Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oil ratio

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Oil ratio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Oil ratio"

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Ariviani, Setyaningrum, Sri Raharjo, Sri Anggrahini, and Sri Naruki. "FORMULASI DAN STABILITAS MIKROEMULSI O/W DENGAN METODE EMULSIFIKASI SPONTAN MENGGUNAKAN VCO DAN MINYAK SAWIT SEBAGAI FASE MINYAK: PENGARUH RASIO SURFAKTAN-MINYAK." Jurnal Agritech 35, no. 01 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9416.

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This study was aimed to (1) formulate o/w microemulsion using different surfactant oil ratio, (2) determine the microemulsions stability toward centrifugation, heating and storage at room temperature, and (3) characterize microemulsions which were shown the best stability. Microemulsions were prepared using ternary food grade surfactantwith low HLB (span 80), medium HLB (span 20 or span 40) and high HLB (tween 80), and surfactant oil ratio 2,3,4 and 5. VCO and palm oil were used as oil phase, whereas 10 μM phosphate buffer pH 7 was used as aqueous phase. O/W microemulsionwere formed at surfactant oil ratio 3 or more for VCO and at higher surfactant oil ratio (i.e 4 or 5) when palm oil was used as oil phase. Microemulsions with VCO as oil phase which were stable toward centrifugation, heating treatment and storage at room temperature i.e. microemulsions with surfactant oil ratio 4 or 5, while the use of palm oil as oil phase produce stable microemulsions at surfactant oil ratio 4. Microemulsions with surfactant oil ratio 4 showedthe best stability. This microemulsions have a monomodal particle size distribution, the mean particle diameter and viscosity reached 21.7 ± 0.02nm and 6.0 ± 0.10cp (VCO), 22.9 ± 0.15nm and 6.2 ± 0.05cp (palm oil).Keywords: Microemulsion, formulation, stability, surfactant, oil ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) formulasi mikroemulsi o/w dengan variasirasio surfaktan-minyak, (2) menentukan stabilitas mikroemulsiterhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan dan penyimpanan suhu ruang, dan (3) karakterisasi mikroemulsi dengan stabilitas terbaik. Mikroemulsi dibuat menggunakan campuran tiga surfaktan food grade yaitu surfaktan HLB rendah (span 80), sedang (span 20 atau span 40), dan tinggi (tween 80), dengan rasio surfaktan minyak 2, 3, 4 dan 5. VCOdan minyak kelapa sawit digunakan sebagai fase minyak, 10 μM bufer fosfat pH 7 sebagai fase aqueous. Mikroemulsi o/w terbentuk pada rasio surfaktan minyak 3 atau lebih untuk penggunaan VCO dan pada rasio surfaktan minyak yang lebih tinggi (yaitu 4 atau 5) untuk penggunaan minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak. Mikroemulsi dengan fase minyakVCO yang stabil terhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan maupun penyimpanan suhu ruang adalah mikroemulsi dengan rasio surfaktan-minyak 4 atau 5, sedangkan penggunaan minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak menghasilkan mikroemulsi yang stabil pada rasio surfaktan-minyak 4. Mikroemulsi dengan rasio surfaktan-minyak 4 memperlihatkan stabilitas terbaik.Mikroemulsi tersebut memiliki distribusi ukuran partikel monomodal, rerata diameter partikel dan viskositas mencapai 21,7 ± 0,02nm dan 6,0 ± 0,10cp (VCO), 22,9 ± 0,15nm dan 6,2 ± 0,05cp (minyak sawit).Kata kunci: Mikroemulsi, formulasi, stabilitas, surfaktan minyak
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Meyer, Buffy M., Edward B. Overton, and R. Eugene Turner. "Oil Source Identification Using Diagnostic Biomarker Ratio Analyses." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 2064–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2064.

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ABSTRACT The foremost questions asked about spilled oil are its source, quantity in various compartments of the environment, and the risk and consequences associated with various levels of oil within these compartments. The heterogeneous distribution of oil, with a continually changing composition due to weathering, causes considerable uncertainty in determining the source of a spilled oil and whether or not any notable impacts are due to the presence of that particular oil. Oil source-fingerprinting, an environmental forensics technique, is one way to determine the origin of oil in an unknown sample by comparison to a known oil source. Oil source-fingerprinting utilizes oil biomarkers that are naturally occurring in crude oils and most petroleum products which tend to be more resistant to environmental weathering processes compared to most other oil components. More importantly, vast amounts of geochemical research has established that distributions of oil biomarkers are unique for different types and blends of petroleum products and represent an oil-specific fingerprint to which samples can be correlated. In order to determine whether oil detected in coastal Louisiana marsh sediments originates from the Deepwater Horizon incident, an oil source-fingerprinting methodology using GC/MS and specific hopane, sterane, and triaromatic steroid ratios in Macondo 252 (MC252) source oil was developed and tested. A final suite of 15 diagnostic biomarker ratios were determined that will allow for the statistical comparison of diagnostic biomarker ratios of an “unknown” sample to the 15 diagnostic biomarker ratios of MC252 source oil. Unknown samples can then be classified into one of four operational and technically defensible categories: positive match, probable match, inconclusive, or non-match based on their diagnostic biomarker ratio score.
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Szydlo, Zbigniew A. "Effective oil/air ratio in industrial oil mist lubricating systems." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 59, no. 1 (2007): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790710723089.

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Błaż, Sławomir. "Odwracalne ciecze emulsyjne o wysokim stężeniu fazy wewnętrznej (HIPR)." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 3 (2021): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.03.04.

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Invert muds are the most commonly used oil-based drilling muds. The oil to water phase ratio in invert drilling muds ranges from 65/35 up to 90/10, with the most common ones ranging from 70/30 to 80/20. At these oil to water phase ratios, the drilling mud is characterized with high stability and appropriate rheological and structural parameters allowing to adjust drilling mud density in a wide range. One of the disadvantages of invert muds is their cost (due to oil content) and environmental problems associated with waste and management of oily drill cuttings. Taking into account the properties of oil-based muds, the article presents laboratory tests aimed at developing the composition of an invert mud with a limited oil phase content and high internal phase ratio (HIPR). Drilling muds with an o/w ratio less or equal to 50/50 vary from conventional inversion muds in terms of their composition and properties. Due to the higher concentration of the dispersed inner phase, muds have reduced stability and high rheological and structural parameters. Maintaining the appropriate rheological and structural parameters of the drilling mud and its high stability is possible only through the use of appropriate chemicals adapted to the emulsion system with a specific oil to water phase ratio. In the drilling muds of this type it is also possible, due to the higher concentration of the internal phase, to partially adjust the density of the mud with the water phase, such as salt solutions, thus limiting the solids content (weighting agents) in the mud. The developed mud system should be more economical, have a reduced toxicity, while maintaining the operational advantages of invert mud. These types of muds can be used during the drilling of reactive shale formations, salt layers, gypsum and anhydrite layers, as well as for drilling productive horizons and for reconstruction works carried out in oil and gas wells.
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Buchori, Luqman, Iqfan Dwi Setiadi, Faustina Alda Nurushofa, and Didi Dwi Anggoro. "Effect of CaO/Fe2O3 Ratio and Oil/Methanol Molar Ratio on Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil." Reaktor 24, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.24.1.1-6.

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Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel that can be produced through the transesterification reaction of biomass. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of comparative composition of CaO and Fe2O3 on CaO/Fe2O3 catalysts from eggshells and Fe2O3 in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, it was also studied the effect of the ratio of oil and methanol on the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced. Catalysts were prepared through impregnation. The esterification-transesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12 and 1:15, catalyst (3%wt oil), heated at 65°C for 3 hours with a stirring scale of 1200 rpm. The results showed biodiesel production using CaO: Fe2O3 catalyst with the ratio of CaO: Fe2O3 70:30 and WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 obtained higher yield (84.5%) compared to others. The best biodiesel yield produced is the CaO:Fe2O3 catalyst ratio of 70:30 and the WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 with a biodiesel yield of 84.50% with a methyl ester content of 99.63% and a FAME yield of 84.14%. The biodiesel produced has met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) in terms of density and viscosity.
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Zamani, Hossein Ali, Shahin Rafiee-Taghanaki, Masoud Karimi, Milad Arabloo, and Abbas Dadashi. "Implementing ANFIS for prediction of reservoir oil solution gas-oil ratio." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 25 (July 2015): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.04.008.

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Hao, Guang Pu. "Powder Oil Ratio on Stability of Asphalt Mixture in High Temperature Effect." Advanced Materials Research 700 (May 2013): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.700.175.

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According to the different powder oil ratio of asphalt mixture rutting experiment at high temperature, rotary experimenting machine, for different powder oil ratio dynamic shear experiment of asphalt mortar, using the scanning electron microscope observation on the microstructure of asphalt mortar, powder oil ratio on mixture high temperature stability influence. The experiment results show that: powder oil ratio is larger, stronger anti rut ability, and powder oil ratio is affected by the asphalt shear strength to influence high temperature stability of asphalt mixture, and put forward the best powder oil ratio in the range of 0.18~1.2.
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El-Shattory, Y., and Saadia M. Aly. "Interesterification reaction activity, fatty acid composition and selectivity ratio of soybean oil." Grasas y Aceites 49, no. 5-6 (1998): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1998.v49.i5-6.748.

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Pratyusha, D., S. Venkateswara Sateesh V, and T. Ch Siva Reddy. "Performance Characteristics of A Variable Compression Ratio Engine using Transesterified Mahua Oil." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (2018): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14205.

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Wan, Jianrong, Jingang He, and Qinan Chen. "The Daqing Oilfield Sazhong Development Zone with the Gas-oil Ratio." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012013.

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Abstract In the late stage of super high water cut development in the Sazhong Development Zone, the oilfield development rules have changed, showing a significant increase in the production gas-oil ratio. To study the factors and laws of production gas-oil ratio change, laboratory research on oil/gas/water high-pressures physical properties, a field test for single layer development, and theoretical calculation of modified oil-gas ratio were carried out. The results show that partially dissolved gas can be obtained from saturated gas crude oil by injecting water or polymer solution. In the ultra-high water cut period, especially when the water cut rises to 95%, the production gas-oil ratio will rise sharply due to the influence of gas production in water. At the same time, the ground saturation pressure difference is also an important factor affecting the production oil-gas ratio and recovery factor. Therefore, in the process of analyzing the production gas-oil ratio, it is necessary to study the influence of the ground saturation pressure difference and the dissolved gas-water ratio, especially in the ultra-high water cut stage and chemical flooding stage.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil ratio"

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Lei, Guowen. "Producing Gas-Oil Ratio Performance of Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19514.

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This study presents a detailed analysis of producing gas-oil ratio performance characteristics from conventional reservoir to unconventional reservoir. Numerical simulations of various reservoir fluid systems are included for comparison. In a wide sense of the word, the term of unconventional reservoir is including tight gas sand, coal bed methane, gas hydrate deposits, heavy oil gas shale and etc. In this study we specify the unconventional reservoir to only mean the low and ultra low permeability reservoir, which is including tight or shale reservoir. As an emerging research topic in the E&P industry, shale reservoir’s long-term well performance characteristics are generally not well understood (Anderson et al. 2010). Research methods and techniques for conventional reservoir are usually directly used in this unconventional reservoir analysis. These methods, however, have proven to be too pessimistic (Anderson et al., 2010). Fit-for-purpose approaches or solutions should be introduced in this new topic. Recently, hydraulic fracturing treatment is commonly used in the low matrix permeability reservoir to attain an economic production rate. The difference of well production performance between conventional reservoir and unconventional reservoir is not well known. In this study, we are trying to give a quantitative analysis in order to answer this question.In this study, a “generic” reservoir from field data with constant reserves and size were assumed. This reservoir model is homogeneous and of constant porosity, permeability and initial water saturation. In order to compare the production performance, fluid systems are varied from volatile oil to near critical oil, to gas condensate and to wet gas. The permeability of the reservoir model is also designed from high (conventional reservoir) to ultra low (unconventional), which ranges from 101 to 10-5 mD. Influence from fracture is especially considered because fractures in the low permeability reservoir provide a high conductivity that connects the reservoir matrix to the horizontal well. Fractures in the model are designed with identical geometrical characteristics (length, thickness) and of inner homogeneous properties (porosity, permeability).A black-oil model is used for each reservoir, and its PVT properties are generated with a 31 components EOS model using Whitson-Torp procedure (Whitson et al., 1983). Reservoir fluid systems equilibrium calculation in the black-oil model is done using the initial gas-oil ratio. We have compared the well’s production performance for each fluid system.Based on the industry experience, two standards are used in reservoir simulation control: gas production rate and cumulative revenue. The gas production rate with 10 ×106 ft3/day in the first 10 days or the cumulative revenue equal to 5 ×105 USD from the first 10 days is set as the standard for the commercial well rate. All of these simulations are run under the control of these two types which have just been mentioned. A case of liquid rich gas reservoir is analyzed systematically, to compare its production performance when reservoir permeability is changed from high to low. We are interested in how much oil or gas condensate can be extracted from the “reservoir” if same initial fluids in the reservoir but of a different permeability. This study is useful and practical, particularly for the industry in the era of “high” oil price and “low” gas price in North America.The simulation results show that we can extract more liquid from the reservoir if the matrix permeability is higher, particularly for the reservoir with initially large oil contents (volatile oil reservoir, near critical reservoir and gas condensate reservoir). Fracturing treatment in unconventional reservoir is required to attain an economic production rate. We also realize that for the required number of fractures and reservoir’s matrix permeability, there exists linear correlation in log-log plot in the low-permeability reservoir. In this study, the unique optimization software Pipe-It and reservoir simulator SENSOR are used. Optimal simulation results of permeability combination are obtained by the module Optimizer in Pipe-It.
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Egejuru, P. C. "Low oil-water ratio invert emulsion mud for unconventional shale reservoirs." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43914/.

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Due to stringent environmental regulations on the disposal and management of the traditional diesel oil-based mud used for drilling difficult formations such as shale, there is the necessity to develop an environmentally friendly drilling mud. Vegetable oils such as Jatropha have proven to be a comparable alternative to diesel oil. However, there have been concerns of compatibility of the vegetable oils with the chemical additives and the ability to achieve a low oil-water ratio mud, which is beneficial to low fluid loss for enhanced wellbore stability. The focus of this study is to achieve a novel low oil-water ratio invert emulsion using Jatropha oil and egg yolk as an emulsifier. Shale-fluid interaction and the economic viability of the mud were also evaluated. The findings from this study show that the low oil-water ratio invert emulsion is beneficial to reducing fluid loss for enhanced wellbore stability and the reduction of oil retention on cuttings, thereby reducing cost of disposal and environmental impact. The mud was formulated without a fluid loss additive, wetting agent, secondary emulsifier and the need for high water content, thereby savings could also be made in material costs. The results from this experimental study demonstrated that the electrical stability of the mud emulsified by egg yolk at a test temperature of 48.9 and 120˚C for any variation, were 398 and 289V respectively. Comparatively, the mud emulsified with a standard emulsifier <I>versacleanVB</I> gave stability values of 201 and 188V thus indicating higher stability with the egg yolk. Moreover, the 50/50 oil-water ratio mud gave stability values of 353 and 258V hence, giving plastic viscosity of 36 cP, at the yield point of 17 Ib/100 ft<sup>2</sup> and 30 minutes fluid loss of 6ml with filter cake of 1.7 mm. This resulted to 50% reduction in fluid loss over the conventional 70/30 oil-water ratio mud, which was emulsified with the standard emulsifier with stability values of 480 and 393V, plastic viscosity of 31cP, yield point of 17 Ib/100 ft<sup>2</sup> and fluid loss of 12 ml with filter cake of 3.2 mm. Using the X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner, the shale-fluid interaction also showed a volume increase by 11 and 23% of the core sample when immersed into water based mud from one to 7 days respectively. The result indicates that a high interaction with the fluid are possible, thus leading to a non-stable condition compared to 0.88 and 2.53% obtained from diesel and jatropha oil based muds. There was negligible variation in the structure of the samples exposed to diesel and jatropha oil based muds, which further suggests the suitability of jatropha as diesel substitute. The economic analysis of 50/50 oil-water ratio invert emulsion equally showed a potential saving of 57.91% of the $65.31 of the cost of formulation and 47.5% of $60 of the cost of disposal of the conventional diesel oil-based mud. This has the potential to equate to saving of $37.82 per barrel of invert emulsion formulated and $28.50 per barrel disposed.
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Alshuqaiq, Mohammad Abdullah. "An Analysis of Oil Combustion on Snow." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/789.

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Several Arctic council reports conclude that oil spills are the most significant threat to the Arctic ecosystem. Some studies have shown that in-situ burning (ISB) of oil spills over water can remove more than 90% of the oil, and is the most promising technology for an efficient response to oil spills in the Arctic region. The definition of "In situ" is intentional, controlled burning of oil in place (i.e., without extracting or removing the oil first). Earlier studies [Bellino (WPI 2012), Farahani, (WPI 2014)] have investigated burning behavior of crude oil on ice, similar to what one would expect in sea-ice or bare lake ice conditions. The focus of the current study is to investigate the burning behavior of crude oil in snow, similar to oil spills in snow-covered land, or in snow covered sea ice in the Arctic. Understandably, due to the difference in packing density between ice/water and snow, the parameters that influence burning behavior of oil in snow are different compared to burning oil in the sea or ice conditions. The current experimental study shows that the snow behaves as a porous medium, and depending on the porosity and volume of the oil spill, two extreme behaviors are exhibited. In the case of an oil spill on snow with low porosity, the oil sinks easily to the bottom, and the burning involves, significant thermo capillary effects enabling the oil to rise up and burn. On the other hand, if the snow is less porous, most of the oil layer remains on the surface, approaching the case of an ice bed. However, the melting of snow due to flame heat flux causes a circulating flow pattern of the oil, whereby the hot layer at the surface moves down and comes back up due to capillary action. These processes, which have not been observed in the earlier studies, are physically explained in this study. The implications to overall efficiency of the burning process, which represents the amount of crude oil left in the snow after the burning process is discussed. The results will ultimately improve the strategies and the net environmental benefit of, and by it the success of, oil clean-up after an accidental spill on snow.
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Li, Muzi, and Luo Man. "The Volatility spillover effect between gold-oil ratio and S&P 500 index." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet (USBE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-116839.

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Woodbury, Simon Edward. "Application of gas chromatography combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry to the detection of adulteration of vegetable oils." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246268.

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Haglund, Fredrik, and Svensson Johan. "The volatility race in Commodities : The optimal hedge ratio in Copper, Gold, Oil and Cotton." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-88.

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<p>Introduction: Companies that are dependent on different commodities as input or output are exposed to price risk in these commodities. The price changes can be expressed as volatility and higher volatility results in higher risk. Hedging the commodity contracts with futures can offset this risk. One of the most important questions in this field is to what extent the risk exposure should be hedged with futures contract, i.e. the optimal hedge ratio.</p><p>Purpose: The study aims to conduct an analysis of the variance in different commodities contracts and provide evidence of the optimal hedge ratio in the respective commodities.</p><p>Method: We used a quantitative study with daily spot and futures price changes of Copper, Gold, Cotton and Oil. We investigated the 6-month hedging behaviour where timeseries were created for the period January-June each year during 2001-2004. We used a simple linear regression of the futures and spot price changes and a minimum variance model in order to calculate the optimal hedge ratio.</p><p>Conclusion: Companies that are dependent on Copper, Gold, Cotton and Oil can significantly reduce the risk by engaging in futures contracts. The optimal hedge ratio for Copper is (96%), Gold (52%), Cotton (96%) and Oil (88%). By applying the optimal hedge ratio, a company may reduce their risk exposure up to 90% compared to an unhedged position.</p>
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Biju, Dona. "A parametric study of oil-jet lubrication in gear wheels." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150786.

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A parametric study of oil-jet lubrication in gear wheels is conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to study the effect of the different design parameters on the cooling performance in a gearbox. Flow in oil jet lubrication is found to be complex with the formation of oil ligaments and droplets. Various hole radii of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm along with five oil velocities is analyzed and it is found that at lower volumetric rates, velocity has more effect on the cooling and at higher volumetric rates, hole size has more effect on the cooling. At higher velocities, the heat transfer is much greater than the actual heat production in the gear wheel, hence these velocity ratios are considered less suitable for jet lubrication. At low velocity ratios of below 2, the oil doesn’t fully impinge the gear bottom land and the sides leading to low cooling. Based on the cooling, impingement length and amount of oil lost to the casing surface, 2 mm hole with a velocity ratio of 2.225 is selected for a successful oil jet lubrication. Varying the inlet position in X, Y and Z directions (horizontal, vertical and lateral respectively) is found to have no improvement on the cooling. Making the oil jet hit the gear wheel surface at an angle is found to increase the cooling. Analysis with the use of a pipe to supply oil was conducted with circular and square inlet and it was found that the heat transfer decreases in both cases due to the splitting of oil jet caused by the combination of the effects of high pressure from the pipe and vorticity in the air field. A method has been developed for two gear analysis using overset meshes which can be used for further studies of jet lubrication in multi-gear systems. Single inlet is found to be better for cooling two gear wheels as it would require a reduced volumetric flow rate compared to double inlets. Oil system requirements for jet lubrication was studied and it was concluded that larger pumps have to be used to provide the high volumetric rates and highly pressurized oil required. On comparing the experimental losses from dip lubrication and the analytical losses for jet lubrication, dip lubrication is found to have lesser loses and more suitable for this case. Good quality lubrication would reduce the fuel consumption and also increase the longevity of gearboxes and hence more research into analyzing alternate lubrication systems can be carried out using the results from this thesis.
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Chong, Emeline E. "Development of a 2-D black-oil reservoir simulator using a unique grid-block system." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3334.

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The grid orientation effect is a long-standing problem plaguing reservoir simulators that employ finite difference schemes. A rotation of the computational grids yields a substantially different solution under certain circumstances. For example, in a five-spot pattern, the predicted recovery, water cut performance and the locations of the fronts depend on the type of grid system used. A Cartesian grid with one axis parallel to the line joining an injector and producer gives a solution significantly different from a grid that has the axes oriented at 45° to this line. This study develops a unique grid-block assignment where rectangular grid blocks are interspersed with octagonal grid blocks. This grid block system is called the Hybrid Grid Block (HGB) system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the grid orientation effect of the HGB grid to see whether it is an improvement over the conventional Cartesian grid system. In HGB, flow can progress in four directions in the octagonal grid blocks and two in the square grid blocks. The increase in the number of flow directions in the octagonal grid blocks is expected to reduce the grid orientation effect in the model. Hence, this study also evaluates the grid orientation effect of the HGB and compares it with the Cartesian grid system. To test the viability of HGB, a general purpose finite difference IMPES-formulated two-dimensional black oil simulator was developed in this study, while retaining the familiar finite-difference discretization of the flow equations. Several simulation cases were conducted to compare HGB and conventional grid block systems. Comparisons with commercial simulator are also made. Despite the fact that the reservoir is isotropic and homogeneous, grid orientation effect was still observed when rectangular Cartesian grid models are run at mobility ratio, M = 1.0. Grid refinement can help to reduce the grid orientation effect in rectangular Cartesian grid models when there are favorable mobility ratios, i.e. M = 1.0 or less. However, at an unfavorable mobility ratio of M = 10.0, it is found that neither parallel nor diagonal orientation can be used reliably for the displacement problems run in this study. This is because as the number of grid blocks is increased, the performance of diagonal and parallel models actually diverges for the grid spacings investigated here. On the other hand, HGB grid is able to reduce the grid orientation effect even for unfavorable mobility ratio displacement problems (up to M = 50.0), with maximum relative difference in pore volume recovered of 6% between parallel and diagonal HGB grid models for all the cases run in this study. Comparisons between the conventional Cartesian and HGB grid show that the HGB grid is more effective in reducing the grid orientation effect than the Cartesian grid. The HGB grid performs better by consistently giving a smaller relative difference between HGB parallel grid and HGB diagonal grid in pore volume recovered (6.0, 4.5, 3.3, and 2.2%) compared to the relative difference between Cartesian parallel grid and Cartesian diagonal grid in pore volume recovered (17.0, 13.0, 9.3, 7.9%) at similar averaged area per grid block for all the four comparison cases studied.
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Winborn, Lorne Derek. "The cold operation of SI engines and the significance of fuel losses, oil dilution and mixture gas/fuel ratio." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366597.

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Garcia-Blanco, Susana. "Testing the Resource-Ratio Theory As A Framework Supporting A Bioremediation Strategy For Clean-Up Of Crude Oil-Contaminated Environments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1098275222.

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Books on the topic "Oil ratio"

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Brown, Keith Cates. Oil price, changes in reserves, and the reserve/production ratio. Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences, Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue University, 1988.

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Uloth, Victor Charles. The effect of varying air injection rates on tall oil soap skimming efficiency for low fatty acid/resin acid ratio soaps produced by pulping mountain pine beetle infected wood. Pacific Forestry Centre, 2009.

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Terman, Max R. Messages from an owl. Princeton University Press, 1996.

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A, Henry Allison, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Gas: Oil ratios for source rocks containing Type-I, -II, -IIS, and -III kerogens as determined by hydrous pyrolysis. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Terman, Max R. Messages from an owl. Princeton University Press, 1997.

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Icc Business Ratio Report (ICC Business Ratio Reports - Oil & Gas Exploration, Refining & Distribution). ICC Business Ratios, 1991.

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Icc Business Ratio Report (ICC Business Ratio Reports - Oil & Gas Exploration, Refining & Distribution). ICC Business Ratios, 1993.

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Icc Business Ratio Report (ICC Business Ratio Reports - Oil & Gas Exploration, Refining & Distribution). ICC Business Ratios, 1992.

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Lake, Larry, Russell T. Johns, William R. Rossen, and Gary A. Pope. Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9781613993286.

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A revision of the 1989 classic, Enhanced Oil Recovery by Larry Lake, this text, Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery, retains the original work's emphasis on fractional flow theory and phase behavior to explain enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. There is additional coverage on cutting edge (or current) topics, such as low-salinity EOR, steam-assisted gravity drainage, and expanded coverage on thermodynamics and foam EOR. With its frequent reinforcement of two fundamental EOR principles, lowering the mobility ratio and increasing the capillary number, it is an excellent resource for undergraduate classes. Errata (http://go.spe.org/FEORerrata)
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Maj, Dorota. Modyfikujący wpływ roślinnych dodatków paszowych na użytkowość mięsną i ekspresję wybranych genów u królików w zależności od wieku i płci. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-29-8.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feed additives (algae, soybean, and sunflower oil) used in the rabbit feed on: growth indices and slaughter traits, pH, colour, texture, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability (TBARS) of the meat as well as FTO and FABP4 genes expression in the meat’s intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum), depending on the age and sex. The experimental material consisted of Termond White rabbits (n = 160, 80 females and 80 males). Animals were weaned on the 35th day of life, and housed in metal cages arranged in batteries (4 rabbits of the same sex in a cage). From weaning to 12 or 18 weeks of age, the rabbits were fed pellets ad libitum. Animals in the control group (C) received non-supplemented pellets throughout the experiment. In the other groups, the pellet contained 1% algae (A), 3% sunflower oil (OS), and 3% soybean oil(SO).The experimental diets were formulated to have similar protein and energy content. Diets were balanced by lowering the proportion of other feed components. The total share of all components remained at 100%. The results indicate that 3% vegetable oils (soybean or sunflower) supplementation of diets for growing rabbits leads to an increase of body weight and improvement of some of the slaughter traits, while 1% addition of algae to the feed causes deterioration of body weight and slaughter traits. The effect of oil additive depends on the animals’ age. Supplementation of the rabbits’ diet with algae (1%) or sunflower and soybean oils (3%) led to an increase in the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 18 weeks of age (approx. 3%), but had no effect on the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 12 weeks of age. Feeding pellets with either 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae additive to the rabbits did not significantly change the chemical composition of the meat. Protein content increased and intramuscular fat content decreased with age, while ash and water content were similar. The feed additives significantly differentiated meat acidity without deteriorating meat quality. Diet modification has not affected negatively meat colour. 24 h after the slaughter, the colour of rabbit meat was similar across the studied feeding groups. Correlation between diet and rabbits’ age was found. Meat texture (hardness, springiness and chewiness) of all rabbit groups slaughtered at 12 weeks of age was similar, and the shear for cewas greater in rabbits fed pellets with algae and soybean oil. At 18 weeks of age, rabbit meat from experimental groups had lower hardness and chewiness, compared to meat of the animals from the control group. Meat shear force was higher in the control group, and from algae-supplemented group. The correlation between diet and age was also found. The use of 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae as feed additives significantly reduced meat oxidative stability. Soybean or sunflower oil (3%) usedas feed additives favourably modified the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was increased, including linoleic acid, and PUFA/MUFA ratio was improved. The content of these acids decreased with age. The use of algae (1%) as a feed additive resulted in positive effect on the increase of n-3 fatty acid content (EPA and DHA) in meat intramuscular fat. Algae supplementation improved pro-health properties of meat, with low n-6/n-3 acid ratio (2.5), indicating that diet modification may affect the fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. The influence of diet and age on FTO and FABP4 gene expression in meat intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum) was found. FTO and FABP4 gene expression increased with age and was the highest in the group of rabbits with 1% algae supplementation in the diet. The effect of rabbits’ gender on growth, slaughter traits, meat quality and gene expression in rabbits was not observed. In conclusion, the use of natural feed additives, such as sunflower, soybean oil or algae, can improve the nutritional value of rabbit meat, without changing its chemical or physical properties, and therefore the meat can serve as functional food, with properties beneficial to human health. The results obtained in this study also indicate that the expression of FTO and FABP4 genes in rabbit muscles is regulated by dietary factors and age, which, in addition to cognitive significance, has practical implications for improving technological and dietary quality of rabbit meat.
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Book chapters on the topic "Oil ratio"

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Wu, Xuan, Wenyu Li, Li Lin, et al. "Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis of Steam Reforming Reaction of Radioactive Waste Oil." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_97.

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AbstractAt present, there are much radioactive waste oil temporarily stored in nuclear fuel processing plants, nuclear industry research institutes and operating nuclear power plants in China, which brings great storage pressure and safety risks to the operating nuclear facilities. In this paper, the components analysis of 40# waste oil used in nuclear facilities was carried out, and the elemental composition and chemical composition of the waste oil were obtained. The analysis showed that the main elements in the waste oil were C and H, and the main chemical components were alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols with carbon chain length of 10–40. Using Aspen Plus software, the process flow model of waste oil’s steam reforming treatment was established. Based on the components analysis results of the waste oil, organic mixtures such as ethanol, ethane and propane were selected as the model components, and the element composition close to waste oil was obtained by adjusting the proportion of each component. The mixture was used as the source input of Aspen Plus to achieve good simulation results. The experimental results obtained under Pt catalyst at 400 ℃ were in good agreement with the simulation results, which confirmed the validity of the model. The thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of waste oil steam reforming reaction was carried out by using the verified model. The influence of reaction temperature (350–1150 ℃), pressure (0.01–100bar) and water to carbon ratio (0.01–100) on reforming reaction and off gas components in balanced state was studied. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The steam reforming reaction of waste oil has no obvious inhibition when the reaction pressure is less than 1bar, so the reforming reaction should be carried out under the condition of negative pressure less than 1bar; (2) The temperature should be maintained above 750 ℃ to ensure the complete steam reforming reaction; (3) Carbon deposition can be completely eliminated when the water/carbon ratio is higher than 1, and when the water/carbon ratio is higher than 10, the product components do not change with the water/carbon ratio.
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Dong, Fankai, Yijun Dong, and Yutong Yang. "Research on the cyclical cycle and trading strategy of gold/oil ratio and gold/silver ratio." In Exploring the Financial Landscape in the Digital Age. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003508816-18.

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Tien, Truong Hong, Emiko Katayama, Mehdi Bettahar, and Uichiro Matsubayashi. "Correlation of Optimal Salinity as Function of Water/Oil Ratio in Brine/Surfactant/Alcohol/Oil System." In Groundwater Updates. Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68442-8_18.

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Ting, Julie T. L., and Anthony H. C. Huang. "Oils-To-Oleosins Ratio Determines the Size and Shape of Oil Bodies in Maize Kernels." In Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2662-7_93.

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Suhafri, M., and Iskandar Idris Yaacob. "Synthesis of High Aspect Ratio Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Water in Oil Microemulsion." In The Mechanical Behavior of Materials X. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-440-5.1601.

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Wei, Ya-fei, Peng-xiang Diwu, and Han-ze Liu. "Prediction Model of Maximum Gas-Oil Ratio Based on Improved Random Forest Algorithm." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4759-0_8.

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Ma, Hong-fei, Bing Bo, An-zhu Xu, et al. "Optimization of Each Component Ratio of Multiple Thermal Fluids in Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoir." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0260-2_78.

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Sonkar, Pradeep Kumar, and Rajneesh Kaushal. "Performance Analysis of Soybean Oil Blended Diesel Fuelled DI Engine by Varying Compression Ratio." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_27.

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Gupta, R., M. Rabiei, and Y. P. Cheong. "Evolution from Water-Oil Ratio to Tree Based Classifier - A Novel Methodology for Effective Diagnosis of Water Production Mechanism in Oil Wells." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing. Springer India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0491-6_85.

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Li, Xing-min. "Experimental Investigation on Gas Injection Timing and Gas-Liquid Ratio in Foamy Oil Recreation Process." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_171.

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Conference papers on the topic "Oil ratio"

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Hara, T., H. Asahi, and H. Kaneta. "Galvanic Corrosion in Oil and Gas Environments." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96063.

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Abstract Galvanic corrosion behavior in sour and sweet well environments for combinations of materials from carbon steels to high nickel alloys was investigated by using electrochemical methods and immersion tests. Basically, the results obtained by electrochemical methods coincided with those by immersion test. The ratio of a corrosion rate of a material in coupled to that of uncoupled defined as galvanic effect index (GEI) was studied with different surface ratios. GEI increased with an increase in the weight loss of the "uncoupled specimen" and is at most 2.0 in both sweet and sour environments when a surface area ratio of anode site to cathode site was 1:1. GEI increased with increasing surface ratio but almost independent on surface ratio at temperatures more than 100 °C. Galvanic corrosion was not serious as expected from the theory.
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Jones Jr., R. Steven. "Producing Gas-Oil Ratio Behavior of Tight Oil Reservoirs." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2016-2460396.

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Kokal, Sunil, Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, and Dimitrios Krinis. "Asphaltene Precipitation in High Gas-Oil Ratio Wells." In Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/81567-ms.

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Lawal, Kazeem A., Anthony O. Uwaga, and Omamoke F. Osoro. "A Systematic Methodology for Extrapolating Gas-Oil Ratio During Declining Oil Production." In Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/105973-ms.

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Brice, Bradley, Samson Ning, Alecia Wood, and Gay Renouf. "Optimum Voidage Replacement Ratio and Operational Practice for Heavy Oil Waterfloods." In SPE Heavy Oil Conference-Canada. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170099-ms.

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Zhao, Yajie, Jack Nohavitza, Ryan Williams, et al. "Gas-Oil Ratio GOR Characterization of Unconventional Wells in Eagle Ford." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209408-ms.

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Abstract With the increased exploration and development of unconventional reservoirs, the complicated production mechanisms of unconventional wells have gradually become a hot topic among the oil and gas industry. Due to the ultra-low permeability and porosity, the fluid phase behavior in shale reservoirs significantly differs from the conventional fluid phase behavior, increasing the production forecasting complexity. A substantial effort to better understand the mechanisms is the ability to characterize the unconventional well gas-oil ratio (GOR) behavior. The GOR always plays a critical indicator to help predict long-term oil/gas production trends and develop appropriate production strategies. In this paper, GOR behavior was discussed based on an unconventional parent-child horizontal well set in the Eagle Ford shale formation. Subsequently, fracture hit intensity can be determined through the producing GOR characterization. Afterward, the historical production data were well matched. The long-term GOR trends (20 years) were then predicted with the calibrated reservoir model. Based on the simulation results, an interpretation of the fracture hit impact on GOR behavior, and the well productivity was established. This study provides some key insights into GOR behaviors, especially for the parent-child well GOR trends with considering the impact of fracture hits. The Eagle Ford GOR is strongly influenced by the flowing bottomhole pressure. Meanwhile, the GOR trends of both parent and child wells are extremely sensitive to fracture hits, strong correlations between GOR and fracture hits are observed. Compared to the parent well, the flat GOR period of the child well is much shorter due to pressure depletion. The existence of a child well also reduces the rising speed of the parent well with a lower plateau. In addition, the long-term production prediction shows that fracture hits negatively influenced both well performances, where the child well has a more severe production loss than the parent well. Through the findings presented in this work, a better understanding of the unconventional well GOR behaviors can be obtained. The analysis approaches proposed in this paper provide valuable insights into GOR characterization and contribute to the production forecasting from unconventional plays. The results can help to improve the efficiency of reservoir management, field development, and economic valuation in future projects.
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Hwang, Yunho, Lorenzo Cremaschi, Reinhard Radermacher, Toshio Hirata, Yukikatsu Ozaki, and Tadashi Hotta. "Oil Circulation Ratio in CO2 Climate Control Systems." In SAE 2003 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0730.

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Mullins, Oliver C., Toru Terabayashi, Kazuyoshi Kegasawa, Ikko Okuda, and Nicholas Fanai. "Gas-oil ratio of live crude oils determined by near-infrared spectroscopy." In Environmental and Industrial Sensing, edited by Stuart Farquharson. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.417380.

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Adewole, Ezizanami Stephen, James Ohioma Arukhe, Gregory Azuka Azagbaesuweli, and Kolawole Peter Akeredolu. "Investigation of Critical Requirements for Enhanced Oil Recovery using Lateral Wells in a Layered Reservoir." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214105-ms.

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Abstract Enhanced oil recovery from a vertically-stacked layered reservoir with lateral wells completed in the layers is often challenging due to inadequate understanding of the complex dynamics of the displacement process. A mobility ratio, which considers reservoir layers, well design and fluid properties, is derived to search for stability condition in the displacement process. Fluid displacement in real time is considered. Displacement stability is monitored using mobility ratio derived from pressure distribution for each lateral well completed in each layer of the reservoir, and the enlarged single reservoir. Any well can be used for injection, depending on displacement and injection fluid type. Crossflow interface is assumed as responsible for communication between the layers. A computer program is written to compute mobility ratios in real injection time. Fluid injection time at which mobility ratio is greater than unity and as high as 10 is identified for any well design, layers, and injection fluid properties. Complete individual layers dimensionless pressure characterization, using layers interface conditions, gives an expression for mobility ratio of interlayer displacement process involving lateral wells. Depending on the nature of injected fluid and overall recovery objectives, any of the layers can be selected for injection or production. Basal waterflooding and gas cycling and crestal gas injection can be studied directly using the expression derived for mobility ratio. The ratio derived gives indication of the duration of optimum clean oil production for any combination of fluid injected. The mobility ratio is affected by individual layer well design, layers fluids and injected fluid breakthrough time. Ratios of well lengths affect length of time of oil production. Longer oil production is possible if the wells have unequal lengths. If the top layer permeability is larger than the bottom layer permeability, waterflooding yields prolonged oil production. Viscosity ratios only slightly affect stability. However, if the bottom layer is used for injection, gas injection for gas cycling, gives appreciable results. Water-free oil production increases as the spacing between the layer wells increases. But well spacing beyond a certain limit does not contribute to further increment in oil production.
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Vittoratos, Euthymios Steven, Roy M. Coates, and Chris C. West. "Optimal Voidage Replacement Ratio for Communicating Heavy Oil Waterflood Wells." In SPE Heavy Oil Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/150576-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Oil ratio"

1

Ahad, J. M. E. SOURCES, source apportionment using isotope ratio characterization of oil sands environmental samples: airborne contaminations - northern Athabasca Oil Sands region. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304681.

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Savarajara, Ancharida. Final report : Project : Production of yeast cell oil from sugar cane leaves for biodiesel production. Chulalongkorn University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2018.48.

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The xylose utilizing oleaginous yeasts Cryptococcus humicola NG2, Cyberlindnera subsufficiens NG8.2, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa MG11-2.3 and Yarrowia NG17 were newly isolated. Yarrowia NG17 had the highest accumulated oil content at 27.9% (w/w dry weight; DW) with a major fatty acid composition of oleic (57.6%) and palmitic (25.4%) acids when grown in a high carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) medium. Yarrowia NG17 gave a higher oil yield in sugarcane leaves hydrolysate (SLH) than in detoxified SLH, but this was lower compared to in the high C/N medium, while the oleic and palmitic acid compositions were reduced to 48.5% and 22.1%, respectively, in SLH compared to in the high C/N medium. Optimal pH for oil accumulation in SLH was 6.5. Supplementation of SLH (pH 6.5) with 0.1% (w/v) KH2PO4 increased the oil yield of Yarrowia NG17 from 5.07 to 6.67 g/L.
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James Spillane. Additional Reserve Recovery Using New Polymer Treatment on High Water Oil Ratio Wells in Alameda Field, Kingman County, Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877118.

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Savard, M. M. Sources: source determination using isotope ratio characterization of environmental samples - airborne and waterborne contaminations in the Northern Athabasca Oil Sands Region (NAOSR). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/299732.

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Fernandes, R., M. Maloley, and F. Canisius. Relationship between leaf area index and Landsat Operational Land Imager equivalent reduced simple ratio vegetation index for the Athabasca oil sands region, northern Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/308333.

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Chen. PR-378-083601-R01 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010798.

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This report summarizes the work completed in Year One of the three-year project: PRCI SCC-2-12 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. The investigation in Year One has been primarily focused on the validation of the software being developed for crack growth and remaining life prediction using SCADA Data. A total of 9 pressure spectra, 4 for oil pipelines and 5 for gas pipelines, have been collected and used as inputs for the software. It was found that a pressure spectrum can be quantified using a parameter termed as Spectra Factor to represent the severity of load/pressure interactions in terms of crack growth rate. A spectra factor higher than one indicates the enhanced crack growth rate by load interactions, such as the case where unloads are frequently present in the pressure spectra, while a spectra factor lower than one may be associated with a retarded crack growth, which can be seen in pressure spectra with predominant overloading events. The oil pipelines are characterized with more frequent and larger pressure fluctuations, and crack growth is directly caused by these cycles. The gas pipelines are characterized with minor cycles with high stress ratio and the subsequent underloading cycles with low stress ratios, and crack growth rate can be enhanced by a factor 10 under the combined minor-underload pressure fluctuation cyclic loading scenarios. The software allows the SCADA/pressure fluctuation data with Excel spreadsheet format to be directly analyzed producing a projected remaining life of the pipeline based on the past pressure fluctuations and assumed future pressure fluctuations.
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Linden, Steven K. Measurement of the νμ Charged Current π+ to Quasi-Elastic Cross Section Ratio on Mineral Oil in a 0.8 GeV Neutrino Beam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018733.

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Rocheford, Torbert, Yaakov Tadmor, Robert Lambert, and Nurit Katzir. Molecular Marker Mapping of Genes Enhancing Tocol and Carotenoid Composition of Maize Grain. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571352.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to identify chromosomal regions and candidate genes associated with control of concentration and forms of carotenoids (includes pro-Vitamin A) and tocopherols (Vitamin E), which are both antioxidants and are associated with health advantages. Vitamin A and E are included in animal feeding supplements and the eventual goal is to increase levels of these compounds in maize grain so that the cost of these supplements can be reduced or eliminated. Moreover, both compounds are antioxidants that protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation and thus maintaining maize oil quality for longer periods. We identified three SSR markers that are associated with 38% of the variation for total carotenoids and three SSR markers associated with 44% of the variation for total tocopherols in the cross W64a x A632. We identified two candidate genes associated with levels of carotenoids: phytoene synthase and zeta carotene desaturase. Evaluation of (Illinois High Oil x B73) B73 BC 1S1 population for tocopherols detected additional chromosomal regions influencing the level of total tocopherols, and detected a common region on chromosome 5 associated with ratio of the more desirable alpha from to the gamma form of tocopherol. The results suggest molecular marker assisted selection for higher levels of these antioxidants in corn grain should be feasible.
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Chutimaworapan, Suchada, Chaiyo Chaichantippayuth, and Areerat Laopaksa. Formulation of pharmaceutical products of Garcinia mangostana Linn. extracts. Chulalongkorn University, 2006. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2006.32.

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Part I: The purpose of the investigation was to develop the extraction process that was simple, practical and giving high yield. The maceration of dried powder of Garcinia mangostana fruit husk with ethyl acetate gave yellow crystalline powder of mangostin. The yield was calculated as 7.47%. The identification of the Garcinia mangostanahusk extract was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and differential scanning calorimetry. The TLC of mangostin was done by using the alumina sheet and ethyl acetate: hexane (3:1) as mobile phase. The Rf value as compared with standard mangostin was 0.60. The DSC thermogram showed the board melting range of the crude extract at 165.04-166.80 °C. The quantitative analyses of mangostin were developed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The HPLC system using methanol: water (87:13) as mobile phase, clotrimazole as internal standard and using UV detector at 243 nm. The UV spectrophotometric method was carried out using the UV spectrophotometer at 243 nm. The validation of both systems gave high specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The solubility study of mangostin showed the low water insolubility. The water solubility was improving with increasing ethanol content. The in vitro microbiological activity of mangostin to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2 was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extract were 3 µg/ml and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract was 4 µg/ml and 3 µg/ml, respectively.Part II: The purpose of this study was to develop fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract. The films consisted of low viscosity hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose, acesulfame potassium as sweetener, and menthol and eucalyptus oil as flavoring agents. The physical and mechanical properties and dissolution time of film bases were compared with commercial product strips A. From the dissolution time data, it was found that the film prepared from mixed polymer between HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratios 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 were not significantly different from commercial product strips A (p&gt;0.05). The films containing extract were light yellow and had porous surface based on observation from scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution profiles of all formulations showed the rapid release more than 80 percent of mangostin from films within 3-7 minutes and the fastest release was from formulation of HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratio 5:1. Differential scanning calorimetry results exhibited that the Garcinia mangostana extract and additives were not in crystalline form in the films. The fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against oro-dental bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus aTCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2. Unter strese conditions at 40 degree Celcius and 75 percent relative humidity, the strips showed a good stability.The purpose of the study was to develop monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia Mangostana extract. The system is based on the ability of mixtures of monoglyceride (dlyceryl monooleate) and triglycerides to form liquid crystals upon contact with water. The drug delivery systems can be administered by syringe and transformed into high-viscous liquid crystalline phases at the injection site. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed from various triglycerides: sesame oil, soybean oil and olive oil. In this study, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems were prepared in the ratio of triglycerides: monoglyceride: water as 8: 62: 30 and 12: 58: 30. These systems could sustain release of Garcinia Mangostana husk extract over a period of 48 hr and followed squared root of time kinetics during the initial 24 hr of the release phase, indicating that the rate of release was diffusion-controlled. The system containing sesame oil showed the highest drug release. The increasing triglyceride content did not affect the release profiles. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that Garcinia Mangostana husk extract could be incorporated into drug delivery systems without causing phase transition. In the in vitro test, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract did not show the antimicrobial activity probably due to the high lipophilicity of the extract therefore it did not diffuse into the medium. Additionally, the drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed good stability under the stress condition.
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Han, Yoonjung, Jeffrey Bullard, Jedadiah Burroughs, Mine Ucak-Astarlioglu, and Jameson Shannon. Extending CEMHYD3D to simulate hydration of portland cement pastes with high volumes of silica fume. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/49196.

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Silica fume (SF) influences the hydration rate of Portland cement in different ways depending on the physical and chemical properties of the SF. This study reports the impact of SiO2 content (%), loss on ignition (%), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area on the hydration reaction of SF-cement paste mixtures. This study used five types of SFs with varying SiO2 content, loss on ignition (%), and particle morphology. Five SFs were mixed with Class H oil well cement at each of two different replacement levels (20% or 30% by mass), and the released heat of hydration was measured using isothermal calorimetry. The results were used to improve the pozzolanic reaction simulation feature of the original Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) software, which enabled the soft-ware to simulate a higher SF replacement ratio in a cement mixture with higher fidelity. Results showed that a silica fume’s SiO2 content (%), loss on ignition (%), and BET specific surface area significantly influence the heat release rate. The new simulation model agrees well with the measurements on all the pastes tested.
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