Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation"

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SUDINI, Luh Putu, Anak Agung Gede RAKA, and Tutut HERAWAN. "Strict Liability Principle Application in the Management of Straits Marine Pollution for International Navigation according to the Indonesia Sea Convention Law." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.7(47).01.

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Congested crossings going vessels in the strait used for international navigation such as the Malacca Strait, allowing the serious pollution of the sea water in the strait. How does the application of the principle of strict liability in the management of marine pollution in the Straits used for international navigation under the Convention on Law of the Sea 1982 in Indonesia? This research is a normative law, the main approach in legislation (statute approach), with the source material through the law library research. Indonesia has ratified the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 through Law no. 17 In 1985 the Indonesian government should establish laws that regulate a legal product on the management of marine pollution in particular in the straits used for international shipping considering Indonesia as an archipelago crowded waters traversed by large foreign ships in an easy and highly probable do pollution at sea. The application of the principle of strict liability is appropriate and relevant use in marine pollution liability for damages in the Straits used for international shipping as Idi Indonesian waters in the Strait of Malacca and the weapon system of archipelagic sea-groove Indonesia because Indonesia as favorable to the State Island Countries. compensated by the mean absolute responsibility, obligations to pay compensation to the beach arises immediately upon the oil spill in the sea without regard to guilt or innocence tanker or ship traffic in the Strait of Malacca done by using the right of transit passage and responsibility for compensation is associated with a number of limited liability or the ceiling or ceiling system.
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PALERM, JUAN, INESSA RUDENKO, JEAN-LOUIS TEURLAI, TATYANA VASSILEVSKAYA, and JOSEP RENAU. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY LEGISLATION FOR THE OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS SECTOR IN KAZAKHSTAN: A CRITICAL REVIEW." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 04 (December 2005): 705–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333205002213.

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Kazakhstan has shown an increase in its offshore oil and gas (O&G) prospection and operation activities in the Caspian Sea since 1998, so far with a limited number of operators, but which is about to increase significantly. This is of concern, considering that the environmental and industrial safety regulatory framework is still inadequate for the prevention of pollution from a large number of operators in a very sensitive aquatic ecosystem. This paper reports on the results of a study undertaken for the European Commission Tacis programme aimed at enhancing the environmental and industrial safety regulatory framework in order to align it with EU and international best practice. Based on a comprehensive analysis of applicable international standards and regulations, as well as those of Kazakhstan, ten issues are identified which require urgent attention. These issues are discussed and recommendations made on how to address them in order to improve the regulatory system.
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Zournatzi, Christina. "International Conventions around Liability on Offshore Oil and Gas Operations." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 5, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 378–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00504001.

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The diversity of location of many offshore units and the transnational nature of the offshore oil and gas industry have emphasised the increasing need for a close harmonisation of the liability regime between the applicable laws of producing States and what is stated in the International Conventions.Many maintained the need for an international treaty to cover pollution from offshore activities with particular reference to transboundary pollution and, thus, the current uniform liability regime on the subject was established. Offshore oil and gas operations often take place in locations that depend on tourism for a large part of their income, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. Sources of law on offshore units in the United Kingdom and Greece are considered, as it is of paramount importance to understand of how national legislations and courts treat offshore units or crafts in the occurrence of an event of an incident.
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Boyle, Alan E. "Marine Pollution under the Law of the Sea Convention." American Journal of International Law 79, no. 2 (April 1985): 347–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201706.

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It is now 30 years since the conclusion of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil marked the international community’s first serious attempt to cope with the increasing scale of marine pollution. Since then, pollution of the seas by oil, chemicals, nuclear waste and the effluent of urban industrial society has continued to grow and to cause ever more serious damage to the living resources and ecology of the marine environment and to the shores of coastal states. The control, reduction and elimination of marine pollution has become one of the major issues in the contemporary law of the sea and it has proved to be a complex task, requiring the creation of a new and growing body of international law. This process, though in certain respects still incomplete, has reached its potentially most significant stage of codification and development through the provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention of 1982.
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Kristiani Purwendah, Elly. "PROTECTION OF THE SEA REGION FROM OIL POLLUTION BY TANKER SHIP." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v6i1.23465.

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In the context of national law, Law Number 32 Year 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH) provides an understanding of the environment as a unitary space with all objects, forces, and living things, including humans and their behavior, which affect nature itself, continuity of life, and the welfare of humans and other living things. Environmental protection has general principles, namely: Sovereignty over natural resources and the responsibility not to cause damage to the environment of other states or areas beyond national jurisdiction; Principle of preventive action; Cooperation; Sustainable development. Specifically the mandate of the 1945 Constitution is spelled out in the weighing section of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection of Environmental Management (UUPPLH) which states that a good and healthy environment is the human right of every Indonesian citizen as mandated in Article 28H of the Law 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This law states that environmental protection and management are systematic and integrated efforts undertaken to preserve environmental functions and prevent environmental pollution and / or damage which includes planning, utilization, control, maintenance, supervision and law enforcement.
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Baokang, Pu. "PROGRESS IN COMBATING OIL POLLUTION IN CHINA SINCE 19901." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-891.

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ABSTRACT China has made remarkable progress in oil pollution prevention and control during the past 20 years; most of these advances are summarized in a paper in the proceedings of the 1989 Oil Spill Conference. This paper introduces achievements in the same areas 5 years since that conference. It covers legislation and its implementation; equipment, materials, and methods of usage with some national characteristics; scientific studies carried out in various institutes and colleges; monitoring of oil spills on land, in ports, and at sea by the local National Environment Protection Agent (????), the Harbor Superin-tendency Administration (HSA), and the National Oceanographic Bureau (NOB), respectively; education, training, and information services; and international activities, including Chinese delegates performance dealing with Annex I: Prevention of Pollution by Oil of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973) as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) of IMO. China must keep a balance between economic growth and pollution prevalency, a challenge compounded by a shortage of financial support.
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Ryan, P. Bernard, and Derek J. S. "OIL POLLUTION CONTROL AND SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN THE ROPME SEA AREA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-9.

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ABSTRACT The ROPME sea area as defined in this paper is the scene of some of the world's most intensive offshore oil exploration and production and the associated crude oil refining and tanker terminaling for oil exportation. The potential for oil pollution in the area is high, with its confined nature making it especially vulnerable to the effects of oil pollution. Awareness of this problem is well developed in the region in both government and industry, and good progress has been made in recent years toward preparing for the big oil spill which has so far not materialized, but which most experts consider inevitable at some time. Two distinct groups share the concern for oil pollution. The oil industry has well over 40 companies active in the area in some way. Many of these have a 15 year history of cooperation in oil spill response and continue to play a full role in protecting the environment from the adverse effects of oil pollution. More recently, nations bordering the area have taken an active interest in the problem and have demonstrated an impressive record of commitment and action over the past five or six years. While government and industry have maintained their separate identities, a good working relationship exists between them, and there is good information exchange and practical cooperation between the two groups, most especially at the national level. Future years should see this trend develop even further. A very impressive arsenal of oil pollution response equipment has been built up in the sea area since two major oil spill incidents in 1980. What is especially noticeable now is the proportion of this equipment that is owned and operated directly by the government agencies. This stands in marked contrast to the situation in 1980. In addition to the equipment resources available, the pool of personnel trained in oil spill response technology and methods is rapidly expanding as a result of seminars, workshops, and training courses that are being organized on a regular basis. The development of national and regional legislation to control the main sources of man-made pollution, for example, from tanker operations and offshore exploration and production, is in a very active stage and the oil industry is expected to have clear operational guidelines within the next few years.
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Yuan, Paul C. "China's sovereignty over its offshore oil and the new Law of the Sea." Energy 10, no. 3-4 (March 1985): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(85)90067-2.

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Li, Yingying. "Evolution and issues of marine pollution law in China: From 1970s to 2018." International Journal of Legal Discourse 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2018-2012.

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Abstract What’s responsibility Sanchi oil tanker should take under Chinese law? Under the initiative of the belt and one road, especially Maritime Silk Road, China Maritime Court has extended jurisdiction to cover all cases arising from seawater since 2016, which means that China Maritime Court has criminal and administrative jurisdiction in maritime affairs besides civil jurisdiction in the near future. The compound mode of jurisdiction is one of the most important steps in the judicial reform of China. This development will affect maritime legislation deeply, especially marine pollution law. China has made the great improvement in marine pollution legislation in the past forty-five years. However, due to the old administrative pattern of land-based strategy, “from many doors” becomes the difficult pyridoxine for practice; Chinese governments used to depending on the special regulations instead of Ocean Basic Law to regulate marine pollution act, there is no global law to regulate marine pollution act up to now. Based on the results of marine pollution cases judged or solved by the China Maritime Court, marine polluter only needs to pay economic damages and there is no criminal liability. For solving practical matters more efficiently and thoroughly, and for protecting the marine environment more globally, we’d better adjust administrative management pattern, make Ocean Basic Law, and set multiple liabilities for marine polluter and unify marine pollution legislation.
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Xu, Jingjing. "The law and economics of pollution damage arising from carriage of oil by sea." Maritime Policy & Management 36, no. 4 (August 2009): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088830903056942.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation"

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Eben, Rachael Arreh. "A cross-country investigation of international vessel-source legislation and oil pollution compliance practices : the case of Nigeria and the United States." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/16639/.

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Environmental issues, the frequency of oil accidents, liability and compensation, and issues related to the efficacy of oil legislation proliferate oil discourse. In addition, there is good amount of literature on the use of deterrence in the criminal justice system. However, literature on the connection between compliance and deterrence practices in the oil transportation industry is patchy, especially about less-developed economies. Where an attempt is made to assess compliance practices in the oil industry, there is a general drift towards bunching compliance experiences along regional lines or regional players; (Asian countries, EU countries), or coastal states, port states and flag states. Another tendency is to evaluate the activities in a few developed economies (United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia, Japan, Germany or France) and transpose that as representation of what prevails in all other developed countries or other economies. This study takes a holistic approach by synthesizing the environmental, regulatory, and socio-economic issues related to compliance with vessel-source legislation in just two specific jurisdictions without getting trapped by the bunching idea. Therefore, the focus of this research has been to investigate the compliance practices of two economies- Nigeria and the United States- against the backdrop of existing deterrent international and domestic vessel- source legislation. The enforcement corridor by stakeholders leaves grounds for flaunting of some relevant provisions, thus necessitating an investigation into the compliance practices of both economies in order to seek ways to deter those rogue practices. Additionally the study aims to design a framework that would enable decision-makers within the studied jurisdictions to frame their compliance decisions based on relevant environmental, regulatory, and socio- economic indicators that are targeted at reducing oil pollution from malfeasors. To this end, using a combination of black-letter approach, socio-legal methodology, comparative analysis, and questionnaires, the project aims to synthesize these methods with case laws and case studies, and apply the framework designed to the two economies. Evidently at the level of international oil tanker transportation, there is noticeable tightening of control and more reasonable compliance. However, domestic compliance practices in both the developed and less-developed economies could do better. On the whole, the international regimes have succeeded to deter some rogue behavior and foster compliance with some aspects of the trade, but would require severity and certainty of regulatory adjustments to attain a spill- free vessel-tanker trade that prevents pollution.
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Havemann, Luke Paul. "Greening upstream South Africa : a critical and comparative enviro-legal analysis of the offshore oil and gas activities of the United Kingdom and South Africa." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158422.

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This thesis essentially constitutes an analysis of laws designed to protect the marine environment from the pollution arising from the exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves, Chapter 2 addresses not only the origin and nature of oil and gas, but also the techniques employed in surveying for and producing these energy forms. Chapters 3 and 4, in turn, outline the history of offshore operations in South Africa and the UK, respectively, with regard, inter alia, to the location, size and economic significance of these operations. In order to properly address the South African legal framework's failure to adequately regulate pollution arising from offshore upstream operations, an explanation of the nature and forms of such pollution must first be set out. Chapter 5 analyses the concept of pollution from a legal perspective, while also giving detailed consideration to the various forms of pollution that may arise at each of the three stages of offshore oil and gas operations, which are surveying, drilling and production, and decommissioning. Chapter 6 has a dual focus. Firstly, it discusses particular environmental principles that underpin the development and application of environmentally orientated laws. Secondly, it considers various regulatory techniques and their suitability to environmental regulation of the offshore industry. Chapter 7 provides a detailed overview of the international legal framework applicable to offshore oil and gas operations. Chapters 8 and 9 consider the aspects of the UK's and South Africa's domestic legislation that provide for the environmental regulation of offshore oil and gas operations. Both chapters are structured so as to identify enviro-legal considerations relevant to each stage of offshore upstream operations. Both also contain critiques of the manner in which the relevant South African environmental law compares to that of the UK. To this end, legal lacunae and differences in regulatory approaches are identified and various suggestions are made for improving the current South African state of affairs. An argument is submitted for the formulation of a statutory solution to the South African predicament, particularly by means of the promulgation of an entirely new Act specifically designed to regulate the country's rapidly escalating offshore oil and gas industry.
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Wu, Yan. "An investigation on compensation for damage of oil pollution from ships with a specific reference to law and practice in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880441.

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劉卓. "海洋環境污染犯罪刑法規制問題研究 :以渤海環境污染為視角 = A study on criminal regulation of marine environmental pollution : from the perspective of environmental pollution in Bohai Sea." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952067.

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Carsin, Jean-Louis. "Contribution aux etudes de pollution marine. Eutrophisation des eaux de clipperton et de la rade de brest. Marees noires apres les naufrages de l'amoco cadiz, du tanio et du gino. Discussions generales, aspects juridiques et reglementaires pour la protection du milieu marin." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066298.

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Hunt, John Edward Vere. "A comparative analysis of the civil liability and fund conventions, Tovalop and Cristal, the U.S. Federal Oil Pollution Act and U.S. state legislation, as legal mechanisms regulating compensation for tanker- source oil pollution damage as of February, 1994." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5471.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explain and evaluate the law concerning compensation for tanker-source oil pollution damage under three different liability regimes: (a) the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971 including the Protocols of 1976, 1984 and 1992 to these Conventions. (b) the Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP) and the Contract Regarding a Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution (CRISTAL) as at the 20th February, 1994. (c) the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and U.S. State Legislation. In this context the thesis explains inter alia the evolution of law from fault to no-fault liability and from limited to increasingly limitless liability. The thesis examines the notion of damage eligible for compensation, for example, ecological and pure economic damage. Conclusions are reached as to the role increasingly stringent liability provisions may have on the quality of the tanker-process. The impact that the U. S. Oil Pollution Act 1990, and associated U.S. state legislation may have on the international pollution regimes covered by the various international Conventions and associated voluntary agreements is also discussed.
Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.
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Gengan, Amsha. "Marine salvage : from Rhodian law to Lloyd's open form, 2000." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9538.

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The origins of marine salvage law may be traced to a code of Rhodian Sea laws promulgated in 500BC. Presently, while salvage law retains the foundations of this early codification, it has undergone a complete metamorphosis in order to adapt to changing circumstances and new challenges of the 20th and 21st century. Over the past few decades there have been many major oil spills. When they occurred each spill, for different reasons was declared as the most environmentally damaging. In their wake, they leave a trail of death and destruction of the eco-system. As public concern for and awareness of the marine environment increases, governments and salvors face increased pressure to avert wide-scale pollution. In these instances, the stakes are high and the necessity and effectiveness of professional salvage only too clear. This study investigates the role played by the professional salvor and considers how the developments in the law have impacted upon the salvor's role in salvage operations. This work has its genesis with this background in mind. It is essentially a study of the changes and developments in the law of Marine Salvage. The law relating to salvage is dynamic and international in nature. Dynamic in that it needs to adapt to new economic and environmental factors. This study examines and explains how these economic and environmental factors impacted upon and necessitated changes to the law of salvage. It is international, in that salvage operations invariably involve parties from different countries. In some instances of large-scale pollution disasters the physical environment affected may encompass different countries/waters. At times the discussion into the practical aspects of the salvage operations, salvage tugs and the industry as a whole has a tendency to become rather technical. For this I make no apology, for the world of marine salvage has totally fascinated and captured my attention. In the international context the law relating to Salvage may be found in the International Convention on Salvage 1989. Many countries have ratified the convention and have subsequently enacted their own statutes based on the provisions of the Salvage convention. Other countries like South Africa have chosen not to ratify the convention and have formulated their own Statutes relating to the salvage. The salvage laws of the United Kingdom are perhaps mostly widely used. Its popularity may be attributed to London being the salvage arbitration capital of the world as well as the influential use of LOF in salvage operations which stipulates English law as the lex contractus. The United Kingdom has ratified the International Salvage Convention and enacted the Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Pollution) Act 1994 which gave effect to the provisions of the convention. The current statute regulating Salvage is the Merchant Shipping Act of 1995. The principal focus of this work will be English law, as applied in the United Kingdom as well as South African law. Passing reference is also made to the provisions of American law where relevant.
Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Oyende, Kayode Babatunde. "An appraisal of the law relating to oil pollution in the inland, territorial and maritime waters of Nigeria." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10811.

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This dissertation titled ‘An appraisal of the law relating to oil pollution in the inland, territorial and maritime waters of Nigeria’ examines whether the law governing oil pollution in Nigeria is satisfactory in so far as determining issues of liability and compensation for oil pollution are concerned. The thesis examines a research hypothesis on the determination of the question whether the law adequately caters for victims of oil pollution occurring in the inland, territorial and maritime waters of Nigeria and if not, what are the observable defects and how can these defects be remedied. Not only has there been a considerable environmental degradation in Nigeria occasisoned by oil exploration and exploitation, particularly in the areas around the Niger Delta, but there has been serious socio-economic consequences pertinent to sustainable development of Nigeria as a nation. These impacts and the government’s attempts to tackle the problems have been the focus of this thesis.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Books on the topic "Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation"

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McNally & co. [from old catalog] Rand. The UK marine oil pollution legislation. London: Lloyd's of London Press, 1987.

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Gauci, Gotthard. Oil pollution at sea: Civil liability and compensation for damage. Chichester, England: Wiley, 1997.

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Özçayir, Z. Oya. Liability for oil pollution and collisions. London: LLP Reference Pub., 1998.

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Chao, Wu. Pollution from the carriage of oil by sea: Liability and compensation. London: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

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Vogt, Deborah. Document collection and evaluation of agency implementation of oil spill prevention and response planning legislation. [Anchorage?]: Citizens' Oversight Council on Oil and Other Hazardous Substances, 1992.

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General average: Law and practice. London: LLP, 1997.

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Mitchell, Ronald B. Intentional oil pollution at sea: Environmental policy and treaty compliance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994.

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Kurukulasuriya, Lal, Clare Cory, and Steve Raaymakers. Pacific Islands handbook of international marine pollution conventions: Consolidated text of the main marine pollution conventions of the world and the region. Apia, Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) in conjunction with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Maritime Organization, 2000.

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Two new tools and a working method for crisis management of accidental spills at sea. Delft: Delft University Press, 1992.

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Kankyōka, Japan Unʾyushō, ed. Saishin Kaiyō osen oyobi kaijō saigai no bōshi ni kansuru hōritsu oyobi kankei hōrei. Tōkyō: Seizandō Shoten, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation"

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"Chapter 6. Preventing Oil Pollution from Shipping." In The European Community and Marine Environmental Protection in the International Law of the Sea, 187–286. Brill | Nijhoff, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156951.i-482.47.

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"Environmental Law Principles in the European Union Legislation Governing Offshore Oil and Gas Operations." In Sustainable Development and the Law of the Sea, 99–117. Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004332133_007.

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La Mattina, Andrea. "Who pays for oil pollution at sea? Some remarks on the interplay between certainty of the law and unpredictability." In Sustainable and Efficient Transport, 257–70. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788119283.00025.

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Psuty, Norbert P., and Philip E. Steinberg. "Coastal and Marine Geography." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0032.

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The 1990s witnessed a significant increase in popular interest in the US regarding the geography of the world’s coastal and marine spaces. Factors motivating this renewed interest included growing public environmental awareness, a decade of unusually severe coastal storms, more frequent reporting of marine pollution hazards, greater knowledge about (and technology for) depleting fishstocks, domestic legislation on coastal zone management and offshore fisheries policies, new opportunities for marine mineral extraction, heightened understanding of the role of marine life in maintaining the global ecosystem, new techniques for undertaking marine exploration, the 1994 activation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, reauthorization of the US Coastal Zone Management Act in 1996, and designation of 1998 as the International Year of the Ocean. Responding to this situation, the breadth of perspectives from which coastal and marine issues are being encountered by geographers, the range of subjects investigated, and the number of geographers engaging in coastal-marine research have all increased during the 1990s. As West (1989a) reported in the original Geography in America, North American coastal-marine geography during the 1980s was focused toward fields such as coastal geomorphology, ports and shipping, coastal zone management, and tourism and recreation. Research in these areas has continued, but in the 1990s, with increased awareness of the importance of coastal and marine areas to physical and human systems, geographers from a range of subdisciplines beyond those usually associated with coastal-marine geography have begun turning to coastal and marine areas as fruitful sites for conducting their research. Climatologists are investigating the sea in order to understand processes such as El Niño, remote-sensing experts are studying how sonic imagery can be used for understanding species distribution in three-dimensional environments, political ecologists are investigating the ocean as a common property resource in which multiple users’ agendas portend conflict and cooperation, and cultural geographers are examining how the ocean is constructed as a distinct space with its own social meanings and “seascapes.” Despite (or perhaps because of ) this expansion in coastal-marine geography, the subdiscipline remains fragmented into what we here call “Coastal Physical Geography,” “Marine Physical Geography,” and “Coastal-Marine Human Geography.”
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Conference papers on the topic "Oil pollution of the sea – Law and legislation"

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Linh, Dinh Thi My. "Civil Liability for Ship-Source Oil Pollution: Russian Legislation and Reference to Vietnam." In XIV European-Asian Congress "The value of law" (EAC-LAW 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.011.

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Yanti, Bayu Vita Indah, Irwan Mulyawan, Rizky Aprilian Wijaya, Maulana Firdaus, and Rismutia Hayu Deswati. "Legal Study Related to the Application of Compensation in a Fishery Business Affected by Oil Spill Pollution in the Sea Water Area." In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.031.

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Anandavelu, K., N. Alagumurthi, and C. G. Saravanan. "Performance and Emission Evaluation of Low Heat Rejection Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel–Turpentine Oil Blends." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39702.

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Light Vegetable oils are a promising alternative among the different diesel fuel alternatives. Using Light Vegetable oils in diesel engine is not a new idea. The Vegetable oils have high energy content. However, the high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow characteristics of vegetable oils can cause some problems such as severe engine deposits, piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication oil due to long-term use in diesel engines. Diesel fueled engine have the disadvantage of producing Smoke, Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Oxides and are now subjected to increasingly severe legislation of Emission norms. The required levels are difficult to achieve through engine design alone. Even with high-grade fuels, catalytic systems are being extensively investigated to reduce the diesel engine emission. But there are still difficulties in operation of these. This leads to replacement of diesel fuel with renewable fuels has been set target worldwide to reduce the diesel exhaust pollution. The energy of the light vegetable oil can be released more efficiently with the concept of low heat rejection (LHR) engine. The aim of the study is to apply LHR engine for improving the engine performance and reducing the emission when light vegetable oil (turpentine oil) is used as an alternate fuel. The work was carried out in two stages. In first Stage, the turpentine oil (20, 40, 60, 80 & 100, v/v) with diesel blends used in direct injection diesel engine and to identify best blend with respect to performance and emission. In second Stage, the work has been carried out by the converting direct injection diesel engine in to a LHR engine and the effects of different blends of turpentine oil (20, 40, 60, 80 & 100, v/v) with diesel fuel used in LHR engine and its performance, emission and combustion characteristics have been investigated experimentally. From the experimental investigation, the combination of LHR engine with blended fuels shows the better performance when compared to diesel engine. The smoke density decreases for the diesel engine (without LHR) whereas with the effect of LHR, Oxides of Nitrogen will be reduced and heat release rate also reduces.
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Carter, Craig D., and Ken Ogle. "Developments in Seawater Lubricated Propeller Shaft Bearings for Commercial Ships." In SNAME 14th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2015-003.

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Early propeller shafts operated in water lubricated lignum vitae bearings and used stuffing boxes as seals at hull penetrations. The bearings, however, required regular replacement, and the stuffing boxes not ideal as seals. Around 60 years ago, new seals were developed that allowed the use of white metal bearings for propeller shafts. The technology offered a controlled environment for the bearings, which extended bearing lifespan. The weakness of the system, though, has always been the effectiveness of the seals, which must leak some amount in operation for cooling. Yet leakage into the stern tube causes oil emulsion and often catastrophic bearing failure, while leakage from the stern tube results in pollution. With even the latest sealing technologies, that weakness continues; sea pollution remains a possibility and is becoming ever-more intolerable, as witnessed by increased environmental awareness and legislation. Improvements in water lubricated material technologies have resulted in greater choice of materials, which can now offer improved and predictable bearing wear life. Progression of sealing technology has also replaced the previous troublesome packing glands. Classification Societies Rules related to water lubricated propeller shaft bearings are also undergoing revision and extended shaft withdrawal is now possible.
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