Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oil spills and wildlife

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Academic literature on the topic 'Oil spills and wildlife'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Oil spills and wildlife"

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Morgan, Andrew David, Katherine Shaw-Brown, Ian Bellingham, Anna Lewis, Mitch Pearce, and Kellie Pendoley. "Global Oil Spills and Oiled Wildlife Response Effort: Implications for Oil Spill Contingency Planning." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1524–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1524.

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ABSTRACT Over the last century there has been a significant increase in the number and size of oil spills to the marine environment due to the global proliferation of oil and gas extraction as well as the number of tankers and other maritime transport infrastructure associated with increased production. Efforts have traditionally been focussed on containment and deflection of oil rather than responding to wildlife. The present study examines total oiled wildlife effort in response to maritime spills for 286 recorded globally. Between 1910 and 1961 there was an average of 1.23 ± 0.43 incidents per year, spilling an average of 114,062 ± 352,512 tonnes of oil per year. These averages increased to 3.83 ± 2.65 events with 123,277 ± 166,735 tonnes of oil spilt per year from 1962 to 1990, and again, from 1991 to 2012 to 6.50 ± 5.17 events with 164,299 ± 290,655 tonnes of oil spilt per year. Offshore platform and tanker spills have accounted for 37% and 27% of this total, respectively. Of the 104 recorded instances where wildlife interactions occurred (40%), spill volume was not related to the total number of animals caught, oiled or pre-emptively; however, it was related to the number of carcasses collected. A lack of planning for Oiled Wildlife Response (OWR) was identified as a contributing factor exacerbating the impact of a spill on wildlife and for resourcing a response. Inadequacies within operator and government contingency planning, to prepare for and sustain a wildlife response for extended periods, can be overcome by using a mobilisation model that integrates wildlife carer networks, government regulatory agencies and operator resourcing via an independent coordinating organisation consisting of a small group of personnel highly experienced and trained in maritime operations and marine science with access to a network of persons with experience in responding to wildlife and their handling, treatment and rehabilitation.
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Ruoppolo, Valeria, Eric Woehler, Kerri Morgan, and Curt Clumpner. "Antarctic Wildlife and Oil - Are We Ready?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300266. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300266.1.

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The increasing rate of vessel incidents in the Southern Ocean (including an ever-increasing number of vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. The increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of substantial wildlife concentrations. Based on a questionnaire comprising six questions submitted to 33 national operators in the Antarctic, there is currently little preparation for an oil spill event involving wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. We chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the existing legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife response. It is very clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.
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Bergmann, Pamela Ann. "Implementation and Revision of the Wildlife Protection Guidelines for Alaska's Federal On-Scene Coordinators." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-137.

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ABSTRACT The Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established the Wildlife Protection Working Group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal on-scene coordinators (OSC) in dealing with potential wildlife impacts resulting from oil spills. The working group is composed of representatives of four federal and state agencies and three special-interest groups. The guidelines, which were adopted by the Alaska RRT on December 14, 1988, address three response strategies: controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife, keeping wildlife away from spills through the use of deterrent techniques, and attempting to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife. Since adoption by the Alaska RRT, the guidelines have been used in conjunction with response activities associated with the following spills: the Swallow diesel fuel and fuel oil spill near Dutch Harbor on February 27, 1989, the Exxon Valdez crude oil spill in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, and the Milos Reefer fuel oil and diesel fuel spill on St. Matthew Island on November 15, 1989. In the Swallow incident, protective booming, bird hazing, and bird capture and rehabilitation programs were conducted in accordance with the guidelines. In the Exxon Valdez incident, information in the guidelines was used to establish the sea otter rescue program and to begin implementation of the bird capture and rehabilitation program. In the Milos Reefer spill, the guidelines were used as the basis for a decision not to initiate a rescue program for birds oiled as a result of the vessel's grounding. In October 1989, the working group met to conduct a review of the guidelines based on experience gained through the Swallow and Exxon Valdez incidents. As a result of this meeting, seven principal additions have been proposed for the guidelines.
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Gautier, Peter, Kent Bauer, and John Tarpley. "Organizational and Financial Considerations of Wildlife Operations During Two Orphan Spills Off California1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-989.

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ABSTRACT In November 1997 and again in January 1998, U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office San Francisco Bay, California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), the National Park Service, and the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary responded to “mystery” oil spill incidents in the Point Reyes National Seashore, California area. These spill responses were unique because they were primarily wildlife recovery and rehabilitation operations; very little oil was sighted despite wildlife impacts that rank the event as the fourth worst in California history. A large-scale investigation including the use of multiple laboratories to identify the source of the oil has established a connection between the two spills, but no responsible party has been identified to defray the response costs. As a result of the spills, a significant effort is underway in Northern California to better define the role of wildlife operations within the incident command system and to rethink its organization and protocols. Other lessons to apply to future responses involve the funding issues revolving around the difference between response efforts and natural resource damage assessment when the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) is the primary source of funding.
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Ruoppolo, Valeria, Eric J. Woehler, Kerri Morgan, and Curtiss J. Clumpner. "Wildlife and oil in the Antarctic: a recipe for cold disaster." Polar Record 49, no. 2 (January 20, 2012): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000763.

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ABSTRACTThe increasing rate of incidents involving vessels in the Southern Ocean (including vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. An increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of wildlife concentrations. Based on a survey of national operators in the Antarctic, there is little preparation for an oil spill event that involves Antarctic wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. Here we chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the current legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife event response. It is clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.
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Henkel, Laird A., and Michael H. Ziccardi. "Life and Death: How Should We Respond to Oiled Wildlife?" Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/062017-jfwm-054.

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Abstract There is ongoing public debate about the best course of action to take when wildlife are affected by oil spills. Critics of wildlife rehabilitation suggest that the cleaning and release of oiled animals is a waste of resources focused on individual animals (not populations); thus, the most responsible course of action is to immediately euthanize affected animals. These critics claim that survival of rehabilitated animals is poor, and that the funds spent on rehabilitation would benefit wildlife more if spent on other conservation efforts. In this opinion piece, with a focus on birds, we review reasons for engaging in a coordinated response to oiled wildlife that includes cleaning and rehabilitation. The reasons for responding to oiled wildlife in any capacity include ethical, human safety, and legal aspects. Our rationale for proposing that responders attempt to rehabilitate wildlife, rather than planning on immediate euthanasia, includes financial, scientific, and additional ethical reasons. Financially, costs for wildlife rehabilitation are typically a very small portion of overall oil-spill response costs, and are typically independent of postspill enforcement and funds used to restore injured natural resources. Scientifically, we review recent studies that have shown that animals cleaned and rehabilitated after oil spills can often survive as well as nonoiled control animals. Ethically, some people would consider individual animals to have intrinsic value and that we, as consumers of petroleum products, have an obligation to reduce suffering and mitigate injuries associated with such accidents. For these reasons, we suggest that, although humane euthanasia should always be considered as an option for animals unlikely to return to normal function after rehabilitation, response to oil spills should include a coordinated effort to attempt wildlife rehabilitation.
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Clumpner, Curtis, and Michael Ziccardi. "Inland Oiled Wildlife Response: It’s a Different Animal." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1795.

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ABSTRACT 2017-311 The Oiled Wildlife Care Network (OWCN) was established in 1994 to address the need for timely, consistent, and professional science-based preparedness and response for wildlife at risk from oil spills occurring in the marine waters of California. Its mission focused on providing a high level of professional care based on the best available technology and science combined with the experience of many organizations that were pioneers in the field of wildlife rehabilitation. Since that time, the OWCN and its now more than 35 members have responded to over 100 spills while caring for more than 8,200 impacted animals. In 2014, in response to the increased risk due to changing sources and transport patterns in oil coming to refineries in California, the State legislature expanded the OWCN’s responsibility to include responding to oiled wildlife impacted during oil spills in all surface waters of California. Since then, the OWCN has worked to expand its plan and resources to ensure readiness to provide best achievable capture and care to a host of new species in the myriad of habitats and locations found in a large and ecologically diverse state. The biggest challenges to this expansion are the increased diversity of species and their habitats (California has 233 species and subspecies of reptiles and amphibians), and the increase in geographical scope. Working with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (specifically the Office of Spill Prevention and Response, or OSPR), the OWCN staff have identified species at risk and response challenges unique to an inland environment and terrestrial species and the appropriate resources meet those challenges and fill current gaps. We have incorporated lessons learned by colleagues during wildlife responses to inland spills including CNR Lake Wabamun (2005), Enbridge Kalamazoo River (2010), Silvertip Pipeline Yellowstone River (2011), and CNRL Cold Lake (2013). We have repurposed and redesigned existing equipment as well as acquiring additional mobile equipment to increase capacity and decrease response time. We have identified and trained first responders over a wide geographical area focusing on regions with increased risk of incident and impacts while leveraging our current primary care facilities with field stabilization and wildlife transportation plans to achieve maximum flexibility and cost effectiveness. We detail both the process that was used to develop this expansion and the resulting additions to the wildlife plan aimed to provide best achievable care to all wildlife species impacted by an inland oil spill in California.
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Kemerer, Jack A., Terrence McGuigan, and Douglas Campbell. "CLEANUP AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL AND FUEL OIL SPILLS IN OSITO CANYON: A COMPARISON." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-483.

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ABSTRACT In July 1981, a crude oil spill from a pipeline break occurred in Osito Canyon near Castaic, California. In April 1984, a tank truck accident on Interstate Route 5 resulted in a fuel oil spill into a tributary canyon to Osito Canyon. Although the spills occurred at virtually the same location, the amounts spilled, the extent of the canyons contaminated, and the cleanup methods used produced different recovery results. The spillers assumed financial responsibility for cleanup actions and complied with the concerns and recommendations of government officials. The Environmental Protection Agency served as the on-scene coordinator, while the U. S. Forest Service and the U. S. Coast Guard's Pacific Strike Team provided on-site monitors and technical assistance. Impact from the spills appeared to be negligible on the chaparral type vegetation and sparse concentration of wildlife in the area. Effects from the spills were not lasting, and no environmentally sensitive downstream areas were affected.
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Ruoppolo, Valeria, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Luís Fábio Silveira, Alexandre Novaes Zerbini, Liliana Colman, Eric John Woehler, Claudia Carvalho do Nascimento, et al. "SENSITIVITY MAPPING FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE: A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK TO IDENTIFY WILDLIFE AND AREAS AT RISK ALONG THE COASTLINE OF BRAZIL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 924–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.924.

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2017-365 Abstract The Environmental Mapping for Emergency Response at Sea Project (Mapeamento Ambiental para a Resposta à Emergência no Mar – MAREM, in Portuguese) resulted from a collaborative agreement between the Brazilian Institute of Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels (IBP) and the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (IBAMA). In order to provide support for planning and management of response operations involving marine oil spills, MAREM’s first and second phases, named Shoreline Protection and Cleanup Project (Projeto de Proteção e Limpeza de Costa – PPLC), created a geo-referenced database of the entire Brazilian coastline (approximately 7,500 km) in 2013. MAREM’s third phase was the Wildlife Protection Project (Projeto de Proteção à Fauna). It started in 2015 and was developed by a consortium involving Aiuká, Witt O’Brien’s Brasil and national and international experts. The Wildlife Protection Project identified, compiled and mapped relevant information on coastal and marine wildlife at risk from oil spill incidents and associated responses along the Brazilian coastline. The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone was divided into 18 geographic units to facilitate the integration of marine, freshwater and terrestrial biogeographical data, regional geopolitics, and the incorporation of the zonal management of national oil production. Standardized decision trees were developed to provide an objective and consistent method for the identification of priority species and areas for protection in the event of an oil spill within each management unit. The decision trees incorporated previously identified critical habitats or natural resources meeting international conservation strategies (such as Ramsar wetlands, Important Bird Areas and the World Heritage Convention) and the Brazilian National Action Plans for Species Conservation. Species were classified by integrating two components: (a) assessing their vulnerability to oil spills using standardized criteria, and (b) their conservation status under international, national and regional conventions to generate an assessed prioritization for protection in case of oil spills, minimizing potential impacts. The Wildlife Protection Project has produced (i) a comprehensive dataset on species and habitat vulnerability in Brazil, and (ii) and a publicly-available WebGIS database of the critical information relevant to oil spill responses and response management, available at www.marem-br.com.br. These two products contain key information on the biology, distribution, seasonality and behavior of the identified vulnerable species, in conjunction with operational information on the locations, biological, geopolitical and logistic aspects of the priority areas identified. Factsheets were produced for each high-priority species and areas, compiling selected details in a readily accessible format for field teams involved in oil spill responses. The Wildlife Protection Project represents an unprecedented and unique approach for oiled wildlife planning and response in Brazil.
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Chilvers, B. Louise, and Pete J. McClelland. "Lessons Learned for Pre-Emptive Capture Management as a Tool for Wildlife Conservation during Oil Spills and Eradication Events." Animals 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050833.

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Pre-emptive capture or translocation of wildlife during oil spills and prior to pest eradication poison applications are very specific conservation goals within the field of conservation translocation/reintroduction. Protection of wildlife from contamination events occurs during either planned operations such as pest eradication poison applications, or unplanned events such as pollution or oil spills. The aim in both incidences is to protect at-risk wildlife species, ensuring the survival of a threatened regional population or entire species, by excluding wildlife from entering affected areas and therefore preventing impacts on the protected wildlife. If pre-emptive capture does not occur, wildlife may unintentionally be affected and could either die or will need capture, cleaning, and/or medical care and rehabilitation before being released back into a cleared environment. This paper reviews information from pre-emptive captures and translocations of threatened wildlife undertaken during past oil spills and island pest eradications, to assess criteria for species captured, techniques used, outcomes of responses, and lessons learned. From these case studies, the considerations and planning needs for pre-emptive capture are described and recommendations made to allow better use and preparedness for pre-emptive capture as a preventative wildlife conservation tool.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil spills and wildlife"

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Fukuyama, Allan Kiyoshi. "The ecology of bivalve communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska : influence of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and predation by sea otters /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5302.

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Suprayogi, Bambang. "The effects of oil spills on mangroves." Thesis, Suprayogi, Bambang (1996) The effects of oil spills on mangroves. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51817/.

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Mangrove communities are vulnerable to oil spills due to their location close to harbours, onshore and offshore oil production facilities, oil exploration facilities and tanker routes. Many oil spill accidents have been reported and the literature on these accidents has been examined with particular emphasis on the effects of oil on mangroves and other organisms. Most of the published studies have resulted from research after oil spill accidents occurred. However, there are very few detail studies on oil dose-response (plant symptomatology, growth, physical and chemical action) relationships in plants and sediments. An understanding of the effects of oil on mangroves may assist in predicting the interactions between oil exposure factors, species sensitivity and environmental factors. The study was designed to determine the concentrations, the time dependencies, and the lethal and subtle effects of spilled oils on different ages of mangroves, with particular focus on mangrove seedlings. The effects of volatile hydrocarbons and the interactions of oil with anoxia (lack of oxygen) on plants and sediments were also studied. Moreover, the aims of the experiments were to characterise the toxic fractions by recording chemical action of two oil types on plant leaves and sediments. The results were expected to determine the resistant index of mangroves to oil spills (time and dose) and to clarify the chemical compounds and concentrations which were toxic to mangroves. Kuwait Crude Oil (KCO) and North West Shelf Condensate (NWSC) were chosen for use as common heavy and light grade oils, respectively. Different age levels (seeds, seedlings and saplings) of Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora mncronata were chosen for experiments due to their differences in morphological features, physiological processes and sizes. The research was divided into two main exposure conditions, laboratory and field conditions. Each species was exposed to different selected doses of oil, ranging from very low (27.5 g m-2) to very high (1100 g m-2), applied to the sediment surface only, or to the sediment surface and shoots. Very low (27.5 g m-2), low (275 g m-2) and medium (1375 g m-2) doses of KCO did not permanently affect the total metabolic processes for plant survival. In certain case, these doses stimulated growth. However, application of the same doses of NWSC produced chronic effects. Exposure to higher doses (2750, 5500 and 11000 g m-2) of both oils significantly increased injury symptoms and decreased plant growth. The interactive effects between oil treatment and duration of treatment were mostly antagonistic at medium high and high doses of oil and became synergistics at very high doses of oil. Application of oil to the sediment and shoots had more acute impacts than application to the sediment surface only, as indicated by a higher symptom index, leaf abscission and mortality, decreased plant growth and reduced biomass. There were variable effects on leaf area and biomass accumulation as responses of any species were affected more by individual plant-size than by oil treatments. The greater tolerance of biomass responses to oil treatments may be because of its slower response to the stress as it follows physiological and biological changes. In certain cases, the effects were more complicated due interactions of response to oil with other environmental stresses. Although the effects of NWSC and KCO on mangroves were variable, A. marina was more sensitive to both types of oil than the three other species. The differences in morphological features and physiological processes may play an important role in sensitivities of different species. Plant stress in Avicennia mangroves was exhibited as primary effects in response to the toxicity of high concentrations of hydrocarbons and other toxic fractions in plant tissues; while, the stress in Rhizophora mangroves was caused by secondary effects such as physical and chemical changes in sediments which affected nutrient deficiencies and metabolic disruptions. Dose-response relationships for individual oil types were different in each species, and were variable under different conditions of experiment. Different species origin, culturing system, sediment characteristics and environmental factors may cause different sensitivities. Furthermore, differences in the capacity of metabolism, and different ages of mangroves resulted in different sensitivities when the same type and doses of oil were applied. The most sensitive age was seed germination, followed by seedlings and saplings, respectively. NWSC as a light oil was more toxic than KCO (a heavy oil) in all species and all age levels of mangroves. The chemical compositions of hydrocarbons in plants was more important than concentration in producing lethal and sublethal impacts than in KCO. The higher increased content of aromatic fractions in NWSC may confer the considerably degree of toxicity to plants. However, different doses of oil caused different responses in each species. While both oils were greatly degraded with time under laboratory and field conditions, the degradation of NWSC was faster than KCO in sediments. The degradation processes may also be influenced by rainfall, tidal flushing, weathering processes (evaporation), biological factors (bacteria, fungi and other micro-organisms) and environmental factors (temperature, oxygen, nutrients, salinity and pressure). In conclusion, different types and doses of oil, and duration of exposures produced different responses in each species of mangroves. Depending on amount of oil applied, the responses developed from growth stimulation to chronic and acute impacts. However, the mechanism of damage appeared to be similar in all species. The responses included foliar injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis), leaf abscission, stem deformation, reduced number of new leaves, reduced plant growth and biomass accumulation, and mortality.
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Mansur, Lamya Yussef. "Studies on the weathering of marine oil spills." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305725.

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Roberts, Rubi Soto. "“Risk Management of Oil Spills Onshore,case analysis”." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad maskinteknik (KTH Södertälje), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141413.

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Deshpande, Niranjan V. "Dispersant effectiveness on oil spills impact of environmental factors /." Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1178046001.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 8, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Baffled Flask, dispersant effectiveness, salinity, mixing speed, temperature Includes bibliographical references.
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Enzenhofer, Klaus. "Statkraft Hydro Power Plants – Oil Spills and Valuable Areas." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23252.

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Currently, Statkraft knows that they have oil spills from their hydraulic system, but the problem is that the amount of the oil spilled is not clear. Furthermore, Statkraft is missing a tool that can be used when decisions need to be made on what power plants that should be prioritized to be renovated next or which oil system that they should be switched to. In order to answer these points a look has been taken onto the environmental effects and the amount of oil spilled from hydropower plants, the general oil system inside a power plant, and in Kaplan turbines. Furthermore, two maps were developed: one presenting areas of interest for humans and environment around the hydropower plants and a second map about the river shorelines sensitivity to oil spills represented in form of an ESI ranked river shoreline. The maps give a general overview and can be used as a starting point to include environmental aspects into the planning and decision making process. The outcomes of the study are that more detailed information about the amount of oil spills released in small amounts from the turbines is needed. The catchment areas, where Statkraft Sverige AB has hydropower plants, which are most sensitive to oil spills, are Moälven and Nätraån. The hydropower plant with the most sensitive river shoreline is the Stennäs power plant due to a large wetland close by. Those areas should therefore be prioritized in projects about reducing the amount of oil inside Statkraft`s hydropower plants.
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DESHPANDE, NIRANJAN V. "DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS ON OIL SPILLS: IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1178046001.

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Becker, Christopher J. "Control strategy for autonomous remediation of marine oil spills." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12051.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University
This thesis presents a novel formulation of a gradient-type controller to address the problem of cleaning up marine oil spills. Little work appears to have been done in developing autonomous oil spill clean-up devices, with most research efforts directed toward developing improved oil collection strategies. It does not appear that previous work in this field has included development of control algorithms specific to addressing the problem of deployment strategies for multiple clean-up devices. This thesis provides a framework for deployment of multiple clean-up agents and makes the following contributions to the field. We first develop a mathematical representation for the effect of a clean-up agent as a line-sink and introduce this term into an existing oil spill spreading model. The augmented oil spill spreading model is simulated for a finite volume of oil released within a region Q' which contains multiple clean-up agents. Second, we use the augmented oil spreading model to develop a cost function and derive a gradient controller that seeks to maximize the oil removal rate for a system of N clean-up agents. Several key properties of the controller are presented. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our controller through a MATLAB simulation. The performance of the controlled agents, measured by the total volume of oil removed over the simulation, is compared to the performance of static and randomly moving clean-up agents. The results from MATLAB simulations presented in this thesis demonstrate that the proposed control strategy is more effective at removing oil than static or randomly moving agents. The formulation of the control law directs clean-up devices toward areas in Q' experiencing the greatest volumetric change in oil, thereby maximizing the volume of oil that is removed by each agent. The controller presented in this thesis is adaptable to a range of clean-up devices and we present several future research avenues that could be pursued to further develop this concept.
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Tsui, Kai-man. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457701.

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Jafari, Seyed Ahmad. "Software tools for the simulation of oil spills at sea." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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This thesis aims at investigating the potentialities of two software tools performing the simulation of the transport and fate of oil spilled at sea: ADIOS2 and the WebGNOME codes, both made freely available by the US NOAA. ADIOS2 gives the oil budget evolution of the spill, that is, it solves the mass balances of the oil present in the different sea compartments. On the other hand, the WebGNOME tool is capable of both solving the oil budget and visualizing the oil slick trajectory. What comes out from the investigation carried out in this thesis is that ADIOS2 is not capable of handling a complete simulation, because it limits the simulation time to 5 days after the start of the spill. Instead, WebGNOME compensates for this lack, allowing to extend the simulation time up to 30 days. By taking a look at the images of the oil slick produced by WebGNOME, it emerges that from day 20 to 30 no major change is seen in the oil slick location. During the first 20 days after the spill, oil beaching occurs on both the northern shoreline and the southern islands of the Santa Barbara Channel, with a total amount of stranded oil equal to 4,800 m3, which accounts for 25 % of the spill. Due to the immediate start of evaporation, 28 % of the oil is transferred from the sea to the atmosphere. At the end of the simulation, floating oil accounts for 6,500 m3, that correspond to 40 % percent; the oil remaining on the sea surface is majorly placed in the outer west side of the Santa Barbara Channel, where it is quite stable, according the last 10 days of the simulation there are negligible changes in the oil budget. It can be claimed that the simulation time of 30 days is sufficient to describe the fate and the transport of the oil slick. In conclusion, the WebGNOME code, which is simple and intuitive to use, requires a limited amount of data, and has short computational times, seems a tool suitable for a preliminary analysis of the consequences of oil spill events at sea.
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Books on the topic "Oil spills and wildlife"

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Washington (State). Habitat Management Division., ed. Washington wildlife rescue plan. Olympia, WA (600 Capitol Way N., Olympia 98501-1091): The Dept., 1991.

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Ecological Services. Olympia State Office, ed. Nestucca oil spill restoration plan. Olympia, WA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Olympia State Office, 1994.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., ed. Assessing oil spill damage. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2002.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., ed. Assessing oil spill damage. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2002.

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Z, Hoff Rebecca, and United States. National Ocean Service. Office of Response and Restoration, eds. Oil spills in mangroves: Planning & response considerations. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration, 2002.

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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council., ed. Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration plan. Anchorage, Alaska: The Council, 1994.

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International, Greenpeace, ed. The Dinosaur's path: The Exxon Valdez oil and national security. [S.l.]: Greenpeace, 1990.

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Albers, Peter H. Oil spills and living organisms. College Station, Tex: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1992.

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Investigations, United States Congress House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Oversight and. Savannah River oilspill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session on oversight of oilspill of the tanker "Amazon Venture" ... April 6, 1987-Savannah, GA. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Savannah River oilspill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session ... April 6, 1987-Savannah, GA. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oil spills and wildlife"

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Gundlach, Erich R. "Oil Spills." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1323–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_233.

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Allegri, Theodore H. "Oil Spills." In Handling and Management of Hazardous Materials and Waste, 308–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1959-7_15.

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Gundlach, Erich R. "Oil Spills." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48657-4_233-2.

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Gundlach, Erich R., William Ritchie, Randolph A. McBride, and Michael S. Fenster. "Oil Spills." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, 734–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_233.

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Galvez, Fernando. "Oil Spills." In Toxicology of Fishes, 437–58. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160694-15.

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Prior, Sian. "Oil Spills." In The Ocean and Us, 137–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10812-9_13.

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Fingas, Merv. "Vegetable Oil Spills." In Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology, 79–91. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118989982.ch4.

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Riazi, M. R. "Major Oil Spills." In Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior, 81–134. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429432156-4.

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Murawski, Steven A., Cameron H. Ainsworth, Sherryl Gilbert, David J. Hollander, Claire B. Paris, Michael Schlüter, and Dana L. Wetzel. "Introduction to the Volume." In Deep Oil Spills, 4–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_1.

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Zeinstra-Helfrich, Marieke, and Albertinka J. Murk. "Effects of Oil Properties and Slick Thickness on Dispersant Field Effectiveness and Oil Fate." In Deep Oil Spills, 155–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Oil spills and wildlife"

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Rudder, Marc, Derval Barzey, Amy Ramlal, Shaleni Gopie, and Ronald Alfred. "An Assessment of and Proposed Updates to the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan of Trinidad and Tobago Based on the Readiness Evaluation Tool for Oil Spills." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200965-ms.

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Abstract The Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries assessed the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan of Trinidad and Tobago (NOSCP, 2013) for its effectiveness as a preparedness and response mechanism. Using the Readiness Evaluation Tool for Oil Spills (RETOS™), the NOSCP attained a score of 42% in the Level A Assessment. Gaps were identified in areas including National Legislation, Risk Management, Logistics, Training and Exercises, and Operational Response. Further, lessons learned from past spills were examined to highlight deficiencies in oil spill response (OSR) planning and readiness. Proposed updates to the NOSCP include: designation of appropriate Lead Agency depending on the nature of the spill scenario, mandating Oil Spill Risk Assessments, and the use of SIMA as a decision-making tool for oil spill response; development of comprehensive guidelines for Dispersant Use, Oiled Wildlife Response and Oil Spill Waste Management. The NOSCP is being re-designed to facilitate a national response management system that meets best management practice for oil spill contingency planning. This will enable the efficient and effective deployment of the appropriate resources (equipment, expertise and oversight) to mitigate impacts to human health and the environment, and minimize production down time and socio-economic costs.
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Kumar, V. Sudhir, Balamurugan R, Thejasree Pasupuleti, and Manikandan Natarajan. "Design, Modelling and Simulation of Adaptable Marine and Terrestrial Cleaner." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0165.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">An oil spill refers to the accidental or deliberate release of petroleum or other petroleum-based products into the environment. These spills can occur on land or in water bodies, such as oceans, rivers, or lakes, and can have devastating impacts on the environment, wildlife, and human health. Oil spills can harm aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by contaminating water and soil, and by affecting the food chain. They can also cause economic losses, such as the loss of fisheries, tourism, and property values. Cleaning up oil spills can be a difficult and expensive process, and the effectiveness of the response can depend on various factors, such as the type and amount of oil spilled, weather conditions, and proximity to sensitive ecosystems. Preventing oil spills is critical to minimizing their impacts. This can be achieved through measures such as regular maintenance of oil transport and storage facilities, the use of double- hulled tankers, and the implementation of emergency response plans.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Additionally, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and transitioning to cleaner sources of energy can help to decrease the risks of oil spills. We have given an ideal proposal to clear the oil spills in the marine region and in the seashore to avoid massive pollution in the ecosystem and to provide a clean environment. In our idea proposal, we have planned to combine the road cleaning system with the oil spill cleaning system, so that it can be used for dual purposes and to clean in an efficient manner. This proposed invention aims to combine the functions of both oil skimmers and road sweeper machines into a single machine. The machine will be capable of removing oil spills from water surfaces as well as collecting debris and dust from roads and other surfaces. The design will utilize existing technologies and adapt them for this combined purpose, resulting in a more efficient and cost-effective solution for environmental clean-up and maintenance. This work highlights the potential benefits of this innovation, including increased productivity and reduced environmental impact.</div></div>
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Raharjo, D. "Detect Oil Spill in Offshore Facility using Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-e-194.

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The oil spill has a detrimental effect on the environment due to its pollution and long-term damage to sea wildlife. As the facility ages, the pipeline leak may increase as integrity reduces due to corrosion or erosion and worsens by minimal maintenance activity. To detect the oil leak, some assessments in the United States statistically found that leak detection system (LDS) effectiveness is less than 20% based on Aloqaily and Arafat (2018). Probably, LDS might not always give a satisfactory result to detect leaks and oil spills and may need to rely on other manual surveillance. Nevertheless, due to limited personnel and the large area of interest, oil spill usually goes undetected until local people and fishermen report it. In an oil spill case, having an early notification is crucial to limiting the leakage and improving mitigation time. To put it in perspective, one of the largest oil spills is the Deepwater Horizon, with an estimation of oil discharged around 4.1 – 4.9 million bbls, and legal fees cost up to 61.6 billion dollars. Looking at this number, we can estimate how important it is to stop oil spills at the very initial of occurrence to minimize environmental damage. This paper aims to exhibit a new approach in oil spill detection using deep convolutional neural networks and transfer learning. We develop an “artificial eye” to automatically classify the surrounding image and identify external manifestations to detect oil spills. We offer a concept upon how we leverage artificial intelligence to automatically classify a stream of the picture, whether it is an oil spill or not. Furthermore, we introduce an IoT and drone technology concept to maximize it to survey the pipeline path regularly. The image captured by these devices is then fed through a deep learning classifier model that decides whether the leak is present or not. By utilizing this technology, we hope to create automatic early notification if leakage occurs so that the oil spill combat team can cure the problem as fast as possible before the leak expands further.
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Ryan, Victoria, Hemant Thurumella, Nick D’Arcy-Evans, Nick Boustead, Eric Jal, Andrew Kilner, and Craig Dillon-Gibbons. "Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics to Estimate Drift Extent-from Aerial Spraying of Dispersants." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31826-ms.

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Abstract Aerial application of dispersants are an effective means of responding to oil spills in coastal waters and the deeper waters of the Outer Continental Shelf or Gulf of Mexico. To ensure the safety of responders and nearby wildlife, a buffer area is put in place around the spilled oil to be treated, within which spraying operations are conducted. In 2015, a research project was initiated to develop a prototype Decision Support Tool (DST) designed specifically for estimating the spray drift during the aerial application of dispersants on an oil spill. In 2019, an initiative was undertaken to further develop the DST and address known data gaps in the modeling used in the prototype, expand on the aircraft included in the tool, and include a contour plot output of dispersant deposition. The DST has been designed specifically for estimating the spray drift during the aerial application of dispersants on an oil spill through the use of complex Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. The DST program operational space was developed based on direct input from Oil Spill Response Operators (OSROs) for ten airframes currently used in the United States for aerial response operations, including both turbo propeller and turbo fan engine types. The DST employs a database of results generated using the latest in CFD modeling technology to examine flow structures and drift effects created by various operating conditions, coupled with specific configurations of different oil spill response aircraft and their spray systems (boom and nozzle configurations). The DST uses a Response Surface Curve (RSC) for each airframe to predict the drift extent of dispersant particles and mass deposition concentration, the RSC for each airframe was derived from a database of results generated using the latest CFD modeling technology. The studies conducted to generate data for the DST RSCs provided considerable insight into the relationships between the particle dispersant behavior for different airframe types. Trends were identified in particle dispersion behavior when airframes were flown with a heavy payload (full weight) compared to lighter payload (empty weight). These trends change depending on the airframe used and, more specifically, the location and arrangement of the boom used to release the droplets relative to the location of the main wing. Change in Particle Size Distribution (PSD) was also investigated for flight operations of one airframe and the impact on the drift extent reported. The DST will provide oil spill responders with information related to the extent of any areas potentially impacted by dispersant drift. This will assist the operational control personnel in establishing setback distances, information which becomes increasingly important as a spill escalates beyond a Tier 1 response where the size of the spill, and the resources committed, become significant. In addition, the DST generates a contour plot of mass deposition at ground level based on the operational and environmental parameters input to the program, providing the user with a graphical display of where the majority of the aerial dispersant is predicted to land. While the analysis and tool development are complete, a formal peer review has not been completed at the time of the paper publication.
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Ryan, Victoria, Hemant Thurumella, Nick D’Arcy-Evans, Nick Boustead, Eric Jal, Andrew Kilner, and Craig Dillon-Gibbons. "Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics to Estimate Drift Extent-from Aerial Spraying of Dispersants." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31826-ms.

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Abstract Aerial application of dispersants are an effective means of responding to oil spills in coastal waters and the deeper waters of the Outer Continental Shelf or Gulf of Mexico. To ensure the safety of responders and nearby wildlife, a buffer area is put in place around the spilled oil to be treated, within which spraying operations are conducted. In 2015, a research project was initiated to develop a prototype Decision Support Tool (DST) designed specifically for estimating the spray drift during the aerial application of dispersants on an oil spill. In 2019, an initiative was undertaken to further develop the DST and address known data gaps in the modeling used in the prototype, expand on the aircraft included in the tool, and include a contour plot output of dispersant deposition. The DST has been designed specifically for estimating the spray drift during the aerial application of dispersants on an oil spill through the use of complex Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. The DST program operational space was developed based on direct input from Oil Spill Response Operators (OSROs) for ten airframes currently used in the United States for aerial response operations, including both turbo propeller and turbo fan engine types. The DST employs a database of results generated using the latest in CFD modeling technology to examine flow structures and drift effects created by various operating conditions, coupled with specific configurations of different oil spill response aircraft and their spray systems (boom and nozzle configurations). The DST uses a Response Surface Curve (RSC) for each airframe to predict the drift extent of dispersant particles and mass deposition concentration, the RSC for each airframe was derived from a database of results generated using the latest CFD modeling technology. The studies conducted to generate data for the DST RSCs provided considerable insight into the relationships between the particle dispersant behavior for different airframe types. Trends were identified in particle dispersion behavior when airframes were flown with a heavy payload (full weight) compared to lighter payload (empty weight). These trends change depending on the airframe used and, more specifically, the location and arrangement of the boom used to release the droplets relative to the location of the main wing. Change in Particle Size Distribution (PSD) was also investigated for flight operations of one airframe and the impact on the drift extent reported. The DST will provide oil spill responders with information related to the extent of any areas potentially impacted by dispersant drift. This will assist the operational control personnel in establishing setback distances, information which becomes increasingly important as a spill escalates beyond a Tier 1 response where the size of the spill, and the resources committed, become significant. In addition, the DST generates a contour plot of mass deposition at ground level based on the operational and environmental parameters input to the program, providing the user with a graphical display of where the majority of the aerial dispersant is predicted to land. While the analysis and tool development are complete, a formal peer review has not been completed at the time of the paper publication.
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Morgan, Andrew David, Mitch Pearce, Ian Bellingham, Anna Lewis, and Kellie Pendoley. "Development of Oiled Wildlife Preparedness and Response Management Systems and Their Integration with oil Spill Contingency Planning and oil Spill Response." In SPE Middle East Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainable Development Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170394-ms.

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Giraldo, Diego Garcia, and Ronald W. Yeung. "The Deep-Water-Horizon Spill: Flow-Rate Estimation Based on Satellite Images." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84153.

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The “Deep Water Horizon” Mobil Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) is one of several classes of floatable drilling machines. As a consequence of the accident on April 20, 2010, the worst ecological disaster with regard to oil spills in the US history was generated in the Gulf of Mexico, causing extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats, as well as the Gulf’s fishing and tourism industries. Since that moment, experts are trying to estimate the total amount of oil being lost into the sea. The objective of this presentation is to report a procedure developed in the first author’s thesis1 an independent and logical estimate of the oil flow rate into the Gulf of Mexico produced by the rupture in this rig. There are a number of possible approaches to estimate the flow rate of oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico. The Plume Modeling Team has developed an approach by observing video image of the oil/gas mixture escaping from the kinks in the riser and the end of the riser pipe. The Mass Balance Team has developed a range of values using USGS (US Geological Survey) and NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) data analysis collected from NASA’s (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Finally, a reality-check estimate was based on the amount of oil collected by the Riser Insertion Tube Tool (RITT) plus the estimate of how much oil is escaping from the RITT, and from the kink in the riser. However, there are several limitations in each of these techniques.
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Massie, W. W. "The Economics of Oil Spills." In European Petroleum Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/20886-ms.

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Frish, Michael B., Peter E. Nebolsine, and Mark A. DeFaccio. "Laser Ignition Of Oil Spills." In Cambridge Symposium-Fiber/LASE '86, edited by Evan P. Chicklis and Daniel W. Trainor. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.937284.

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Moxness, Vidar Weidemann, Knut Gaaseidnes, and Harald Arne Asheim. "Skimmer Capacity for Viscous Oil Spills." In SPE Americas E&P Environmental and Safety Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/118701-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Oil spills and wildlife"

1

Vantassel, Stephen M., and Mark A. Klng. Wildlife Carcass Disposal. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7207733.ws.

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Many wildlife management situations require the disposal of animal carcasses. These can include the lethal removal of wildlife to resolve damage or conflicts, as well as clean-up after mortalities caused by vehicle collisions, disease, oil spills or other natural disasters. Carcasses must be disposed of properly to protect public sensitivities, the environment, and public health. Improper disposal of carcasses can result in public outrage, site contamination, injury to animals and people, and the attraction of other animals that may lead to wildlife damage issues. Concern over ground water contamination and disease transmission from improper carcass disposal has resulted in increased regulation. Successful carcass disposal programs are cost-effective, environmentally sound, and protective of public health. In addition, disposal practices must demonstrate sensitivity to public perception while adhering to state and local guidelines. This publication discusses the range of options available for the responsible disposal of animal carcasses.
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Ahad, J., and M. Bringué. Oil spills project. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329837.

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Walton, William D., William D. Walton, and Nora H. Jason. In situ burning of oil spills. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.935.

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Walton, William D. In situ burning of oil spills :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.995v2r1.

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Harris, Aubrey E., Leslie Hopkinson, and Daniel Soeder. The Assessment of Instruments for Detecting Surface Water Spills Associated with Oil and Gas Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1340657.

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ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES INC PORTLAND ME. No Further Action Decision Under CERCLA, Fort Devens Study Area 58, Buildings 2648 and 2650 Fuel Oil Spills. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada467004.

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Mark Krauss and Catherine Birney. Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 544: Cellars, Mud Pits, and Oil Spills, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada, Revision 0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1016689.

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Mark Krauss. Streamlined Approach for Environmental Restoration (SAFER) Plan for Corrective Action Unit 544: Cellars, Mud Pits, and Oil Spills, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, Revision 0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984177.

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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.
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Combustive management of oil spills. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6964889.

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