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1
Ariviani, Setyaningrum, Sri Raharjo, Sri Anggrahini, and Sri Naruki. "FORMULASI DAN STABILITAS MIKROEMULSI O/W DENGAN METODE EMULSIFIKASI SPONTAN MENGGUNAKAN VCO DAN MINYAK SAWIT SEBAGAI FASE MINYAK: PENGARUH RASIO SURFAKTAN-MINYAK." Jurnal Agritech 35, no. 01 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9416.
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This study was aimed to (1) formulate o/w microemulsion using different surfactant oil ratio, (2) determine the microemulsions stability toward centrifugation, heating and storage at room temperature, and (3) characterize microemulsions which were shown the best stability. Microemulsions were prepared using ternary food grade surfactantwith low HLB (span 80), medium HLB (span 20 or span 40) and high HLB (tween 80), and surfactant oil ratio 2,3,4 and 5. VCO and palm oil were used as oil phase, whereas 10 μM phosphate buffer pH 7 was used as aqueous phase. O/W microemulsionwere formed at surfactant oil ratio 3 or more for VCO and at higher surfactant oil ratio (i.e 4 or 5) when palm oil was used as oil phase. Microemulsions with VCO as oil phase which were stable toward centrifugation, heating treatment and storage at room temperature i.e. microemulsions with surfactant oil ratio 4 or 5, while the use of palm oil as oil phase produce stable microemulsions at surfactant oil ratio 4. Microemulsions with surfactant oil ratio 4 showedthe best stability. This microemulsions have a monomodal particle size distribution, the mean particle diameter and viscosity reached 21.7 ± 0.02nm and 6.0 ± 0.10cp (VCO), 22.9 ± 0.15nm and 6.2 ± 0.05cp (palm oil).Keywords: Microemulsion, formulation, stability, surfactant, oil ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) formulasi mikroemulsi o/w dengan variasirasio surfaktan-minyak, (2) menentukan stabilitas mikroemulsiterhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan dan penyimpanan suhu ruang, dan (3) karakterisasi mikroemulsi dengan stabilitas terbaik. Mikroemulsi dibuat menggunakan campuran tiga surfaktan food grade yaitu surfaktan HLB rendah (span 80), sedang (span 20 atau span 40), dan tinggi (tween 80), dengan rasio surfaktan minyak 2, 3, 4 dan 5. VCOdan minyak kelapa sawit digunakan sebagai fase minyak, 10 μM bufer fosfat pH 7 sebagai fase aqueous. Mikroemulsi o/w terbentuk pada rasio surfaktan minyak 3 atau lebih untuk penggunaan VCO dan pada rasio surfaktan minyak yang lebih tinggi (yaitu 4 atau 5) untuk penggunaan minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak. Mikroemulsi dengan fase minyakVCO yang stabil terhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan maupun penyimpanan suhu ruang adalah mikroemulsi dengan rasio surfaktan-minyak 4 atau 5, sedangkan penggunaan minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak menghasilkan mikroemulsi yang stabil pada rasio surfaktan-minyak 4. Mikroemulsi dengan rasio surfaktan-minyak 4 memperlihatkan stabilitas terbaik.Mikroemulsi tersebut memiliki distribusi ukuran partikel monomodal, rerata diameter partikel dan viskositas mencapai 21,7 ± 0,02nm dan 6,0 ± 0,10cp (VCO), 22,9 ± 0,15nm dan 6,2 ± 0,05cp (minyak sawit).Kata kunci: Mikroemulsi, formulasi, stabilitas, surfaktan minyak
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Meyer, Buffy M., Edward B. Overton, and R. Eugene Turner. "Oil Source Identification Using Diagnostic Biomarker Ratio Analyses." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 2064–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2064.
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ABSTRACT The foremost questions asked about spilled oil are its source, quantity in various compartments of the environment, and the risk and consequences associated with various levels of oil within these compartments. The heterogeneous distribution of oil, with a continually changing composition due to weathering, causes considerable uncertainty in determining the source of a spilled oil and whether or not any notable impacts are due to the presence of that particular oil. Oil source-fingerprinting, an environmental forensics technique, is one way to determine the origin of oil in an unknown sample by comparison to a known oil source. Oil source-fingerprinting utilizes oil biomarkers that are naturally occurring in crude oils and most petroleum products which tend to be more resistant to environmental weathering processes compared to most other oil components. More importantly, vast amounts of geochemical research has established that distributions of oil biomarkers are unique for different types and blends of petroleum products and represent an oil-specific fingerprint to which samples can be correlated. In order to determine whether oil detected in coastal Louisiana marsh sediments originates from the Deepwater Horizon incident, an oil source-fingerprinting methodology using GC/MS and specific hopane, sterane, and triaromatic steroid ratios in Macondo 252 (MC252) source oil was developed and tested. A final suite of 15 diagnostic biomarker ratios were determined that will allow for the statistical comparison of diagnostic biomarker ratios of an “unknown” sample to the 15 diagnostic biomarker ratios of MC252 source oil. Unknown samples can then be classified into one of four operational and technically defensible categories: positive match, probable match, inconclusive, or non-match based on their diagnostic biomarker ratio score.
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Szydlo, Zbigniew A. "Effective oil/air ratio in industrial oil mist lubricating systems." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 59, no. 1 (2007): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790710723089.
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Błaż, Sławomir. "Odwracalne ciecze emulsyjne o wysokim stężeniu fazy wewnętrznej (HIPR)." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 3 (2021): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.03.04.
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Invert muds are the most commonly used oil-based drilling muds. The oil to water phase ratio in invert drilling muds ranges from 65/35 up to 90/10, with the most common ones ranging from 70/30 to 80/20. At these oil to water phase ratios, the drilling mud is characterized with high stability and appropriate rheological and structural parameters allowing to adjust drilling mud density in a wide range. One of the disadvantages of invert muds is their cost (due to oil content) and environmental problems associated with waste and management of oily drill cuttings. Taking into account the properties of oil-based muds, the article presents laboratory tests aimed at developing the composition of an invert mud with a limited oil phase content and high internal phase ratio (HIPR). Drilling muds with an o/w ratio less or equal to 50/50 vary from conventional inversion muds in terms of their composition and properties. Due to the higher concentration of the dispersed inner phase, muds have reduced stability and high rheological and structural parameters. Maintaining the appropriate rheological and structural parameters of the drilling mud and its high stability is possible only through the use of appropriate chemicals adapted to the emulsion system with a specific oil to water phase ratio. In the drilling muds of this type it is also possible, due to the higher concentration of the internal phase, to partially adjust the density of the mud with the water phase, such as salt solutions, thus limiting the solids content (weighting agents) in the mud. The developed mud system should be more economical, have a reduced toxicity, while maintaining the operational advantages of invert mud. These types of muds can be used during the drilling of reactive shale formations, salt layers, gypsum and anhydrite layers, as well as for drilling productive horizons and for reconstruction works carried out in oil and gas wells.
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Buchori, Luqman, Iqfan Dwi Setiadi, Faustina Alda Nurushofa, and Didi Dwi Anggoro. "Effect of CaO/Fe2O3 Ratio and Oil/Methanol Molar Ratio on Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil." Reaktor 24, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.24.1.1-6.
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Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel that can be produced through the transesterification reaction of biomass. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of comparative composition of CaO and Fe2O3 on CaO/Fe2O3 catalysts from eggshells and Fe2O3 in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, it was also studied the effect of the ratio of oil and methanol on the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced. Catalysts were prepared through impregnation. The esterification-transesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12 and 1:15, catalyst (3%wt oil), heated at 65°C for 3 hours with a stirring scale of 1200 rpm. The results showed biodiesel production using CaO: Fe2O3 catalyst with the ratio of CaO: Fe2O3 70:30 and WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 obtained higher yield (84.5%) compared to others. The best biodiesel yield produced is the CaO:Fe2O3 catalyst ratio of 70:30 and the WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 with a biodiesel yield of 84.50% with a methyl ester content of 99.63% and a FAME yield of 84.14%. The biodiesel produced has met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) in terms of density and viscosity.
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Zamani, Hossein Ali, Shahin Rafiee-Taghanaki, Masoud Karimi, Milad Arabloo, and Abbas Dadashi. "Implementing ANFIS for prediction of reservoir oil solution gas-oil ratio." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 25 (July 2015): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.04.008.
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Hao, Guang Pu. "Powder Oil Ratio on Stability of Asphalt Mixture in High Temperature Effect." Advanced Materials Research 700 (May 2013): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.700.175.
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According to the different powder oil ratio of asphalt mixture rutting experiment at high temperature, rotary experimenting machine, for different powder oil ratio dynamic shear experiment of asphalt mortar, using the scanning electron microscope observation on the microstructure of asphalt mortar, powder oil ratio on mixture high temperature stability influence. The experiment results show that: powder oil ratio is larger, stronger anti rut ability, and powder oil ratio is affected by the asphalt shear strength to influence high temperature stability of asphalt mixture, and put forward the best powder oil ratio in the range of 0.18~1.2.
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El-Shattory, Y., and Saadia M. Aly. "Interesterification reaction activity, fatty acid composition and selectivity ratio of soybean oil." Grasas y Aceites 49, no. 5-6 (1998): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1998.v49.i5-6.748.
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Pratyusha, D., S. Venkateswara Sateesh V, and T. Ch Siva Reddy. "Performance Characteristics of A Variable Compression Ratio Engine using Transesterified Mahua Oil." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (2018): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14205.
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Wan, Jianrong, Jingang He, and Qinan Chen. "The Daqing Oilfield Sazhong Development Zone with the Gas-oil Ratio." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012013.
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Abstract In the late stage of super high water cut development in the Sazhong Development Zone, the oilfield development rules have changed, showing a significant increase in the production gas-oil ratio. To study the factors and laws of production gas-oil ratio change, laboratory research on oil/gas/water high-pressures physical properties, a field test for single layer development, and theoretical calculation of modified oil-gas ratio were carried out. The results show that partially dissolved gas can be obtained from saturated gas crude oil by injecting water or polymer solution. In the ultra-high water cut period, especially when the water cut rises to 95%, the production gas-oil ratio will rise sharply due to the influence of gas production in water. At the same time, the ground saturation pressure difference is also an important factor affecting the production oil-gas ratio and recovery factor. Therefore, in the process of analyzing the production gas-oil ratio, it is necessary to study the influence of the ground saturation pressure difference and the dissolved gas-water ratio, especially in the ultra-high water cut stage and chemical flooding stage.
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Elsharkawy, Adel M., and Abbas A. Alikhan. "Correlations for predicting solution gas/oil ratio, oil formation volume factor, and undersaturated oil compressibility." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 17, no. 3-4 (1997): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-4105(96)00075-7.
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Hadiyanto, H., Apsari Puspita Aini, Widayat Widayat, Kusmiyati Kusmiyati, Arief Budiman, and Achmad Roesyadi. "Multi-Feedstocks Biodiesel Production from Esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil, Castor Oil, Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 1 (2020): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.1.119-123.
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Biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable oils and animal fat. Abundant sources of vegetable oil in Indonesia, such as Calophyllum inophyllum, Ricinus communis, palm oil, and waste cooking oil, were used as raw materials. Multi-feedstock biodiesel was used to increase the flexibility operation of biodiesel production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a combination of vegetable oils on biodiesel characteristics. Degumming and two steps of esterification were applied for high free fatty acid feedstock before trans-esterification in combination with other vegetable oils. Potassium hydroxide was used as a homogenous catalyst and methanol as another raw material. The acid value of C. inophyllum decreased from 54 mg KOH/gr oil to 2.15 mg KOH/gr oil after two steps of esterification. Biodiesel yield from multi-feedstock was 87.926% with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 ℃, and catalyst of 1%wt. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Hasibuan, Hasrul Abdi, and Lerissa Aulia Siregar. "Karakteristik Campuran Minyak dari Minyak Sawit Merah Murni dengan Minyak Kelapa atau Minyak Inti Sawit [Characteristics of Oil Mixtures from Virgin Red Palm Oil with Coconut Oil or Palm Kernel Oil]." Buletin Palma 21, no. 2 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v21n2.2020.68-80.
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<p>The use of virgin red palm oil (VRPO) as a food product is very useful because it used as a source of fat and bioactive compounds (carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol). Increasing the use of VRPO can be conducted by blending it with lauric oils (coconut oil and palm kernel oil) containing medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) to produce a healthy oil. This research was conducted to examine the physicochemical properties of VRPO with coconut oil (CNO) or palm kernel oil (PKO) blends at a weight ratio of 100:0 - 0:100. The results showed that the mixtures of VRPO with CNO or PKO influenced the free fatty acid content, carotene content, fatty acids composition, iodine value, melting point, and solid fat content. Enhancing the amount of CNO or PKO onto VRPO causes the blends to have eutectic behavior (easy to melt). The VRPO: CNO and VRPO: PKO blends, at the ratio of 20:80 and 30:70, respectively, can be used as cooking oil. The VRPO: CNO blends at the ratio of 99:1 – 95:5 can be used for baking shortening while the VRPO: PKO blend at the ratio of 70:30 can be used for table margarine.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Penggunaan minyak sawit merah murni (<em>virgin red palm oil, </em>VRPO) sebagai produk pangan sangat bermanfaat karena VRPO sebagai sumber lemak dan senyawa bioaktif (karoten, tokoferol dan tokotrienol). Peningkatan pemanfaatan VRPO dapat dilakukan dengan memadukannya dengan minyak laurat (minyak kelapa dan minyak inti sawit) yang mengandung <em>medium chain triacylglycerol </em>(MCT) untuk menghasilkan campuran minyak sehat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji sifat fisikokimia campuran minyak dari VRPO dengan minyak kelapa (<em>coconut oil, </em>CNO) atau minyak inti sawit (<em>palm kernel oil, </em>PKO) pada rasio berat 100:0 - 0:100. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran minyak dari VRPO dengan CNO atau PKO mempengaruhi kadar asam lemak bebas, kadar karoten, komposisi asam lemak, bilangan iodin, titik leleh dan kandungan lemak padat. Peningkatan jumlah CNO atau PKO ke dalam VRPO menyebabkan campuran memiliki perilaku eutektik (mudah mencair). Campuran VRPO dengan CNO dan VRPO dengan PKO, masing-masing pada rasio 20:80 dan 30:70 dapat digunakan sebagai minyak goreng. Campuran VRPO dengan CNO pada rasio 99:1 - 95:5 dapat digunakan sebagai produk shortening untuk roti sementara campuran VRPO dengan PKO pada rasio 70:30 dapat digunakan untuk margarin meja.</p>
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Yuvarajan, D., C. Lokesh, and P. Balaji. "Analysis on Influence of Varying Compression Ratio in Biofuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.734.
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In order to reduce the need of petroleum fuels, the prospect of finding the alternative fuel is a primary goal. This work deals with the cause of mustard oil as a possible alternative. The physical and chemical properties of mustard oil are investigated. Using the gas chromatography, the composition of mustard oil is checked. Transesterification process is used for converting the mustard oil into biodiesel. Biodiesel thus formed is converted into bio fuel by the addition of an oxygenated additive (methanol). The current experiment is performed by varying the compression ratio by 16, 17 and 18 using bio fuel which comprises of 80% of mustard oil biodiesel and 20% of methanol in the diesel engine. Emission aspects of bio fuel are investigated. From this experiment it is observed that, by increasing the compression ratio CO and smoke emissions were slightly reduced, whereas HC emission is significantly reduced. However, the emissions of NOx were found to be on higher side.
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S. Alameedy, Usama. "Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Saturation Using Carbon Oxygen (CO) Ratio and Sigma Tool." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 15, no. 3 (2014): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2014.3.7.
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 The main aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining oil in previously produced zones, locate the water productive zone and look for any bypassed oil behind casing in not previously perforated intervals. Initial water saturation was calculated from digitized open hole logs using a cut-off value of 10% for irreducible water saturation. The integrated analysis of the thermal capture cross section, Sigma and Carbon/oxygen ratio was conducted and summarized under well shut-in and flowing conditions. The logging pass zone run through sandstone Zubair formation at north Rumaila oil field. The zones where both the Sigma and the C/O analysis show high remaining oil saturation similar to the open hole oil saturation, could be good oil zones that do not appear to be water flooded. The zones where the Sigma analysis shows high residual oil saturation, which is close to open hole oil saturation and the C/O analysis, show medium residual oil saturation; this could indicate that these zones were fresh water flooded to a certain extent and they still keep some residual oil. If the C/O analysis shows low residual oil saturation, it indicates that these zones were probably fresh water flooded thoroughly. If both Sigma analysis and the C/O analysis show medium residual oil saturation, most probably these zones were saline water flooded to a certain extent and they still keep some residual oil.
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Dange, Tejas Ravindra, and Anoorag Rajnikanth Tayde. "Efficacy of Selected Insecticides against Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 7 (2024): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i74777.
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The research trial was undertaken at Central Research Field, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. Experiment was laid in RBD with three replication consists of eight treatments viz, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (0.4 gm/lit), Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (0.5 ml/lit), Novaluron 10% EC (2 ml/lit), Spinosad 45% SC (0.5 ml/lit), Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP (1 gm/lit), Neem oil 1% (10 ml/lit), Karanj oil 2% (20 ml/lit) and untreated control. The mean larval population of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage at 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after two sprays revealed that the treatment Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (2.63) observed the lowest population of diamond back moth followed by Spinosad 45%SC (2.96), Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (3.02), Novaluron 10% EC (3.32), Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP (3.54), Neem oil 1% (3.70) and Karanj oil2% (3.85) as compared to control (5.45). Among the treatments studied, the best and most economical treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 %SC with 245.52 q/ha yield and cost benefit ratio (1:6.53), followed by Spinosad 45% SC 230.15 q/ha with (1:6.04) C:B ratio, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 190.30 q/ha with (1:5.54) C:B ratio, Novaluron 10% EC 170.20 q/ha with (1:4.67) C:B ratio, Beauveria bassiana 1.15%WP 150.35 q/ha with (1:4.40) C:B ratio, Neem oil 1% 142 q/ha with (1:3.85) C:B ratio and Karanj oil 2% 135.45 q/ha with (1:3.68) C:B ratio and Control 65.20 q/ha (1: 1.97) C:B ratio.
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Chen, Chao, Hao Xu, Lidong Zhang, et al. "Foam Systems for Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery by Double Improving Mobility Ratio." Processes 11, no. 10 (2023): 2961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11102961.
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The recovery of heavy oil is challenging due to its high viscosity. Especially in water flooding, the high viscosity of heavy oil induces a high water/oil mobility ratio, resulting in frequent channeling and fingering. In the present work, the viscosity reduction in heavy oil caused by foaming agents is studied. Among the studied foam systems, the KX-048 foaming agent had the best oil viscosity reduction performance. It also shows excellent foaming performance, including large foam volume, long foam half-life, and high foam comprehensive index. With the reduction in oil viscosity, the KX-048 foaming agent decreases the foam/oil mobility to 0.28, which is beneficial for controlling gas channeling and fingering in foam flooding. Moreover, Foam flooding experiments in heterogeneous sand-pack models indicate that KX-048 has excellent efficiency in improving oil recovery, especially in the low-permeable tube. The chosen KX-048 foaming agent could provide a promising pathway for improving heavy oil recovery.
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Okalla, Christian Emelu, Tiya Kristiana West, Chukwuebuka Francis Dike, Anthony Kerunwa, and Lilian Eyang Ndoma-egba. "Effect of Gas-Oil Ratio on Oil Production for a Niger Delta Well." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 5 (2024): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i51155.
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This study delves into the intricate relationship between gas-oil ratio (GOR) and oil production rate in a vertical well within the framework of reservoir engineering. The investigation employs advanced reservoir modeling techniques, drawing insights from Prosper software simulations and well data analysis. A comprehensive methodology involving PVT data, inflow performance relationship data, and sensitivity analysis guides the exploration of GOR's impact on oil rate. The selected well configuration, a vertical well, serves as the experimental canvas for this study. Through meticulous analysis of reservoir and well data, an Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curve emerges. This curve is developed using the Darcy reservoir model available within the Prosper software, reflecting the intricate interplay between fluid dynamics, pressure gradients, and production behavior. Further expanding the analysis, the study explores the IPR-Vertical Lift Performance (VLP) curve, spotlighting the well's behavior at a top node pressure of 250 psig. Subsequently, the study dives into the realm of sensitivity analysis, seeking to unravel the nuanced connection between oil rate, GOR, and well head pressure. The captivating findings are encapsulated, a visual testament to the intricate dance of fluid dynamics. The results paint a vivid picture of the GOR's role in oil rate modulation. The correlation between GOR and oil rate is revealed to be a delicate balance, illustrated by a crescendo and diminuendo as GOR rises beyond the bubble point. Above the bubble point, the gas's continuous expansion within the solution propels oil production. The study's intricate examination of well head pressure offers further illumination. The result further exposes the inverse relationship between well head pressure and oil production rate, as heightened well head pressure curtails pressure drawdown and subsequently reduces the amount of oil lifted to the surface. The study concluded that Oil production rate increases with increase in gas-oil ratio up to a maximum above which oil production starts decreasing. The decrease in oil production starts when gas is released from the oil. An increase in well head pressure led to a decrease in oil production. This is attributed to a decrease in pressure drawdown between the bottom of the well and the well head.
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Pradnyani, Putu Dhea, Lutfi Suhendra, and I. Nyoman Semadi Antara. "Karakteristik Mikroemulsi Minyak Atsiri Kulit Buah Lemon (Citrus limon) Pada Penambahan Kosurfaktan Dan Rasio Surfaktan-Kosurfaktan Dengan Minyak Atsirinya." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 12, no. 4 (2025): 490. https://doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2024.v12.i04.p03.
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ABSTRACT Essential oil from lemon peel (Citrus limon) has a distinctive aroma that can be used as a body mist. Body mist is a type of perfume with an essential oil content of 3-5%. Lemon peel essential oil microemulsion is a water-based body mist product. Lemon essential oil microemulsion is formed from a mixture of surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80 and Span 80), co-surfactant, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400, lemon essential oil and water. The first stage of the research was the formation of fruit peel essential oil microemulsions by treating the mixture ratio of surfactant and co-surfactant. The second stage of the research was the formation of fruit peel essential oil microemulsions by treating the ratio of a mixture of surfactant-cosurfactant and lemon peel essential oil. The results of the first stage showed that the microemulsion of lemon peel essential oil with a mixture ratio of surfactant and PEG 400 (50:50) had a turbidity index value of 0.092%, transmittance of 91.6%, was non-sticky, transparent and stable against centrifugation. The results of the first stage are used in the second stage, namely the mixture ratio of surfactant and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400 (50:50). The results of the second stage, namely the ratio of the mixture of surfactant-PEG 400 and lemon peel essential oil (80:20), showed that the concentration of lemon peel essential oil was the highest which still formed a microemulsion of lemon peel essential oil. This lemon peel essential oil microemulsion has a turbidity index value of 0.089%, transmittance of 91.23%, transparent appearance, stable to centrifugation, stable to pH (4.5; 5.5; 6.5), stable to dilution (1: 9; 1:49; 1:99), stable during 4 weeks of storage, has an average particle size of 32.2 nm and a polydispersion index (PI) value below 0.5. Keywords : Microemulsion, ratio, surfactant, co-surfactant, citrus limon ABSTRAK Minyak atsiri dari kulit buah lemon (Citrus limon) mempunyai aroma khas yang dapat digunakan sebagai body mist. Body mist merupakan salah satu jenis parfum dengan kandungan minyak atsiri sebesar 3-5%. Mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon merupakan salah satu produk body mist yang berbasis air. Mikroemulsi minyak atsiri buah lemon terbentuk dari campuran surfaktan (Tween 20, Tween 80 dan Span 80), ko-surfaktan, Polieteline glikol (PEG) 400, minyak atsiri buah lemon dan air. Tahap pertama penelitian adalah pembentukan mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah dengan perlakuan rasio campuran surfaktan dan ko-surfaktan. Tahap kedua penelitian adalah pembentukan mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah dengan perlakuan rasio campuran surfaktan-kosurfaktan dan minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon. Hasil tahap pertama menunjukkan bahwa mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon dengan rasio campuran surfaktan dan Polietilen Glikol (PEG) 400 (50:50) mempunyai nilai indeks turbiditas 0,092%, transmisi 91,6%, tidak lengket, transparan dan stabil terhadap sentrifugasi. Hasil tahap pertama digunakan pada tahap kedua yaitu rasio campuran surfaktan dan PEG 400 (50:50). Hasil tahap kedua yaitu rasio campuran surfaktan-PEG 400 dan minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon (80:20) menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon tertinggi yang masih membentuk mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon. mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kulit buah lemon ini mempunyai nilai indeks turbiditas 0,089%, transmisi 91,23%, kenampakan transparan, stabil terhadap sentrifugasi, stabil terhadap pH (4,5; 5,5; 6,5), stabil terhadap pengenceran (1:9; 1:49; 1:99), stabil selama penyimpanan 4 minggu, mempunyai ukuran partikel rata-rata 32,2 nm dan nilai polidispersi indeks (PI) di bawah 0,5. Kata kunci : Mikroemulsi rasio, surfaktan, ko-surfaktan, citrus limon
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Althalb, Hakima, Izzeddin Elmusrati, and Ibrahim Banat. "A Novel Approach to Enhance Crude Oil Recovery Ratio Using Selected Bacterial Species." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 10492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110492.
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The high viscosity and low flow properties of some crude oil make them difficult to extract from oil reservoirs. This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of oil recovery using fractured dolomite core models. Bacterial strains, Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, Bacillus species, and Pseudomonasputida, isolated from Libyan oil fields, had the ability to biotransform heavy crude oil by reducing its viscosity and converting heavier components into lighter ones. The efficiencies of the three bacterial strains were assessed using sand-packed column experiments through the injection of bacteria to mimic in-situ oil recovery. The optimum biotransformation values of Libyan Bouri crude oil were determined as 77.1, 61.2, and 61.1% using the Bacillus sp., P. putida, and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, respectively, at 55 °C. Viscosity analyses showed that these strains resulted in the reduction of the viscosity of the crude oil at two different temperatures of 37 and 55 °C. The highest recovery of residual oil was about 11.3% using Bacillus sp. The study confirmed that the selected bacterial species were capable of displacing additional oil under simulated oil field conditions.
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Hongyan, Liang. "The influencing factors of gas-oil ratio in production were studied by numerical simulation method." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124802027.
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In recent years, the gas-oil ratio of LaSaxing Oilfield has been on the rise and the variation characteristics of gas-oil ratio of each plant are quite different. The high production of gas leads to the intensification of three-phase interference of oil, gas and water, and the poor fluidity of crude oil after degassing, which affects the overall development effect of the oilfield. Though the method of oil and gas water three phase numerical simulation, the conceptual model was established. Based on the model, analysing the change of producing gas-oil ratio by designing the scheme of numerical simulation under different factors points out the results——the formation pressure is the key factors influenced the producing gas-oil ratio change and the formation pressure level determines the trend of the producing gas-oil ratio. The results provide a technical support for oilfield production safety and the optimization of the ground production system, and achieve an important practical significance for oilfield sustainable development.
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Meng, Qingrui, Zhao Chenghao, and Tian Zuzhi. "Effect of torque ratio on speed regulating start." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 9 (2018): 1657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2018-0062.
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Purpose Friction pairs of the hydro-viscous drive speed regulating start device should be designed based on the rated torque. To obtain design basis of the rated torque of the hydro-viscous drive speed regulating start device, studies on effect of torque ratio (a ratio of the load torque to the rated torque) on speed regulating start were carried out theoretically and experimentally. Design/methodology/approach Under different torque ratio, the modified Reynolds, the thermal energy and the viscosity-temperature equations were solved simultaneously by using finite element method to reveal variation laws of the oil film load capacity and torque transmission during the starting process. Then, speed regulating start experiments were carried out to study the following performance of the output speed. Findings The results show that oil film thickness decreases with the increase of the torque ratio; when oil film thickness is less than 0.05 mm, oil film temperature increases rapidly with the decrease of oil film thickness, which eventually deteriorates performance of the speed regulating start; when the torque ratio decreases to about 0.3, output speed shows a better following performance. Originality/value It indicates that, to acquire a better speed regulating start, the rated torque of the hydro-viscous drive speed regulating start device should not be less than three times of the load torque. Achievements of this work provide theoretical basis for optimal design of the friction pairs of the hydro-viscous drive speed regulating start device.
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Pedapati, A., R. K. Mathur, G. Ravichandran, B. K. Babu, and H. P. Bhagya. "Evaluation of bunch quality components in Dura x Dura progenies of Zambia and Camaroon sources of oil palm germplasm." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 6 (2021): 1567–677. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/6/mrn-1813.
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Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate oil palm dura progenies developed from Zambia and Cameroon germplasm sources for bunch components for the selecting of high oil yielding mother palms. Methodology: Total 77 dura genotypes were evaluated by considering 15 different bunch components. Bunch analysis data were collected from tenth year onwards after planting. The genetic diversity, Principal component analysis, correlation and path analysis of the genotypes were estimated. Results: Study revealed that oil-to bunch ratio depends on fruit-to-bunch ratio and mesocarp-fruit ratio. The ANOVA value showed a significant variability among the genotypes for most of the bunch traits and the identified genotype P35 (24.53 %) was highest oil yielder. Positive significant correlation (p≤ 0.01) of mesocarp-to-fruit ratio and oil-to-dry mesocarp with oil-to-bunch ratio were noted in this study. Based on path analysis, the information obtained from this study is the oil-to-wet mesocarp ratio (0.697) showed the highest significant positive direct effect on oil-to-bunch ratio followed by mesocarp-to-fruit ratio (0.570). Interpretation: This study may support for the future selection of mother palms to utilize in oil palm improvement programmes. Introgression into existing breeding materials and breeding for seed production utilising selected palms.
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Lu, Ming Yin, Zhen Fang Zhang, Jie Li, and Ke Min Li. "Study on the Economic Stripping Ratio in Oil Shale Open-Pit Mine Used in Refinery." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1915.
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The number of oil shale mines which adopted open pit mining increased with the increasing of oil price, in recent years. The economic stripping ratio is an important basis to determine open pit limit. Since there is no national or occupational standard about economic stripping ratio in open-pit oil shale mine, the economic stripping ratio has calculated by adopting refined oil price. This research has guiding significance for oil shale open-pit mine exploitation.
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Kiki, Haetami, John Ronaldo, Rosidah, Iskandar, and Abun. "Feed Additive Vegetable Oil, Addition to Commercial Feed on the Feed Efficiency and Fat Content of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 05, no. 08 (2022): 1947–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6962301.
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This study aims to determine the effect of conventional vegetable oil as feed additive, according to soybean oil, coconut oil, corn oil, and the effect of feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and fat content of red tilapia. Feeding trial in this study had used Completely randomized design (CRD), with 4 treatments and repeated 4 times. Red tilapia as much as 160 used initial weight of 25-40g/head, kept in an aquarium with a volume of 20 dm3 with density 2 ind./L, and fed a pelleted with addition vegetable oil for 40 days. The results showed that there was a significant difference(p < 0.05) in Feed Efficiency (FE), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The highest EPP value in treatment addition soybean oil 4% was 66.06% (P < .05), and then treatment corn oil (47.28%), while the control treatment not addition of vegetable oil gave FE as much as 46.70%, and coconut oil was 39.60%. The best FCR value in treatment addition soybean oil 4% as much as 1.52 (P < 0.05%), while feed additive corn oil was 2.23, control was 2.17, and coconut oil was 2.27. Feeding with the addition of 4% soybean oil was the best treatment for growth, while the addition of coconut oil and corn oil increased the fat content of fish descriptively compared to without the addition of oil.
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Kim, Tae Wook, and Anthony R. Kovscek. "The Effect of Voidage-Displacement Ratio on Critical Gas Saturation." SPE Journal 24, no. 01 (2018): 178–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191383-pa.
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Summary The critical gas saturation in permeable sands was studied as a function of depletion rate and the presence of an aqueous phase as the major experimental variables. Voidage-replacement ratios (VRR = injected volume/produced volume) less than 1 were used to obtain pressure depletion with active water injection. Three different live crude oils were considered. Two of the oils are viscous Alaskan crudes with dead-oil viscosities of 87.7 and 600 cp, whereas the third is a light crude oil with a dead-oil viscosity of 9.1 cp. The critical gas saturation for all tests ranged from 4 to 16%. These values for critical gas saturation are consistent with the finding that the gas phase displayed characteristics similar to those of a foamy oil. For a given oil and depletion rate, the critical gas saturation was somewhat larger for VRR = 0 than it was for VRR = 0.7. The oil recovery correlates with the critical gas saturation (i.e., for a given VRR, tests exhibit greater oil recovery when the critical gas saturation is elevated). For the conditions tested, there was not a strong correlation of critical gas saturation over more than two orders of magnitude of the rate of pressure depletion, for a given VRR. Such behavior might be consistent with theoretical studies reported elsewhere that suggest that the critical gas saturation is independent of the pressure-depletion rate when the rate of depletion is small.
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Swari, Mira Ardhaning, Lutfi Suhendra, and Luh Putu Wrasiati. "Pengaruh Rasio Campuran Surfaktan dan Rasio Campuran Surfaktan Dengan Minyak Atsiri Kenanga (Cananga odorata) Terhadap Karakteristik Mikroemulsi Sebagai Body Mist." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 11, no. 2 (2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2023.v11.i02.p02.
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 ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the effect of the formulation of the surfactant mixture ratio Tween 80: Tween 20: Span 80 on the characteristics of the microemulsion of ylang ylang essential oil as a body mist, determine the appropriate ratio of the surfactant mixture of Tween 80: Tween 20: Span 80 on the characteristics of the best ylang essential oil microemulsion as body mist, and determine the ratio of the mixture of surfactant and ylang essential oil microemulsion characteristics of the best ylang ylang essential oil as a body mist. This study used a completely randomized design with the factors being a mixture ratio of three surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and Span 80. The treatments used were 97:2,75:0,25; 97:2,50:0,50; 97:2,25:0,75; 97:2.00:1.00; and 97:1,75:1,25. The best surfactant mixture ratio is the one with the smallest value. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, if there was a difference, the BNT test was continued. Treatment formulations the ratio of surfactant and ylang ylang essential oil was 90:10; 87.5:12.5; 85:15; 82.5:17.5; and 80:20. The best microemulsion is the one with the highest concentration of ylang ylang essential oil and has a transparent appearance. The best microemulsion was tested for stability against pH and dilution for 8 weeks, observations were made every 2 weeks, and the rate of damage was calculated using linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the ratio of the surfactant mixture Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80 has an effect on the microemulsion characteristics of ylang ylang essential oil as a body mist. The ratio of surfactant mixture in RS1 (2.75: 97: 0.25) was the best treatment for making ylang ylang essential oil microemulsion as a body mist with microemulsion characteristics that had a transparent appearance. The ratio of the mixture of surfactant and ylang essential oil in the SM4 treatment (82.5: 17.5) was the best treatment to make a microemulsion of ylang-ylang essential oil as a body mist with a turbidity index value (%) before and after centrifugation of 0.415 ± 0.098% and 0.248±0.053%, particle size 17.3±6.3 nm, the largest droplet size was 15.8 nm, a zeta potential value of 0.1mV and stable for 8 weeks of storage.
 
 Keyword: microemulsion, ratio, surfactant, Cananga odorata
 
 ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh formulasi rasio campuran surfaktan Tween 80: Tween 20: Span 80 terhadap karakteristik mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga sebagai body mist, menentukan rasio campuran surfaktan Tween 80: Tween 20: Span 80 yang tepat terhadap karakteristik mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga terbaik sebagai body mist, dan menentukan rasio campuran surfaktan dan minyak atsiri kenanga karakteristik mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga terbaik sebagai body mist. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan faktor adalah rasio campuran tiga surfaktan Tween 20, Tween 80, dan Span 80. Perlakuan yang digunakan 97:2,75:0,25; 97:2,50:0,50; 97:2,25:0,75; 97:2,00:1,00; dan 97:1,75:1,25. Rasio campuran surfaktan terbaik adalah yang memiliki nilai terkecil. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA, bila ada perbedaan dilanjutkan uji BNT.Perlakuan formulasi rasio surfaktan dan minyak atsiri kenanga yaitu 90:10; 87,5:12,5; 85:15; 82,5:17,5; dan 80:20. Mikroemulsi terbaik adalah yang memiliki konsentrasi minyak atsiri kenanga tertinggi dan memiliki kenampakan transparan. Mikroemulsi terbaik diuji stabilitas terhadap pH dan pengenceran selama 8 minggu, pengamatan dilakukan setiap 2 minggu, serta laju kerusakan dihitung menggunakan analisis regresi linier. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rasio campuran surfaktan Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80 berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga sebagai body mist. Rasio campuran surfaktan pada perlakuan RS1 (97: 2,,75: 0,25) merupakan perlakuan terbaik untuk membuat mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga sebagai body mist dengan karakteristik mikroemulsi yang memiliki kenampakan transparan. Rasio campuran surfaktan dan minyak atsiri kenanga 82,5: 17,5 adalah mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga terbaik sebagai body mist dengan nilai indeks indeks turbiditas (%) sebelum dan setelah sentrifugasi yaitu sebesar 0,415±0,098% dan 0,248±0,053%. Mikroemulsi minyak atsiri kenanga stabil terhadap pengenceran dengan pH 4,5, pH 5,5, dan pH 6,5 dan pengenceran 1:9, 1:49, 1:99 selama penyimpanan 8 minggu. Ukuran partikel sebesar 17,3±6,3 nm, ukuran droplet terbanyak adalah 15,8 nm, nilai zeta potensial 0,1mV
 Kata kunci : Mikroemulsi, rasio, surfaktan, Cananga odorata
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Karima, Nur, Nova Chintya Kurniawati, Boy Arief Fachri, et al. "Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction of Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) Leaves by Using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 6, no. 2 (2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v6i2.339.
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Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) yang biasa digunakan sebagai astringent dan antipiretik memiliki potensi yang tinggi sebagai bahan baku produksi minyak atsiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimalkan solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) dari daun beluntas menggunakan response surface metodology (RSM). Desain Box-Behnken dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi (60-120 menit), rasio bahan/labu distilat (0,06-0,1 g/ml), dan daya pemanas (150-450 Watt) digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan produksi minyak atsiri. Faktor rasio bahan/penyuling memiliki pengaruh signifikan paling tinggi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri (P<0,05). Rendemen minyak atsiri meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya daya pemanasan minyak dan waktu ekstraksi, dan sebaliknya. Di sisi lain, peningkatan rasio bahan/labu distilat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri. Hasil minyak atsiri maksimum menggunakan metode SFME sebesar 0,2728 b/b% diperoleh untuk kondisi optimal waktu ekstraksi 90 menit, daya pemanasan 450 W, dan rasio bahan/labu distilat 0,06.Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) which commonly used as astringent and antipyretic has a high potential for the feedstock of essential oil production. The objective of this work is to optimize solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of Beluntas leaves by using response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken Design with the variations of extraction time (60-120 min), feed/distiller ratio (0.06-0.1 g/ml), and heating power (150-450 W) was utilized to optimize essential oil yield. The feed/distiller ratio factor had the highest significant effect on the essential oil yield (P<0.05). Essential oil yield increased as the increase of oil heating power and time extraction, and vice versa. On the other hand, the increase in the feed/distiller ratio gave a negative impact on the essential oil yield. The maximum essential oil yield using SFME method of 0.2728 b/b% was obtained for the optimized condition of extraction time of 90 min, microwave heating power of 450 W, and feed/distiller ratio of 0.06.
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Liu, Jiefeng, Zhanwei Cao, Xianhao Fan, Heng Zhang, Chuhan Geng, and Yiyi Zhang. "Influence of Oil–Pressboard Mass Ratio on the Equilibrium Characteristics of Furfural under Oil Replacement Conditions." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112760.
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The distribution behavior of furfural in insulation systems is influenced by the oil–pressboard mass ratio. In addition, the equilibrium distribution of furfural between oil and pressboard will be disturbed after oil replacement. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the distribution ratio of furfural in oil with various oil–pressboard mass ratios after oil replacement. In this research, an accelerated thermal aging experiment and oil replacement experiment were conducted in the lab. Furthermore, the equilibrium characteristics of furfural dissolved in oil with various oil–pressboard mass ratios were studied. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the oil–pressboard mass ratios and the distribution ratio of furfural in oil. The equilibrium distribution model of furfural was thus obtained. Afterwards, the modified furfural distribution model under oil replacement conditions was established. A novel scheme is provided for analyzing the equilibrium characteristics of furfural under various oil–pressboard mass ratios after oil replacement. The work of this paper is expected to improve the accuracy of furfural analysis.
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Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas, Andre Dianata Hogi Kusuma, Yoshua Wira Putra Budiono, Haniif Prasetiawan, Pragusti Lintang Adhi Nanggala, and I Istadi. "Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil Using Integrated Double Column Reactive Distillation: Simulation Study." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 94, no. 1 (2022): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.94.1.152162.
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Dependency on fossil – based energy has become a global problem. Indonesia has started a movement in changing energy sources from fossil to new and renewable energy. Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources. Used cooking oil is one of the prospective feed-stock in biodiesel production. Used cooking oil contains 21.84% free fatty acid and 78.16% triglycerides. This study simulated the production of biodiesel from used cooking oil using the Aspen Plus v10 software. The production system used an Integrated Double Column Reactive Distillation (IDC-RD) system. The thermodynamic method employed in the simulation system was UNIQUAC. This study used the sensitivity analysis function in the Aspen Plus v10 application to analyze the effect of reflux ratio, the bottom to feed ratio, and the methanol to oil ratio on the reaction conversion. The reflux ratio applied in the simulation was 0.5 – 200, the bottom to feed ratio was 0.25 - 0.9, and the methanol to oil ratio was 1: 3 - 9:8. It was found that the esterification column with a reflux ratio of 0.5, a bottom to feed ratio of 0.5, and a methanol-oil ratio of 4: 1 resulted in a conversion of 96.59%. It was also demonstrated that the transesterification column with a reflux ratio of 0.5, a bottom to feed ratio of 0.5, and a methanol-oil ratio of 3: 1 resulted in a conversion of 99.98%.
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Okotie, S., and A. E. Fasanya. "PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION OF SOLUTION GAS OIL RATIO." Open Journal of Engineering Science (ISSN: 2734-2115) 1, no. 1 (2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojes.v1i1.81.
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Reservoir fluid properties are very important in reservoir engineering computations such as material balance calculation, well test analysis, reserves estimate and numerical reservoir simulations. Ideally, these properties should be obtained from laboratory pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis. Quite often, however, these measurements are either not available, or very costly to obtain. In such cases, empirically derived correlations are used to estimate the needed properties, all computation therefore, will depend on the accuracy of the correlations used for estimating the fluid properties. Hence in this study, Standing’s correlation for estimating the solution gas-oil ratio was optimized using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to minimize the error associated in estimating solution gas-oil ratio from correlation at various depletion pressure. The optimized correlation was taken as a function of bubble point pressure, API gravity, gas gravity and reservoir temperature. PVT data from differential liberation test was used to validate this study’s correlation and the result obtained shows that the optimized correlation for this study matches closely with the experimental values, also the newly optimized correlation was validated with other models and the results gave the least average relative error of 3.34 and a correlation coefficient of 0.998 after 216th successive iterations by the particle swarm optimization algorithm.
 Okotie, S. | Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources (FUPRE), Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
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Arinze JohnPaul Chukwu, Obumneme Okwonna, and Peter Muwarure. "Optimising the gas-oil ratio for enhanced production." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 22, no. 3 (2025): 131–42. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2025.22.3.0052.
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The Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) in oil and gas production is the focus of this study. The objective of this research is to maximise the GOR in order to increase operational efficiency, reduce costs, and maximise resource utilisation. Under the conditions of the simulation, light crude oil was used, the API gravity was set to 17, the temperature was set to 66 °C, the pressure was set to 3447 kPa, and the feed flow rate was set to 37 kgmole/hr. Version 11 of Aspen HYSYS was used in order to carry out the simulation project. A three-phase separator was used for the goal of understanding how the GOR, flowrates, capital costs, and energy requirements are affected by the various High-Pressure (HP) gas pressures. The results suggested that there is a direct link between the pressure of the HP gas and the GOR, with a decrease in GOR being identified when the pressure of the HP gas that corresponded to it increased. The fact that there was a shift towards a production stream that was more liquid-rich was brought to light by this trend, which resulted in a decrease in both the amount of energy that was used and the amount of money that was spent on operational expenditures. After careful consideration, it was established that the best range for GOR is between 814.4 and 905.5. This range achieves a compromise between the efficiency of production and the management of costs. When it comes to the optimisation of manufacturing processes, the findings shed light on the usefulness of simulation tools such as Aspen HYSYS. The usual methods of GOR estimation are replaced by these technologies, which provide a reliable alternative.
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Kozlov, E. N. "STUDY OF COMPOSITIONS FOR KILLING OF OIL WELLS HAVINGA HIGH GAS-OIL RATIO." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-2-57-61.
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Based on the laboratory studies results the advantages and limitations of well killing fluids are discussed. The results showed that neither of the studied fluids is applicable for killing the oil wells with a high gas-oil ratio in the field Novoportovskoye. For this field a new well killing fluid composition has been developed that differs from currently used fluids (the new composition is prepared for a claim on invention). The components of the developed formulation are widely available and are of low cost.
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Jones, R. Steven. "Producing-Gas/Oil-Ratio Behavior of Multifractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 20, no. 03 (2017): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/184397-pa.
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Feng, Dawei, Lijun Yang, Luowei Zhou, Ruijin Liao, and Xin Chen. "Effect of oil–paper–pressboard mass ratio on furfural content in transformer oil." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 26, no. 4 (2019): 1308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2019.008011.
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Mu, Jie, Xiaoqing Liu, Chao Ma, et al. "Study on the Separate Characteristics of Oil Spill Driven by Combined Water and Wind in Braided Rivers." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601118.
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In general, there are many bifurcations in natural rivers. When the oil spilled accident occurred at the upstream of bifurcation and was not controlled in time, the pollution scale would be expanded and the treatment would become harder as the oil slick entered into braided river driven by combined water and wind. To Study the separate law at the bifurcation in rivers, a two-dimensional numerical simulation model of oil spilled was established by oil particle model theory on the basis of two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The quantitative relationship between the oil separate ratio and the flux ratio, velocity ratio, width ratio was obtained driven by water. The wind effect on the proportion of oil separate was also discussed based on the oil spilled numerical simulation. This study will provide technical support for forecast and response of oil pollution in braided rivers.
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Triyono, Wega Trisunaryanti, Adriana Dwi Putri, Ayyik Lutfiana, and Kumala Dewi. "Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using NH2/MCM-41 Base Catalyst: Effect of Methanol/Oil Mole Ratio and Catalyst/Oil Weight Ratio towards Conversion of Ester." Asian Journal of Chemistry 30, no. 5 (2018): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2018.20979.
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Hadi al-Samarrai, Nuha Ali. "Estimation of some nutritional values and mineral elements in some oil extracts from medicinal plants." Science Archives 03, no. 03 (2022): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2022.3308.
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The study included evaluating the following bio-chemical evidence (Moisture, the percentage of the total Solid materials, the percentage of the extracted Oil, Acid Value, Iodine Value, Saponifing Value, Ester Value and Peroxide Value). The extracted oil of poupied had the higher ratio of the acid Value (27) whereas the ginger is recorded the lowest ratio of the acid Value (0.08). The extracted oil of the radish Seed is registered the highest (201.1) Concentration of the Saponifing Value whereas the extracted oil of the frozen fish (71.8) had Contained the lowest degree of the Saponifing Value. For the Ester value ,the free fat of sheep is given the higher(199.8) ratio whereas the extracted oil of frozen fish is indicated the lesser ratio(70.6) .For Iodine value the extracted oil of linseed is reached to highest (170.7) ratio while the butter is granted the lesser(31.7) ratio .As regard to the Peroxide value in the almond(21.4) oil while the lower value was in the free fat sheep (31.7). the study focused on assessing some of the mineral elements (Calcium, Potassium, Zinc, Iron and Magnesium). The sunflower oil had the highest concentration in Ca (2.1), K (9.0), Fe (0.9) and Mg (1.05) where the olive oil is registered the highest concentration in Zinc (0.3)
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A. Abdullah, Nadhim, Hamed A. Hamdi, and Abbas Dareb Shaban. "The Effect of Chicken Gallus gallus (Domestics) feathers on the sorption properties of polyurethane foam." Bionatura 7, no. 4 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.63.
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A comparative absorption capability analysis was conducted using adapted polyurethane foam as crude oil Sorbents. The used Crude oil has been brought from the west of the Qurna city oil field with A.P.I. equals 22.2- 27. API measures how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water; crude oil's sorption and absorption ratio amounts are investigated. The findings demonstrate that the absorption ratio of fluff feather to wing feather is very distinct. The fluff feather absorbed much more crude oil than the wings. Moreover, much crude oil absorption causes the three types of feathers to plunge into crude oil. Owing to the disparity of the capillary structures of pure and modified polyurethane and the particular arrangement of the feathers, the absorption of modified polyurethane foam is beyond pure foam. The absorption ratio is saturated at (240-270) % (where the modified foam releases some additional volume of crude oil rather than the saturation ratio). Because of the cross-link density inside the modified foam, the last results were clarified. Also, we analyzed the effect of 10 holes on the absorption ratio in which the absorption is less than the unpinned ratio. Keywords: Chicken feather, Qurna, West Qurna oil field, Iraqi crude oil, polyurethane, capillary structure.
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Prasanta, I. Putu Hendra Adi, Lutfi Suhendra, and Luh Putu Wrasiati. "Karakteristik Mikroemulsi Minyak Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) pada Perlakuan Rasio Campuran Surfaktan dan Minyak Daun Sirih." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 9, no. 4 (2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2021.v09.i04.p14.
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This study aims to determine the effect of the mixture ratio of surfactant and betel leaf oil on the characteristics of the microemulsion of betel leaf oil and determine the ratio of the mixture of surfactant and betel leaf oil that is appropriate to obtain the best microemulsion characteristics. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RAK), using the surfactant: betel leaf oil ratio treatment with 10 levels, namely 100:0; 98:2; 96:4; 94:6; 92:8; 90:10; 88:12; 86:14; 84:16 and 82:18. Grouping based on processing time. The best microemulsion is the microemulsion which has the highest concentration of betel leaf oil. The best microemulsion was tested for stability against pH and dilution during 8 weeks of storage. The turbidity index value is tested every 2 weeks. The rate of damage was calculated using linear regression analysis. The microemulsion was made by mixing the surfactant and betel leaf oil (5 ml in the oil phase), then adding the demineralized distilled water (water phase) dropwise in volume (10 ml). The microemulsion was incubated for 24 hours and calibrated using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 502 nm. The results showed that the ratio of the mixture of surfactants and betel leaf oil had an effect on the characteristics of the microemulsion of betel leaf oil. The ratio of surfactant and betel oil 94:6 is the best treatment for making betel leaf oil microemulsion with microemulsion characteristics that have a transparent appearance, turbidity index values ??before and after centrifugation are 0.225±0.005% and 0.196±0.005% and have a particle size of 14.8 ±6.9 nm, and the largest droplet size was 11 nm. Betel leaf oil microemulsion with surfactant and betel leaf oil ratio of 94:6 was stable for 8 weeks of storage.
 Keywords: microemulsion, ratio, surfactant, Piper betle Linn.
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Roopwan, Usha Yadav, and Budhur Madhu. "Efficacy of Biopesticides for the Management of Rice Yellow Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in Rice at Prayagraj, U.P, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 18 (2023): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i183354.
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The present experiment was conducted to highlight the Efficacy of biopesticides for the management of rice yellow stem borer [scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)] at prayagraj, U.P, India. The eight treatments comprised of different insecticides and biopesticides. Metarhizium anisopliae (T1), Bacillus thuringiensis 1.15% (T2), Beauveria bassiana 1.15% (T3), Verticillium lecanii1.15% (T4), Neem oil 5% (T5), Eucalyptus oil5% (T6), Imidacloprid 17.8%SL (T7), one untreated Control (T8) were evaluated against rice stem borer. The different insecticides and biopesticides treatments revealed that the minimum dead hearts, were recorded in synthetic insecticides, Imidacloprid 17.8%SL followed by Beauveria bassiana 1.15%, Metarhizium anisopliae. The minimum dead heart percentages Imidacloprid 17.8%SL were observed in as compared to the natural dead heart of per cent being noticed in untreated control. The percent of the dead heart infestation among the treatments are notices as Metarhizium anisopliae (T1) Bacillus thuringiensis 1.15%WP (T2), Beauveria bassiana 1.15%WP (T3), Verticillium lecanii1.15%WP (T4), Neem oil 5% (T5), Eucalyptus oil5% (T6), Imidacloprid 17.8%SL(T7), The yield and cost benefit ratio of the data revealed that the highest yield was recorded in the Imidacloprid 17.8%SL @46.66q/ha with highest Benefit-cost ratio of 1:3.47 followed by Bacillus thuringiensis 1.15% @ 38.33 q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:77 Beauveria bassiana 1.15% @ 43.33q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:3:27, Verticillium lecanii 1.15%@ 36.66q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:73, Neem oil 5% @ 33.33q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:46, Eucalyptus oil5%@ 31.66 q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:35, Metarhizium anisopliae @41.66q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:3:13. The chemicals shows better results in combating to the pest infestation compare to biopesticides and botanicals.
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Kratz, Mario, Margitta Neufeld, Michael Erren, et al. "Effects of Diets Containing Olive Oil, Sunflower Oil, or Rapeseed Oil on the Hemostatic System." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 85, no. 02 (2001): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615680.
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SummaryVarious studies have already shown that the fatty acid composition of dietary fat has different effects on hemostasis and platelet function. However, knowledge on this topic is incomplete. In the present study, fifty-eight healthy students received either a 4-week rapeseed oil [high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and high n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio], an olive oil (high content of MUFA, low n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio) or a sunflower oil (low content of MUFA, low n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio) diet. In each group, effects on hemostatic parameters were compared with a wash-in diet rich in saturated fatty acids with respect to intermediate-time effects on the hemostatic system and platelet function. With the olive oil diet, a reduction of coagulation factors VIIc, XIIc, XIIa, and Xc was found, whereas sunflower oil led to lower values of coagulation factors XIIc, XIIa, and IXc. In all study groups levels of plasmin-α2-antiplasmin were lower in week 4 than at baseline. Lower fibrinogen binding on platelets was found after the sunflower oil diet, whereas expression of CD62 and spontaneous platelet aggregation were slightly higher after the olive oil diet. However, given the major differences in the fatty acid compositions of the diets, the differences between the groups with respect to hemostasis tended to be small. Therefore, the clinical significance of the present findings remains to be evaluated.
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Sunarno, Sunarno, Ronna Puspita Sari, Tifanny Frimacia, Silvia Reni Yenti, Panca Setia Utama, and Edy Saputra. "Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch and Coal into Liquid Oil." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 2 (2022): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.42193.
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The decline in fossil fuel sources has prompted research into finding renewable fuels. Alternative energy sources that have high efficiency and environmentally friendly are producing liquid oil from palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) and coal. Pre-treatment of empty fruit bunches using NaOH and variations of concentrations of H2O2, variations of the ratio of EFB/coal, the ratio of CaO catalyst, chemical and physical characteristics were studied to produce the better liquid oil yield. The H2O2 concentration is 0%; 1%; 2%; 3%, the ratio of EFB/coal (R) is 0/100; 25/75; 50/50; 75/25, the ratio of catalyst CaO/raw material is 0%; 3%; 6%; 9%, and running at 400°C with 100 mL/minute nitrogen gas flowing during one hour. The results showed that the addition of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide in the EFB pretreatment will increase the yield of liquid oil. With an increase in the EFB/coal ratio, the yield of liquid oil increases. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of EFB and coal using calcium oxide catalysts could improve the quality of liquid oil products.
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Lu, Wei Qun, Ding Ye Fang, and Zhi Yong Yang. "Study on Burnout and so2 Emission Characteristics during Co-Combustion of Petroleum Coke and Oil Shale in a Fluidized Bed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1547.
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The effects of several factors, including fuel mixing ratio fed into boiler, bed temperature, primary air ratio, on burnout characteristics of mixed fuel of petroleum coke and oil shale were investigated at a 1 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) test apparatus at Xi’an Thermal Engineering Research Institute. Meantime, the effect of the fuel mixing ratio and Ca/S molar ratio on SO2 emission during co-combustion of petroleum coke and oil shale were studied. The results show that preferred mixing ratio of petroleum coke over oil shale is between 4:6 and 5:5, and primary air ratio is about 55% to accomplish favorable burnout of the mixed fuel. The combustion efficiency is higher than 97%. The increase in oil shale share in the mixture helps to improve the desulfurization efficiency during co-combustion. There is an optimum Ca/S molar ratio to achieve the highest desulfurization efficiency for co-firing the petroleum coke and oil shale. SO2 emission during co-combustion of petroleum coke and oil shale can meet the environmental requirement.
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Li, Ju Hua, Rong Bao, Bin Qin, and Tao Jiang. "Numerical Simulation of Foamy Oil Stability Using Natural Gas Huff and Puff for Ultra-Deep Heavy Oil Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 318 (May 2013): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.318.405.
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The nature of injected gas dispersion in oil distinguishes foamy oil behavior from conventional heavy oil behavior. Unlike normal two-phase flow, it involves flow of dispersed gas bubbles with pseudo single phase. This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation study of the stability of foamy oil created by liberation of dissolved gas during natural gas huff and puff process. Through the history matching of labs test conducted by three series of various core tubes in numerical simulation, foamy oil impactions on recovery were discussed based on vertical heterogeneous model. The effects on the stability of foamy oil flow behavior were investigated by mobility ratio, viscous to gravity ratio, layer permeability contrast, vertical to horizontal permeability ratio and the transverse dispersion number in the paper. The results show that foamy oil stability increases with higher oil viscosity, higher injection gas density. The oil recovery decrease with the mobility ratio and the layer permeability contrast, while the oil recovery increase with the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio. This work demonstrates that the transverse dispersion number should be used to assess vertical or microscopic sweep efficiency. The study indicates that foamy oil in porous media during production is unstable, but it will be huge potentials to apply natural gas huff and puff for ultra-deep heavy oil reservoirs.
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Ning, Na, and Lian Hai Ren. "Process of Biodiesel Made from Waste Cooking Oil via Acid Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3427.
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Biodiesel was made from waste cooking oil via acid catalyst in order to eliminate the waste cooking oil pollution and realize the health of waste oil use. The optimum conditions of biodiesel made from waste cooking oil, effect of reaction time, alcohol-oil ratio and catalyst dosage to the biodiesel conversion were explored by using orthogonal experiment design. The results showed that the conversion of biodiesel is 95.2% under the conditions of the reaction time is 2h, the alcohol-oil ratio is 6:1, the catalyst dosage is 1.5%, and the influence factors can be arranged as follows: reaction time > catalyst dosage > alcohol-oil ratio.
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Ren, Lian Hai. "The Influence Factors of Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil via Acid Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.101.
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The process of biodiesel made from waste cooking oil via acid catalyst was studied in order to eliminate the waste cooking oil pollution and realize the health of waste oil use. The optimum conditions of biodiesel made from waste cooking oil, effect of reaction time, alcohol-oil ratio and catalyst dosage to the biodiesel conversion were explored by using orthogonal experiment design. The results showed that the conversion of biodiesel is 95.2% under the conditions of the reaction time is 2h, the alcohol-oil ratio is 6:1, the catalyst dosage is 1.5%, and the influence factors can be arranged as follows: reaction time > catalyst dosage > alcohol-oil ratio.
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Gao, Xiao Ding, Yuan Chao Li, Zhao Ming Nie, and Jia Jia Wang. "Sensor of Measuring Containing Water Ratio in Crude Oil Based on Multi-Electrode Capacitance." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.598.
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A Multi-electrode Capacitance Sensor for measuring containing water ratio in crude oil and its circuit has been designed. The multi-electrode capacitance sensor is assembled with the structure of combining, which is easy to clean and maintain. By setting up the mathematic model of the measuring method, the function of the changing rate of containing water ratio in crude oil and the equivalent capacitance of multi-electrode capacitance sensor is achieved. A experiment to contrast the measuring containing water ratio in crude oil with pent-electrode capacitance sensor and mono-electrode capacitance sensor has been carried out, proved that comparing with the result of experiment ,the precisions of fifth-electrode capacitance sensor in measuring the containing water ratio in crude oil has been greatly improved. Furthermore whether the containing water ratio in crude oil is high or low, the measuring result by using fifth-electrode capacitance sensor is stable.
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Shakir, Ibtehal k., and Muslim A. Qasim. "Extraction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Lube Oil Using Different Co-Solvent." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 16, no. 1 (2015): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2015.1.8.
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An investigation was conducted effect of addition co- solvent on solvent extraction process for two types of a lubricating oil fraction (spindle) and (SAE-30) obtained from vacuum distillation unit of lube oil plant of Daura Refinery. In this study two types of co-solvents ( formamide and N-methyl, 2, pyrrolidone) were blended with furfural to extract aromatic hydrocarbons which are the undesirable materials in raw lubricating oil, in order to improve the viscosity index, viscosity and yield of produced lubricating oil. The studied operating condition are extraction temperature range from 70 to 110 °C for formamide and 80 to 120 °C for N-methyl, 2, pyrrolidone, solvent to oil ratio range from 1:1 to 2:1 (wt./wt.) for furfural with formamide extraction and 1:1 to 3:1 (wt./wt.) for furfural with NMP extraction. The results of the investigation show that the viscosity index of lubricating oil fraction increases while viscosity and percentage yield of raffinate decreases with increasing extraction temperature, the solvent to oil ratio and co-solvent to furfural ratio. For formamide the best temperature were 90 °C, furfural to co-solvent ratio (60:40) and solvent to lube oil ratio (1.5:1) to get best value of viscosity index 102, viscosity 3.01 cst and 69.23 % yield. While for NMP co-solvent 110 °C extraction temperature, (2:1) solvent to lube oil ratio and (60:40) furfural to co-solvent ratio, to produce lube oil with 96 viscosity index, 9.10 cst viscosity and 68.50 yield.
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Huang, Yan Qin. "Synthesis of Biodiesel by Phase Transfer Catalysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.355.
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Biodiesel was synthesized starting soybean oil and methanol using K2CO3 and phase-transfer catalysis TBAB. It was studied that the yield of biodiesel can be changed with reaction factors such as the kind and the amount of phase-transfer catalysis, the amount of K2CO3, reaction time, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil, reaction temperature. The results show that the reaction conditions are as following: mass ratio of TBAB to soybean oil weight 0.6%, mass ratio of K2CO3 to soybean oil weight 1.5%, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil 6∶1, reaction time 20 min, reaction temperature 40 °C. The yield of biodiesel reached 95% under the optimum reaction conditions.