. Dias Milão, Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, and José Luiz de Medeiros. "Achieving Negative Emissions: Integration of Sugarcane Crop, Ethanol Biorefinery, Post-Combustion Capture and CO2 Pipeline for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Materials Science Forum 965 (July 2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.965.39.
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Every day huge amounts of CO2 are released into the atmosphere by enterprises such as biorefineries. In this context, the present work proposes a plausible scenario where a large-scale sugarcane-based biorefinery capture over 92% of its CO2 emissions to be used as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agent. The study is based on the integration of sugarcane crop–large-scale ethanol biorefinery–post-combustion capture–CO2 pipeline to EOR. As results, the plant obtained a CO2 recover of 91.3% from post-combustion capture, allowing export 5.29 MM tCO2/y. Basic revenues of this project came from ethanol production, electricity sales, and EOR. In addition, four scenarios were investigated considering incomes from the handling of the captured CO2. All scenarios were evaluated in terms of the use of 1 and 2 bbl/tCO2 for EOR, leading to the conclusion that long-term economic sustainability can be assured only for some scenarios and mainly above 2 bbl/tCO2.
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Abbas, Basel, and P. Procházka. "The effect of trade liberalisation on Syrian agriculture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060665.
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Syrian agricultural policy should be characterized by a high level of government intervention, including fixed prices, government monopoly in strategic crop marketing, government distribution of industrial fertilizers, significant barriers on food and agricultural commodities import and so on. Although there were certain changes and liberalization in this area during several last years, the Syrian agriculture remains as the most regulated sector of national economy in Near east and northern Africa.On the other hand, we may state the fact that Syrian governmental agriculture policy was successful considering so called strategic crops most of all in achieving self-sufficiency in wheat production, also an essential increase of cotton production volume which represents most important export crop of this near east country, took a part. Besides this progress there was restriction of disparity development in countryside and municipal household’s incomes, which is partial reason for slowing down of Syrian countryside poverty. These positive outcomes were reached at the expense of increasing governmental expenses and worsening of resources efficiency usage both in agriculture production and energy sectors. Considering forecasted spend of oil sources, the Syrian government will be necessarily forced to search for alternative resources of economic growth and government budget incomes in near future.The last five year country plan presumes consequental delimitation of grants and implication of value added tax. There is to be a quite large liberalisation in agriculture sector, which should lead to consequential down of wheat production, sugar beet and cotton and increase of barley, lentil and chickpea production.
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Ghuloum, Suhaila, and Mohammed A. Ibrahim. "Psychiatry in Qatar." International Psychiatry 3, no. 4 (October 2006): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004975.
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The State of Qatar is a peninsula overlooking the Arabian Gulf, with an area of 11400 km2. The Al Thani family has ruled the country since the mid-1800s. The population of just over 860000 is of a multi-ethnic nature, and predominantly resides in the capital, Doha. Only about 20% of the population is Qatari. Around 73% of the population are between the ages of 15 and 64 years. Life expectancy at birth is 74.8 years for males and 73.8 years for females. The literacy rate is 94.9% for men and 82.3% for women. Arabic is the official language and English is a common second language. The economy is dominated by oil and natural gas, and the country has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. The per capita government expenditure on health is $574 (international dollars), which is among the highest in the region.
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Singh, Nitya. "Nigeria’s Elusive Quest for Democracy: Multinational Corporations and Sustenance of Authoritarianism*." African and Asian Studies 10, no. 2-3 (2011): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921011x587031.
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AbstractIn 1999 Nigeria witnessed its second transition to democracy. However, not only have authoritarian regimes existed in Nigeria for a substantial part of its history but also the successive democratic governments since 1999 have continued to mirror the characteristics of these regimes. Thus, in the article I analyze this paradox by examining the role of multinational corporations in preventing the growth of democracy in Nigeria. I observe that the rentier incomes provided by the multinational oil corporations to the Nigerian state have enabled the authoritarian regimes to maintain themselves in power. Furthermore the multinational corporations have also played a very important role in ensuring the continuation of an “elite social class” supportive of these regimes, within the Nigerian society. These findings suggest that the important socio-economic position enjoyed by these multinational corporations within the Nigerian society, has resulted in the continuation of the authoritarian regimes and their policies within the Nigerian state.
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Magaramov, Sharafetdin, Elena Inozemtseva, and Nikolay Chekulaev. "Income of the Russian Treasury on Materials of the Lower Corps of the Derbent Garrison." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.14.
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Introduction. The paper deals with one of the aspects of the economic policy of the Russian Empire in its Peri-Caspian provinces, annexed as a result of the Persian campaign of Peter the Great. The aim of the study is to analyze the main income items of the imperial treasury based on the materials of the Derbent garrison of the Lower Corps, to establish the share of income received in Derbent in the structure of all income of the Lower Corps. Tasks: to characterize all income sources of the Derbent garrison, to show the activities of commandants and other military leaders in streamlining the income structure, in replenishing the imperial treasury, to consider the interaction of the Russian authorities of Derbent with foreign merchants and domestic salesmen, to describe the daily life of the garrison in Derbent. Methods and materials. The study is based on the archival documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan, mainly from fond 18 “Derbent commandant”, most of which are introduced for the first time. Additionally, the modern achievements of historical science on the subject have also been considered. The methods of the study are the following: the principles of historicism and objectivity, an integrated approach, a systematic method, methods of criticizing historical sources. Based on the analysis of the documentary material, it was possible to restore the picture characterizing the everyday life of the military personnel in the Derbent garrison of the imperial army. Analysis. The fiscal activity inside the Derbend garrison was controlled by the commandant, whose duties, in addition to military-political ones, included collecting taxes and fees, reporting on them to the central imperial authorities and administration. The amount of incomes for the reporting periods are described in detail, the role of Derbent customs in replenishing the Russian treasury and the trade of the Derbent administration with foreign merchants are shown. Considerable emphasis is put to the activities of the military leadership of the Lower Corps and the Derbent Garrison, directly aimed at increasing financial revenues of the imperial treasury. Results. As a result of the study, valuable archival documents were introduced into the scientific circulation, reconstructing the daily life of the Derbent garrison, the main sources of income in this garrison were identified. It was established that the revenues of the imperial treasury in the Derbent garrison were clearly differentiated and structured. Customs duties accounted for more than half of the revenue in Derbent, while the other part was collected from the sale of wine, vegetables, oil, and court fines. The “Persian” incomes were spent on salaries and remuneration to the Caucasian political elite loyal to the Russians, to keep the amanates (hostages) from Caucasian rulers, to pay wages to masters for the repair and reconstruction of fortresses, to maintain postal communications, etc. Despite the emperor’s ambitious plans for the economic development of the “newly conquered” former Persian provinces, many of the projects he started were not completed and scraped after his death. A pressing example of it would be the abandonment of the construction of the Derbent port enclosed from sea storms.
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Makarova, Irina A. "The Role of Payments for Emissions of Pollutants From Associated Petroleum Gas Flaring as a Tool for Regulating the Rational Use of Natural Resources in the Oil-Producing Regions of the Russian Federation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 52 (2020): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/52/12.
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For a long time, Russia was the leader in associated petroleum gas (APG) flaring. This led to the destruction of useful raw materials and environmental pollution. Due to the tightening of the state policy in the field of the APG rational use and the introduction of fees for APG flaring in 2012, oil producing companies had an incentive to use APG efficiently. In addition, the level of air pollution began to decline. The budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the oil-producing regions began to receive significant revenues. Some experts expected that the APG efficiency target would be achieved in 2014 or 2016. Unfortunately, some oil producers were unable to achieve the target. Moreover, at present, there is a reduction in payments for APG flaring in many regions. This causes concern for certain market participants. The object of this research is the impact of APG flaring fees on the level of rational APG use and on incomes of the oil-producing regions. The aim of the work is to study the role of these payments as a tool for regulating the rational use of APG. The analysis shows that the introduction of fees for emissions of pollutants generated by APG flaring plays an important role in ensuring the sustainable development of the regions. Firstly, this fee helps to improve the environmental situation in the region because the volume of gas flared has decreased significantly. Secondly, the application of fees for APG flaring contributes to an increase in the level of energy efficiency, the development and implementation of innovative technologies. Thirdly, the increase in APG deep processing makes it possible to obtain products required in the domestic industry. This improves the efficiency of the oil sector and accelerates import substitution. Fourthly, payments for emissions of pollutants generated during APG flaring form additional funds that can be spent on the development of the region. Fifthly, all oil-producing regions can be divided into two groups. The first group is a group that has practically reached or is very close to reaching the established limits for APG flaring. The second group of regions is a group for which reaching this target is still a difficult task. Experts point out the following reasons that prevent some oil-producing companies from achieving targets for APG flaring: (1) commissioning of new fields, which are characterized by an insufficient level of infrastructure development required for APG utilization; (2) closure of gas processing plants for repair work, which forces some companies to temporarily flare APG; (3) establishment of new benefits and exemptions; (4) geographic fragmentation of fields and limited reserves, which does not allow making the project for the rational use of APG profitable; (5) remoteness of some gas pipelines from the main oil-producing regions, difficult access to the gas transportation system.
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Sukharev, Oleg S. "Economic Growth and Inequality: Revision of the Economic Policy." Economic Strategies 144, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-2.176.2021.76-87.
Full textAbstract:
The study is devoted to the issue of changes in Russian economic policy in the context of a “covid” crisis and after it, based on the previous dynamics. The main task is to launch economic growth in Russia while solving acute social problems that were present before the “covid” crisis in the form of non-growing real disposable incomes, high poverty levels, and compressed consumption. The crisis has significantly exacerbated these problems, having worked to increase unemployment, created a special social regime for teleworking, and created imbalances in the distribution of demand and income. Poverty and inequality levels have increased, real disposable income and gross domestic product have decreased, which makes it urgent to determine the relationship between economic growth and inequality in the pre-crisis period in order to identify economic policy instruments that can stimulate growth while reducing the level of inequality and poverty in the country. The research methodology is a regression analysis based on the Gretl 2020b software module, the use of which makes it possible to select the best models of the relationship between the GDP value and inequality and poverty, as well as to reveal the influence of a set of parameters of the conducted macroeconomic policy on the income growth rate of 20% of the poorest and richest stratum of the country’s citizens. As these parameters, the key interest rate, the oil price, the level of monetization of the economy, the amount of inflation and the amount of budget expenditures are taken. Thus, it is possible to get a picture of the influence of the same economic policy instruments, when they change, on the dynamics of income of different strata of the population. This result makes it possible to identify for the future the possibilities of economic policy, together with the social measures taken to support the population in a crisis situation, the greatest opportunities for ensuring economic growth simultaneously with solving the problem of an outstripping income growth rate of the poorest strata of the population. The prospect of the undertaken research is the study of the influence of various institutional, including tax, changes on the dynamics of income of various groups of the population of the country.
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Cao, Mengqiu, and Robin Hickman. "Car dependence and housing affordability: An emerging social deprivation issue in London?" Urban Studies 55, no. 10 (July 12, 2017): 2088–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017712682.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the combined problem of high car dependence and housing affordability, in view of likely continued volatility in oil prices (and hence higher petrol and diesel prices), and rising house prices. Household budgets are likely to be stretched where there are high levels of car dependency and housing unaffordability – with little flexibility for rising costs in either or both of these. A composite car dependence and housing affordability (CDHA) index is developed, using indices of oil vulnerability related to car travel and housing affordability. Greater London is used as the case study, with 2001 and 2011 data analysed at the level of Lower Super Output Areas, and presented using Geographic Information System and R statistical software. The findings reveal that there are high levels of composite car dependence and housing price vulnerability in many suburban areas across Greater London, adding to the previous areas of social deprivation found mainly in East London. The composite CDHA index illustrates where the most vulnerable areas are spatially. Many neighbourhoods may become less attractive for those on median or even relatively high incomes. The areas most affected may become much more expensive to live in, potentially leading to much greater pressure on travel and housing costs as people could be forced to live further from the centre of London, including beyond the Greater London boundary, which has further implications for travel. Failing to consider these emerging affordability issues represents an oversight in terms of transport planning in London.
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Nekrasova, T. A. "The problems of optimization the quality of life in modern Russia through the prism of economic theory and practice." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-386-391.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with theoretical and economic, social and practical aspects of improving the quality of life as a target criterion for the development of modern Russia. Approved in 2008, "The Concept of Long-Term Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period to 2020" contains tasks to achieve high standards of human well-being and social well-being, the formation of a leadership and innovation economy, the expansion of economic freedom and maintenance of social justice, the transition to an innovative socially-oriented type of development. The transition from a resource-resource model of the economy to an innovation requires the development of human potential and the improvement of the quality of life of the population at the level of indicators characteristic of developed countries. In the article, a comparative analysis of the target targets for the development of human potential established by the Concept was carried out, with their actual values published by the Federal Service for State Statistics: the average annual increase in the gross domestic product, the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level, public spending on education, public expenditure on health , the dynamics of the coefficient of funds. The conducted analysis showed that the considered indicators of the development of human potential and the quality of life of the population have not been achieved at present. This is due to unfavorable external and internal factors affecting the Russian economy. The decline in oil prices and the imposition of sanctions against Russia exacerbated structural problems in the economy, which resulted in 2014-2016. to a depreciation of the national currency, an increase in inflation, a decrease in consumer demand, an outflow of capital and a fall in real incomes of the population. Thus, it is necessary to adjust the Concept of Russia's social and economic development taking into account the prevailing macroeconomic situation.
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Mazeto, Vagner Antonio, Maurício Ursi Ventura, Helder Rodrigues da Silva, Francisco Skora Neto, and Ricardo Ralisch. "Autumnal Cultivation of Energetic Plants in Agroecological No-tillage System in Southern Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 16 (September 30, 2019): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n16p168.
Full textAbstract:
Cropping energetic plants could provide soil protection, additional incomes to farmers and suppress weed development without loss of food production. It also contributes to the development of no-tillage cultivation in agroecological farming system. Energetic plants such as: sunflower, crambe, canola and safflower were evaluated in no-tillage agroecological farming in autumnal planting, after soybean crop. Higher plant heights were observed in sunflower, flowering [46 days after emergency (dae)] and harvest (108 dae) was first observed in crambe plants. Intermediate earliness was observed in the sunflower (61 and 136 dae, respectively). Biomass was found greater in the sunflower compared to safflower or canola. Intermediate values were obtained for crambe plants. Greater grain and oil yields were found in descending order in sunflower, crambe, canola and cartamo. Despite the drought period occurred during crop development, sunflower and crambe yields were similar or even higher to means, than yields of these same crops in conventional fields in Brazil. Sunflower and crambe were the best options to take part in succession/rotation system after soybean spring/summer crop.