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1
Rooney, Ann Hayward, and Jane Ledwin. "A PRIORITY APPROACH TO REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (1989): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-463.
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ABSTRACT Identifying and mapping especially sensitive environments in coastal areas is essential to protecting these environments from the effects of oil spills. Accordingly, “hot spot” habitats and resources in the Chesapeake Bay, one of the nation's major estuarine ecosystems, have been illuminated in a unique series of four seasonal maps. Incorporating these maps into contingency planning and spill response efforts not only speeds the identification of priority areas requiring protection from oil spills, but also enhances the effort itself.
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Jahangiri, Sadigheh, Mahnaz Mirza Ebrahim Tehrani, Masoud Torabi Azad, and Seyed Ali Jozi. "Identification and Mapping of Environmentally Sensitive Areas of the Coastal Strip of Guilan Province." Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 9, no. 1 (2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.9.1.1206.
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Background: Oil spills caused by releasing liquid petroleum can spread on the coastal strip and affect coastal ecosystems, causing severe damage to the coastline environment and crisis in local communities. This study aimed to identify and map the environmentally sensitive areas of the coastal strip of Guilan Province, Iran, to oil spills using the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI). Methods: The data required for the present study were collected through field studies, the GPS device, topographic maps of 1.25000 of the National Mapping Organization, maps of protected areas of the Environmental Protection Organization, satellite images, data of Guilan Province Industry, Mine and Trade Organization, and other relevant agencies. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) method and ESI were used to determine the sensitivity of the coastal strip of Guilan Province to oil spills. Moreover, to determine the weights of the criteria studied in the NOAA method, the analytic hierarchy process was used. Results: The final results of the study of the environmental sensitivity of the coastal strip of Guilan Province to oil spills showed that 21.15%, 39.66%, and 39.19% of the coastal strip have low, medium, and high sensitivity, respectively. Conclusion: High sensitivity mainly was related to the eastern part of the coast, located at the banks of estuaries of current rivers. Low sensitivity was also located along the seafront on fine- to medium-grained sand beaches, where less damaged in the event of oil spill pollution.
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Baker, Philip, and Christine Rowe. "ELECTRONIC DESKTOP MAPPING: ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ATLASES OF THE GREAT LAKES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (1995): 855A—855. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-855a.
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ABSTRACT Environmental sensitivity atlases of the Canadian shorelines of Lake Superior, Lake Ontario, and Lake Huron have been completed in digital (desktop geographic information system) and paper formats for use in responses to spills of oil and other hazardous materials. These atlases allow responders to work from a common basis to rapidly identify the resources at risk during a spill and their relative priorities for protection and cleanup.
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Blažauskas, Nerijus, and Dmitry Dorokhov. "Assessment of the sensitivity of sandy coasts of the south–eastern part of the Baltic to oil spills." Baltica 27, special (2014): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2014.27.16.
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The sandy coasts of the south–eastern Baltic Sea are the unique landscape along the shores of Poland, Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), Lithuania and Latvia. Flat sandy beaches, protective dune ridges and near shore sandy spits are very valuable and attractive resources for human recreation and valuable habitat for wildlife. Intensifying shipping, operation of oil terminals and offshore platforms poses a constant threat not only to coastal and socio–economic resources, but also to sensitive underwater landscapes of marine areas and vulnerable marine habitats. Analysis of environmental sensitivity proved to be an effective tool for national and regional oil spill response planning. However, in order to complete the precise evaluation of near shore and coastal zone sensitivity to possible oil spills there is a need to identify vulnerable coastal sectors and complete detailed mapping of underwater landscapes. This is achieved by developing an integrated methodology for analysis of valuable coastal zone sensitivity to potential oil spills.
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Ruoppolo, Valeria, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Luís Fábio Silveira, et al. "SENSITIVITY MAPPING FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE: A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK TO IDENTIFY WILDLIFE AND AREAS AT RISK ALONG THE COASTLINE OF BRAZIL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 924–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.924.
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2017-365 Abstract The Environmental Mapping for Emergency Response at Sea Project (Mapeamento Ambiental para a Resposta à Emergência no Mar – MAREM, in Portuguese) resulted from a collaborative agreement between the Brazilian Institute of Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels (IBP) and the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (IBAMA). In order to provide support for planning and management of response operations involving marine oil spills, MAREM’s first and second phases, named Shoreline Protection and Cleanup Project (Projeto de Proteção e Limpeza de Costa – PPLC), created a geo-referenced database of the entire Brazilian coastline (approximately 7,500 km) in 2013. MAREM’s third phase was the Wildlife Protection Project (Projeto de Proteção à Fauna). It started in 2015 and was developed by a consortium involving Aiuká, Witt O’Brien’s Brasil and national and international experts. The Wildlife Protection Project identified, compiled and mapped relevant information on coastal and marine wildlife at risk from oil spill incidents and associated responses along the Brazilian coastline. The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone was divided into 18 geographic units to facilitate the integration of marine, freshwater and terrestrial biogeographical data, regional geopolitics, and the incorporation of the zonal management of national oil production. Standardized decision trees were developed to provide an objective and consistent method for the identification of priority species and areas for protection in the event of an oil spill within each management unit. The decision trees incorporated previously identified critical habitats or natural resources meeting international conservation strategies (such as Ramsar wetlands, Important Bird Areas and the World Heritage Convention) and the Brazilian National Action Plans for Species Conservation. Species were classified by integrating two components: (a) assessing their vulnerability to oil spills using standardized criteria, and (b) their conservation status under international, national and regional conventions to generate an assessed prioritization for protection in case of oil spills, minimizing potential impacts. The Wildlife Protection Project has produced (i) a comprehensive dataset on species and habitat vulnerability in Brazil, and (ii) and a publicly-available WebGIS database of the critical information relevant to oil spill responses and response management, available at www.marem-br.com.br. These two products contain key information on the biology, distribution, seasonality and behavior of the identified vulnerable species, in conjunction with operational information on the locations, biological, geopolitical and logistic aspects of the priority areas identified. Factsheets were produced for each high-priority species and areas, compiling selected details in a readily accessible format for field teams involved in oil spill responses. The Wildlife Protection Project represents an unprecedented and unique approach for oiled wildlife planning and response in Brazil.
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Bernem, Karl-Heinz van, Agmar Müller, and Jürgen Dörjes. "ENVIRONMENTAL OIL SENSITIVITY OF THE GERMAN NORTH SEA COAST." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (1989): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-239.
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ABSTRACT A contiguous region of tidal flats about 448 km (280 miles) long and up to 21 km (13 miles) wide extends along the North Sea coasts of the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and Denmark. This region is called the Wadden Sea. It is of enormous value as a cleansing site for the North Sea water, as a nursery for young fishes, and as a feeding grounds for nearly all Palearctic species of wading birds and waterfowl. The proximity of important shipping routes and ports is a permanent threat, especially to the German part of the region, which became a national park in 1986. The results of several field surveys, conducted from 1976 through 1986, revealed the necessity of an ecologically based sensitivity map for oil spill contingency planning. To evaluate properly the great variety of possible conditions resulting from the interrelationships of biotic and abiotic parameters, a system was developed to encompass such features, including the persistence of oil in the sediment, and the vulnerability and regenerative capability of a large proportion of the biota. Species of halophytes, mammals, fishes, birds, macrofauna, meiofauna, and microphytobenthos were evaluated to determine their physiological and ecological sensitivities to oil contamination. The evaluation was made considering autecological and synecological parameters. To test the applicability of the technique, a map was made of the littoral zone between the Weser and Elbe Rivers. The results were accepted by the West German organization for the control of oil spills at sea (ÖSK). Mapping will be continued under the direction of the Geesthacht Research Center until 1992. Eventually the project will cover the entire German part of the Wadden Sea through the financial support of the GKSS, the Umweltbundesamt (UBA), the ÖSK, and the national park authorities. A data processing system is being established by the GKSS so that the results can be used not only for oil spill control but also for the analysis of the ecosystem and to help the national park bureaus fulfill their obligations.
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Costa, Daiana Marques, and Paulina Setti Riedel. "ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX MAPPING IN TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS, PAULINIA REGION, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL - A METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017080. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000080.
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This research proposes the development of a mapping methodology for establishing the environmental sensitivity to oil to the adjacent terrestrial environments to highways and railways the city of Paulinia, Sao Paulo, Brazil where is located the refinery of REPLAN. This area was selected because REPLAN is the Brazilian biggest refinery in oil processing capacity. The methodology will be based on physiographic compartmentalization technique, applying remote sensing products, which will support the survey of the main types of terrestrial environments present in the study area, relating them to the physical characteristics that directly influence the predictable course of oil. It is due the recurrence of accidents involving oil spills in inland areas, with consequent environmental damage to adjacent environments of highways and railways. Furthermore, there is no consensus on methodological mapping, as there is for coastal environments. Thus, this research aims to seek a detailed knowledge of the study area to contribute to the preparation of the Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping that constitutes a key element to contingency plans.
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Francini, Morgana F., and Antonio C. Beaumord. "Environmental sensitivity mapping for oil spills in the Canhanduba River Basin, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (2008): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v12n2.p61-72.
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JENSEN, JOHN R., ELIJAH W. RAMSEY, JOSEPH M. HOLMES, JACQUELIN E. MICHEL, BASIL SAVITSKY, and BRUCE A. DAVIS. "Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) mapping for oil spills using remote sensing and geographic information system technology." International journal of geographical information systems 4, no. 2 (1990): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02693799008941539.
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Gundlach, Erich R., Murat Cekirge, Cihan Anul, Cigdem Orhan, and Paul Sutherland. "PIPELINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY MAPPING FOR THE BTC PIPELINE SYSTEM IN TURKEY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-333.
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ABSTRACT Sensitivity mapping was completed for 1076 km (645 mi) of pipeline and for coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea in preparation for completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline Project. Pipeline sensitivity maps include environmental, human-use and archaeological features as well as drainage patterns indicating potential oil flow and downstream sites for spilled oil containment. The marine maps include environmental and human-use features, and appropriate oil spill containment sites. All information is compiled and stored using a Geographic Information System (GIS) from which hardcopy maps are created at various scales depending on purpose. Both integrated and stand-alone databases are used to quickly access needed environmental and response information. Map and text-based data are stored on a central server to provide internal accessibility and via a web-based, interactive internet mapping system. This is the first time that formalized sensitivity mapping has been carried out in Turkey.
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Tychsen, John, Ole Geertz-Hansen, and Jesper Kofoed. "KenSea – development of an environmental sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 10 (November 29, 2006): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v10.4912.
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The Kenya coastline extends 600 km from the border of Tanzania in the south to the border of Somalia in the north (Fig. 1). The Kenyan coast features a diverse marine environment, including estuaries, mangroves, sea grass beds and intertidal reef platforms and coral reefs, which are vital for the reproduction of marine organisms. These coastal ecosystems are regarded as some of the most valuable in Kenya but face serious threats from the ever increasing human pressure of tourism, industrial pollution, destructive fishing, mangrove logging and other unsustainable uses of marine resources. Another serious threat is the maritime transportation activities along the coast and at the ports. It is estimated that at any given time more than 50 ships operate in the major shipping lanes off the Kenyan coast, of which about nine are oil tankers with capacities ranging from 50 000 to 250 000 tonnes. Furthermore, the harbour of Mombasa serves as the major port for countries in East Africa. In recognition of the risks posed by oil pollution the government of Kenya and the commercial petroleum industry agreed to develop a National Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan (NOSRCP) with the purpose of enabling a speedy and effective response to any oil spill within the territorial waters of Kenya. An important element of this plan was the mapping of the coastal resources and the development of an environmental sensitivity atlas showing the vulnerability of the coast to marine oil spills. In 2004, the Government of Kenya approached the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Kenya for financial support to develop an environmental sensitivity atlas. The project was approved and forwarded for funding by the Danish Consultancy Trust Fund administrated by United Nations Operational Program (UNOPS) in Copenhagen. The project was announced in Denmark, and the KenSea group headed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) was awarded the contract. The project comprises four phases: (1) data compilation and development of the KenSea database, (2) development of a coastal classification for Kenya, (3) development of the sensitivity index jointly with a group of stakeholders, and (4) compilation of the KenSea environmental sensitivity atlas (Tychsen 2006).
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Gil- Agudelo, Diego L., Diana Ibarra- Mojica, Ana María Guevara- Vargas, et al. "Environmental sensitivity index for oil spills in colombian rivers (ESI-R): Application for the Magdalena river." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 9, no. 1 (2019): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.158.
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The Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping has been used globally for oil spill planning and response purposes in coastal areas since its development in the 1970s. However, application to riverine habitats has been very limited. Following US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) formats and adapting them in working sessions held by a multidisciplinary team and in special sessions with experts and consultants in Colombia, this paper describes the development and application of the sensitivity index to develop maps for the conditions of the middle Magdalena River in Colombia. The index developed (ESI-R) is useful for application on other major rivers in Colombia and areas with similar characteristics. The use of the index to develop maps for smaller rivers and streams is likely to require further development.
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Jensen, John R., Sunil Narumalani, Oliver Weatherbee, Maylo Murday, Walter J. Sexton, and Colin J. Green. "Coastal environmental sensitivity mapping for oil spills in the United Arab Emirates using remote sensing and GIS technology." Geocarto International 8, no. 2 (1993): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049309354404.
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Hayes, Miles O., Jacqueline Michel, and Todd M. Montello. "THE REACH SENSITIVITY INDEX (RSI) FOR MAPPING RIVERS AND STREAMS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (1997): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-343.
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ABSTRACT Strategies for identifying and protecting sensitive inland areas under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) management have focused on major rivers and have built on the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) approach developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for marine environments. A watershed approach has been refined and applied to smaller rivers and streams in the southeastern United States. Existing standardized river classification schemes did not adequately address oil spill response issues. Thus a new stream reach sensitivity scheme was developed, based on (1) the degree of difficulty anticipated for the containment and recovery of spilled oil, and (2) the sensitivity and vulnerability of associated wetlands. This scheme considered the following factors: navigability, water flow patterns, stream size, occurrence of suitable collection points inherent in the stream type, and channel leakage and bifurcation. A reach sensitivity index (RSI) was prototyped using streams in South Carolina, and then was applied to the Leaf River watershed in Mississippi. The RSI is on a scale of 1 to 10. The final atlas and digital product are maps at a scale of 1:100,000 showing the RSI, sensitive biological and human use resources, and potential access and collection points.
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Cantagallo, C., G. J. Garcia, and J. C. C. Milanelli. "Mapping environmental oil spill sensitivity of Santos estuarine systems, São Paulo state." Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v12n2.p33-47.
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Putranto, Sugeng, Neviaty P. Zamani, Harpasis S. Sanusi, Etty Riani, and Achmad Fahrudin. "ANALISYS AND MAPPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX IN BANGGAI REGENCY AND BANGGAI ISLANDS REGENCY, CENTRAL SULAWESI." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9, no. 1 (2017): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v9i1.17949.
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The Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) is a description of the biological, socio-economic and socio-cultural values of a particular coastal and marine area used as a priority response to oil spills, shown on a map by applying spatial analysis using geographic information system technology. The purpose of this research was to analyse mangrove ecosystem area in Banggai and Banggai Islands Regency based on its vulnerability value by analyzing mangrove community structure and socio-economic services for local community. The research was conducted in nine sub-districts, among others: South Batui, Batui, East Luwuk, Lamala, Masama, Balantak, Bualemo (Banggai) and Bulagi and Buko (Banggai Islands). The study was conducted from August to November 2016, with field observations, direct interviews with communities and local government and literature review. The results of spatial analysis of ESI in the coastal areas of Banggai and Banggai Islands are obtained from sensitivity values of medium and sensitive. Areas with moderate sensitivity are Batui, East Luwuk, Masama, Lamala, Balantak and Bualemo sub-districts with grades of 16,78 – 24,35. The value of ESI with sensitive category ranges from 38,24 – 57,54 in Bulagi, Buko and South Batui sub-districts. Keywords: mangrove ecosystem, Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI)
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Gundlach, Erich R., Geoffrey Moss, Fiorella de Vincenti, and John Janssen. "RESOURCE MAPPING AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PTP PIPELINE FACILITIES, PANAMA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (1985): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-229.
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ABSTRACT The facilities of the PTP (PetroTerminal de Panama) consist of an 80 mile long, 36 inch pipeline and two marine terminals. The Pacific facility consists of three shore-based terminals to handle tankers from Valdez, Alaska. The Atlantic terminal contains two single-point moorings to load tankers destined for U.S. ports along the Gulf of Mexico. Prior to the opening of the pipeline, the government of Panama contracted for a series of studies designed to better understand the shoreline sensitivity, marine resources, archaeology, and limnology along the pipeline route and adjacent to each terminal. Results of the shoreline sensitivity analysis indicate that, by far, the Atlantic terminal in the Laguna de Chiriqui is the most sensitive and likely to be damaged during a spill. The laguna has almost no tides, is relatively stagnant, and is dominated by mangroves (51 percent of the total shoreline). In contrast, the Pacific terminal contains much higher tides and currents and fewer mangroves [44 percent of the total shoreline, but less than 5 percent within 30 miles of the terminal]. In response to environmental concerns and greatly supported and advised by the pipeline user companies, PTP completed a workable spill-response plan, developed along three fronts: the active and continuing purchase of spill-response equipment for use at the marine facilities as well as in fast-moving streams; the creation of specially trained spill-response teams; and the delegation of clear lines of authority for both land and marine spills. The interrelated roles played by Panamanians, the people of PTP, and the pipeline user companies provide an example of how different groups can cooperatively work together to protect the environment and still maintain financially advantageous, oil-related projects in a lesser-developed country.
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Short, Michael. "Oiled wildlife response for Antarctica: Practical and realistic solutions." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1559.
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ABSTRACT Through the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection all of the Antarctic member nations are required to have in place contingency plans for oil spills including oiled wildlife response. The current risks for marine pollution incidents to the Antarctic environment include refuelling activities associated with Antarctic stations/bases; routine station/base activities; and shipping associated with stations/bases, tourism, commercial fishing and whaling. Between 1981 and 2011 there have been reported 33 spills or near spill incidents associated with the Antarctic marine environment. Wildlife at risk from oil spills include seabirds (flying birds and penguins), pinnipeds and cetaceans. Antarctic and polar environments both provide a number of logistical and practical complications given their climatic and geographic character. The key elements for response actions for Antarctic wildlife identified are divided amongst primary, secondary and tertiary oiled wildlife response activities. Primary activities identified include focussing containment and clean up efforts to protecting wildlife as a priority using tools such as sensitivity mapping, stochastic and real time modelling. Secondary activities specific to individual wildlife groups were identified and included specialised hazing, exclusion and pre-emptive capture mechanisms focussed to the Antarctic environment. Tertiary activities are considered with regards to the real capacity of Antarctic stations to respond, take and rehabilitate oiled wildlife given the Antarctic environment and its limitations. The paper identifies realistic mechanisms and systems considering the climatic, logistical and practical issues of the Antarctic environment. Although specific to Antarctic bases the paper outcomes can be equally applied to other polar environments.
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Buschang, Steven. "A State's Response to Oil Spill Preparedness How the Texas General Land Office built and maintains one of the premier oil spill response organizations." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017031. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000031.
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Texas produces nearly twice and much oil as the next highest producing U.S. state and has approximately 3300 miles of sensitive jurisdictional shoreline boarding the second highest area of our nation's oil production, the Gulf of Mexico. It is home to over 27 operating refineries and hosts 3 of the top 10 busiest ports in the nation. Since 1991, the Texas General Land Office (TGLO) has built an oil spill prevention and response program that is arguably the premier state oil spill program in the nation; one that responds 24/7 to over 600 reported spills per year, certifies, audits and inspects over 600 oil handling facilities, administers an abandoned vessel removal program, an oily bilge facility program, and has an ongoing oil spill R&D program and its own state Scientific Support Coordinator, ensuring that prevention, planning and response activities are state of the science. The TGLO produces the Texas Oil Spill Toolkit, now in its 17th edition, which is a spill planning and response resource for the western Gulf of Mexico, and houses a collection of plans and documents in a single, easy to use online/off-line .html format. Plans include up-to-date Area Committee Plans (ACP) and pre-planning documents, all aligned with the National Response Framework (NRF). Included are Regional Response Team VI (RRT) documents and guidance, pre-authorization plans and mapping for alternative spill response, Priority Protection Areas (PPA), Environmental Sensitivity Index Maps (ESI), and site specific Geographic Response Plans (GRP). This paper describes the conception, history and evolution of the building and operation of a state response organization in an era of “less government”.
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Stevens, Leigh, Julian Roberts, and Deborah Hume. "INCORPORATING CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INTO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT IN NEW ZEALAND." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-265.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the New Zealand (NZ) approach used to define the likelihood and consequences of oil spills through the Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment process. A new methodology for consequence analysis was developed using 20 kilometre coastal cells established across the country for ranking and mapping sensitivity. For each cell, the resources present were evaluated under “environmental” categories (shoreline character, plants and animals, protected sites) and “human” categories (economic, cultural, and social, amenity & recreation). Factors within each category were allocated scores reflecting the sensitivity, vulnerability and reversibility of impacts at local, regional and national levels on a semi-quantitative 5-point score (very low / low / moderate / high or unknown / extreme). Qualitative descriptions (e.g. “no vulnerable plants or animals” ranging to “a number of vulnerable plants or animals of national importance, or at least one that is irreplaceable”) were used to ensure national consistency in scoring. Determining the presence or absence of environmental and human factors within each cell enabled individual scores to be summed for each category and graphically presented using diagonally split colour-coded squares on a map. This was overlain with the results of the regional oil spill likelihood analysis (e.g. how much, how often, where, what oil, and where from) providing an overall risk profile for NZ. The methodology was refined through national level multi-stakeholder meetings, and tested at two regional workshops to produce a data collection template for use by regional response agencies. The unique contribution of this work has been to incorporate consequence analysis into the assessment of regional and national risk profiles. Further quantifying the relative contribution of different activities and factors to the risk profile of each region, and nationally, will guide preventive and preparedness measures to lower the likelihood and impact of a spill. This in turn will determine the relative contribution each risk activity makes to the total risk profile which forms the basis for setting Oil Pollution Fund levies used to fund spill preparation in NZ.
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Nwankwo, Jerry N., Jacqueline Michel, and Maylo Murday. "ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDIES FOR OIL POLLUTION CONTROL IN NIGERIA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (1987): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-517.
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ABSTRACT A comprehensive, three-year study was conducted in 1982–1985 of petroleum-producing regions of Nigeria. This study was designed to provide the scientific basis for determining the special requirements of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of Nigeria that need to be accommodated in oil-pollution control regulations for both sudden spills and the continuous releases associated with chronic oil pollution. The study plan was composed of extensive literature review and field collection of data in the following areas:Chemical quality assessment through surface water, ground water, bottom sediments, and biological samples collected at over 600 stations, including seasonal considerationsBiological sampling of all major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystemsCoastal geology studies for trajectory analysis and environmental sensitivity mapping of the outer coast and the Bonny River estuarySocioeconomic studies to determine public and corporate perspectives on the impacts and problems of the petroleum industry in NigeriaOperational audits at 16 installations to examine state-of-practice technologiesLegal and regulatory review of worldwide oil pollution contract legislation (options for criteria and standards for Nigeria were analyzed at a workshop of international experts) The results of this study, probably the most comprehensive inventory and synthesis of the ecology of a tropical system to date, will provide Nigeria with the scientific tools to formulate a plan for oil pollution control that may be a model for many other countries.
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Rodrigues, Suzan Walesca Pequeno, and Pedro Walfir M. Souza Filho. "MAPPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX TO OIL SPILL FROM LANDSAT TM IMAGES: “A STUDY CASE ON THE AMAZON COASTAL PLAIN”." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 30, no. 4 (2012): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v30i4.240.
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O índice de sensibilidade ambiental (ISA) é representado por números que variam de 1 a 10, especificando a escala de impacto causado pelo óleo, quantomaior for o seu valor, maior é o índice de sensibilidade. O derramamento de óleo já não é mais um fato isolado e esporádico no mundo, causando inúmeros impactosambientais, portanto, a produção de mapas que representam o ISA tornou-se importante para a implementação de planos de contingência e de emergência. O municípiode Curuçá, região nordeste do estado do Pará, não possui um mapa de semi-detalhe, assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo a construção de um mapa tático na escalade 1:100.000 e o reconhecimento dos ambientes costeiros através do processamento de imagens Landsat e do levantamento de campo contribuindo para a identificaçãodas áreas que mais sofrerão com um eventual derramamento de óleo. Deste modo foi possível classificar oito índices: ISA 1B muro de arrimo, ISA 1C falésias, ISA 3Apraias de areia fina e dunas expostas, ISA 7 planície de maré arenosa, ISA 9 delta de maré vazante, ISA 10A pântano salino; ISA 10B pântano de água doce e ISA 10Cmanguezal. Assim, os ISA’s são produtos que representados em mapa podem ajudar na tomada decisões na prevenção e no controle de acidentes durante as atividadesde produção e no transporte do óleo usado pelas companhias produtoras, tornando-se uma boa estratégia de prevenção, a qual pode evitar os altos custos das operaçõesde limpeza e recuperação de ambientes impactados no caso de derramamentos de óleo e cargas de risco. ABSTRACT: The environmental sensitivity index (ESI) is represented by a scale ranging from 1 to 10, where the intensity of the impact caused by the oil spill isspecified and, the higher the value the higher the sensitivity index. Oil spills impact the environment and are not exclusive to certain regions of the world. Therefore, theproduction of maps representing the ESI has become important for the implementation of contingency and emergency plans. Curuçá city, located in northeastern Parástate, does not have a map of semi-detailed environmental sensitivity, for that reason, this study aimed to generate a tactical map, scale of 1:100,000, with recognitionof coastal environments identified by digital processing of Landsat images and field surveys. The map will help identify the areas more prone to suffer from a possibleoil spill. Thus, eight indices were classified as follows: ESI 1B retaining wall, ESI 1C cliffs, ESI 3A sandy beaches and exposed dunes, ESI 7 sandy tidal flat, ESI 9 ebbtide delta, ESI 10A salt marsh, ESI 10B freshwater marsh and ESI 10 mangrove. Finally, the ESI represented in these maps can support the decision making process toprevent and control accidents that may happen during oil production and transportation. Benefits may reflect on lower costs of cleaning and restoration of the impactedareas in case of oil and other potentially harmful load spills.Keywords: environmental sensitivity index; remote sensing; coastal environment
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Kankara, R. S., S. Arockiaraj, and K. Prabhu. "Environmental sensitivity mapping and risk assessment for oil spill along the Chennai Coast in India." Marine Pollution Bulletin 106, no. 1-2 (2016): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.022.
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Marinho, Chayonn, and João Luiz Nicolodi. "Integração de parâmetros geomorfológicos e biológicos no desenvolvimento do Índice Integrado de Sensibilidade do Litoral (IISL) (Integration of geomorphological and biological parameters to develop a Coastal Integrated Sensitivity Index (CISI))." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 4 (2019): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.4.p1509-1524.
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No contexto da indústria petrolífera e suas relações com os ecossistemas enquadram-se os instrumentos de políticas públicas, desenvolvidos a fim de prevenir e minimizar os efeitos de acidentes com óleo e derivados, como as Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo (Cartas SAO). Dentre as principais informações contidas nas Cartas SAO está o Índice de Sensibilidade do Litoral (ISL). Este índice mede a sensibilidade dos diferentes ambientes costeiros ao contato com óleo de acordo com as características geomorfológicas da região: exposição às forçantes hidrodinâmicas, tipo de substrato e declividade do litoral. Nesse estudo foi desenvolvida uma metodologia específica que integrou dados geomorfológicos e biológicos no desenvolvimento de um Índice Integrado de Sensibilidade do Litoral (IISL). Tal metodologia desenvolveu previamente dois índices distintos, o Índice Geomorfológico de Sensibilidade (IG) e o Índice Biológico de Sensibilidade (IB), os quais tiveram suas variáveis bem definidas permitindo a integração para desenvolvimento do IISL. Três regiões da Bacia de Pelotas, sul do Brasil, foram escolhidas para a aplicação dessa metodologia. Os resultados indicaram alteração nos valores de sensibilidade ao óleo em seis trechos de linha de costa analisados, apurando o mapeamento destas áreas. Assim, o presente estudo buscou apresentar elementos que venham subsidiar o aprimoramento metodológico de mapeamento de sensibilidade ao óleo no país, contribuindo na gestão de incidentes e no gerenciamento costeiro. A B S T R A C TIn the context of oil industry and its relations with ecosystems the instruments of public policy are framed, which are developed to prevent and minimize the effects accidents involving oil and its derivatives, such as the Environmental Sensibility to Oil (ESO charts). The main information in the ESO charts is the Coastal Integrated Sensitivity Index (CISI), which measures the sensitivity of different coastal environments to contact with oil according to geomorphological characteristics, such as exposure to hydrodynamic forces, substrate type and coastal slope. The concept of sensibility used for the characterization of the coastline does not include in its methodological scope biological information, therefore, a new specific methodology was developed, which integrated geomorphological and biological data to develop a Coastal Integrated Sensitivity Index (CISI). This methodology previously developed two different indexes, the Geomorphological Sensitivity Index (GSI) and Biological Sensitivity Index (BSI), which had their well-defined variables allowing the integration of CISI. Three regions of the Pelotas Basin, south of Brazil, were chosen to test this methodology. The results indicated a change in sensibility values in six coastline segments analyzed, improving the mapping of these áreas. This way, the present study effectively contributed to upgrade the methodology for mapping the sensibility to oil spills, also contributing on the management of accidents involving oil and on coastal management.Keyword: Oil spill, ESO charts, coastal sensitivity, biological and geomorphological data.
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Hayes, Miles O., Jacqueline Michel, Jeffrey A. Dahlin, and Kenneth Barton. "IDENTIFYING AND MAPPING SENSITIVE RESOURCES FOR INLAND AREA PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (1995): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-365.
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ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is required to evaluate oil storage facilities to determine (1) which should be defined as those that could cause “significant and substantial harm” to environmentally sensitive areas in the event of a release, and (2) the appropriateness of facility response plans in addressing potential environmental threats. Accordingly, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been assisting USEPA in developing guidelines, data structures, and maps for sensitive resource assessment using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The recommended approach for developing sensitivity maps and databases include a shoreline-habitat mapping technique used for estuarine, lacustrine, and large river settings. Shoreline type is mapped and ranked on a scale of 1 to 10, from least to most sensitive to oil spill impacts. A watershed approach is used to differentiate among small rivers and streams. Stream reaches are mapped according to a system that relates oil behavior and effects to stream characteristics, such as gradient, discharge, and water turbulence. Data on sensitive biological and human-use resources include both spatial and temporal components. The focus is on water-associated species, riparian vegetation, and all wetland types, not just threatened and endangered species. Standardized formats for hard copy maps and screen presentation will facilitate use by response organizations.
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Wieczorek, Arthur, Dimas Dias-Brito, and João Carlos Carvalho Milanelli. "Mapping oil spill environmental sensitivity in Cardoso Island State Park and surroundings areas, São Paulo, Brazil." Ocean & Coastal Management 50, no. 11-12 (2007): 872–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2007.04.007.
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Mutter, Douglas L. "IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS FOR AREA CONTINGENCY PLANS IN ALASKA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1009.
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ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 requires identification of sensitive areas through the area contingency planning process. In 1992, a process was begun in Alaska to identify and document information about sensitive areas that could be affected by oil spills. Sensitive areas are based on natural resources and human uses, such as wildlife habitats, land management designations, fish hatcheries, cultural resources, hunting and fishing locations, and community water intakes. At the request of the U.S. Coast Guard, a Sensitive Areas Work Group (SAWG) was established in 1992 to prepare the “Sensitive Areas Section” of Alaska's first Subarea Contingency Plan (SCP). The SAWG continues to identify sensitive areas for all 10 subareas of the state, covering 365 million acres of land and 47,000 miles of shoreline. The SAWG coordinates with and reviews sensitive areas identification and mapping carried out by federal and state agencies and oil spill response cooperatives. SAWG participants vary by subarea, but include federal and state natural resource trustee agencies, local governments, nonprofit organizations, oil spill response cooperatives, and oil industry companies. In 1995, the SAWG prepared a 5-year strategic plan with these objectives: (1) establish a process to develop and maintain sensitive areas information; (2) present, in a standard format, sensitive areas information in all 10 SCPs; (3) map sensitive areas and develop more detailed computer-generated maps; and (4) provide input to the development of detailed response plans. Results to date include: (1) establishment of the SAWG as a statewide team for identifying and maintaining sensitive areas information for spill response planning; (2) completion of sensitive areas sections for all 10 SCPs; (3) participation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in preparing environmental sensitivity index (ESI) maps/data files for four subareas and initiating work on five others; and (4) participation in the creation of over 75 site-specific response strategies prepared by stakeholder teams for high-risk sensitive areas. The cooperative process used in Alaska could serve as a model for sensitive areas identification elsewhere.
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Putranto, Sugeng, Neviaty P. Zamani, Harpasis S. Sanusi, Etty Riani, and Achmad Fahrudin. "ANALISYS AND MAPPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX IN BANGGAI REGENCY AND BANGGAI ISLANDS REGENCY, CENTRAL SULAWESI." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9, no. 1 (2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.28930/jitkt.v9i1.17949.
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<p class="Isi"><em>The Environmental Sensitivity Index (</em><em>ESI</em><em>) is a description of the biological, socio-economic and socio-cultural values of a particular coastal and marine area used as a priority response to oil spills, shown on a map by applying spatial analysis using geographic information system technology. The purpose of this research</em><em> was</em><em> to analyse mangrove ecosystem area in Banggai and Banggai </em><em>Islands</em><em> Regency based on its vulnerability value by analyzing mangrove community structure and socio-economic services for local community. The research was conducted in nine sub-districts, among others: </em><em>South </em><em>Batui, Batui, </em><em>East </em><em>Luwuk, Lamala, Masama, </em><em>Balantak</em><em>, Bualemo (Banggai) and Bulagi and Buko </em><em>(Banggai Islands)</em><em>. The study was conducted from August to November 2016, with field observations, direct interviews with communities and local government and literature review. The results of spatial analysis of </em><em>ESI</em><em> in the coastal areas of Banggai and Banggai Islands are obtained from sensitivity values of medium and sensitive. Areas with moderate sensitivity are Batui, </em><em>East </em><em>Luwuk, Masama, Lamala, Balantak </em><em>and Bualemo </em><em>sub-districts with grades </em><em>of </em><em>16,78 – 24,35. The value of </em><em>ESI</em><em> with sensitive category ranges from 38,24 – 57,54</em><em> </em><em>in </em><em>Bulagi, Buko and South Batui </em><em>sub-districts.</em></p><p class="Isi"><em> </em></p><p class="Isi"><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>mangrove ecosystem, Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI)</em></p>
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Bellotto, Valeria R., and Vania M. M. Sarolli. "Environmental sensitivity mapping to oil spill and response actions for shoreline and portuary zone of Imbituba, SC, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (2008): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v12n2.p115-125.
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Merten, Amy A., Zachary Winters-Staszak, and Nancy E. Kinner. "Incorporating Traditional Knowledge and Subsistence Mapping into the Arctic Environmental Response Management Application." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 1512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1512.
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ABSTRACT Access to information from local and indigenous communities is vital to improving oil spill preparedness and response, and to ensuring efficient prioritization and protection of subsistence and culturally sensitive areas. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA®) is an online mapping tool that integrates both static and real-time data, such as Environmental Sensitivity Index maps, ship locations, weather, ocean currents, and more in a centralized format for environmental responders and decision makers. This allows for high-impact and fine-resolution visualization of data for solving complex environmental response and resource issues. As part of the overall ERMA project, baseline datasets have been collected from government sources, private corporations, universities, local entities, and non-governmental organizations (NGO). Arctic ERMA—a regional instance of the ERMA application—covers the U.S. high Arctic, with use in all of Alaska as well as internationally. To identify and gather Arctic-specific data, workshops were conducted in the Northwest Arctic Borough (NWAB), North Slope Borough (NSB), and Edmonton, Canada focusing on oil spill scenarios that could affect villages in each region, and developing prioritized datasets needed to support planning, response, and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) work. As part of the overall ERMA project, baseline datasets have been collected from government sources, private corporations, universities, local entities and non-governmental organizations. Most of these datasets are publicly available. ERMA has been tested in Arctic drills and was used to support the USCG's “Arctic Shield” exercise, September 2013. Through this exercise, ERMA was able to incorporate onboard ship information, field-collected data, photos, sensor data and other scientific input collected during the USCG Cutter Healy cruise. The exercise identified some of the challenges the response community could face during a spill in the Arctic and the region's dependence upon local knowledge in successfully minimizing environmental effects and human-dimension impacts. This presentation will discuss collaborations and next steps.
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Carvalho, Melissa, and Douglas F. M. Gherardi. "Mapping the environmental sensitivity to oil spill and land use/land cover using spectrally transformed Landsat 7 ETM data." Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v12n2.p1-9.
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Sann, Alan, and Edward C. Wayment. "PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION—AN INTEGRATED PLANNING APPROACH FOR OIL TERMINALS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (1985): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-589.
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ABSTRACT In South Australia, the newest Australian liquid hydrocarbon marine export terminal has been completed in record time. The terminal services domestic and export trade in crude oil, condensate and liquified petroleum gases while operating within a gulf which supports a major shellfish and scalefish industry, and a small but growing recreation market. The Terminal Operator has undertaken an integrated, rational, and cost-effective environmental protection strategy based on planning studies designed to ensure government and community approval for the facility. The study subject areas include: oil slick trajectory forecasting, ballast water diffuser outfall performance, prawn taint testing, coastal habitat sensitivity rating and mapping, oil spill response equipment selection and deployment strategies, equipment field trials, and industry-government consultative groups.
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Moyano, Juan Miguel. "THE ROLE OF ARPEL IN CONTINGENCY PLANNING COOPERATION: THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY OPERATING IN LATIN AMERICA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (1997): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-887.
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ABSTRACT ARPEL leads the activities of 26 state, private, and mixed oil and gas companies in Latin America, aiming at a regional cooperation in contingency planning preparedness and response. This decade has marked a milestone for the petroleum industry in Latin America. Market deregulation, a growing environmental legislative framework, and the privatization of former state-owned companies imply a need to reduce industry's environmental protection-related costs and to optimize its resources. The role of ARPEL in this context is examined. ARPEL is developing the Contingency Planning Project (PLACON), which aims to ensure a timely, efficient, cost-effective, joint response for an oil spill emergency at both the company and regional levels. The project embraces the following topics: computerized resources inventory, sensitivity mapping, training courses, and regional integration analysis. Results of the PLACON project to date and the present situation of the companies surveyed are analyzed as they relate to the objectives of the project. Information about the oil spill contingency planning process of companies operating in countries responsible for 99.9% exportation and 85.3% importation of the crude oil in Latin America is evaluated. Data included are from companies whose operations represent approximately 91.5% of oil production and 89.9% of oil refining in the region.
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Bernier, Rene, Maria Hartley, Josh Gravenmie, and Scott Walker. "Ground Truthing Resources at Risk in Indonesia." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017421. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000421.
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Resources at risk (RAR) are identified environmental, archaeo-cultural, or socio-economic sensitive sites, within (or close to) an incident area that could potentially be impacted by a release. Examples of these include breeding areas, wetlands, shipwrecks, recreational beaches, and commercial fishing areas. RAR provides the basis for decisions relating to developing and refining environmental response strategies and for identifying important social, cultural and economic aspects and are a key part of an Oil Spill Response Plan. Initial information about such resources or sites are gathered remotely from company Environmental Process requirements, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), environmental sensitivity index maps (ESI maps), government resources, local universities and non-government organizations (NGOs). This information is then validated and expanded upon by data QA/QC, and direct observation using a combination of boats, helicopter and ground transportation with local experts. Ground truthing is important to validate and document information such as local utilization of resources, habitat quality, and to identify locations where boom could be deployed, access points, outfalls, staging areas etc. through video, photo and mapping, that might otherwise be missed. RAR can help businesses focus on improved spill response capabilities by identifying credible oil spill scenarios to understand spill risk, generate an ESI Map with identified resources (ecological and socioeconomic) and lastly to create and exercise tactical plans for the protection and response to those resources.
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Jødestøl, Kjell Andreas, Bjørge Fredheim, Espen Edward Hoell, et al. "Achieving an Industry Standard in the Assessment of Environmental Risk: Oil Spill Risk Management and the Mira Method." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (2001): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-155.
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ABSTRACT A quantitative approach to assess environmental risks from offshore petroleum activities is developed in this paper. Taking into account both reservoir- and project-specific data, different kinds of oil spill scenarios are analyzed. Oil characteristics and weathering properties are incorporated in a standardized geographical information system (GIS)-based oil spill modeling system, simulating oil trajectories based on wind and current data. Mapping of environmental resources is combined with a sensitivity evaluation and protection value classification. Nationally accepted criteria in Norway for identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) are adopted to select a limited number of high priority risk indicators. Oil spill statistics are combined with occurrences of VEC resources on a seasonal basis. Oil pollution effect and damage keys have been established based on past oil spill incidents and scientific documentation. Impact assessments are based on available specific resource data and provide results related to the recovery potential of each resource component included. The recovery time is adopted as a general stand-alone parameter that allows classification of severity and ecological significance of acute oil pollution incidents. Quantitative risk results are used to describe and rank environmental risks issued from different sources and scenarios, covering different seasons and activity plans. The ranking also is used to identify high priority resources and geographic areas for contingency actions. The variability in presence and vulnerability of natural resources gives the operator the possibility of adjusting activity plans according to the time-window providing the lowest environmental risk. Contingency plans can be designed for and focused on periods or geographic areas with increased risk. The results are further used in combination with oil spill statistics to determine specific requirements for oil spill contingency systems. Requirements for key factors—such as response time, equipment, functional capability, and efficiency with respect to weather, oil type, and oil quantity—also are established. The overall efficiency of contingency systems is assessed and the risk reanalyzed to identify the potential for risk reduction. Further developments are proposed advising that risk reduction should be considered in combination with costs involved in investments, maintenance and exercises, as well as real combat action costs and compensation costs. Cost-benefit could then be assessed for different contingency arrangements, providing a basis for selection of optimal solutions for contingency systems according to the ALARP principle—“as low as reasonably practicable”—where costs of countermeasures are weighted against potential risk reduction.
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Nijkamp, Hugo, Saskia Sessions, Philippe Blanc, and Yannick Autret. "Arctic Oiled Wildlife Response: Exploring Potential and Limitations." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 1569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1569.
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ABSTRACT The Arctic is an extremely vulnerable area for oil pollution. Because of global warming and the resulting retreating ice, new economic shipping and Exploration & Production activities are likely to develop in the coming years and decades. Both governments (e.g. Arctic Council) and the oil industry (e.g. Arctic Response Technology Joint Industry Programme) are preparing for increased oil spill response capabilities in the Arctic region, and are looking to join forces for more efficiency and effectiveness. In connection to oil spill response planning in the Arctic both onshore and offshore, attention should be given to oiled wildlife response preparedness in this region. The Arctic is characterized by unique ecosystems and biodiversity, either marine or terrestrial, with a large proportion of migratory species. So although species diversity is assumed to be low compared to other regions, Arctic wildlife is very sensitive to the effects of oil pollution. Additionally the Arctic is a remote and extreme area for setting up a wildlife response in the framework of an oil spill response. This paper explores what the limitations of an Arctic oiled wildlife response would be (physical/logistical, health & safety, environmental monitoring, ecosystems understanding, biodiversity data, sensitivity mapping, etc.), and identifies how current gaps in response preparedness could be filled. Special emphasis is laid on investments into the capabilities of specialised responders and their equipment, including creation of a specialised Arctic Wildlife Response Strike Team.
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Allen, John, and Brian Walsh. "ENHANCED OIL SPILL SURVEILLANCE, DETECTION AND MONITORING THROUGH THE APPLIED TECHNOLOGY OF UNMANNED AIR SYSTEMS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (2008): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-113.
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ABSTRACT Many leading edge technologies that are conceptualized, developed, tested, refined and applied as military defense technologies evolve into useful applied technologies in other public and private sectors. Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) and the rapidly evolving Small Unmanned Air Vehicle (SUAS) are finding operational applications in scientific research, wildlife, law enforcement, security, natural disaster, and environmental surveillance, detection and monitoring. This paper will review the use of UAS in operational oil spill surveillance, monitoring and assessment. UAS show particular potential for shoreline, coastal and inland surveillance and monitoring of remote areas with limited accessibility. Numerous international oil companies have sponsored UAV demonstrations focused on facility and pipeline inspection, surveillance and monitoring. Governmental agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, have incorporated UAS into oil spill response exercises and test applications. Currently, many areas of high risk to pollution and high environmental sensitivity are monitored daily by costly manned aircraft surveillance; UAS can replace or augment these manned air vehicles, providing a cost effective alternative that also reduces human risks. UAS technology is continually evolving to achieve broader application:On-water launch and in-water recovery;Payload Integration - video, still daylight and nighttime IR imaging, image processing, and hazardous material air plume sensing and mapping;Command, Control and Communications (C-3) - real-time data link to the Incident Command Post;Platform Improvements - greater reliability, minimized size and weight, portability, longer operational flight time and extended range, and improved power sources;GPS positioning - pre-programmed flight patterns and break-away vectoring; andSimulation & Training - train effectively, maintain proficiency, and evolve tactics, techniques and procedures.
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Rustandi, Y., A. Damar, G. Rakasiwi, A. Afandy, A. Hamdani, and D. Mulyana. "Environmental sensitivity index mapping as a prevention strategy against oil spill pollution: A case study on the coastal area of South Sumatera Province in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 414 (January 10, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/414/1/012019.
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Baker, Jenifer M., Mark Spalding, and Jon Moore. "SENSITIVITY MAPPING WORLDWIDE: HARMONIZATION AND THE NEEDS OF DIFFERENT USER GROUPS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (1995): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-77.
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ABSTRACT Prospective user groups of sensitivity maps for oil spill response have a variety of needs related to different categories of oil spill, ranging from localized tier 1 spills at fixed installations (such as oil terminals) to catastrophic tier 3 spills. The latter may affect large areas and possibly more than one country. Uses of maps range from planning practical site-specific shore cleanup to strategic planning on a regional scale for “passing ship” scenarios in remote areas. The paper discusses different map types, map scales, categories of information to be included, and symbology, bearing in mind the requirements of different users. Reference is made to international examples. A considerable degree of harmonization of approach for sensitivity maps worldwide can be achieved. However, given that resources can vary tremendously from one region to another, it seems better to promote a broad consistency with respect to symbology rather than an exhaustively detailed scheme to cover every possible resource worldwide.
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Nelson, Jake R., and Tony H. Grubesic. "Oil spill modeling: Mapping the knowledge domain." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 1 (2020): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319897503.
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The year 2019 marks the anniversary of two major US offshore oil spills: the 50th anniversary of the Santa Barbara spill and the 30th anniversary of the Exxon Valdez. The consequences of these spills are profound, echoing throughout countless environmental, ecological and social systems. Each spill sparked a flurry of research focusing on the analysis and documentation of spill impacts and responses. The purpose of this progress report is to evaluate oil spill modeling research as a knowledge domain. Using bibliometric analysis techniques, we constructed a co-citation network for exploring key areas of research and seminal papers to highlight the evolution of oil spill research over the past 50 years. The paper concludes with recommendations for future work, detailing the importance of connecting the physical and social sciences for deepening our understanding of oil spills and their broader implications for communities and the environment.
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Ibarra-Mojica, Diana, Ágata Romero, Crisóstomo Barajas-Ferreira, Viatcheslav Kafarov, and Crisóstomo Barajas-Solano. "METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR EVALUATION OF OIL SPILLS ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY IN RIVERS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 1806–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1806.
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ABSTRACT 2017-397 Rivers have been a major part in the development of human activities since the beginning of civilization. Globally, increased navigation in rivers and construction of oil storage infrastructure along its banks has increased the risk of spillage of these substances in freshwater bodies. Mitigation associated with such incidents impact depends largely on the formulation and implementation of adequate contingency plans. To make this possible the vulnerability assessment is a tool of primary information which integrates the identification of possible sources of hydrocarbon’s spills and the respective dispersion patterns (evaluation of susceptibility); as well as analysis of areas that could be more seriously affected by the presence of those spills (sensitivity testing). There are known methodologies and study cases for assessing vulnerability to oil spills in marine and coastal environments; however, for rivers there are not references of this type of work. This paper presents a methodological adaptation for assessing environmental vulnerability for oil spills in rivers, from the integration of known methodologies for evaluation of sensitivity and susceptibility in coastal marine and river environments. Given its standardization and wide use, the ESI (NOAA) method was selected for river sensitivity assessment. It was not considered necessary to have a standardized method for trajectory modeling and hydrocarbons spill degradation (susceptibility analysis), but it was established that in each case of study the selected tool must analyze the determinant processes as advection, adhesion to the edges, mechanical dispersion, evaporation, dissolution, and vertical mixing. Finally, an adaptation of the Index of Environmental Vulnerability to Oil (IEVO) was proposed. At the moment, the application of the methodology is being carried out in a river of Colombia, however the results still unfinished will not be part of the discussion of the work below.
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Nansingh, Permanand, and Shari Jurawan. "Environmental Sensitivity of a Tropical Coastline (Trinidad, West Indies) to Oil Spills." Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 5, no. 2 (1999): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-2561(98)00052-8.
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Kourliaftis, G., V. Kapsimalis, D. Vandarakis, and K. Pavlopoulos. "GEOMOPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX FOR OIL SPILLS OF ANAVYSSOS BAY, ATTICA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 4 (2017): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.14297.
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The study of the coastal and shallow marine geomorphology of the adjacent bays of Anavyssos and Aghios Nikolaos (southeastern Attica) was carried out by acoustic scanning of the seafloor with an echo sounder and sonar side scan; topographical sections perpendicular to the shoreline, collection and analysis of surface sediments; determination of long-term shoreline displacements by comparing old and modern aerial photographs and satellite imagery. The terrestrial part of the coastal area consists of many landforms, such as lagoons, cliffs, beachrocks, tombola etc. The beaches affected by intense human activity have gentle slopes, low elevations and a coarse-grained texture. The remote sensing analysis showed that, over the last six decades, there are some small shoreline changes of the order of ± 2 meters. The bays have relatively gentle gradients covered by sand in their shallower parts and patches of Posidonia Oceanica towards the open sea. Taken into account the texture of sediments and landforms that make up the terrestrial part of the coasts, four categories (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th) of Environmental Sensitivity Index for oil spill (ESI) have been identified and an ESI map is created serving as a quick reference for oil spill responders and coastal zone managers.
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Gil Agudelo, Diego L., Ramón Alberto Nieto Bernal, Diana Marcela Ibarra Mojica, Ana María Guevara Vargas, and Erich Gundlach. "Environmental sensitivity index for oil spills in marine and coastal areas in Colombia." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 6, no. 1 (2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.24.
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Schnitz, Paul R., and Martha A. Wolf. "NONFLOATING OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 1307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1307.
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ABSTRACT Like conventional, lighter-than-water oils, heavy oils that sink or become suspended in water when spilled can cause damage to the environment, threaten human health, and adversely affect economic resources. The behavior of heavy oil in water complicates aspects of spill response including location, mapping and containment of spilled oil; assessment of environmental and economic impacts; responder health and safety; prediction of oil movement; comparison of alternative response methods; and measurement and documentation of cleanup effectiveness. Experience shows that the techniques and equipment needed to respond to heavy oil spills are highly specific to the spill location and circumstances of the spill, accentuating the importance of preincident planning. Sound planning is one of the most important tools available for implementing an effective response to oil spills and minimizing their impacts. In this paper response strategies that have been utilized in nonfloating oil spills are examined, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of techniques and equipment employed in those incidents are discussed. The intent of this examination is to help emergency response planners recognize response methods that have worked under conditions they are likely to encounter so they can plan accordingly.
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Sanuki, Y., M. Hiraoka, T. Ohto, H. Kanai, and H. Tada. "Sensor system using polarization analysis method to monitor oil-on-water in water purification plants and rivers." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 4-5 (2002): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0578.
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Some 80% of accidental pollution in river water is caused by oil spills. Oil spills can cause serious damage such as suspension of water intake at water purification plants and major harm to ecosystems in the lower reaches of rivers. This is because oil-on-water tends to spread easily, quickly exacerbating the damage. To address this problem, an automated, continuous sensor system with high sensitivity can be used for early detection of spill accidents. We have developed a sensor system for detecting oil-on-water based on a polarization analysis method. Its advantages include: a) no direct contact with sample water; b) minimal maintenance; c) largely unaffected by foreign matter and waves on the water surface; and d) much higher sensitivity than simple visual observation. This paper describes the measurement principle and configuration of the sensor system, and discusses the results of sensitivity tests and tests on the influence of water turbidity, foreign matter and waves. We will also consider some of the limitations of the new system.
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Krishnan, Parthiphan. "Research report—A geographical information system for oil spills sensitivity mapping in the Shetland Islands (United Kingdom)." Ocean & Coastal Management 26, no. 3 (1995): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(95)00017-v.
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Semanov, G. N., A. N. Gutnik, S. N. Zatsepa, et al. "Net environmental benefit analysis — a tool of decision-making at oil spill response." Arctic: Ecology and Economy, no. 1(25) (March 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2017-1-47-58.
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Development of oilfields started in Arctic requires adequate response preparedness to potential oil spills. Mechanical recovery due to specific conditions of Arctic has a lot of limitation in application and cannot prevent pollution of Special protected areas (SPA). It is necessary to consider application of dispersants and in situ burning (ISB). Oil spill dispersants are mixtures of nontoxic surface active agents in organic solvent, specifically formulated to enhance the natural dispersion of oil into the sea water column thus enhancing the biodegradation processes. Dispersed oil is practically non adhesive to feather of birds and hair of mammals. The treatment of oil with dispersants requires a cautious strategy in making decisions. It can be achieved by usage of special tool –Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) procedures. The decision of dispersants application should be based on the following comparison: “What would be the impact of the pollution when treated with dispersant and when non treated with dispersant?” The NEBA should consider the behaviour of the treated non-treated oil, assess consequently the different resources which will be concerned either by the treated oil or by the surface film oil, assess the sensitivity of the different resources at concern towards the dispersed oil and toward the floating oil film. These analyses assist decision makers when considering whether or not the use of dispersants is appropriate to minimize the environmental/economic damage. This article describes the experience of NEBA application to substantiate decisions how to respond to potential oil spills at the sites on Aniva bay of Sakhalin-2 project at different oil spills scenarios. It was used incremental approach to choose them. Based on sensitivity maps, information about level of impact dispersed and floating oil on bioresources and results of mathematical modelling efficacy of different response methods application: monitoring (no actions to recover spilt oil), mechanical recovery and mechanical recovery together with dispersants application it was shown that SPA can be protected from pollution in most scenarios only in case of dispersants application. Amount of oil stranded on shore in case of application of response method was used as criteria of efficacy of method application level of damage.
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Abou El-Magd, Islam, Mohamed Zakzouk, Abdulaziz M. Abdulaziz, and Elham M. Ali. "The Potentiality of Operational Mapping of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea near the Entrance of the Suez Canal Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (2020): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081352.
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The Suez Canal, being a main international maritime shipping route, experiences heavy ship traffic with probable illegal oil discharges. Oil pollution is harming the marine ecosystem and creates pressure on the coastal socio-economic activities particularly at Port Said city (the area of study). It is anticipated that the damage of oil spills is not only during the event but it extends for a long time and normally requires more effort to remediate and recover the environment. Hence, early detection and volume estimation of these spills is the first and most important step for a successful clean-up operation. This study is the first to use Sentinel-1 space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images for oil spill detection and mapping over the north entrance of the Suez Canal aiming to enable operational monitoring. SAR sensors are able to capture images day and night and are not affected by weather conditions. In addition, they have a wide swath that covers large geographical areas for possible oil spills. The present study examines a large amount of data (800 scenes of sentinel 1) for the study area over a period of five years from 2014 till 2019 which resulted in the detection of more than 20 events of oil pollution. The detection model is based on the quantitative analysis of the dark spot of the radar backscatter of oil spills. The largest case covered nearly 26 km2 of seawater. The spill drift direction in the area of spills indicated potential hazard on fishing activities, Port Said beaches and ports. This study can be the base for continuously monitoring and alarming pollution cases in the Canal area which is important for environmental agencies, decision-makers, and beneficiaries for coastal and marine socio-economic sustainability.
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Castle, Robert W., Fred Wehrenberg, Jeremy Bartlett, and Jason Nuckols. "HEAVY OIL SPILLS: OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (1995): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-565.
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ABSTRACT Heavy oils include those low API gravity (LAPIO) petroleum hydrocarbons that will sink below the water surface, either to the bottom or to some level in the water column. While there is a tendency to ignore spilled oil that is no longer visible at the surface, submerged oil may resurface or be transported onto shorelines where it can present unexpected and reoccurring cleanup problems. Factors influencing sinking and movement of sunken oil must be considered to guide heavy-oil spill contingency planning and response. Procedures that have been used successfully or show potential application for the location, mapping, and recovery of submerged oil should be included in planning. Decision diagrams are useful in the identification of appropriate procedures and technologies for varying oil characteristics and environmental situations. These decision diagrams include consideration of sunken oil assessment procedures, possible containment technology, and candidate recovery technologies.