To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Oil spills and wildlife.
Journal articles on the topic 'Oil spills and wildlife'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Oil spills and wildlife.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Morgan, Andrew David, Katherine Shaw-Brown, Ian Bellingham, Anna Lewis, Mitch Pearce, and Kellie Pendoley. "Global Oil Spills and Oiled Wildlife Response Effort: Implications for Oil Spill Contingency Planning." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1524–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1524.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Over the last century there has been a significant increase in the number and size of oil spills to the marine environment due to the global proliferation of oil and gas extraction as well as the number of tankers and other maritime transport infrastructure associated with increased production. Efforts have traditionally been focussed on containment and deflection of oil rather than responding to wildlife. The present study examines total oiled wildlife effort in response to maritime spills for 286 recorded globally. Between 1910 and 1961 there was an average of 1.23 ± 0.43 incidents per year, spilling an average of 114,062 ± 352,512 tonnes of oil per year. These averages increased to 3.83 ± 2.65 events with 123,277 ± 166,735 tonnes of oil spilt per year from 1962 to 1990, and again, from 1991 to 2012 to 6.50 ± 5.17 events with 164,299 ± 290,655 tonnes of oil spilt per year. Offshore platform and tanker spills have accounted for 37% and 27% of this total, respectively. Of the 104 recorded instances where wildlife interactions occurred (40%), spill volume was not related to the total number of animals caught, oiled or pre-emptively; however, it was related to the number of carcasses collected. A lack of planning for Oiled Wildlife Response (OWR) was identified as a contributing factor exacerbating the impact of a spill on wildlife and for resourcing a response. Inadequacies within operator and government contingency planning, to prepare for and sustain a wildlife response for extended periods, can be overcome by using a mobilisation model that integrates wildlife carer networks, government regulatory agencies and operator resourcing via an independent coordinating organisation consisting of a small group of personnel highly experienced and trained in maritime operations and marine science with access to a network of persons with experience in responding to wildlife and their handling, treatment and rehabilitation.
2
Ruoppolo, Valeria, Eric Woehler, Kerri Morgan, and Curt Clumpner. "Antarctic Wildlife and Oil - Are We Ready?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300266. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300266.1.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing rate of vessel incidents in the Southern Ocean (including an ever-increasing number of vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. The increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of substantial wildlife concentrations. Based on a questionnaire comprising six questions submitted to 33 national operators in the Antarctic, there is currently little preparation for an oil spill event involving wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. We chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the existing legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife response. It is very clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.
3
Bergmann, Pamela Ann. "Implementation and Revision of the Wildlife Protection Guidelines for Alaska's Federal On-Scene Coordinators." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-137.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established the Wildlife Protection Working Group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal on-scene coordinators (OSC) in dealing with potential wildlife impacts resulting from oil spills. The working group is composed of representatives of four federal and state agencies and three special-interest groups. The guidelines, which were adopted by the Alaska RRT on December 14, 1988, address three response strategies: controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife, keeping wildlife away from spills through the use of deterrent techniques, and attempting to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife. Since adoption by the Alaska RRT, the guidelines have been used in conjunction with response activities associated with the following spills: the Swallow diesel fuel and fuel oil spill near Dutch Harbor on February 27, 1989, the Exxon Valdez crude oil spill in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, and the Milos Reefer fuel oil and diesel fuel spill on St. Matthew Island on November 15, 1989. In the Swallow incident, protective booming, bird hazing, and bird capture and rehabilitation programs were conducted in accordance with the guidelines. In the Exxon Valdez incident, information in the guidelines was used to establish the sea otter rescue program and to begin implementation of the bird capture and rehabilitation program. In the Milos Reefer spill, the guidelines were used as the basis for a decision not to initiate a rescue program for birds oiled as a result of the vessel's grounding. In October 1989, the working group met to conduct a review of the guidelines based on experience gained through the Swallow and Exxon Valdez incidents. As a result of this meeting, seven principal additions have been proposed for the guidelines.
4
Gautier, Peter, Kent Bauer, and John Tarpley. "Organizational and Financial Considerations of Wildlife Operations During Two Orphan Spills Off California1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-989.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In November 1997 and again in January 1998, U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office San Francisco Bay, California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), the National Park Service, and the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary responded to “mystery” oil spill incidents in the Point Reyes National Seashore, California area. These spill responses were unique because they were primarily wildlife recovery and rehabilitation operations; very little oil was sighted despite wildlife impacts that rank the event as the fourth worst in California history. A large-scale investigation including the use of multiple laboratories to identify the source of the oil has established a connection between the two spills, but no responsible party has been identified to defray the response costs. As a result of the spills, a significant effort is underway in Northern California to better define the role of wildlife operations within the incident command system and to rethink its organization and protocols. Other lessons to apply to future responses involve the funding issues revolving around the difference between response efforts and natural resource damage assessment when the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) is the primary source of funding.
5
Ruoppolo, Valeria, Eric J. Woehler, Kerri Morgan, and Curtiss J. Clumpner. "Wildlife and oil in the Antarctic: a recipe for cold disaster." Polar Record 49, no. 2 (January 20, 2012): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000763.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe increasing rate of incidents involving vessels in the Southern Ocean (including vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. An increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of wildlife concentrations. Based on a survey of national operators in the Antarctic, there is little preparation for an oil spill event that involves Antarctic wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. Here we chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the current legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife event response. It is clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.
6
Henkel, Laird A., and Michael H. Ziccardi. "Life and Death: How Should We Respond to Oiled Wildlife?" Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/062017-jfwm-054.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract There is ongoing public debate about the best course of action to take when wildlife are affected by oil spills. Critics of wildlife rehabilitation suggest that the cleaning and release of oiled animals is a waste of resources focused on individual animals (not populations); thus, the most responsible course of action is to immediately euthanize affected animals. These critics claim that survival of rehabilitated animals is poor, and that the funds spent on rehabilitation would benefit wildlife more if spent on other conservation efforts. In this opinion piece, with a focus on birds, we review reasons for engaging in a coordinated response to oiled wildlife that includes cleaning and rehabilitation. The reasons for responding to oiled wildlife in any capacity include ethical, human safety, and legal aspects. Our rationale for proposing that responders attempt to rehabilitate wildlife, rather than planning on immediate euthanasia, includes financial, scientific, and additional ethical reasons. Financially, costs for wildlife rehabilitation are typically a very small portion of overall oil-spill response costs, and are typically independent of postspill enforcement and funds used to restore injured natural resources. Scientifically, we review recent studies that have shown that animals cleaned and rehabilitated after oil spills can often survive as well as nonoiled control animals. Ethically, some people would consider individual animals to have intrinsic value and that we, as consumers of petroleum products, have an obligation to reduce suffering and mitigate injuries associated with such accidents. For these reasons, we suggest that, although humane euthanasia should always be considered as an option for animals unlikely to return to normal function after rehabilitation, response to oil spills should include a coordinated effort to attempt wildlife rehabilitation.
7
Clumpner, Curtis, and Michael Ziccardi. "Inland Oiled Wildlife Response: It’s a Different Animal." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1795.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT 2017-311 The Oiled Wildlife Care Network (OWCN) was established in 1994 to address the need for timely, consistent, and professional science-based preparedness and response for wildlife at risk from oil spills occurring in the marine waters of California. Its mission focused on providing a high level of professional care based on the best available technology and science combined with the experience of many organizations that were pioneers in the field of wildlife rehabilitation. Since that time, the OWCN and its now more than 35 members have responded to over 100 spills while caring for more than 8,200 impacted animals. In 2014, in response to the increased risk due to changing sources and transport patterns in oil coming to refineries in California, the State legislature expanded the OWCN’s responsibility to include responding to oiled wildlife impacted during oil spills in all surface waters of California. Since then, the OWCN has worked to expand its plan and resources to ensure readiness to provide best achievable capture and care to a host of new species in the myriad of habitats and locations found in a large and ecologically diverse state. The biggest challenges to this expansion are the increased diversity of species and their habitats (California has 233 species and subspecies of reptiles and amphibians), and the increase in geographical scope. Working with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (specifically the Office of Spill Prevention and Response, or OSPR), the OWCN staff have identified species at risk and response challenges unique to an inland environment and terrestrial species and the appropriate resources meet those challenges and fill current gaps. We have incorporated lessons learned by colleagues during wildlife responses to inland spills including CNR Lake Wabamun (2005), Enbridge Kalamazoo River (2010), Silvertip Pipeline Yellowstone River (2011), and CNRL Cold Lake (2013). We have repurposed and redesigned existing equipment as well as acquiring additional mobile equipment to increase capacity and decrease response time. We have identified and trained first responders over a wide geographical area focusing on regions with increased risk of incident and impacts while leveraging our current primary care facilities with field stabilization and wildlife transportation plans to achieve maximum flexibility and cost effectiveness. We detail both the process that was used to develop this expansion and the resulting additions to the wildlife plan aimed to provide best achievable care to all wildlife species impacted by an inland oil spill in California.
8
Kemerer, Jack A., Terrence McGuigan, and Douglas Campbell. "CLEANUP AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL AND FUEL OIL SPILLS IN OSITO CANYON: A COMPARISON." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-483.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In July 1981, a crude oil spill from a pipeline break occurred in Osito Canyon near Castaic, California. In April 1984, a tank truck accident on Interstate Route 5 resulted in a fuel oil spill into a tributary canyon to Osito Canyon. Although the spills occurred at virtually the same location, the amounts spilled, the extent of the canyons contaminated, and the cleanup methods used produced different recovery results. The spillers assumed financial responsibility for cleanup actions and complied with the concerns and recommendations of government officials. The Environmental Protection Agency served as the on-scene coordinator, while the U. S. Forest Service and the U. S. Coast Guard's Pacific Strike Team provided on-site monitors and technical assistance. Impact from the spills appeared to be negligible on the chaparral type vegetation and sparse concentration of wildlife in the area. Effects from the spills were not lasting, and no environmentally sensitive downstream areas were affected.
9
Ruoppolo, Valeria, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Luís Fábio Silveira, Alexandre Novaes Zerbini, Liliana Colman, Eric John Woehler, Claudia Carvalho do Nascimento, et al. "SENSITIVITY MAPPING FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE: A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK TO IDENTIFY WILDLIFE AND AREAS AT RISK ALONG THE COASTLINE OF BRAZIL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 924–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.924.
Full textAbstract:
2017-365 Abstract The Environmental Mapping for Emergency Response at Sea Project (Mapeamento Ambiental para a Resposta à Emergência no Mar – MAREM, in Portuguese) resulted from a collaborative agreement between the Brazilian Institute of Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels (IBP) and the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (IBAMA). In order to provide support for planning and management of response operations involving marine oil spills, MAREM’s first and second phases, named Shoreline Protection and Cleanup Project (Projeto de Proteção e Limpeza de Costa – PPLC), created a geo-referenced database of the entire Brazilian coastline (approximately 7,500 km) in 2013. MAREM’s third phase was the Wildlife Protection Project (Projeto de Proteção à Fauna). It started in 2015 and was developed by a consortium involving Aiuká, Witt O’Brien’s Brasil and national and international experts. The Wildlife Protection Project identified, compiled and mapped relevant information on coastal and marine wildlife at risk from oil spill incidents and associated responses along the Brazilian coastline. The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone was divided into 18 geographic units to facilitate the integration of marine, freshwater and terrestrial biogeographical data, regional geopolitics, and the incorporation of the zonal management of national oil production. Standardized decision trees were developed to provide an objective and consistent method for the identification of priority species and areas for protection in the event of an oil spill within each management unit. The decision trees incorporated previously identified critical habitats or natural resources meeting international conservation strategies (such as Ramsar wetlands, Important Bird Areas and the World Heritage Convention) and the Brazilian National Action Plans for Species Conservation. Species were classified by integrating two components: (a) assessing their vulnerability to oil spills using standardized criteria, and (b) their conservation status under international, national and regional conventions to generate an assessed prioritization for protection in case of oil spills, minimizing potential impacts. The Wildlife Protection Project has produced (i) a comprehensive dataset on species and habitat vulnerability in Brazil, and (ii) and a publicly-available WebGIS database of the critical information relevant to oil spill responses and response management, available at www.marem-br.com.br. These two products contain key information on the biology, distribution, seasonality and behavior of the identified vulnerable species, in conjunction with operational information on the locations, biological, geopolitical and logistic aspects of the priority areas identified. Factsheets were produced for each high-priority species and areas, compiling selected details in a readily accessible format for field teams involved in oil spill responses. The Wildlife Protection Project represents an unprecedented and unique approach for oiled wildlife planning and response in Brazil.
10
Chilvers, B. Louise, and Pete J. McClelland. "Lessons Learned for Pre-Emptive Capture Management as a Tool for Wildlife Conservation during Oil Spills and Eradication Events." Animals 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050833.
Full textAbstract:
Pre-emptive capture or translocation of wildlife during oil spills and prior to pest eradication poison applications are very specific conservation goals within the field of conservation translocation/reintroduction. Protection of wildlife from contamination events occurs during either planned operations such as pest eradication poison applications, or unplanned events such as pollution or oil spills. The aim in both incidences is to protect at-risk wildlife species, ensuring the survival of a threatened regional population or entire species, by excluding wildlife from entering affected areas and therefore preventing impacts on the protected wildlife. If pre-emptive capture does not occur, wildlife may unintentionally be affected and could either die or will need capture, cleaning, and/or medical care and rehabilitation before being released back into a cleared environment. This paper reviews information from pre-emptive captures and translocations of threatened wildlife undertaken during past oil spills and island pest eradications, to assess criteria for species captured, techniques used, outcomes of responses, and lessons learned. From these case studies, the considerations and planning needs for pre-emptive capture are described and recommendations made to allow better use and preparedness for pre-emptive capture as a preventative wildlife conservation tool.
11
Short, Michael. "Oiled wildlife response for Antarctica: Practical and realistic solutions." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1559.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Through the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection all of the Antarctic member nations are required to have in place contingency plans for oil spills including oiled wildlife response. The current risks for marine pollution incidents to the Antarctic environment include refuelling activities associated with Antarctic stations/bases; routine station/base activities; and shipping associated with stations/bases, tourism, commercial fishing and whaling. Between 1981 and 2011 there have been reported 33 spills or near spill incidents associated with the Antarctic marine environment. Wildlife at risk from oil spills include seabirds (flying birds and penguins), pinnipeds and cetaceans. Antarctic and polar environments both provide a number of logistical and practical complications given their climatic and geographic character. The key elements for response actions for Antarctic wildlife identified are divided amongst primary, secondary and tertiary oiled wildlife response activities. Primary activities identified include focussing containment and clean up efforts to protecting wildlife as a priority using tools such as sensitivity mapping, stochastic and real time modelling. Secondary activities specific to individual wildlife groups were identified and included specialised hazing, exclusion and pre-emptive capture mechanisms focussed to the Antarctic environment. Tertiary activities are considered with regards to the real capacity of Antarctic stations to respond, take and rehabilitate oiled wildlife given the Antarctic environment and its limitations. The paper identifies realistic mechanisms and systems considering the climatic, logistical and practical issues of the Antarctic environment. Although specific to Antarctic bases the paper outcomes can be equally applied to other polar environments.
12
Mazet, Jonna A. K., Fiorina Tseng, Jay Holcomb, and David A. Jessup. "Oiled Wildlife Care Network Development for Integrated Emergency Response1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-229.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In response to the potential risk to California from oil spill events, the Lempert-Keene-Seastrand Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act was passed in 1990 requiring the Administrator of the Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response to establish rescue and rehabilitation stations for sea birds, sea otters, and other marine mammals. This legislative mandate for addressing the problems of oiled wildlife care was reaffirmed by three subsequent amendments to the original law. The California Oiled Wildlife Care Network strives to ensure that wildlife exposed to petroleum products in the environment receive the best achievable treatment by providing access to trained personnel and permanent wildlife rehabilitation facilities which are maintained in a constant state of readiness for oil spill response. This system includes a coordinated effort by federal, state, and local governments; the party responsible for the spill of the oil; and pre-identified non-governmental organizations, such as International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC), specializing in all aspects of oil spill response. The California system has involved representatives from governmental wildlife trustee agencies; universities and research organizations; oil production, transportation, and shipping industries; and wildlife rehabilitation organizations in the organizational structure of the network to ensure an integrated, coordinated, and successful emergency response. Organizations such as IBRRC provide expertise in the rehabilitation of oiled wildlife and the personnel to successfully conduct a spill response. In addition to the development of an organizational structure, crucial to the preparation for an integrated response effort is the pre-identification of wildlife resources at risk. Data on sensitive species can be combined with information on shipping traffic to indicate areas at highest risk of severe wildlife impacts from oil spills in order to target areas requiring the availability of trained volunteers and wildlife rehabilitation facilities. A well-planned response system capitalizes also on existing expertise by developing relationships with wildlife care and response organizations prior to an oil spill event. Key to this effective response system is an annual training program for these partner organizations, incorporating hazardous materials safety information, description of current techniques in oiled wildlife care, and the captive management problems associated with the species at risk of oil exposure. The Oiled Wildlife Care Network must maintain the flow of information within the oil spill response community to ensure that new techniques and technologies are being incorporated into treatment protocols to provide the best achievable treatment for oil-affected wildlife.
13
Silva, Flávio José de Lima, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Simone Almeida Gavilan, Silmara Rossi, Daniel Solon Dias de Farias, Aline da Costa Bomfim, Rysónely Maclay de Oliveira, et al. "Overview of oil spills worldwide and impacts on marine megafauna." Brazilian Journal of Case Reports 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2023): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52600/2763-583x.bjcr.2024.4.1.78-94.
Full textAbstract:
Oil spills have a significant impact on the environment, posing threats to various marine species. This review aims to gather information on various oil spills that have occurred worldwide and discuss their impact on marine megafauna (marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds), in order to provide useful insights that can be applied in decision-making during rescue and rehabilitation efforts. The publications were obtained from oil spill searches in databases such as Elsevier-Scopus, Scielo, JStor, and Google Scholar. Oil spills can cause lethal damage to marine biodiversity, affecting individuals of different ages and species. Although the acute effects of oil contamination on wildlife are evident, it is challenging to treat and recover from. Hydrocarbons can persist in the environment for a long time, leading to prolonged exposure of animals to the contaminants. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that the effects of oil spills on marine megafauna may not be observed in the short term, such as contamination through the bioaccumulation of compounds in the food chain. It is necessary to conduct systematic studies on local fauna at all developmental stages of oil activities, including seismic research, exploration, and oil distribution to address the impact of oil spills on marine megafauna.
14
Yeung, Polly, Bridey White, Michael Ziccardi, and B. Louise Chilvers. "What Helps Oiled Wildlife Responders Care for Animals While Minimizing Stress and Compassion Fatigue." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071952.
Full textAbstract:
Oil spills are environmental disasters and their long-term impact is not just a concern for the environment and economy, but also for first responders’ health and wellbeing. Wildlife, such as aquatic birds and certain marine mammals, are highly susceptible to physiological effects of oiling, and oiled wildlife responders are crucial to provide measures for their survival. The purpose of this research was to explore the experiences of oiled wildlife responders and what factors and conditions have helped or inhibited the responders to care-affected wildlife. This study collected responses (n = 50) from a survey of responders who attended either the New Zealand MV Rena or US Refugio pipeline oil spills. Study participants were mostly older (>40), highly educated females. We found there were significant differences in compassion satisfaction, resilience, burnout and overall satisfaction based on age, gender and role. While most responders have only attended limited numbers of oil spill incidents, they reported positive experiences and found it rewarding. Findings from responders indicated that to lessen stress and compassion fatigue during an incident, provision of training and support from professional organizations equips responders with knowledge and skills that can support their personal resilience to respond to disaster events.
15
Lessard, Richard R., Gregory DeMarco, Roger C. Prince, Robert J. Fiocco, and Jerry Canevari. "Exxon Oil Spill Technology Advances from the Valdez Cleanup." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-357.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 was the largest marine oil spill in U.S. history. It triggered a massive cleanup and accelerated major changes to the U.S. structure for combating oil spills. It also led to a number of successful new programs within Exxon and industry aimed at reducing incidents, minimizing spillage of oil worldwide, and improving the capability to respond in the event of a spill. Exxon's response effort is widely acknowledged as the largest peacetime industrial mobilization ever in the United States and possibly in the world. Exxon immediately accepted responsibility and committed resources and personnel to clean up the environment affected by the spill The Valdez spill is the most studied ever. The cleanup involved the use of technology not previously applied to large spills. Many of these applications are now the subject of ongoing international research programs aimed at improving the ability to respond. This paper, written by several Exxon scientists who conducted technical studies in support of the cleanup, summarizes many of the technical learnings and advances that came out of the spill, and subsequent research studies with emphasis on how these apply to today's spills. This paper discusses only the response and cleanup. Exxon also initiated a number of programs to mitigate impacts on people, communities and wildlife affected by the spill.
16
Nayak, Debasish, Surajit Pattanaik, and Shibani Hota. "Case study on Experimental study of Oil Spill Clean-up Methods for More Effective Handling of Future Accidents." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 4163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45759.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Petroleum (oil) is an essential natural resource for modern industrial society; it is used to produce energy and materials, which serve a variety of manufacturing, industrial and consumer needs. However, extensive oil extraction, transport and use have resulted in many accidental oil spills. USA Today reported in 2010 that the number of spills in the US has more than quadrupled over the previous decade. Oil spills pose hazards to both humans and wildlife, and adversely affect local ecosystems. It is therefore important for governments, industry and emergency managers to understand, appreciate, and hopefully improve strategies for oil cleanup. It is essential to review both the strategies that have worked and those that have not, so that optimal methods for handling such catastrophic events can be clearly identified. This report will serve as a case study analysis to assess best- and worst-case oil cleanup methods; by categorizing previous events based on gravity of the spill, cleanup success levels, length of time for remediation, and type of affected environment, more effective strategies can be developed for Evaluating and managing cleanup efforts. This includes more rapid oil spill cleanup with minimal impact on the local environment. The case studies reveal that human error is the single most important factor correlating with risk of oil spills; therefore, more effort should be spent towards prevention than on the development of new technologies for cleanup response. However, when the inevitable oil spill occurs, bioremediation and dispersant application are concluded to be the preferred methods.
17
Imai, Randy. "Electronic Wildlife Recovery Tool." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.914.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Oil spills can have significant impact on wildlife. Documenting the spatial and temporal data associated with oil spills is an important component that aids in all phases of the response. After struggling long hours to incorporate hardcopy records into a Geographic Information System (GIS), the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) recognized the importance of developing a wildlife recovery application specifically designed for the Wildlife Branch within the Incident Command System (ICS). The Wildlife Recovery Application (WRA) is an iOS based program designed to work optimally on an iPhone. The objective of the application was to keep it simple intuitive, reliable, and effective. The WRA can be used with minimal training and has the ability to operate in environments without cellular service. The interface permits the user to visually review the data and photographs, allowing the user to electronically transmit the information to the GIS Unit remotely once cell service or wireless internet has been established. Once the data is transmitted to the Incident Command Post (ICP), the information can be quickly integrated into a GIS. This eliminates the difficult task of manually inputting data from handwritten field notes that may have been compromised by the environmental elements or illegible due to variations in handwriting styles or penmanship. Lastly, the Care and Processing Group within the Wildlife Branch can integrate the data into an on-line medical database designed specifically for wildlife rehabilitators to collect, manage and analyze data for their individual wildlife patients.
18
Bergmann, Pamela, and Nick Russo. "JOINT CANADA/UNITED STATES WILDLIFE RESPONSE PLANNING: DIXON ENTRANCE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1327.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Neither wildlife nor oil spills acknowledge international boundaries. Both migratory birds and marine mammals move freely between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada, in the international boundary area known as Dixon Entrance in the North Pacific Ocean. An oil spill on one side of the border may be carried by winds and/or currents into the waters of the adjacent country. Recognition of these facts resulted in the development of the Canada/United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, which was signed by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in 1974. Annexes were subsequently prepared for five transboundary areas, including Dixon Entrance. Following the promulgation of these annexes, joint exercises have been held to enhance annex implementation. In September 1999, at the request of the USCG and CCG, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance (DOI-OEPC) took the lead in organizing and chairing a workshop to discuss issues associated with wildlife response activities for oil spills that cross the Canada/United States border in Dixon Entrance. The workshop was held in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as part of a 4-day joint meeting. Workshop participants included representatives from key U.S. federal and Alaska State wildlife resource agencies, Canadian federal wildlife resource agencies, oil spill cooperatives for Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, and the USCG. Wildlife resource agency representatives participating in the workshop reached consensus that the goal of wildlife protection is to make decisions based on what is best for the wildlife resources and then to determine how the goal can be accomplished within the constraints of each countries regulatory process. Agreement was reached to form a Canada/United States working group to develop a joint wildlife response plan. The plan, which will focus on migratory birds and sea otters, will address issues associated with the removal of dead oiled wildlife from the environment, hazing of unoiled wildlife, preemptive capture of sea otters, and capture and treatment of oiled migratory birds and sea otters. A draft plan will be developed prior to a September 2000, Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) joint meeting, which will be held in Ketchikan, Alaska.
19
Baker, Troy L., Jim Jeansonne, Charlie Henry, and John Tarpley. "NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION'S ROLE DURING OIL SPILLS WHERE MARINE MAMMALS ARE INVOLVED." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-991.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Providing rapid and humane care for distressed or threatened marine mammals is crucial to the ultimate success of such actions. Recently, in the southeast United States, marine mammals were observed in the vicinity of several oil spills. Proper coordination of marine mammal rescue or recovery actions with the Unified Command (UC) is essential for response personnel safety and increased probability of saving the affected animals. In the event of animal mortalities, effective coordination between the marine mammal resource agencies and the UC helps ensure the preservation of causal evidence. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S (NOAA'S) Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), generally through the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), is able to assist the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and UC in addressing the threat of spilled oil on potentially affected marine mammals. Response actions during recent spills included: documenting the animals’ type and location, notification of the marine mammal agencies and teams responsible for their recovery and care, and coordination between the spill response and the marine mammal response. The actions of responders during recent spills involving marine mammals are summarized and relevant issues discussed, including properly characterizing the threat to marine mammals from spilled oil. The recent oil spill responses involving marine mammals in the southeastern U.S. are applicable to future spills throughout the United States and potentially worldwide. These recent incidents underscore the need to fully understand and plan for high profile wildlife issues during oil spill responses.
20
Ain, Qurat Ul, Aziz Ur Rehman, and Madiha Abbasi. "Bioremediation: Review on oil spill management using oil eating microorganisms, and spill effects on marine and terrestrial environment." Journal of Sustainable Environmental 1, no. 2 (March 6, 2023): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58921/jse.01.02.020.
Full textAbstract:
With never ending increase in usage and demand of petroleum products worldwide chances of its spill also increase. Oil spills directly affect marine as well as terrestrial ecosystem, as petroleum product became source of water pollution. Marine shorelines serve as home to variety of wildlife oil spills thus destroying habitat of different animals by polluting coastline. Fishes and birds being the main victims. Different physical and chemical methods are used to manage oil spills. However bioremediation is considered as best procedure to manage oil spills around the world. Bioremediation uses the oil loving microbes (lyophilic) to cope oil spills, microbes are cable of destroying complex chemical compounds, some bacteria consume hydrocarbon as their ultimate energy and carbon source. Although process is considered as highly effective the rate at which degradation occur is very slow to prevent oil effecting shore and marine ecosystem, generally due to limitation of availability of nutrients which are generally nitrogen and phosphorous. Two type of methods are generally involved in bioremediation, these include bio augmentation and bio stimulation. In bio augmentation biodegradable bacteria are added to existing population at effected site while in bio stimulation, is addition of nutrients to make process more effective and efficient. Latest technology introduce use of nanoparticles in bioremediation. Along with bacteria some microalgae are under consideration for effective bioremediation. Challenges involve in biodegradation include slow bioremediation of polycyclic hydrocarbons of high molecular weight, i.e. asphaltenes can be difficult to deal .While failure of some techniques which are successful in laboratory at effected site is another problem .The review focus on oil spill effects, new trends in bioremediation developing technique and microbial bioremediation agents.
21
Wiens, John A., Ernest L. Brannon, David L. Garshelis, John Burns, Anne A. Hoover-Miller, Robert H. Day, Charles B. Johnson, and Stephen M. Murphy. "Fish and Wildlife Recovery Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-127.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The authors review studies of four taxa—pink salmon, sea otters, harbor seals, and several species of sea-birds—widely believed to have suffered severe impacts from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. These studies were conducted over a 10-year post-spill period and included pre-spill information where possible. They demonstrated earlier suggestions of negative impacts may have been unfounded (harbor seals) or the species either exhibited no obvious detrimental effects from the spill (pink salmon population runs, population density and habitat occupancy of half the 23 seabird species examined) or indicated impacts followed by clear evidence of subsequent recovery (sea otters, the remaining seabird species). These species' apparent resilience to perturbations such as oil spills may be related to these ecosystems' high natural variability. Evaluating spill effects is enhanced by long-term studies that recognize the natural variability of marine environments and use a rigorous study design. The results of such studies also must be interpreted objectively, free of preconceptions about spill effects and divorced from advocacy positions.
22
Jessup, David A., and Jonna A. K. Mazet. "Rehabilitation of Oiled Wildlife: Why Do It?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-573.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Although the public's interest in oil spills and similar environmental disasters often focus on the plight of injured animals, animal issues are only a very small part of an oil spill response. The dichotomy between the public's and the media's perception of what is important and what many wildlife biologists feel is important for long-term species conservation has led to conflicts and heated exchanges between proponents and opponents of oiled wildlife care. Additionally, some critics believe that there is a competition for funds between wildlife care and wildlife restoration, and that oiled wildlife care is offered up as a solution to pollution's damage to wildlife populations, or as an alternative to prevention. In California the collection, medical care, and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife is part of a comprehensive program for pollution response and provides data needed for planning, prevention and restoration. It is conducted for specific legal, social, political, and biological reasons. Under these circumstances, oiled wildlife care supports species conservation programs, as well as helping to document injury.
23
Okolo, N. "Oil Spill Preparedness in Kenya." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-105.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Following oil spills and petroleum fire incidents in Kenya, and in light of the recent increase in environmental awareness worldwide, the oil industry in Kenya and its affiliates have taken tangible steps to enhance alertness and implement emergency response plans. A National Oil Pollution Committee was formed in 1989 and charged with (1) assessing the existing capability of the industry to cope with oil spills, and (2) defining the maximum credible incident that the industry can handle, including establishing stock levels of equipment and chemicals, setting up plans, and organization and development of regular practice drills. Since the oil industry in Kenya cannot provide resources capable of responding to, and effectively controlling all emergencies which might occur, the National Oil Pollution Committee includes representatives of two government corporations, Kenya Ports Authority and Kenya Pipeline Company, and the four government ministries of Transport and Communications, Energy, Tourism and Wildlife, and Environment and Natural Resources. The Kenya Ports Authority has been appointed as the oil spill coordinator responsible for manpower, storage and maintenance of the equipment stockpile, and equipment employment in case of an oil spill.
24
Moore, Roberta, and Candace M. Burns. "The Effect of Oil Spills on Workers Involved in Containment and Abatement." AAOHN Journal 59, no. 11 (November 2011): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507991105901103.
Full textAbstract:
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the most recent manmade disaster to challenge occupational health nurses caring for a unique worker population. The effects of oil spills on wildlife, marine life, and the ecosystem are well studied and documented, but the effects on workers who contain and abate such disasters are not. These workers can suffer from a multitude of illnesses and injuries, such as ataxia, migraines, and various lung diseases, which can be a challenge for occupational health nurses.
25
Okonkwo, Eloamaka Carol. "OIL SPILLS IN NIGERIA: ARE THERE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300289. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300289.1.
Full textAbstract:
Oil exploration and production results in various problems ranging from oil spills, gas flaring, habitat destruction, air and water pollution as well as land degradation. In this work oil spill will be singled out as main topic of discussion as it is one of the area in the oil industry that is been affecting the industry seriously in recent years. Oil spill can cause colossal damage which includes destruction of economic and social activities. The problems culminates into several impacts which include health, environmental, economic and social impacts. Over the years, so much attention is been given to the environmental and health impact of these spills. This work is going to go beyond this environmental and health impacts to the economic and social impacts. Economic impacts of oil spills generally include cost of clean-up and compensation, damage to agricultural lands, fishery and wildlife. Social impact on the other hand includes community conflicts, violence and frustration which leads to militancy, reduction in tourism and hospitality industries. The social and economic impacts actually go together in the sense that social impacts most times affects the economy. For instance, social impacts on tourism and hospitality industries causes reduction in jobs, poverty and revenue. In Nigeria, the impacts of oil spill appear more devastating owing to the fact that it is a developing country and that there is always political crisis in the country. Spills have caused deaths, destruction of farmlands, destruction of fishing industry, destruction of tourism facilities and cultural areas. In the Niger Delta Region, one can say that the impacts take different dimensions are many as spill and subsequent pollution is believed to be one of the main causes of militancy in the Niger Delta. This work looks at the socio-economic impacts of spills holistically and socio-economic impact specifically on the Niger Deltans and proffer solutions. A comparative approach will be used to analyse how socio-economic impacts of oil spills is being dealt with in some selected jurisdictions and the lessons Nigeria can learn from it putting into consideration the socio-economic and political situations. In doing that, formidable options available to Niger Deltans who are victims of oil spills will be explored. This will include options that will make the spillers accountable and responsible.
26
Blažauskas, Nerijus, and Dmitry Dorokhov. "Assessment of the sensitivity of sandy coasts of the south–eastern part of the Baltic to oil spills." Baltica 27, special (February 20, 2014): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2014.27.16.
Full textAbstract:
The sandy coasts of the south–eastern Baltic Sea are the unique landscape along the shores of Poland, Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), Lithuania and Latvia. Flat sandy beaches, protective dune ridges and near shore sandy spits are very valuable and attractive resources for human recreation and valuable habitat for wildlife. Intensifying shipping, operation of oil terminals and offshore platforms poses a constant threat not only to coastal and socio–economic resources, but also to sensitive underwater landscapes of marine areas and vulnerable marine habitats. Analysis of environmental sensitivity proved to be an effective tool for national and regional oil spill response planning. However, in order to complete the precise evaluation of near shore and coastal zone sensitivity to possible oil spills there is a need to identify vulnerable coastal sectors and complete detailed mapping of underwater landscapes. This is achieved by developing an integrated methodology for analysis of valuable coastal zone sensitivity to potential oil spills.
27
McGrath, Gabrielle G., Heather A. Parker-Hall, John A. Tarpley, and Alan Nack. "The Investigation to Identify the SS Jacob Luckenbach – Using Technology to Locate a Hidden Source of Oil that Caused Years of Impacts and the Future Implications of Sunken Shipwrecks." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 1219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1219.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT From 1992 until 2002, oiled birds, predominantly common murres, were found along the central California coastline during the winter months, but no significant oil slicks were observed. These repeat “mystery” oil spills puzzled investigators for 10 years while several similar cases of bird impacts occurred from November through February to varying degrees each year. In 2001, the same pattern began yet again. The response to oiled wildlife was the most significant to date. Extending over 220 miles of coastline, more than 2000 birds were recovered and transported for care to California's Oiled Wildlife Care Network (OWCN) facility. Motivated by this serious threat to wildlife, federal and state investigators utilized the historical data collected in previous cases combined with current technology to solve the mystery. An extensive Oil Spill Source Identification Task Force was formed consisting of 20 federal and state agents working together to get to the source of the problem. Through these current technologies, including oil sample analysis; satellite, aerial, and on-water observations; and hindcasting, the Task Force was able to eliminate alternative possibilities and focus the investigation on the last potential source, a sunken shipwreck. The Task Force sifted through four different databases of sunken vessels indicating over 700 shipwrecks off of the San Francisco coast alone to establish eight ships as potential targets. During the first underwater search planned to visually investigate each of these vessels, oil was located in the surface waters above the SS JACOB LUCKENBACH, a C-3 freighter sunk in 1953, 17 miles southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge. Analyses of oil samples collected from the vessel's tanks confirmed the LUCKENBACH as the source impacting California seabirds. Further research showed that all possible responsible parties have been absolved of any liability regarding the sinking of the LUCKENBACH. After spending over $3 million on the 1997–1998 and 2001–2002 incidents for the wildlife response alone and with no party from which to recover the funds, the spill response community is faced with an enormous financial task for the future: responding to inevitable oil spills off the coasts of the United States from thousands of deteriorating shipwrecks sunk decades ago with, in most cases, no responsible parties.
28
Spears, Ray E., Suzanne E. Helton, Anita L. Pease, and Thearin R. Wendel. "Volunteers at Oil Spill Cleanups: Guidance for On-Scene Coordinator1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-161.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Contamination of waters, beaches, shorelines, and wildlife after oil spills is the subject of increasing public concern, especially in the wake of recent large spills receiving extensive media attention. In many areas, members of local communities have demonstrated their concern by arriving at the sites of oil spills and volunteering to participate in efforts to clean up affected areas. The volunteers often arrive in large numbers and are usually untrained in the mechanisms of oil spill response and cleanup. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) specifies that a designated federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) coordinate and direct federal activities at the site of certain response and removal actions, including the way in which volunteers will be used. What is crucial to OSCs is distinguishing between those people who fall under the legal concept of “volunteer” and those who are offering to provide gratuitous services. Accepting voluntary services, as opposed to gratuitous services, presents a dilemma in the form of liability to both the government and OSC. This discussion focuses on statutory requirements that OSCs must follow at the site of an oil cleanup, the difference between “volunteer” and “gratuitous” service, and liability when accepting these services. The NCP specifies that OSCs identify ways in which volunteers be used, and recent oil spill cleanup efforts in three states provide examples of the way in which gratuitous service workers can be used to make significant contributions.
29
Ott, Gary L. "Fish and Wildlife Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: The Need for A National Wildlife Plan1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-609.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT If responders believe preplanning will help them become more successful during an oil spill, a recent survey shows that they are not very successful at wildlife protection and response preplanning in Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), at least here on the Atlantic Coast. Wildlife planners in a few states, such as California and Alaska, have committed considerable resources to develop statewide goals, best practices, and standards for wildlife planning and have also described tactical implementation for wildlife protection. In most areas of the United States, however, planning for protection and rehabilitation of wildlife is limited to listing the name and phone number of the regional wildlife volunteer organization. How is “success” achieved for wildlife protection and rehabilitation? Wildlife Resource Management Agencies have a responsibility to support the ACP planning process as well as to tell industry what they expect them to accomplish during an oil spill. Without goals and some tangible definition of success it is not possible for planners neither to determine if they have done adequate planning nor to determine if any given spill response actually met the Wildlife Resource Management Agency's expectations. Wildlife Resource Management Agencies should provide the Area Committees with appropriate wildlife protection and response goals, recommended protocols, and best practices. The objective of the February 2001 workshop funded by the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute (OSRI) is to develop national standards and protocols relative to migratory birds affected or potentially affected by an oil spill. Perhaps these protocols and standards could be published in a National Wildlife Plan. A National Wildlife Plan should enable the Area Committee to identify at least three things: (1) appropriate goals, such as which sensitive wildlife resources are most at risk and should be protected; (2) appropriate protocols and strategies for the protection and rehabilitation of wildlife including countermeasures to protect wildlife habitats and the most useful wildlife hazing and preemptive capture strategies to protect the maximum number of the most critical resources; and (3) levels of wildlife protection and response resources needed to accomplish these strategies. The building of a National Wildlife Plan will require a thoughtfully structured consensus process. One method would be for representatives of Wildlife Resource Management Agencies to actively participate in workshops or in an ecological risk assessment process designed to reach consensus on a wide range of wildlife issues.
30
Clumpner, Curt, and Barbara Callahan. "Optimizing the value of near misses in wildlife response preparedness: The Kulluk Incident." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2288.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Mitigating the impact of an oil spill on wildlife is one of the stated priorities in nearly every oil spill. Wildlife in some way is regularly included in drills and exercises in many places around the world. While planning, training, and exercising are critical to wildlife preparedness, responders know that nothing compares to real world experience. In many spills and near miss situations, the Wildlife Branch is not activated until after there are documented wildlife impacts. Most incident management teams will only bring in professional oiled wildlife responders when oiling of wildlife has occurred or is imminent. During the December 2013 response to the Kulluk Tow Incident, a small Wildlife Branch was activated as an integral part of the Incident Command structure put in place. The Wildlife Branch proceeded to provide a detailed plan for an active response, if one was needed. Over the next week, while the rig grounded, refloated and finally towed to a place of refuge, the Wildlife Branch, working with the Environmental Unit, developed a wildlife plan that identified the resources at risk, the wildlife response options and the personnel, equipment and facilities that would be needed if oil were to be released. The Alaska Wildlife Response Center was prepared for activation, wildlife responder's availability, and travel time was documented and incident specific equipment gaps were identified and sourced. Additionally, specific incident plans were developed for hazing (bird deterrence), solid waste and wastewater that stood ready for implementation. While Alaska has a robust preparedness and exercise program, the quick decision by Shell and the Unified Command to ensure wildlife response was in place, if needed, provided a real test of the oiled wildlife response system with all the problems, challenges and changing parameters of a real event. It added real value by showing the public and trustees the importance that was placed on wildlife protection as well as by increasing integration, confidence and teamwork in the Alaskan response community.
31
Flourizel, Igbani, Tatah Gideon Weapngong, and Odekina Martins Ukwubile. "A Review on the Effects of Crude Oil Spill on Aquatic Life (Fish) in The Niger Delta, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijepr.13/vol12n17594.
Full textAbstract:
The discovery of crude oil in commercial quantities in the Niger Delta was echoes of riches and wealth to the region and the country, Nigeria but the Niger Delta environment and aquatic ecosystems suffers great anthropogenic pollutions to its biodiversity: birds, animals, plants and crops; fishes and wildlife. This article has reviewed the effects of crude oil spill on the aquatic life (fish) in the Niger Delta, examining cases of oil spill incidences, impacts of oil exploration and exploitation on the environment, management of oil spill on living aquatic resources; biomagnification and threat to biodiversity and food security. It also examined the extent of crude oil removal techniques, and finally proffer possible mitigations and compensations for oil spills incidences in the Niger Delta. We are left with a great question: can gas flaring and illegal refineries be stopped, in the Niger Delta? The Niger Delta waters and the aquatic biodiversity should be protected; the government and multi-national oil companies should launch a clean-up programme on the affected areas/the region, and the management of spills (both of catastrophic and local dimensions) will play a leading role by enacting and enforcing stringent environmental laws that will protect the oil producing communities/areas. Government should be able to identify natural resources (such as wetlands and coastal zones) in Nigeria and monetary investment in environmental protection of vulnerable areas should be seriously looked into.
32
Addassi, Yvonne Najah, Kathleen Jennings, Michael Ziccardi, Julie Yamamoto, and Steve Hampton. "LONG-TERM WILDLIFE OPERATIONS: ADAPTATIONS TO TRADITIONAL INCIDENT COMMAND (OR ICS) STRUCTURE. A CASE STUDY OF THE SS JACOB LUCKENBACH.*." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-479.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT From 2001–2002, oiled birds were found along 220 miles of California's central coastline, with more than 2,000 birds recovered and transported for care. No significant slicks or other obvious sources of oil were observed. Response activities were coordinated to address a prolonged wildlife event, rather than proceeding as a typical short-term oil spill response. This event was part of a long pattern of repeat “mystery” oil spills in this region that puzzled investigators for 10 years, most believing the oil resulted from illegal dumping; but when the 2001/2002 event extended well beyond the winter season, investigators looked deeper. After an extensive investigation by state and federal agencies, the sunken vessel, SS Jacob Luckenbach was identified. A six month, $19 million, multi-agency response operation was undertaken by the U.S. Coast Guard with operations concluding October 2002. To address the 11-month wildlife response for the 2001/2002 season, the Incident Command Structure was modified to address the unique needs of this event, including: activation and deactivation criteria for beach searches; weather prediction for oil release and animal stranding patterns; hybridization of field team functions; changing response priorities for key species; and long-term staffing, communication and coordination among the multiple agencies. Spill-specific policies and protocols were established, and information was made available to remote personnel through a website. On-going staff debriefs were conducted and adjustments implemented. Based on lessons learned, California's Wildlife Operations Plan is being revised and an electronic data collection system is being implemented to streamline animal tracking. Although most response organizations are structured to respond to “batch” spills, with hundreds of aging sunken vessels along the California coast alone and as the continuous release from the TV Prestige demonstrated, organizational modifications may be necessary to adequately prepare for and respond to the more unusual, but potentially growing risk of long-term, intermittent releases in the off-shore environment.
33
Ferriere, Dale. "WASTE MINIMIZATION CONCEPTS APPLIED TO OIL SPILL RESPONSE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-111.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Lessons learned from past U.S. oil spill response histories show that prudent waste management principles have not been a primary consideration in making decisions for tactical response to major open-water oil spills. Contingency planners (government and industry) consistently choose a mechanical response strategy usually resulting in significant shoreline impact and waste generation (secondary pollution from response actions). Generally, the Environmental Protection Agency's waste minimization hierarchy is not used when managing a major open-water oil spill, subsequent cleanup of oiled shorelines, response to oiled wildlife, and final disposal of oily waste. Contingency plans do not adequately weigh the ecological ramifications from response-generated waste and response-generated pollution when deciding how to protect the environment. This paper shows how the EPA's waste minimization hierarchy should be used during all phases of an oil spill response: strategic planning, tactical planning, and response execution.
34
Goldsworthy, S. D., R. P. Gales, M. Giese, and N. Brothers. "Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). I. Estimates of mortality." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99075.
Full textAbstract:
The bulk ore carrier Iron Baron ran aground on Hebe Reef at the mouth of the Tamar River in northern Tasmania, Australia, on 10 July 1995. It released an estimated 325 tonnes of bunker fuel oil. Of the wildlife species affected, the most readily detected was the little penguin (Eudyptula minor); 1894 were collected and treated for oiling. This study estimates the impact of the oil spill on populations of little penguins. At Ninth Island (approximately 40 km from Hebe Reef), one of the most affected little penguin colonies, pre-oil-spill population estimates were available. Extensive regular trapping and mark–recapture of birds at this site during the course of the oil spill provided longitudinal data on oiling rates from a known population size. Using these data, we estimate that 19.6% of birds from Ninth Island were oiled and survived to come ashore. This represents about 526 (1932–3108, 95% CL) adult birds, or up to 5566 (4197–6917) birds in total (adults and juveniles). For estimates of the impact on little penguin populations in the region, we provide three scenarios of the possible numbers of penguins oiled. After considering the biases of each risk assessment, we believe that between 10 000 and 20 000 penguins were killed as a result of the oil spill. The study indicates that, despite the relatively small amount of oil spilt by the Iron Baron, the impact on penguin populations was extensive. This study also highlights the difficulties and requirements in assessing the impact of oil spills on wildlife populations.
35
White, Jan L., and Marti F. Wolfe. "EARTHQUAKES AND OIL SPILLS: LESSONS FROM THE SANTA CLARA RIVER SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-1038.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT On January 17, 1994, the Northridge earthquake struck southern California and caused multiple ruptures in a pipeline; the ruptures resulted in a 4607-barrel oil spill into the Santa Clara River. The veterinary mobile response vehicle equipped by the California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Oil Spill Prevention and Response (CDFG-OSPR) was called into use for immediate field stabilization. The International Bird Rescue Research Center of Berkeley, California, was hired to retrieve and provide rehabilitation care for the birds. Thirty-seven birds, mainly Virginia and Sora rails, were retrieved, and 24 birds were released; thus the survival rate was 65%. This spill effort was unique because, for the first time, blood samples were taken at the retrieval site; these samples revealed an early and very crucial “snapshot” of the affected birds. There was a noticeable difference in blood values compared with blood samples taken in wildlife care centers during previous oil spill responses. White blood cell counts were in the low to normal range (average 7800; range of 2700 to 12,700) (n = 20). Birds regained a predominant number of lymphocytes (over heterophils) in a shorter period of time than in other spills (i.e., 14.9 days versus 4 weeks). Methods for reducing stress in oiled birds were improved. Protocols for stabilization, stress reduction, housing, and handling used in this spill may serve to improve avian care and survival rates in subsequent spill response efforts.
36
Addassi, Yvonne Najah, Julie Yamamoto, and Thomas M. Cullen. "The Refugio Oil Spill Response: Case Study and Lessons’ Learned/Best Practices for the Future." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.104.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The Refugio Oil Spill occurred on May 19, 2015, due to the failure of an underground pipeline, owned and operated by a subsidiary of Plains All-American Pipeline near Highway 101 in Santa Barbara County. The Responsible Party initially estimated the amount of crude oil released at about 104,000 gallons, with 21,000 gallons reaching the ocean. A Unified Command (UC) was established consisting of Incident Commanders from the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), Santa Barbara County, and Plains Pipeline with additional participation by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and California State Parks. Within hours, the CDFW closed fisheries and the following day Governor Brown declared a state of emergency for Santa Barbara County. The released oil caused heavy oiling of both on and offshore areas at Refugio State Beach and impacted other areas of Santa Barbara and Ventura. A number of factors created unique challenges for the management of this response. In addition to direct natural resource impacts, the closure of beaches and fisheries occurred days before the Memorial Day weekend resulting in losses for local businesses and lost opportunities for the public. The Santa Barbara community, with its history with oil spills and environmental activism, was extremely concerned and interested in involvement, including the use of volunteers on beaches. Also this area of the coast has significant tribal and archeologic resources that required sensitive handling and coordination. Finally, this area of California’s coast is a known natural seep area which created the need to distinguish spilled from ‘naturally occurring’ oil. Most emergency responses, including oil spills, follow a similar pattern of command establishment, response and cleanup phases, followed by non-response phase monitoring, cleanup and restoration. This paper will analyze the Refugio oil spill response in three primary focus areas: 1) identify the ways in which this spill response was unique and required innovative and novel solutions; 2) identify the ways in which this response benefited from the ‘lessons’ learned from both the Deepwater Horizon and Cosco Busan oil spills; and 3) provide a summary of OSPR’s response evaluation report for Refugio, with specific focus on how the lessons learned and best practices will inform future planning efforts within California.
37
BOONDAMNOEN, Orathai, Yolada ISSARASEREE, Nattapan PHONGPALA, Usa SANGWATANAROJ, and Mantana OPAPRAKASIT. "Green Material From Natural Rubber-Coated Fabric As A Sustainable Solution In Removing Oil From Water." International Journal of Conservation Science 14, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ijcs.2023.03.25.
Full textAbstract:
Oil removal from water has become more important for environment sustainability since there are many cases of oil leakage accidents. Oil spills, whether caused by accidents or other factors, can have devastating effects on aquatic ecosystems and wildlife. To clean up by utilizing green materials, it can mitigate the environmental impact of oil spills and align with the principles of conservation science. Therefore, in this work, an attempt was made to clean oil contamination using rubber foam attached with cotton fabric. The enhancement of hydrophobicity would increase the efficiency of oil removal. The cotton fabric was coated by natural rubber (NR) foam and subsequently treated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) as hydrophobic agent. The results show the treated NR-coated fabric exhibited excellent oil absorption, oil selectivity and completely removed the oily layer from water. It is because hydrophobic enhancement of cotton fabric and rubber foam surfaces were achieved at 157° and 140°, respectively. The formation of hydrophobic agent with rough surface was revealed by SEM micrographs. From the results, the prepared NR-coated fabric presented an attractive hydrophobic property with simple preparation and high efficiency of oil removal. It could be said that NR-coated fabric is a green material potentially used as a perfect oil-separator to relieve the pollution from oil contamination. Conservationists and researchers can work together to raise awareness about the benefits of using green materials for oil spill cleanup, fostering a sense of environmental stewardship.
38
Parker, Jill. "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Response Activities Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-243.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In nonfederalized oil spill responses (in which the spillers assume responsibility), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior is responsible for advising the Regional Response Team and the federal on-scene coordinator on the protection of fish and wildlife resources, overseeing the rehabilitation of wildlife resources, and assessing the extent of environmental damage. The Exxon Valdez spill, in March 1989, required a major effort by the service, due to the amount of oil spilled, the large area affected, the environmental sensitivity of the area and its wildlife, and the spill's impacts on National Wildlife Refuge lands. The service's response began within 24 hours of the spill, and continued until fall 1990. Wildlife surveys were conducted by aircraft and boat throughout the spring and summer of 1989, and in the summer of 1990. Live oiled birds and sea otters were rescued and, when possible, rehabilitated and relocated; dead ones were collected for study, and to protect scavengers from ingesting oil. Service personnel also monitored shoreline cleanup efforts in bald eagle nesting sites. Further response work is anticipated in the 1991 season. The Service is updating its National and Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plans to take account of the lessons learned in this major response.
39
Nguyen Nhung, Binh Phan, and Thin Huynh van. "Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic ZnO powders coated on polyurethane sponge for effective oil/water separation application." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62239/jca.2024.043.
Full textAbstract:
Oil spills pose significant challenges to the environment, wildlife, and local economies, thus an effective method for cleaning up an oil spill is urgent. Here, superhydrophobic ZnO powder particles were synthesized using a simple and efficient method and investigated their coating on polyurethane sponge for oil/water separation application. Initially, ZnO particles were prepared through a hydrothermal reaction of Zn(CH3COO)2 and NaOH solution in an autoclave. Subsequently, superhydrophobic ZnO particles were obtained through hydrophobic modification using either stearic acid or 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. The results demonstrate that the ZnO particles exhibited excellent superhydrophobic properties, with contact angle of 153o. After coating superhydrophobic ZnO particles on the polyurethane sponge, the surface became superhydrophobic/oleophilic and could adsorb oil with a capacity measured up to more than 40 times its own weight. Results demonstrate the promising application of superhydrophobic/oleophilic polyurethane sponge for oil/water separation.
40
Whelan, Ann, Josie Clark, Gary Andrew, Jacqueline Michel, and Bradford Benggio. "Developing Cleanup Endpoints for Inland Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1267.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Achieving consensus on cleanup endpoints for inland oil spills can be difficult. They tend to be more stringent than those applied to spills in the marine environment and often require more intensive cleanup methods with the risk of increased ecological impacts. There are limited data on which to evaluate net environmental benefit considerations, weighing the consequences between ecological versus human-use priorities. Inland habitats often lack some of the dynamic physical processes (such as waves and tidal fluctuations) that can speed the rate of natural removal of oil residues. The direct human uses of inland habitats, such as for drinking water, recreation, industrial use, and irrigation, require a higher degree of treatment than may be required in the marine environment to avoid human health and socio-economic impacts. Spills in close proximity to where people live, work, or recreate also often require treatment to a higher level. Inland spills can affect smaller water bodies where there are slower rates of dilution and degradation. There may be large-scale differences in water levels during the response, causing oil to be stranded well above normal levels where it can pose hazards to wildlife as well as humans using these areas. Many states perform risk assessments and develop endpoints for sediment quality and/or surface and groundwater guidelines that must be met as part of the remediation phase after the emergency response is completed. Case studies are used to illustrate these issues. Guidelines are provided for developing appropriate cleanup endpoints for inland oil spills and selection of appropriate treatment methods to reach them.
41
Pahl, James W., Irving A. Mendelssohn, and Thomas J. Hess. "Recovery of a Louisiana Coastal Marsh 3 Years After In Situ Burning of a Hydrocarbon Product Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1279.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional response options to oil spills in wetlands is driving the investigation of alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, a spill of gas condensate product onto a brackish marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana was removed through the use of in situ burning. A monitoring program was initiated to examine three treatment marshes: (1) condensate-impacted and burned, (2) condensate-impacted and unburned, and (3) a reference that was neither exposed to the condensate nor burned. The authors compared vegetation cover, stem density and biomass between the treatment marshes as parameters defining recovery of the plant community from the condensate spill and subsequent in situ burn. After three growing seasons, stem density, live biomass, and total cover values in the impacted-and-burned marsh had recovered to levels similar to non-burned treatments. In addition, community composition within the impacted-and-burned treatment returned to a co-dominant mix of the grasses Distichilis spicata (salt grass) and Spartina alterniflora (wiregrass) characteristic of the surrounding marsh. Recovery of the marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge was largely due to proper consideration of environmental factors at the time of the burn, especially marsh type, season and water level. The results of this in situ burn evaluation support the conclusion that burning can be relied upon as an effective cleanup response to hydrocarbon spills in wetlands.
42
Chilvers, B. L., K. J. Morgan, and B. J. White. "Sources and reporting of oil spills and impacts on wildlife 1970–2018." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 1 (August 21, 2020): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10538-0.
Full text
43
Oza, Gunavant M. "Oil-spill Endangers Island Wildlife." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 3 (1993): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023201.
Full text
44
Parker, Grant D. "THE ROLE OF INDIAN TRIBES IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES RECOVERY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-297.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Oil and hazardous substance spills can have a catastrophic impact on Indian tribes relying on natural resources such as fish and wildlife for subsistence or economic survival. Indian tribes have increasing legal and administrative opportuntiies to protect, and recover damages for, tribal resources injured by oil and hazardous substance releases. Common law, and recent amendments to the federal Superfund statute recognize the importance of resource protection to tribal governments and specifically provide for the participation of tribal governments in both assessing damage to, and bringing claims to recover for the loss of, natural resources.
45
Danchuk, S., and C. S. Willson. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF OIL SPILLS IN THE INLAND WATERWAYS OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-887.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The demand for fossil fuels is driving the rapid expansion of the petroleum industry'S infrastructure. Louisiana'S wetlands are the most industrialized in the world. The oil industry has infiltrated every part of the Lower Mississippi River Delta (LMRD) from the fixed facilities and transport vessels traveling along inland waterways, the pipelines and canals running through the wetlands, and the offshore platforms along the Gulf of Mexico coastline. An oil spill could seriously damage the coastal wetlands that are already rapidly degrading, pollute the water supply, destroy wildlife habitat, and impact other natural economic and social resources. Additionally, proposed coastal restoration initiatives such as freshwater diversions could provide a conduit for spills to travel from the river to open wetland areas. Current inland oil fate and transport models cannot automatically be applied in the deltaic environment because they do not represent the high degree of minerals and fines in suspension, the unique characteristics of the shorelines, or the potential flow into the wetland areas. Thus, a three- dimensional oil fate and transport model was developed to investigate the behavior of oil spilled in the unique environment of the LMRD, assess the vulnerability at specific locations such as freshwater diversions from the river, and provide information for contingency and remediation plans. Simulations of the hydrodynamics of the LMRD were generated using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Adaptive Hydraulics (ADH) modeling code. The model simulates the physical and chemical processes affecting the fate of a surface oil spill including slick advection and spreading, the vertical transport of dissolved and emulsified parcels, evaporation, dissolution, adsorption, sedimentation, re-suspension and degradation. The model estimates the distribution of oil in the surface slick, water column, sediments and atmosphere. Almost seventy percent of the Mississippi River'S sediment load is comprised of finer materials. The model is unique in using empirical predictions to describe oil'S interactions with fine suspended material and muddy shorelines. Hypothetical spills representative of the type and location of spills commonly occurring in the region were simulated to investigate the sensitivity of the system to the unique parameters. This model was developed to take advantage of the latest advances in computational fluid dynamics and weathering algorithms, while focusing on the complex hydraulics and sediment characteristics local to the Lower Mississippi River Delta.
46
Scholz, Debra, Steven R. Warren, Heidi Stout, Gregory Hogue, Ann Hayward Walker, and Peter McGowan. "Spill Response Decision-Making in Relation to Wildlife Resources and Oil Spill Applied Technologies." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-311.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT During a response to spilled oil or hazardous material, the protection, retrieval, and rehabilitation of affected wildlife is the jurisdiction of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the US Department of Interior (DOI), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and the affected state resource trustees. Only permitted and trained individuals (Qualified Wildlife Responders - QWR) are allowed to directly handle the affected wildlife. QWRs are familiar with a wide range of actions that can be taken to minimize the adverse effects of spilled oil on fish and wildlife resources and their habitats. However, decision-makers and QWRs are not always familiar with the effects that various oil spill products and technologies may have on different wildlife resources. Applied oil spill products and technologies are listed under the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule (40 CFR § 300.317) and are the focus of the Selection Guide for Oil Spill Applied Technologies. These applied oil spill products and technologies are relatively unknown and most decision-makers have limited experience in their use. To facilitate greater understanding of these products and technologies, the Selection Guide assists the decision-maker to evaluate the various spill response products and technologies for potential or suspected impacts to the environment, workers, and natural resources. Of particular interest is the evaluation of the use of various oil spill response
47
Short, Michael Kirwan John. "Guanabara Bay Oil Spill 2000, Brazil – Cetacean Response." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 1035–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1035.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT On the 18th January 2000 a broken pipeline owned and operated by the oil company Petrobras spilt some 1300 tonne of bunker fuel into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The wildlife response was divided amongst 2 operational strategies and included – avian fauna and cetaceans. This paper deals with the cetacean response only. Cetaceans are generally not considered as an important feature of an oil spill response. Contingency planning for cetaceans in oil spills is now becoming an important element for preparedness for some countries. The cetacean response in Guanabara Bay specifically targeted a pod of about 70 members of the species Sotalia fluviatilis, a small dolphin that inhabits the bay. The response included the development of a plan that included a response system, a monitoring program and action plans. The response system detailed the mechanism for the plan to work and adopted the incident control management system. The monitoring program related to the study of any short term or long term deleterious effects resulting from the spill and consisted of basic spatial, temporal and behavioural studies. Action plans were developed specific to the character of Guanabara Bay and included the rescue and rehabilitation strategies necessary to respond to oil affected cetaceans. A training program was then developed and implemented to personnel who were to enact the cetacean response.
48
Li, Haiyan, William Perrie, and Jin Wu. "Retrieval of Oil–Water Mixture Ratio at Ocean Surface Using Compact Polarimetry Synthetic Aperture Radar." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070816.
Full textAbstract:
The oil–water mixture ratio for oil spills on the ocean surface is an important parameter for volume estimation of oil spills, response strategy for the oil spills, cleanup operations, and remediation planning for the impacts on wildlife. Hybrid-polarized (HP) mode compact polarization (CP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery will soon be available with the launch of the RADARSAT Constellation Mission. The advantage of the proposed new SAR system is that CP images will have wider swath and shorter revisit time compared to quad-polarization (QP) images, which are presently available from space-borne and air-borne SAR. We present a methodology to retrieve the oil–water mixture ratio at the ocean surface using CP SAR imagery. We emulated the HP mode of CP SAR image using Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle SAR (UAVSAR) L band observations collected on June 23rd 2010 over the site of the Deep Water Horizon drilling rig. The gap between elements ratio of CP SAR covariance matrix and that of QP SAR Sinclair matrix is bridged. Numerical optimization and look up table methods are used to relate the oil–water mixture ratio to elements of the covariance matrix for the HP data backscatter. The mixture ratio estimates determined from the ratio of diagonal elements of the covariance matrix for HP mode CP data are compared with results retrieved from the co-polarization ratio from the original QP SAR observations. Results from the proposed methodology for SAR images captured in the HP mode of CP data are shown to compare favourably to observed in situ data of the mixture ratios.
49
Trout, Douglas, and Maureen Niemeier. "BP Oil Spill Deepwater Horizon Response." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v29.79.
Full textAbstract:
In June and July 2010, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated potential exposures and health effects of workers involved in Deepwater Horizon response activities due to the BP oil spill. The evaluation included on–shore wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation workers in AL, FL, LA, and MS. NIOSH investigators assessed site factors and surveyed workers to collect information on demographics, job duties, occupational exposure to oil or other agents, and health symptoms experienced. Birds were the most common type of wildlife being treated and rehabilitated at the centers. For nearly all health outcomes, more injuries and symptoms were reported among wildlife cleaning workers than among a comparison group. Among the most commonly reported health conditions, scrapes and cuts were reported by 67 percent of workers, and itchy or red skin or rash were reported by 46 percent. Occupational factors unique to oiled wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation likely contributed to the health conditions reported. These factors included: skin contact with oil on the wildlife and in cleaning water; skin exposure to detergents and cleaners; persistent wet skin; and, frequent handling and awkward lifting and moving of wildlife and cages. An occupational health concern common among all Deepwater Horizon response workers was heat stress from work in a hot and humid environment. NIOSH recommended continuing heat stress management plans and use of protective equipment to minimize skin and mucus membrane contact with oil and oil–contaminated water, measures to reduce ergonomic hazards, housekeeping to prevent slippery surfaces, and encouraging workers to report and seek care for health concerns and injuries.
50
Murphy, Cynthia K. "CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME OFFICE OF SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE CONVERGENT VOLUNTEER PROGRAM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-233.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) have the authority to use Convergent Volunteers during a spill event to assist with rehabilitating oiled wildlife. The Convergent Volunteer Program was created to allow concerned citizens to help save wildlife injured by oil spill events in our state. Volunteers’ interests, talents, and skills are matched with wildlife needs and work opportunities at the primary care facility responding to the spill. Previous experience with wildlife, while helpful, is not required to volunteer. Volunteers in the OSPR program are people from all walks of life, who want to be good stewards of California and our wildlife. Our volunteers are individuals who come forward to help assist with rehabbing oiled wildlife after learning of an oil spill from the media or other sources. They are average citizens willing to share their wealth of knowledge and learn how to rehabilitate wildlife that have been injured by spilled oil. Some volunteers work full time, some a few hours a week or month, or during a particular season or spill event. Volunteers perform a wide variety of tasks, such as; animal intake, animal food preparation, animal stabilization, animal washing, volunteer operations center, construction or electrical work (building pens, etc.) clerical and administrative tasks, and laundry. At the OSPR, we strive to ensure that all wildlife exposed to petroleum products in the environment receive the best achievable treatment available. Ultimately, we succeed because of the vigorous efforts of our dedicated oil spill volunteers.