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Inuwa, Muhammat Nura. "Oil politics and national security in Nigeria." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5049.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedIn the last two decades, the federal government of Nigeria has employed several strategies in an effort to resolve the ongoing crisis in its Niger Delta Region. Two main approaches were adopted concurrently by both military and civilian regimes within the period of study, diplomatic and non-diplomatic. Unfortunately, both strategies failed to resolve the crisis. This thesis explains why the strategies failed, arguing that combination of an overly high military with low civil counterinsurgency strategies during the military regimes of 1990-1999 allowed an excessively repressive approach that did not only fail to end the crisis but eventually fuelled it to transform agitation into insurgency. In addition, the civilian regimes of 1999-2009, which engaged low military and relatively high civil counterinsurgency strategies, have also not been able to resolve the crisis. The study hence suggests a moderate approach comprising of both strategies; a professional military approach with moderate civil counterinsurgency strategies, and adopting measures that would assist the government to isolate its counterinsurgency strategies from political groups' interference, and resist responding to all pressures and complaints likely to sabotage its strategies.
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Yin, Zhijun. "Security of Unbalanced Oil-Vinegar Signature Scheme." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342717007.
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Omeje, K. "The Nigerian oil conflict; transnational oil companies and the domestic security environment." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521200.
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Ergen, Gaye. "Eu Energy Security And The Middle East Oil." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609089/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to analyze oil as a security challenge for the European Union. The energy security policy is getting more and more important with the decrease of energy sources, which holds and shapes the balance of power in the world. Especially in the future, energy sources will be the key to political strategies. The European nations have created energy security policies in order to protect their benefits. The central argument of this thesis is that although the EU has attempted to create a common EU energy policy throughout its history, it could not escape from the impact of the national energy policy of the member states. The main focus is on the oil policy of the community. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to explore the policies created for oil security, especially in the Middle East, and why the EU could not implement these policies it created.
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Winterroth, Seth D. "U.S. Energy Security: Reducing Dependence on Foreign Oil." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/481.
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U.S. energy security and the need for greater energy independence is one of the most important issues facing the United States today. Failure to address the U.S.’s energy dependence has undermined foreign policy, increased threats to national security, and created an inflexible hydrocarbon dependent economy. In 2010 the Energy Information Administration reported that U.S petroleum consumption had reached an average of 19.15 million barrels per day.[1] More importantly, 49 percent of daily consumption is imported and this creates an energy dependency that cannot be presently avoided. Dependence on foreign oil imports has resulted in America’s politics, economic vitality, environmental sustainability, and social culture being directly influenced by the countries that control our oil supply.
[1] "Petroleum Statistics," Energy Information Administration, Updated July 2011
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Varjan, Milan. "Oil in the Context of the U.S. Energy Security." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192987.
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Oil is the world's most valuable energy resource without which no highly industrialized society can survive and whose availability must be guaranteed, if necessary by military. This thesis contributes to supporting this reality by analyzing the role of oil in the process of providing for the energy security in the United States. The framework introduces the concept of oil in the economy and its position in providing for the energy security.
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Yu, Simin. "China's foreign oil security policy and its security implications to the United States in Asia." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?MR22186.
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Yang, Fan, and Dongcan Wang. "Challenges and countermeasures of China's energy security." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20547.
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To ensure energy security, the first to know what is energy, and second, what are the factors of non-security, means that the challenge of energy security. Finally, puts forward some policy or in the case of a reasonable method to solve it according to these problems. At present, energy security is facing two challenges of structural crisis and crisis management system. Concretely, main problems in that security are analyzed, which are considered to affect China and mostly embody in such four big areas as the great pressure in energy supply, the scarcity of relative energy resources, foreign oil dependence is too large, crisis management systems of energy security, the shortage of green energy. Furthermore the counter measures concerned are proposed, including saving energy and increasing the energy utilization rate, to establish strategic energy reserves, strengthening environmental protection and adjusting the primary energy structure. China's rapid economic growth lead to sharp increase in oil imports. Due to China relies on a single chokepoint, the Malacca Strait, which has caused a high degree of concern about the safety of its energy. Nearly three-quarters of its oil imports flowing through the Strait. In view of its strategic importance to China and China’s little sway on the waterway, this view is mainly focused on China’s energy demand and supply in two aspects of concern. The paper analysis of whether the current energy structure is appropriate and sustainable. Because the energy security is facing China's energy is more and more dependent on imported fuel and the need to convert energy to meet the demand of modern society and the rapid growth of the requirements of the economic challenges. Concludes that the China's new policy should focus on energy efficiency, energy saving, renewable energy and turned to the main energy source of natural gas.
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Musayev, Namig. "Analysis of Security Threats for Offshore Oil&Gas Installations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Offshore oil & gas operations are a key part of the supply of energy in many countries. Worldwide, about a third of the oil is produced offshore and, in Europe, more than 80% of the current oil and gas production takes place offshore. In spite of their location, which makes them inherently more difficult to reach, offshore oil and gas installations are susceptible to security-threatening external agents. The attractiveness is linked to the high amount of hazardous substances handled, the socio-political location of the target installations, and the possibility of obtaining proprietary information important for the business. Besides the direct outcomes of an attack in terms of casualties and loss of production, the potential for the release of large quantities of hazardous materials as a result of an intentional attack, defines scenarios of damage to people, environment and assets comparable to the outcomes of major accidents originating from safety-related causes. In the present study, in order to gain insights on the issue, a database of 2222 security-related events was developed and analysed. Itemized categories used to classify the events by industrial sector, security threats, attack modes, and final scenarios triggered by the intentional attacks, were defined and correlations among them were investigated using descriptive statistics and Multi Correspondence Analysis (MCA). A subset of 99 events strictly related to offshore oil & gas production operations was further analysed, allowing the development of fishbone diagrams showing attack patterns performed by the attackers, as well as bow-tie diagrams displaying the role of security barriers and the physical scenarios triggered by such attacks. Overall, the results point out the concreteness of security-related events in the offshore oil & gas industry and provide baseline information useful for the application of techniques addressing the management of security risks in industrial installations.
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Akaakar, Alexandra A. "OIL DEPENDENCY AND NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY: A CASE FOR NIGERIA." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2482.
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Food insecurity is a condition of insufficient access to quality nutritious food; it is often rooted in shocks that interrupt the food production/distribution system in an area. Amidst the capabilities of Nigeria's agricultural system, the number of households across Nigeria experiencing food shortages has increased rapidly. The main reason for this increase were price shocks. This incident highlighted a huge vulnerability in Nigeria's food system, the vulnerability to price shocks. Incidences such as poverty and conflicts magnify the frequency of food insecurity. The ability to reduce vulnerabilities while addressing existing issues in food production and supply depends on a stable economy and innovative policy. As a major oil exporter, Nigeria's economy is affected by oil price fluctuations. This paper analyses the extent of the effect and how such volatility could increase vulnerability in the food system. The analysis in this treatise examines economic and agricultural factors to identify trends that negatively affect Nigeria's current food system.. Oil prices were significant in explaining variation in food price shocks and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Food price shocks are one of the symptoms of economic downturns. Agricultural innovation, and economic policies need to be formulated to prevent such shocks in the future. Given the dependency of economic performance on oil prices, a major move would be to diversify the Nigerian economy; with adequate attention being paid to agriculture.
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Areal, Ludeña Santiago. "Oil platforms and private security in spanish law: An approach." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118997.
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Within the scope of the Spanish legislation, in this article we will develop the regulation about private security on oil rigs. In this sense, it is necessary to give a possible legal responses to this fact, because of the current drawbacks for proper regulation in the European country. It is therefore necessary to provide answers from the different perspectives of law such as the Public, Private International Law, Administrative Law, Commercial Law and Labor Law, International Law which will lead us to determine what should be the role of State.Dentro del ámbito de aplicación de la legislación española, en el presente artículo desarrollaremos la regulación que existe respecto a la seguridad privada en las plataformas petroleras. En este sentido, es necesario dar unas posibles respuestas jurídicas ante este hecho, debido a los actuales inconvenientes para su adecuada regulación en el país europeo. Por ello, es necesario proporcionar respuestas desde las distintas perspectivas del derecho como son el Derecho Internacional Público, Derecho Internacional Privado, Derecho Administrativo, Derecho Mercantil y Derecho Laboral, lo que nos guiará a determinar cuál debería ser el papel de Estado.
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Pearson, Zoe. "Environmental Security in the Ecuadorian Amazon: Waorani, Oil and Environment." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276785206.
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Stewart, Robert Jamie. "Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery, offshore North Sea : carbon accounting, residual oil zones and CO2 storage security." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16160.
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Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2EOR) is a proven and available technology used to produce incremental oil from depleted fields. Although this technology has been used successfully onshore in North America and Europe, projects have maximised oil recovery and not CO2 storage. While the majority of onshore CO2EOR projects to date have used CO2 from natural sources, CO2EOR is now more and more being considered as a storage option for captured anthropogenic CO2. In the North Sea the lack of low cost CO2, in large volumes, has meant that no EOR projects have utilised CO2 as an injection fluid. However CO2EOR has the highest potential of all EOR techniques to maximise recovery from depleted UK oil fields. With the prospect of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) capturing large tonnages of CO2 from point source emission sites, the feasibility of CO2EOR deployment in the North Sea is high. This thesis primarily aims to address a number of discrete issues which assess the effectiveness of CO2EOR to both produce oil and store CO2. Given the fundamental shift in approach proposed in North Sea CO2EOR projects, the carbon balance of such projects is examined. Using a life cycle accounting approach on a theoretical North Sea field, we examine whether offshore CO2EOR can store more CO2 than onshore projects traditionally have, and whether CO2 storage can offset additional emissions produced through offshore operations and incremental oil production. Using two design scenarios which optimise oil production and CO2 storage, we find that that net GHG emissions were negative in both ‘oil optimised’ and ‘CO2 storage optimised’. However when emissions from transporting, refining and combusting the produced crude oil are incorporated into the life cycle calculations the ‘oil optimised scenario’ became a net emitter of GHG and highlights the importance of continuing CO2 import and injection after oil production has been maximised at a field. This is something that has not traditionally occurred. After assessing rates of flaring and venting of produced associated gas at UK oil fields it is found that the flaring or venting of reproduced CH4 and CO2 has a large control on emissions. Much like currently operating UK oil fields the rates of flaring and venting has a control on the carbon intensity of oil produced. Here values for the carbon intensity of oil produced through CO2EOR are presented. Carbon intensity values are found to be similar to levels of current UK oil production and significantly lower than other unconventional sources. As well as assessing the climate benefits of CO2EOR, a new assessment of CO2EOR potential in Residual Oil Zones (ROZ) is also made. ROZ resource, which is thought to add significant potential to both the oil reserves and CO2 storage potential in some US basins, is here identified in the North Sea for the first time. Based on the foundation of North Sea hydrodynamics study, this thesis identifies the Pierce field as a candidate ROZ field where hydrodynamic tilting of the oil water contact has naturally occurred leaving a zone of residual oil. To test the feasibility of CO2EOR in such a zone a methodology is presented and applied. Notably the study highlights that in this case study recoverable reserves from the ROZ may approach 20% of total field recoverable reserves and have the capability to store up to 11Mt of CO2. While highlighting the CO2EOR potential in the ROZ the thesis discusses the importance in expanding the analysis to quantify its importance on a basin scale. Discussion is also made on whether new resource identification is necessary in a mature basin like the North Sea. With CO2EOR being considered as a feasible option for storing captured anthropogenic CO2, it is important to assess the security of storage in CO2EOR. Using real geochemical and production data from a pilot CO2EOR development in Western Canada two approaches are used to assess the partitioning of CO2 between reservoir fluids through time. Using a number of correlations it is found that CO2 dissolution in oil is up to 7 times greater than in reservoir brine when saturations between the two fluids are equal. It is found that after two years of CO2 injection solubility trapping accounts for 26% of injected CO2. The finding that significantly more dissolution occurs in oil rather than brine indicates that CO2 storage in EOR is safer than in brine storage. However a number of factors such as the increase in oil/CO2 mobility due to CO2 injection is also discussed. The overall conclusion from the work is that CO2EOR in the North Sea has the potential to be an effective way of producing oil and storing CO2 in the North Sea. A number of design, operational and accounting factors are however essential to operate an exemplar CO2EOR project where low carbon intensity oil can be produced from a mature basin while storing large tonnages of captured anthropogenic CO2.
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Henke, Petter. "IEA and Oil : Track record analysis and assessment of oil supply scenarios in WEO 2000-2013." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226489.
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The World Energy Outlook (WEO), an annual publication from the International Energy Agency (IEA), is often considered to be the most authoritative source of future energy scenarios for policy decision makers. The demand and supply scenarios for oil, one of the most irreplaceable resources in the global energy system, are central in each report. For the last decade, the outlook for oil supply in 2030 in the main IEA scenario has been reduced by almost 20 million barrels per day. The aim of this study is to examine the revisions to the oil supply scenarios, both at global and individual country level, and note if and how the IEA has motivated these revisions. The accuracy of past WEO scenarios is quantified by track record analysis and the latest WEO scenario is assessed in detail in relation to current scientific literature. Finally, implications of the latest WEO scenario for the long term oil supply are assessed. It is noted that the IEA generally motivate upward revisions to their scenarios, while downward revisions are often left unmentioned. Some recent revisions are attributed to the financial crises of 2008 and the largest revision in absolute terms is the gradual downward revision of OPEC production motivated by an underestimation of key producing countries’ will and ability to expand capacity. The track record analysis indicates that the accuracy of the IEA scenarios has increased on a five year prediction basis following the extended methodology applied in the WEO 2008. The analysis also shows that the accuracy of scenarios decrease with time. On a ten year horizon, the mean absolute error for the IEA aggregate ‘World oil supply” was estimated to 8.2%. The WEO2013 ‘New Policies Scenario’, with a time frame of 2012-2035, was assessed using decline and depletion rate analysis, and compared to empirically proven rates. The scenario was found to provide a realistic but optimistic view of the future of oil supply. An alternative scenario, with depletion rates in line with the fastest observed regional rates, resulted in somewhat lower production rates throughout the scenario time frame. A long term extrapolation to year 2100 of the WEO 2013 scenario, based strictly on resource and production data from the WEO reports, indicated that oil supply will reach a peak in 2035 and then enter decline for the remainder of the century. A sensitivity analysis showed that changes to the assumed resource base only moves the peak by a few years, but has a significant effect on the rate of the following decline.
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Ding, Yuanyuan. "The Party, the Oil Companies, and Energy Security: Who Determines Chinese Policy?" unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04212008-131346/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. John Duffield, committee chair; Daniel Franklin, Michael Herb, committee members. Electronic text (48 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed August 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-48).
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Kelly, Susan Fay Leland Sigve Reiertsen. ""Oil actually" : Chinese and U.S. energy security policies in the Caspian region /." Tromsø : Institutt for statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2007. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/993/1/thesis.pdf.
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Nwachukwu, Ijeoma Ogechi. "Relationship Between Oil Theft, Pipeline Vandalism, and Security Costs With Revenue Losses." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4398.
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The oil and gas multinational companies (MNCs) in the Niger Delta continue to face numerous challenges operating in the region, especially concerning the loss of revenue. Based on the resource dependence theory, the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between oil theft, pipeline vandalism, security costs, and revenue. Eighty-eight mid- to high-level managers of oil and gas completed the Factors That Affect Company Revenue instrument. The results of the multiple linear regression analyses indicated the model was able to significantly predict revenue, F(3,88) = 947,279.44, p < .001, R2 = 1.000. All 3 predictors contributed significantly to the model, with pipeline vandalism recording the highest beta value (Ã? = .553, p = .000), the oil theft predictor with the next highest beta weight (Ã? = .451, p = .000), and the security costs predictor with the next highest beta weight (Ã? = .387, p = .000). The leaders of the oil and gas MNCs could use the outcome of this study in creating strategies and policies that guide their operations in the region, which would improve the relationship with host communities and mitigate their efforts in reducing the loss of revenue. Improved relations would result in a reduction of oil theft, pipeline vandalism, and security costs, thereby reducing revenue losses. The implication of positive social change includes implementation of more corporate social responsibility strategies and improving the economy of the region and the livelihood of the host communities.
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Fikreyesus, Daniel. "Oil and U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Africa." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/25.
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Does the presence of oil influence U.S. foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African oil states? This study attempts to answer this question through a study of U.S. foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African oil and non-oil states since the early 1960s. Although presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush have indicated that the United States has a moral obligation to promote democracy, democracy promotion became a central element of U.S. foreign policy after 1990. Scholars as well as policy makers, however, have suggested that the United States has frequently sacrificed the promotion of democracy and human rights in favor of other goals. In recent years, although promoting democracy and good governance have been described as leading U.S. foreign policy objectives in Africa, they may have been overshadowed by two other goals: the global war on terror and energy security. Gulf of Guinea countries have attracted U.S. attention as it tries achieving energy security. The United States in 2008 imported about sixteen percent of its oil from the Gulf of Guinea, and this figure is likely to increase to 25 percent by 2015. As U.S. oil interests in the region increase, some fear that the United States is likely to forgo its support for democracy in favor of energy security. This dissertation evaluates whether or not U.S. concerns about energy security or commercial interests have overshadowed its policy of promoting democracy in oil-exporting African countries. The dissertation finds that, in fact, there is no direct correlation between presence of oil and U.S. democracy promotion. When dealing with African oil states, the United States has not compromised its democratic and human rights principles, particularly since 1990.
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Phillips, William M. C. "Russian oil and natural gas strategic culture and security implications of European dependence." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FPhillips.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-104). Also available in print.
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Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.
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National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.
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Pearce, Jenny V. "Oil and armed conflict in Casanare/Colombia: complex contexts and contingent moments." Pluto Press, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4013.
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NoAre oil-rich countries prone to war? And, if so, why? There is a widely held belief that contemporary wars are motivated by the desire of great powers like the United States or Russia to control precious oil resources and to ensure energy security. This book argues that the main reason why oil-rich countries are prone to war is because of the character of their society and economy. Sectarian groups compete for access to oil resources and finance their military adventures through smuggling oil, kidnapping oil executives, or blowing up pipelines. Outside intervention only makes things worse. The use of conventional military force as in Iraq can bring neither stability nor security of supply. This book examines the relationship between oil and war in six different regions: Angola, Azerbaijan, Colombia, Indonesia, Nigeria and Russia. Each country has substantial oil reserves, and has a long history of conflict. The contributors assess what part oil plays in causing, aggravating or mitigating war in each region and how this relation has altered with the changing nature of war. It offers a novel conceptual approach bringing together Kaldor's work on 'new wars' and Karl's work on the petro-state.
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Cantoni, Roberto. "Oily deals : exploration, diplomacy and security in early Cold War France and Italy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/oily-deals-exploration-diplomacy-and-security-in-early-cold-war-france-and-italy(64fca03b-4a9f-485a-bff1-2a13e3f07905).html.
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Oil is one of the most widespread high-density energy sources in the world: its importance for the military-industrial complex became even more evident in the postwar context. In this framework, establishing the conditions for accessing the world's oil-rich areas became essential for states, not only to provide for their own energy needs, but also to buttress national economic and geostrategic interests, and protect energy security. In addition, regulating the oil flow between countries afforded the ability to influence their operational capabilities. Exploiting oil as a geopolitical weapon was not distinctive of the two global hegemonic powers, but was also employed by less powerful countries, such as France and Italy. My thesis shows how, from the second half of the 1940s, successive Italian and French administrations established agencies for hydrocarbon management, and devised strategies of oil exploration according to their political agendas. Achieving energy autonomy was the main objective of both countries. However, the predominance of Anglo-American interests in both French and Italian oil scenarios led to continuous bilateral diplomatic tensions, especially over issues of exploration rights. Anglo-American governments and companies sought to shape the French and Italian oil scenes to their benefit, also by looking for allies in the political classes of the two countries. It was the outcome of these 'oily deals' that eventually shaped the history of Italian and French oil industries. Conflicting interests were revealed at their fullest during the Algerian war of 1954-62: following the discovery of large oil and gas fields in Algeria, US and Italian companies started to negotiate, first with the French and then the Algerians, their access to, and prospecting rights for Algerian territories. My work shows that negotiation processes involved secret surveillance activities, the establishment of parallel diplomacies, and serious confrontation between Cold War allies. A fundamental role in these deals was played by technocrats and geoscientists, who facilitated the communication of secret data on oilfields to their national authorities. Significant global oil discoveries occurred worldwide in the 1950s, eventually leading to overproduction: an outcome assisted by major progress in geophysical prospecting techniques. France's new role as an oil producer thanks to discoveries in Africa provoked a shift of national interest from exploration to transport. At the same time Italy, after the signing of massive oil-for-technology barter agreements with the Soviet Union, could now dispose of a surplus that needed channelling to potential outlets. For both countries, building pipelines became an essential aspect: however, as both were targeting the West European market, Europe became an arena of bitter competition for pipeline dominance. Italian-Soviet contracts, together with the current level of West European trade with the Soviet Union, prompted an examination of Western security by international organisations. The issue of limiting Soviet oil exports into West European countries was widely debated at the European Community and Nato, as was European technological aid to the Soviet project of constructing a colossal pipeline system. My analysis of the terms of the debates, their development and outcome, reveals the ambiguity of the concepts of security and 'strategic technology' as a ground for decision-making, indicating how these were construed as co-products of negotiations.
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Martens, Emily. "The Discourses of Energy and Environmental Security in the Debate Over Offshore Oil Drilling Policy in Florida." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/254.
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Amid growing concern over access to sufficient and cheap energy resources, on March 31, 2010 the Obama Administration announced the opening of new exploratory and drilling sites for oil within the United States Outer Continental Shelf. The announcement concerning the Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Strategy came only three weeks before the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that marked an unprecedented economic and environmental disaster. Though the concern over offshore drilling, especially regarding regulation and environmental impact, has increased in the wake of the oil disaster, the general debate regarding offshore oil drilling has been a concern of environmental activists and domestic energy policy for decades. This thesis examines the development of environmental activism and energy security discourses concerning offshore oil policy in the state of Florida. It places offshore oil drilling at the intersection of discourses of energy security and environmental security by looking at the construction of ocean space as both an informant and product of the discursive constructions of energy security and environmental security. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding of how ocean spaces are incorporated into the economic, national, environmental and social imaginations of Americans, particularly Floridians, and how these imaginations, in turn, dictate offshore oil drilling policy.
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Opsal, Ryan C. "Contrasting Oil Security Objectives Within A Grand Strategic Framework: The Case of the United States and China." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3193.
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Energy is a critical component of a state’s national security and economic considerations, and beginning in the 20th century, this focus has been acutely centered on oil. Having evolved globally, consisting of well-developed financial markets and maritime and pipeline routes traversing the world, the oil market provides massive amounts of crude to countries on a daily basis. However, not all states simply rely on the market for oil security, and instead take additional steps to secure their respective supplies. Oil supply security is a critical driver for large, consuming states, and merits further study. And, in terms of demand on the global supply, and sheer size, there are two giants that stand out, and deserve a closer look: the United States and China.
This research project approaches the task by understanding the grand strategies of both states. Using a grand strategic approach offers key advantages for analysis as both states pursue oil security in a strategic environment, and are forced to account for the various threats to supply, their own capabilities, and their ultimate security objectives.
The methodology used is a comparative, focused case study, in order to draw out differences and similarities between these two large consumers, and as a way of further illuminating the oil security approaches of both states, this research generates an oil security rating system using weightings derived from a principal components analysis on multiple countries, among several indicators, over a 22-year period.
Ultimately, the aim of this study is to demonstrate in as clear terms as possible, how these states pursue their respective strategies and whether each state may pose a threat to the oil security of the other, now or in the future.
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Kuchyňková, Michaela. "Ropná bezpečnosť ČĽR v zahranično-politických súvislostiach." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198057.
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The thesis focuses on the oil security of China. The China became net oil importer in 1993 and so the focus of the thesis is on this date. The second chapter introduces whole energy situation of PRC and explains the importance of oil for China's economy. The third chapter identifies clue countries and regions for China's oil imports and their political stability. Using these information, the thesis measures the level of security of Chinese oil imports from the clue countries between the years 1996 and 2012.
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Miranda, Ubirathan. "The Relationship Between Terrorism, Oil Prices, and Airline Profitability." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/447.
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Given the financial challenges faced by the airline industry, understanding of the combined effect of terrorism and the price of petroleum on airline profitability is imperative. The purpose of this correlational study was to determine if a combination of terrorism and the price of petroleum significantly predicted airline profitability, and which variable was the most significant. This study collected samples of financial records from major American commercial passenger and cargo airlines on costs of fuel (n = 84) and airline profitability (n = 84). The terrorism data (n = 84) were comprised of terrorist attacks on petroleum infrastructure in oil-producing nations, and incidents of highjacking aboard American aircraft. Systems theory, which explains complexity within systems, was the theoretical framework for this study. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated the model was able to significantly predict airline profitability, F(2,81) = 5.447, p = .006, R2 = .12. Both terrorism and cost of fuel were statistically significant, with the cost of fuel (beta = -.511, p = .002) indicating a higher contribution to the model than terrorism (beta = .452, p = .005). This study is important to airline executives as the results of the study indicate that the leaders in the airline industry should focus on operational efficiencies to maximize profitability. Positive social change implications include increased employment in the civil aviation industry, higher commercial activity in tourist and other travel-related service businesses, and the adoption of green technologies by the civil aviation manufacturing industry.
27
Sällh, David. "Future North Sea oil production and its implications for Swedish oil supply regarding the transport sector : -A study on energy security and sustainability of future strategic resources." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-187538.
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Historically, it has been negative to be dependent on only one resource, in the current situation this resource represents oil. The oil dependence is primarily in the transport sector. From a Swedish perspective oil is an energy resource mainly used in the transport sector. Much of the oil that Sweden imports has its origin in the North Sea. The oil production in the North Sea has however begun to decline, which highlights that oil is a finite resource. This also means that Sweden has to start importing oil from other countries, which may affect the Swedish energy security as these countries may be geographical further away and also be more political instable. It also implies that a transition from oil to renewable fuel within the transport sector is essential. The aim of this thesis is to study how Swedish energy security is affected by the oil production volumes in The North Sea. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part consists of updating historical data from recent analyses on North Sea oil production (i.e. Höök and Aleklett, 2008 and Höök et al., 2009a), and also create updated forecasts of future oil production for both Denmark and Norway. The second part investigates how production declines in the North Sea affect the Swedish oil imports. The final section examines how a shift to renewable fuels within the transport sector is possible, with a focus on natural resources. Finally some recommendations are presented on how Sweden could increase their energy security regarding the transport sector by introducing renewable fuels.
28
Blomquist, Lars Borge. "Political-security risk in the oil and gas industry : the impact of terrorism on risk management and mitigation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96673.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International oil and gas companies are experiencing an increase in terrorist attacks. After the oil and gas industry became a legitimate target for terrorist groups in the 1990s the number of attacks have increased yearly, with a spike after the 9/11 attacks. In today’s interconnected world political risk is not only about the relationship between the host government and the company. Oil and gas companies may experience risks on a transnational, national and human security level. Because of this, the success of new investments often depends on the successful utilization of risk management strategies. This research study focuses on the importance of political-security risk in the oil and gas industry. This is a risk-management tool to be used before and during international operations; it enables companies to be better prepared to deal with risks that may arise. In January 2013 the oil and gas industry experienced one of its deadliest attacks. The In Amenas gas facility in Algeria was attack by terrorists and in a four-day siege 40 people lost their lives. This forced the oil and gas industry to reconsider its focus on security management. As one of the contractors at the facility, Statoil undertook a thorough analysis of security at the site as well as of the company´s corporate security risk management. The report revealed a lack of focus on political-security risk. Accordingly, the main research question in this study concerns the effect of terrorism on politicalsecurity risk in the oil and gas industry; it specifically analyzes the In Amenas attack. The aim of this study is to answer this question along with two sub-questions, which complement and support the main research question. The first sub-question concerns the factors that contributed to the attack in In Amenas: why was risk mitigation not successful? The second sub-question looks at the possibilities for international oil and gas companies to mitigate the risk of terrorism; or is this a risk that can only be managed? This study argues that political-security risk has not been used to its full potential in the oil and gas industry. The oil and gas industry has always focused on site security, but a broader more holistic approach to risk management has been lacking. However, as a result of the In Amenas incident, the industry has become more willing to have a new discussion on security and this has resulted in small changes in the way companies operate.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale olie- en gasmaatskappye ondervind ‘n toename in terreur aanvalle. Nadat die olie en gasindustrie ‘n wettige teiken vir tereurgroepe in die 1990s geword het, het die aantal aanvalle per jaar toegeneem, met ‘n skerp styging na die 9/11 aanvalle. In vandag se onderling verbonde wêreld hou die politiese risiko nie net verband met die verhouding tussen die gasregering en die maatskappy nie. Olie- en gasmaatskappye mag risiko’s op trans-nasionale, nasionale en menslike sekuriteitsvlak ervaar. As gevolg hiervan maak die sukses van nuwe beleggings dikwels staat op die suksesvolle gebruik van risiko-bestuur strategieë. Hierdie navorsingstudie fokus op die belang van ‘n politiese veiligheidsrisiko in die olie en gasindustrie. Hierdie is ‘n risiko-bestuur gereedskap wat gebruik sal word voor en tydens internasionale operasies; dit stel die maatskappye in staat om beter voorbereid te wees om die risiko’s wat mag voorkom te hanteer. In Januarie 2013 het die olie en gasindustrie een van die dodelikste aanvalle beleef. Die In Amenas olie-aanleg in Algerië is deur terroriste aangeval en tydens ‘n 4 dae lange inval het 40 mense hul lewens verloor. Dit het die olie en gasindustrie gedwing om hul fokus op veiligheidsbestuur te heroorweeg. As een van die kontrakteur by die aanleg het Statoil ‘n deeglike ontleding van die sekuriteit by die plek sowel as die maatskappy se korporatiewe veiligheid risikobestuur onderneem. Die verslag het ‘n gebrek aan fokus op die politiese veiligheidsrisiko getoon. Die hoof navorsingsvraag in hierdie studie het betrekking op die effek van terreur op politiese veiligheidsrisiko in die olie- en gasindustrie; dit ontleed spesifiek die In Amenas aanval. Die doel van hierdie studie is om hierdie vraag tesame met twee sub-vrae wat die hoof navorsingsvraag komplimenteer en ondersteun. Die eerste sub-vraag het betrekking op die faktore wat bygedra het tot die aanval in In Amenas: hoekom was risiko mitigasie onsuksesvol? Die tweede sub-vraag kyk na die moontlikhede vir internasionale olie- en gasmaatskappye om die risiko van terreur te versag; of is hierdie ‘n risiko wat slegs bestuur kan word? Hierdie studie argumeneer dat politiese veiligheidsrisiko nie tot sy volle potensiaal in die olie en gasindustrie gebruik is nie. Die olie en gasindustrie het altyd gefokus op die veiligheid van die plek, maar ‘n breër holistiese benadering tot risiko-bestuur het ontbreek. As gevolg van die In Amenas insident, het die industrie meer gewillig geword om ‘n nuwe bespreking oor veiligheid te hê en dit het klein veranderinge in die manier waarop maatskappye opereer tot gevolg gehad.
29
Julius, Paul Omoh. "Nigerian political elite’s perception and construction of security strategies 1999-2013 : the case of the Niger Delta oil conflict." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/33409/.
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This study grounded within the discipline of conflict resolution in the field of international conflict is an empirical investigation and comprehensive analysis of the politics of security decision- making in an African petro-state called Nigeria. It explores how the Nigerian political elite perceive national security threat and the impact of this perception on the construction of security strategies in the oil producing Niger Delta region of the country. The study challenges the traditional thinking mode of national security and explores the transformative potential of the human security concept. In doing so, the study arrives at a central thesis that the specific interpretation of national security threat within the Nigerian political elite has escalated the level of insecurity in the state, especially in the Niger Delta region which is the research case study. The issues are addressed in eight chapters with the central themes of elite and security illustrated with theoretical as well as empirical accounts of the making of political elite and the roots of threat perception in Nigeria. By injecting a theoretical framework that comprises both discursive and non-discursive approaches through the two variants of securitisation theory - Copenhagen and Paris Schools, the study strips bare the security perception of the Nigerian political elite. Through qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study explored three different groups’ perceptions as its unit of analysis; and the specific nuances and commonalities within them analysed. The central hypothesis is that state institutions are not just a consequence of early historical conditions, but because agency and structure do evolve over time, the contingent processes and events such as natural resource discovery, nationalisation and the timing of key historical events create a set of governance resources, political economy incentives and elite culture that frames the behaviour of state actors and policy-makers. Nonetheless, these critical junctures may open windows of opportunity to push for a far-reaching changes in frameworks for decision-making and re-shape the mode of governance. The originality of the work is twofold. First, is its utility of an analytical framework that comprises both discursive and non-discursive practices as proposed by the Copenhagen and Paris Schools of securitisation theory to unravel elite perception of security. Second, is its application of a deconstructivist approach through qualitative data coding to analyse the evolving security dynamics in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The study concludes that the lack of a process to allow the views of those who prioritise state security over citizens security, and those who view security the other way round to communicate and find a common ground is a major problem that needs to be overcome.
30
AlDiab, Taisier F. (Taisier Fares). "The Impact of the Ceiling Test Write-off on the Security Returns of Full Cost Oil and Gas Firms." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278045/.
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Hull, Stephen Gregory Jr. "The Stabilizing Effects of Sesame Oil Extraction Technologies on Seasonal Fluctuations in Food Consumption and Nutritional Status of Rural Farming Households in The Gambia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10032.
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It has been well documented that women and children in The Gambia are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. The combination of heavy labor demands on women and a weaning diet low in calories takes its toll on women and children during the pre-harvest lean season. In 1995, the Small-Scale Sesame Oil Production project introduced an inexpensive, manual technology for edible oil extraction, called the ram press, to women in The Gambia. The overall aim of the project was to improve household nutritional security through the adoption of the ram press by women sesame growers.
A 13-month study was conducted to evaluate the success of the Small-Scale Sesame Oil Production project. The study involved 120 rural households: 40 households with access to motorized expeller technology (Expeller group) for sesame oil extraction, 37 households with access to manual ram press technology (Press group), and 43 households with access to both technologies (Combination group). Twenty-four hour recalls, food frequency data, anthropometric measurements, and production data were obtained at the baseline and at the post-harvest, peak sesame oil-pressing, and pre-harvest lean seasons.
At the baseline, women in the Expeller group had higher mean intakes of kilocalories than those in the Press and Combination groups. After introduction of the ram press, the Press and Combination women reported consistently higher intakes of kilocalories than the Expeller women at all seasons, with the largest differences at the peak oil-pressing and pre-harvest lean seasons.
At the baseline, the consumption of kilocalories for Expeller children was greater than that of the Combination and Press children. After introduction of the ram press, this trend was reversed and the intake of kilocalories for Combination and Press children was greater than that of Expeller children at all other seasons. The Expeller children exhibited a marked increase in weight-for-height z-scores at the peak oil-pressing season that decreased to near baseline levels thereafter. The Combination and Press children exhibited a steady increase in weight-for-height z-scores across seasons except for the pre-harvest lean season when their scores leveled off.
These results indicate that women and children in households with access to ram press technology experience much less of a seasonal fluctuation in food consumption than those without ram press technology. Findings of this study also indicate that when women are given choices as to which technology is best for them, they will maximize their benefits from the available technologies.Master of Science
32
Joelsson, Jonas. "On Swedish bioenergy strategies to reduce CO2 emissions and oil use." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-13868.
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Selepe, Carol Matshepo. "Job insecurity, job satisfaction, work wellness and organisational commitment in a petroleum/oil company / Carol Matshepo Selepe." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2394.
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Narus, Joseph John. "Coal to Oil in China: Scientific Development or Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones?" PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/169.
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Since the start of the 21st century, energy security concerns and rising international energy costs have led China to pursue the development of a coal to oil industry, whereby converting a portion of the nation's abundant coal reserves into gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel, China might be able to increase its domestic oil production and generate profits. But a large-scale coal to oil industry exerts added pressure on China's domestic coal reserves and water resources, and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. The tension between the potential benefits of coal to oil development and its associated negative externalities present a challenge for China's energy policymakers, who must balance competing demands for energy security, resource management, and equitable development. The challenge of effectively managing the development of this industry is complicated by the characteristic problems plaguing energy sector governance in China, including the absence of a powerful energy policymaking institution, the decentralized nature of the country's economic development, and the influence of large energy companies. This study examines the evolution of China's coal to oil industry and the policies shaping its development in order to better understand energy sector governance in China and the complex challenges confronting policymakers as they strive to balance an array of competing demands. It finds that weak energy institutions and powerful domestic actors indeed hinder China's ability to efficiently formulate energy policies for the coal to oil industry, while considerations about the industry's environmental and resource impacts compel a cautious approach to development. China's incremental approach to formulating a long-term plan for the development of the coal to oil industry may, in the end, yield more effective policies.
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Uzel, Meltem. "British Sea Power And Oil Policy In The Persian Gulf 1909-1914." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608056/index.pdf.
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This thesis attempts to describe the role of the British Admiralty&rsquos oil related naval policies from 1909 to 1914 in the formation of British oil diplomacy in the northern hinterlands of the Persian Gulf. On the basis of this attempt, it examines the precise beginning of oil security concerns of Britain and its articulation on the southwest Persian and Mesopotamian oil basins in light of the transition of the Royal Navy from coal to oil burning internal combustion engines. It delineates the interconnectedness of the issues relating to the significance of oil in British naval developments and naval supremacy and her clash of interests with the other Great Naval Powers, which had significant interest in oil rich Mesopotamia and southern Persia. By 1914, the Admiralty, through its exceptional relations with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the hinterlands of the Persian Gulf became an important actor in the government&rsquo
s involvement in the oil industry. This thesis, suggests that the Admiralty was the political demand channel in the processes of British imperial expansion under the spread of new imperialism in general, and in the consolidation of fuel oil security in particular. The study will be a contribution to the academic literature on the history of naval powers in Turkey.
36
Mráčková, Hana. "Energetická bezpečnost Čínské lidové republiky: implikace pro čínskou zahraniční politiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18107.
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The thesis is concerned with connections between energy security of PRC and it's foreign policy. It presents measures China has adopted to secure stable inflow of energy secources (mainly oil) and implications these measures have on the foreign policy.
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Melin, Erik. "Depoliticising Energy : A Review of Energy Security in Swedish Policy-Making." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353430.
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In order to cope with the changing climate, there will be a need for mitigating transformations of a scope, speed and magnitude that are unprecedented in human history, but the consensus- and market-driven approach is inhibiting this transformation. This thesis reviews how various discourses and debates on energy policy within Swedish governments have changed between 1974 and 2017, through the lenses of energy security and depoliticisation, and how a better understanding of these debates and discourses may inform the impending large-scale transformation required to meet the challenge of climate change. Some of the main findings are that (1) nuclear power and the result of the nuclear power referendum have been decisive for energy policy, and that nuclear power will remain of vital importance in the twenty-first century. (2) Energy has become increasingly depoliticised since the 1980s, ensuing the referendum on nuclear power. (3) The discourse on energy security has shifted towards market-based solutions: in the 2000s, climate change is to be mitigated through consumer- oriented solutions such as green certificates. Through privatisation, it essentially has become up to the consumer, deciding whether to participate in mitigation of climate change.
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Hájek, Jakub. "Možnosti posílení energetické bezpečnosti EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9439.
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Diploma thesis focuses on energy security of EU with special attention paid to oil and natural gas and their perspectives. Specifics of these resources are discussed as well as countries with biggest proven reserves. Further on it analyses present and projected transport infrastructure for oil and natural gas. Primary energy mix is discussed with detailed sections on both resources and their specifics in EU. Recommendations for diversification both in suppliers and sources are made in the final section.
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Zhang, Zheng. "The Singularity Attack on Himq-3: A High-Speed Signature Scheme Based on Multivariate Quadratic Equations." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1623251333085284.
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Gcora, Nozibele. "A model to enhance the perceived trustworthiness of Eastern Cape essential oil producers selling through electronic marketplaces." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2194.
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Eastern Cape Province farmers in the natural essential oils industry are yet to fully realise the use of electronic commerce (e-commerce) platforms, such as electronic marketplaces (e-marketplaces) for business purposes. This is due to the issues that include lack of awareness, poor product quality, untrusted payment gateways and unsuccessful delivery that are associated with e-marketplaces. As a result, farmers do not trust e-marketplaces and therefore hesitate to engage in e-marketplaces for business purposes. This is further complicated by natural essential oils buyers‟ tendency of preferring face-to-face interaction with a supplier rather than online interaction as they need quality assurance. As such, this research proposes a model to enhance the perceived trustworthiness of natural essential oil producers in the Eastern Cape Province selling through e-marketplaces. The model constitutes the factors that could be considered in assisting essential oil producers to create a perception of trustworthiness to buyers in e-marketplaces. These factors were evaluated amongst five organisations involved in the production, retail or processing of essential oils using a multiple-case study methodology. The study‟s use of multiple-case study was applied within the interpretivist paradigm and five cases were considered. Interviews, document analysis and observations were used for data collection. Data analysis was done using within-case analysis followed by cross-case analysis to establish factors of trust. The essential oil producers based in the Gauteng, Kwazulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces were cases that had been successfully using e-marketplaces for a notable period of time. Accordingly, factors that contributed to the successful use of e-marketplaces informed the proposed model of this research. The model proposes that perceived trustworthiness of enterprises in e-marketplaces can be achieved through following the uncertainty reduction stages (Entry, Personal and Exit) and applying uncertainty reduction strategies (passive, active and interactive).
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Deger, Deniz. "The Evolution Of Central Eurasia Policy Of The Us In The Post-soviet Era And The Geopolitics Of The Caspian Oil." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607703/index.pdf.
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The objective of this thesis is to analyze the US Central Eurasia Policy in the period between 1991 and 2006. Within this context, the purpose is to figure out the foremost motive behind the US&rsquos strategic engagement in the region with a due regard to changing geopolitical context with the demise of the Soviet Union. The main argument rests upon the assumption that the US regional policy is primarily motivated by geopolitical imperatives as the Central Eurasian region becomes the primary springboard for the attainment of global supremacy. Within this respect, energy is only one aspect of the ongoing geopolitical competition. That the geopolitical priorities are preponderant to geoeconomic interests are basically observed by the intense geostrategic struggle over dominating the prospective oil and gas pipelines from the region. Eventually, within the confines of this thesis, it is deduced that the ultimate parameters of the geopolitical struggle, the framework of which was specified by the United States, have revealed themselves more explicitly in the aftermath of the September 11, which only reinforced the strategic significance of Central Eurasia in coping with the new geopolitical fault lines of the 21st century. Within this regard, Central Eurasia has transformed into an implicit geostrategic standoff between the United States on the one hand, and Russia and China on the other. Accordingly, the fact that the United States could by no means remain complacent about the fate of Central Eurasia against such a backdrop of high geopolitical fluidity in the overall Eurasian continent is most relevant to the possibility of rising potential aspirants for global dominance that would challenge the United States in the long term.
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Strand, Ida. "What does the Increased Fossil Fuel Scarcity mean for the Arctic Region? A Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analysis of Canada, Denmark, Norway, the United States and Russia's Arctic Strategy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21199.
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This bachelor thesis asks the question, what does the increased fossil fuel scarcity mean for the Arctic region? It further investigates the aim and motives by the five main Arctic states. With the use of structural realism, existing research on the parallels between resource scarcity and conflict and, the combination of two methodological approaches: quantitative and qualitative content analysis, I argue in this study that the five states will act in accordance with the structural realist way and exploit the Arctic due to the protection of their national interests and security. This thesis highlights that, firstly, there is a process of climate change enabling the accessibility to extracting fossil fuel. Secondly, there is an ongoing militarization of the region. With that being said, I argue that the race for fossil fuel will prevail and this will create a destabilizing Arctic region with environmental impacts and militarization that can lead to problematic disputes and even conflicts. Therefore, the Arctic is a vulnerable region with a questionable future due to its economic stakes and militarization.
43
Dike, Jude C. "Climate change mitigation and OPEC economies." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19443.
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This thesis focuses on the relationship between the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) economies and global climate change mitigation policies with a view to determining the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC member states. The successful implementation of a universally adopted climate regime has been marred with controversies as different interest groups have raised their concerns about all the options presented so far. OPEC as the major crude oil exporting group in the world has been in the forefront of these debates and negotiations. OPEC’s major concern is the envisaged adverse impacts of the industrialised countries carbon reductions on its members' economies. Several studies have shown that when industrialised countries adopt carbon dioxide emissions reduction policies in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, such as carbon taxes and energy efficiency strategies, OPEC’s net price of crude oil decreases at the same time as a reduction in the quantity of crude oil products sold. OPEC believes that such climate change policy-induced fall in crude oil exports revenues would have a significant negative effect on its members' economies. With the limitations related to the assumptions of the existing energy economy models on the impacts of climate change mitigation policies on OPEC’s economies (Barnett et al, 2004), this study opts for a risk based model. This model quantifies the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC members with special interest on crude oil. This study also investigates the effects of carbon reduction policies on crude oil prices vis-à-vis the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC’s economies. To address these three main issues, this thesis adopts a three-prong approach. The first paper addresses the impacts of climate change mitigation on crude oil prices using a dynamic panel model. Results from the estimated dynamic panel model show that the relationship between crude oil prices and climate change mitigation is positive. The results also indicate that a 1% change in carbon intensity causes a 1.6% and 8.4% changes in crude oil prices in the short run and long run, respectively. The second paper focuses on the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC economies using a panel vector auto regression (VAR) approach, highlighting the exposure of OPEC members to the volatile crude oil prices. The findings from the panel VAR model show that the relationship between OPEC members’ economic growth and crude oil prices is positive and economic growth in OPEC member states respond positively and significantly to a 10% deviation in crude oil prices by 1.4% in the short run and 1.7% in the long run. The third paper creates an index of the risks OPEC members face when there is a decline in the demand for their crude oil exports. To show these risks, this study develops two indexes to show the country level risks and the contributions to the OPEC-wide risks exposure. The results from the indexes show that OPEC members that are more dependent on crude oil exports are faced with more energy exports demand risks. The findings from this thesis are relevant for the development of a new OPEC energy policy that should accommodate the realities of a sustainable global climate regime. They are also useful to the respective governments of the countries that are members of OPEC and non-OPEC crude oil exporting countries. Finally, the outcomes of this thesis also contribute to the climate change and energy economics literature, especially for academic and subsequent research purposes.
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Sanati, Reza. "OPEC and the International System: A Political History of Decisions and Behavior." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1149.
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The conventional understanding behind how the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has formulated its decisions and subsequently behaved in the international system has consistently centered on the role of market forces. Either proactively or reactively, it has been assumed that OPEC’s actions were merely engaging and responding to the supply and demand dynamics in the global economy. Though space was always given to the political considerations of certain OPEC Member States, and how that impacts the behavior of the Organization, inquiry into OPEC decision-making and behavior has generally centered on economic considerations, with politics playing an intermittent supporting role.
This work challenges the assumptions behind the conventional narrative of OPEC’s behavior in the international system. By utilizing a historically-based process tracing method, relying heavily on archival data from OPEC’s headquarters and declassified American national security documents from the late 1940s to the present, a more sophisticated model of decision-making and behavior is developed. Accordingly, OPEC’s decisions and behavior are more accurately a product of four inter-related determinants: the role of market forces, the influence of outside actors (usually great powers) upon the Organization, interstate relations and politics among Member States, and the pressure of the internal state dynamics within OPEC Member States. It is at the intersection of these four variables where OPEC’s behavior is more readily understood. Thus, with a sophisticated understanding of the interplay of these determinants, OPEC’s decision-making process and behavior can be more accurately understood and possibly forecasted to a limited degree.
45
Antonova, Oksana. "Energetická bezpečnost ČR a EU v kontextu vztahů s Ruskem." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17694.
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This diploma thesis dissertates about energy security of the European Union and the Czech Republic in the context of the foreign relations with Russia. It is focused on Russia as the biggest supplier of energy resources to the fore mentioned regions. Energy dependence of EU and the Czech Republic on Russia exceeds 50 %. This dependency is inevitable and is caused by the insufficiency of EU's and Czech Republic's own resources and above all it is very dangerous because of Russia's frequent nondemocratic behavior. The gap in demand of energy resources cannot be covered even by alternative energy recourses, which are in this thesis divided into renewable recourses and nuclear energy.
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Oliveira, Lucas Kerr de. "Petróleo e segurança internacional : aspectos globais e regionais das disputas por petróleo na África Subsaariana." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11150.
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A importância do petróleo tem sido revisada nos últimos anos, principalmente pelo reconhecimento de sua função estratégico-militar, tanto no século XX, onde o controle sobre este recurso permitiu a ascensão de grandes potências, como em alguns dos conflitos atuais. Estes passaram a incluir a África nas disputas globais por petróleo. O contexto mundial se torna complexo com o aprofundamento da crise petrolífera mundial, em meio a crise de acumulação de capitais e hegemonia, ambas iniciadas nos anos 1970. O aumento dos conflitos regionais e a intensa competição entre as grandes potências por recursos energéticos cada vez mais escassos, passam a ser variáveis essenciais para a análise dos problemas de Segurança Internacional. Neste contexto o continente africano, responsável por 12% da produção petrolífera mundial, ganha ainda maior relevância global por ter dobrado o volume de suas reservas, que na porção subsaariana aumentou quase três vezes desde os anos 1980. As disputas por petróleo se misturam em meio a conflitos históricos ampliando-os e gerando novos ciclos de violência. Nos maiores produtores subsaarianos como Angola, Nigéria e Sudão, ampliam e criam novas disputas entre governo e províncias produtoras. No nível global, corporações estadunidenses e chinesas passam a disputar diretamente o acesso ao petróleo africano, apoiados pelos respectivos governos que intensificam sua presença regional na forma de investimentos, acordos comerciais, diplomáticos e militares, de treinamento e defesa, transferência de armas e instalação de bases militares. Assim, o petróleo se torna central, tanto para entender a atual dinâmica destes conflitos subsaarianos, no nível regional, como nas disputas por influência no subcontinente envolvendo China e Estados Unidos.The importance of oil has been revised in the latest years, mainly due to its strategic-military function, not only in the twentieth century, when control over this resource allowed the rise of great powers, but also in current conflicts. The latest included Africa in the global disputes over oil. Global context becomes complex as the world-wide oil crisis gets deeper, during the crisis of capital accumulation and hegemony, both having started in the 1970s. The intensification of regional conflicts and intense competition among great powers over increasingly scarce energetic resources are essential variables to the analysis of International Security problems. In this context, the African continent, responsible for 12% of world oil production, becomes globally more relevant for having doubled its reserves volume. In the subsaharan portion it has almost tripled since the 1980s. Disputes over oil make historical conflicts greater and create new cycles of violence. In the greatest sub-shaharan oil producers, such as Angola, Nigeria and Sudan these conflicts create new disputes between government and producing provinces. In a global level, North-American and Chinese corporations compete directly for access to African oil, supported by the respective governments that intensify their regional presence in the form of investments, commercial, diplomatic and military agreements, training and defense agreements, transference of weapons and installation of military bases. Thus, oil becomes central to understand the current dynamics of these sub-saharian conflicts in the regional level as well as the disputes for influence on the subcontinent involving China and United States of America.
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Tonfack, Kenfack Thérèse Flaviane. "Eldorado pétrolier dans le Golfe de Guinée. Risques et menaces sur la sécurité des approvisionnements." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30043.
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La raréfaction de la ressource pétrolière additionnée à l’insécurité ambiante dans la principale région pétrolifère du monde (Golfe arabo-persique), fait du Golfe de Guinée le nouvel eldorado pétrolier. Au delà du caractère off shore de sa production threaten, la méconnaissance de la valeur réelle de ses réserves prouvées, la qualité de son brut et les législations politico économiques en vigueur dans cette région sont des garanties de sécurisation des approvisionnements pour le monde occidental. Depuis les années 90, la ressource pétrolière du Golfe de Guinée attise les convoitises des grandes puissances. Conséquence de cette attractivité, le Golfe de Guinée est devenu aujourd’hui une zone de convergence des intérêts des pays développés ainsi que des puissances dites émergentes. L’enjeu géoéconomique et géopolitique en cours dans cette région, située au cœur de l’Afrique, suscite des rivalités et des affrontements entre acteurs faisant peser sur la région le spectre d’une guerre du pétrole. Certes, l’ouverture du Golfe de Guinée sur le monde représente un intérêt certain dans les stratégies militaires maritimes mises en place, et donne une vision nouvelle des enjeux. Mais cela ne doit pas oblitérer la réalité des faits. Entre géo-économie et géopolitique, la pseudo-garantie de sécurité qu’offrirait le pétrole du Golfe de Guinée fait de plus en plus l’objet de vifs débats au sein des communautés scientifiques et politiques. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux risques et menaces qui in fine peuvent réduire voire interrompre les approvisionnements pétroliers dans le Golfe de Guinée, en termes d’enjeux, de risques, de menaces et de défis potentiels pour la décennie à venirThe rarefaction of the oil resource, the insecurity in the main oil region of the world (Arab-Persian Gulf) made the Gulf of Guinea the new oil El Dorado. The offshore character of its production, the Miss information of the real value of its proved reserve, the quality of its crude oil and political & economic legislations current in this region are guarantees of security of the oil supplies for the western world. Since the 90s, the oil resource of the Gulf of Guinea instigates the greeds of majors. Consequence of this attractiveness, Gulf of Guinea became a zone of convergence of the interests of countries developed as well as emergent’s countries. The geo-economic interests and current geopolitics in this region, situated in the heart of Africa, instigate rivalries and confrontations between actors making be afraid of oil war.Certainly, the opening of the Gulf of Guinea on the world represents a great interest in the organized maritime military strategies, and gives a new vision of the stakes. But it does not have to obliterate the reality of the facts. Between geography-economy and geopolitics, the pseudo-guarantee of security of oil supply that would offer the oil of the Gulf of Guinea made more and more the object of deep debates within the scientific and political communities. It is in this context that we chose to be interested at the risks and threaten who in fine can reduce even to interrupt the oil supplies in the Gulf of Guinea, in terms of stakes, risks, threats and potential challenges for decade to come
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Ďuraňa, Tomáš. "Energetická bezpečnosť v regióne Južného Kaukazu (Arménsko ako bezpečnostná výzva)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197893.
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The thesis deals with the issue of energy security in geopolitically strategic region of South Caucasus. The focus is on analyzing the development of energy policy in the individual countries of the region since the collapse of the Soviet union. On this basis is determined the most important security challenge: Armenia. This challenge results from the need to counteract the influence of external actors in the region and to address long-standing regional conflicts that would contribute not only to the stability of the South Caucasus, but also help to fully realize the potential of the region as an important transit corridor for Caspian and Iranian energy resources.
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Johansen, Johan. "Maritime political risk conceptualisation and mapping of maritime political risk in order to improve management and mitigation strategies for the offshore oil and gas industry in the Gulf of Guinea." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17802.
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Thesis (MA )--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Understanding a risk is the first step in managing and mitigating it. Maritime insecurity has been an integrated risk for investors in the Gulf of Guinea for many years. But what do investors know about the nature of maritime insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea, besides a general risk rating? This thesis conceptualises and maps the maritime political risks in the Gulf of Guinea in order to give investors a better understanding of the nature of maritime political risk for the offshore oil and gas industry in the Gulf of Guinea. This conceptualisation is based on identifying the actors and actions of maritime security, i.e. people create maritime insecurity and identifying the people behind maritime insecurity provides valuable information for management and mitigation strategies. These actors create maritime insecurity by using a variety of actions, i.e. identifying these actions tells the investor more about the nature of maritime insecurity. However, there are also actors that contribute to maritime security and these actors use a set of actions to make maritime security a reality. In summary, this thesis creates a maritime political risk tool where one axis consists of actors contributing positively and/or negatively to maritime security and another axis that consists of actions these actors employ. This is done by providing the reader with a strong understanding of the theory behind political risk and conceptualising relevant concepts. The thesis contextualises maritime security, the offshore oil and gas industry and general political risks in the Gulf of Guinea. On this foundation, the maritime political risk tool is created by extrapolating information from four political risk companies: Aon, Control Risk, Bergen Risk Solution and Risk Intelligence. The maritime political risk actors and actions are also identified. The maritime political risk tool is applied to the case of the Gulf of Guinea. The conclusion is that conceptualising and mapping maritime political risk can improve management and mitigation strategies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verstaan van ‘n risiko is die eerste stap in die bestuur en beheer daarvan. Maritieme onveiligheid is al vir jare 'n geïntegreerde risiko vir beleggers in die Golf van Guinee, maar wat weet beleggers werklik oor die aard van die gebied van maritieme onveiligheid in die Golf van Guinee, behalwe vir ʼn risikogradering? Hierdie tesis konseptualiseer die maritieme politieke risiko's in die Golf van Guinee om vir beleggers 'n beter begrip van die aard van maritieme politieke risiko's in die aflandige olie- en gasindustrie in die Golf van Guinee te gee. Hierdie konseptualisering is gebaseer op die identifisering van die akteurs en die aksies betrokke by maritieme veiligheid, d.w.s. maritieme onveiligheid word geskep deur mense. Die identifisering van die mense wat maritieme onveiligheid skep, bied waardevolle inligting tot bestuurs- en beheerstrategieë aan. Die akteurs van maritieme onveiligheid skep onsekerheid deur die gebruik van 'n verskeidenheid van aksies, dit wil sê die identifisering van hierdie aksies gee die belegger meer inligting oor die aard van maritieme onveiligheid. Daar is egter ook akteurs wat bydra tot die gebied van maritieme veiligheid. Dié akteurs gebruik 'n reeks van aksies om veiligheid op see 'n werklikheid te maak. Om op te som, skep hierdie tesis 'n maritieme politiese risiko instrument waar die een as uit akteurs bestaan wat 'n positiewe en / of negatiewe bydra tot maritieme veiligheid maak, en die ander as bestaan uit die gebeure wat hierdie akteurs in diens kan neem. Dit word gedoen deur die leser met 'n sterk begrip van politieke risiko teorie te voorsien, asook om relevante konsepte duidelik te konseptualiseer. Dié tesis kontekstualiseer maritieme veiligheid, die aflandige olie- en gasindustrie en politieke risiko soortgelyk met betrekking tot die Golf van Guinee. Op hierdie fondament word die maritieme politieke risiko instrument geskep deur die ekstrapolering van inligting uit vier politieke risiko maatskappye: Aon, Control Risk, Bergen Risk Solution en Risk Intelligence. Die maritieme politieke risiko akteurs en aksies word ookgeïdentifiseer. Verder word die maritieme politieke risiko-instrument toegepas op die geval van die Golf van Guinee. Die gevolgtrekking wat bereik word, is dat die konseptualisering en die kartering van akteurs en aksies, maritieme politieke risiko, bestuur- en versagtingstrategieë kan verbeter.
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Marin, Draga Claudia. "Les stratégies des Compagnies Nationales Pétrolières pour la sécurité des approvisionnements dans les pays dits BRIC (Brésil, Russie, Inde et Chine). Intégration verticale et coût d’opportunité pour les coentreprises." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED017.
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Les besoins en pétrole ont généré des dépendances et des fragilités, autant au niveau des pays consommateurs, que producteurs. Cette ressource a un rôle stratégique dans notre société, notamment dans le transport. Les NOCs (compagnies nationales pétrolières) en sont des acteurs centraux, qui poursuivent leurs objectifs, mais aussi des intérêts de l’Etat. Les pays dits BRIC (Brésil, Russie, Inde et Chine) sont des économies avec une influence significative sur le marché de l’énergie. Nous analysons deux comportements des NOCs pour améliorer la sécurité énergétique nationale : l’intégration verticale pour les pays consommateurs (Inde et Chine) et l’exploration réalisée par les coentreprises en partenariat avec les IOCs (compagnies privées) pour les producteurs (Brésil et Russie). Nous utilisons des méthodes économétriques et le calcul de rentabilité d’un projet d’exploration. Nous estimons le coût d’opportunité lié à un retard de la production. Le sujet est pertinent, dans un contexte d’instabilité politique de certains producteurs de pétrole et un prix du brut faible depuis la moitié de l’année 2014, obligeant les compagnies à revoir leurs stratégiesOil needs have generated dependencies and fragilities for producing and consuming countries. This resource plays a strategic role in our modern society. NOCs (National Oil Companies) are main actors pursuing, in addition to their objectives, State’s interest. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are economies with a significant influence on the energy market. In this research, we analyze two NOCs’ behaviors to improve national energy security: vertical integration for the consuming countries (India and China) and joint-ventures with IOCs (private companies) in exploration for the producing countries (Brazil and Russia). We use econometric methods and the profitability calculation in an exploration project. We calculate the opportunity cost related to a production delay. The subject is particularly relevant, in a context of political instability of certain oil producing areas and also with a low crude price since mid-2014, forcing oil companies to review their strategies