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Journal articles on the topic 'Oil Spills'
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1
Marghany, Maged. "Oil Spills and Remote Sensing Monitoring Challenges." International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 7, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijoac-16000234.
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This article has illustrated a handful of other concepts in addition to oil spills. This study investigated the harm caused by oil spills in a region, as well as the consequences of oil exploration and extraction on the environment, economy, and politics. The concept of oil spills, their causes, their different types, and the impacts of these calamities on the marine ecosystem are all covered in detail in this review. Oil spill management and response are essential for the environment and society. This review also provides basic information on monitoring oil spills from space. Optical and microwave remote sensing techniques have been used to address oil spill monitoring issues. The possibility of false alarms from lookalikes is the main problem when using radar and microwave data to monitor an oil spill. Therefore, numerous issues must be addressed to detect oil spills in space. It is crucial to combine these technologies with additional approaches such as in situ measurements and ground-based observations.
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Lu, Jingyang, Liqiong Chen, and Duo Xu. "Study on the Oil Spill Transport Behavior and Multifactorial Effects of the Lancang River Crossing Pipeline." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2024): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083455.
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As the number of long-distance oil and gas pipelines crossing rivers increases, so does the risk of river oil spills. Previous research on oil spills in water mainly focuses on the oceans, and there are relatively few studies on oil spills in rivers. This study established two-dimensional hydrodynamic and oil spill models for the Lancang River crossing pipeline basin and verified the model’s accuracy. The oil spill transport process under different scenarios was simulated, and the oil spill transport state data set was established. The effects of river flow, wind, and leakage mode on the transport behavior of oil spills were studied. The results show that an increase in flow rate accelerates the migration, diffusion, and longitudinal extension behavior of oil spills; Changes in wind speed have less effect on the transport behavior of oil spills under downwind and headwind conditions. The mode of leakage mainly affects the diffusion and longitudinal extension of the oil spill. The oil spill transport state prediction model was established using machine learning combination algorithms. The three combined machine learning algorithms, PSO-SVR, GA-BPNN, and PSO-BPNN, have the best performance in predicting the oil spill migration distance, oil spill area, and the length of the oil spill contamination zone, respectively, with the coefficient of determination (R2) and the 1-Mean Absolute Percentage of Error (1-MAPE) above 0.971, and the prediction model has excellent accuracy. This study can provide support for the rapid development of emergency response plans for river crossing pipeline oil spill accidents.
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Yamada, Yashuhira. "The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers in Relation to Weight of Spilled Oil." Marine Technology and SNAME News 46, no. 04 (October 1, 2009): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.4.219.
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The purpose of this paper is to consider a practical way to estimate the cost of oil spills from ships within the framework of establishing environmental risk evaluation criteria in International Maritime Organization (IMO). Regression analysis between the cost of oil spills and the weight of oil spilled (oil spill weight) was carried out using historical oil spill data from tankers reported by International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC) Funds. A nonlinear regression formula between the cost of oil spills and the oil spill weight is estimated from the historical data, and a critical value of cost to avert one tonne of spilled oil (CATScr) is obtained. CATScr obtained by the present study is compared with that obtained by previous work. This study shows that the cost of oil spills estimated by the present regression formula is in fairly good agreement with the mean value obtained from historical data while the CATScr gives relatively larger costs and shows the upper bound of the cost of oil spills.
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Tamuno, Paul S. "Legal Response to Oil Pollution in the Maritime Environment: A Comparative Analysis of Nigeria, United Kingdom and the United States." ABUAD Law Journal 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/alj.2021.0901.05-j.
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This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the legal response to oil pollution in the maritime environment in Nigeria, the United Kingdom and the United States. Major oil spills in these three states are examined with the aim of highlighting how each state responded to the pollution. In Nigeria, oil spills that are examined include: Texaco’sFuniwa-5 oil well spill of 1980 and the Mobil Qua-Iboe oil spillage of 1998. As regards the United Kingdom, the Torrey Canyon incident and other spills are examined. For the United States, the Ixtoc 1 spill of 1979, the Exxon Valdez spill of 1989 and the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010 are examined. These spills were often due to accidents and negligence during oil drilling and transportation. The United Kingdom and the United States had more robust legislation and policies that spelt out in advance how companies were to respond to oil spills. They also had effective mechanisms for the implementation and enforcement of the response to oil spills. This was the case even in situations, such as the Torrey Canyon incident, in which the oil spills was from a vessel transporting crude oil in the international waters. In Nigeria, legislation on oil spills were often outdated andin conflict with each other. They were also poorly implemented due to inter alia inadequate funds, lack of political will on the part of the government and the fact that the Nigerian government is in Joint Venture agreements with the Multinational oil companies.
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Pan, Huaxin, Kangxu Tang, Jia Zhuo, Yuming Lu, Jialong Chen, and Zhichao Lv. "Underwater Acoustic Technology-Based Monitoring of Oil Spill: A Review." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040870.
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Acoustic monitoring is an efficient technique for oil spill detection, and the development of acoustic technology is conducive to achieving real-time monitoring of underwater oil spills, providing data references and guidance for emergency response work. Starting from the research background of oil spills, this review summarizes and evaluates the existing research on acoustic technology for monitoring underwater oil spills. Underwater oil spills are more complex than surface oil spills, and further research is needed to investigate the feasibility of acoustic technology in underwater oil spill monitoring, verify the accuracy of monitoring data, and assess its value. In the future, the impact mechanism and dynamic research of acoustic technology in oil spill monitoring should be explored, and the advantages and differences between acoustic technology and other detection techniques should be compared. The significance of auxiliary mechanisms combined with acoustic technology in oil spill monitoring should be studied. Moreover, acoustic research methods and experimental techniques should be enriched and improved to fully tap into the future value of acoustic technology.
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Michel, Jacqueline, and Mark Ploen. "Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Inland Spill Response: New Guide From the American Petroleum Institute." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1770–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1770.
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ABSTRACT 2017-054 The 2016 American Petroleum Institute inland guide incorporates lessons learned from spill responses that can minimize the environmental impacts of inland oil spills. In addition, it provides new information on the changing risk profiles of inland spills in North America. such as the increase in oil transportation by rail, the added risks of fire and air quality concerns from spills of very light crude oils from light tight shale production areas, behavior of diluted bitumen products when spilled to fresh water, and special considerations for inland spill response. Best practices for inland oil spill response are organized by Oil Groups 1–4 and Group 5 submerged oil (oil that is suspended in the water column or moving along the bottom). It provided guidance on selecting appropriate cleanup endpoints for inland spills. Finally, it provides response guidelines for issues of special concern for inland spills, including: protection of water intakes, response to spills of ethanol-blended fuels, air quality monitoring and levels of concern, oil field produced waters, treatment of oiled debris, and fast-water booming strategies.
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Sornam, M. "OILSPILL AND LOOK-ALIKE SPOTS FROM SAR IMAGERY USING OTSU METHOD AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 11 (February 5, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i11.2017.117.
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Oil spill pollution plays a significant role in damaging marine ecosystem. Discharge of oil due to tanker accidents has the most dangerous effects on marine environment. The main waste source is the ship based operational discharges. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can be effectively used for the detection and classification of oil spills. Oil spills appear as dark spots in SAR images. One major advantage of SAR is that it can generate imagery under all weather conditions. However, similar dark spots may arise from a range of unrelated meteorological and oceanographic phenomena, resulting in misidentification. A major focus of research in this area is the development of algorithms to distinguish ‘oil spills’ from ‘look-alikes’. The features of detected dark spot are then extracted and classified to discriminate oil spills from look-alikes. This paper describes the development of a new approach to SAR oil spill detection using Segmentation method and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). A SAR-based oil-spill detection process consists of three stages: image segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition (classification) of the segmented objects as oil spills or look-alikes. The image segmentation was performed with Otsu method. Classification has been done using Back Propagation Network and this network classifies objects into oil spills or look-alikes according to their feature parameters. Improved results have been achieved for the discrimination of oil spills and look-alikes.
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Liu, Peng, Ying Li, Bingxin Liu, Peng Chen, and and Jin Xu. "Semi-Automatic Oil Spill Detection on X-Band Marine Radar Images Using Texture Analysis, Machine Learning, and Adaptive Thresholding." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070756.
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Oil spills bring great damage to the environment and, in particular, to coastal ecosystems. The ability of identifying them accurately is important to prompt oil spill response. We propose a semi-automatic oil spill detection method, where texture analysis, machine learning, and adaptive thresholding are used to process X-band marine radar images. Coordinate transformation and noise reduction are first applied to the sampled radar images, coarse measurements of oil spills are then subjected to texture analysis and machine learning. To identify the loci of oil spills, a texture index calculated by four textural features of a grey level co-occurrence matrix is proposed. Machine learning methods, namely support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, linear discriminant analysis, and ensemble learning are adopted to extract the coarse oil spill areas indicated by the texture index. Finally, fine measurements can be obtained by using adaptive thresholding on coarsely extracted oil spill areas. Fine measurements are insensitive to the results of coarse measurement. The proposed oil spill detection method was used on radar images that were sampled after an oil spill accident that occurred in the coastal region of Dalian, China on 21 July 2010. Using our processing method, thresholds do not have to be set manually and oil spills can be extracted semi-automatically. The extracted oil spills are accurate and consistent with visual interpretation.
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Etkin, Dagmar Schmidt. "Historical Overview of Oil Spills from All Sources (1960–1998)." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1097.
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ABSTRACT This poster session gives an overview of oil spill statistics on oil spills of at least 10,000 gallons (34 tonnes) that have occurred worldwide over the last 20 years. Included are: the annual amount of oil spilled from different source types as well as in total, and the number and amount of oil spilled by size range. The data indicate that in any one year, the total amount of oil spilled depends largely on the incidence of catastrophic spills. While the frequency of smaller spills under 100,000 gallons (340 tonnes) greatly exceeds those of spills of over 1 million gallons (3,400 tonnes), the total volume of these smaller spills represents only a fraction of one catastrophic spill. While tanker spills have often gotten more media coverage, the amount of oil spilled from these vessels is often less than that spilled from pipelines, storage tanks, and other facilities.
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Felix, Portia N. "The Potential Impact of Oil Spills in Coastal Waters on Water Supply in Trinidad." West Indian Journal of Engineering 46, no. 1 (July 2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/setw8054.
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Oil exploration poses an inherent risk to water resources and water quality, exemplified by oil spills resulting from broken pipelines, underwater blowouts and oil transport vessel accidents. In these instances, as vulnerable to spilled oil, water is usually the first casualty, resulting in oil contaminated water. In an effort to ensure the sustainability of freshwater resources resilience in Small Island Developing States, (SIDS), desalination is increasingly used to provide potable water. Thus, oceanic oil spills are of significant relevance to the provision of a guaranteed supply of potable water. Trinidad and Tobago, an oil-producing (SIDS), with considerable oil and gas activities on land and in shallow coastal waters; can become increasingly stressed from oil spills, possibly leading to halting seawater intakes in the desalination process. A real-life seawater surface oil spill in the Gulf of Paria, south-west coast of Trinidad, not far from the largest desalination plant in the Caribbean, is investigated using numerical mathematical modelling to model the spill’s movement underwater. The trajectory plots produced and analysed, indicated that depending on key parameters of the oil and the current ambient conditions, an oil plume can travel significantly long horizontal distances underwater before destabilising. Inferences suggested that oily underwater and existing ambient conditions can potentially affect the desalination equipment. Hence, oil spill modelling is necessary to determine oil trajectory and further inform the decision-making process in determining the best location for constructing desalination plants so as to minimise disruption to the island’s domestic freshwater supply in oil spill events.
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Welch, Jeff. "OIL SPILL INTELLIGENCE REPORT INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL DATABASE: RECENT TRENDS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-1006.
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ABSTRACT Several major oil spills toward the end of 1994 may make the early 1990s begin to mirror the pattern of oil spills from the late 1970s and early 1980s, based on data maintained by the staff of the Oil Spill Intelligence Report newsletter.
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Stalcup, Dana, Gary Yoshioka, Elizabeth Black, and Madelyn Carpenter. "Comparing Oil Spill Rates Using Different Data Sources1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-861.
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ABSTRACT Different sources of data on past oil spill incidents contain different kinds of information about each incident and different degrees of accuracy. The appropriate data can be used to develop spill statistics and spill rate relationships. This paper examines data on reported oil spills that have occurred in the United States. Characteristics studied include the number of spills, spill sizes, spill sources, and the types of oil spilled. Studying characteristics of past spills can help government and industry to determine the scope of oil spill prevention policies and response planning methods. The main data sources used for this paper include the Oil Spill Intelligence Report's International Oil Spill Statistics annual summaries and the National Response Center online database. This report provides a discussion of the accuracy of information from sources of oil spill data, to help support the development of spill statistics and spill rate relationships.
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Basit, Abdul, Muhammad Adnan Siddique, Salman Bashir, Ehtasham Naseer, and Muhammad Saquib Sarfraz. "Deep Learning-Based Detection of Oil Spills in Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone from January 2017 to December 2023." Remote Sensing 16, no. 13 (July 2, 2024): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16132432.
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Oil spillages on a sea’s or an ocean’s surface are a threat to marine and coastal ecosystems. They are mainly caused by ship accidents, illegal discharge of oil from ships during cleaning and oil seepage from natural reservoirs. Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) has proved to be a useful tool for analyzing oil spills, because it operates in all-day, all-weather conditions. An oil spill can typically be seen as a dark stretch in SAR images and can often be detected through visual inspection. The major challenge is to differentiate oil spills from look-alikes, i.e., low-wind areas, algae blooms and grease ice, etc., that have a dark signature similar to that of an oil spill. It has been noted over time that oil spill events in Pakistan’s territorial waters often remain undetected until the oil reaches the coastal regions or it is located by concerned authorities during patrolling. A formal remote sensing-based operational framework for oil spills detection in Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Arabian Sea is urgently needed. In this paper, we report the use of an encoder–decoder-based convolutional neural network trained on an annotated dataset comprising selected oil spill events verified by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). The dataset encompasses multiple classes, viz., sea surface, oil spill, look-alikes, ships and land. We processed Sentinel-1 acquisitions over the EEZ from January 2017 to December 2023, and we thereby prepared a repository of SAR images for the aforementioned duration. This repository contained images that had been vetted by SAR experts, to trace and confirm oil spills. We tested the repository using the trained model, and, to our surprise, we detected 92 previously unreported oil spill events within those seven years. In 2020, our model detected 26 oil spills in the EEZ, which corresponds to the highest number of spills detected in a single year; whereas in 2023, our model detected 10 oil spill events. In terms of the total surface area covered by the spills, the worst year was 2021, with a cumulative 395 sq. km covered in oil or an oil-like substance. On the whole, these are alarming figures.
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Ji, Zhen-Gang, Zhen Li, Walter Johnson, and Guillermo Auad. "Progress of the Oil Spill Risk Analysis (OSRA) Model and Its Applications." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020195.
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The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is responsible for managing the development of US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) energy and mineral resources. Because oil spills may occur from offshore oil and gas activities, BOEM conducts oil spill risk analysis (OSRA) prior to oil and gas lease sales. Since the 1970s, BOEM has developed and applied the OSRA model to evaluate the risk of potential oil spills to environmental resources. This paper summarizes some of the OSRA model progress and applications in the past decade: (1) calculation of the risk of catastrophic oil spills (with a volume over one million barrels), which concludes that the return period of a catastrophic oil spill in OCS areas is estimated to be 165 years; (2) a more efficient way to estimate the probability of oil spill contact to environmental resources in the Gulf of Mexico; (3) weathering calculations in OSRA, which enhances the accuracy of the OSRA model results; and (4) application of OSRA to the Ixtoc I oil spill as an example of how the OSRA model simulates large oil spills for oil spill preparedness and response.
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Khabibi, Rokhmad, Rosadi Rosadi, and Sata Yoshida Srie Rahayu. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY FOR MITIGATION OF OIL SPILL DISASTERS IN THE SERIBU ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK." Journal of Science Innovare 5, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jsi.v5i2.6349.
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The Seribu Islands National Park (Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu - TNKpS) which has a marine ecosystem area that has the potential to be affected by oil spills originating from oil discharges from ships passing through the Sunda Strait and ship accidents in and out of Tanjung Priuk Port. In addition, in the TNKpS area there are also oil and gas mining companies as well as oil distribution through pipelines which have the potential to cause oil pollution due to leakage of oil distribution pipelines. The availability of maps of Environmental Sensitivity Index and comprehensive environmental data is important for the government to understand the condition of sensitive areas around oil and gas mining areas to mitigate environmental pollution due to oil spills, and can then take priority actions. to protect areas deemed sensitive. The compilation of thematic maps related to environmental sensitivity to oil spills in TNKpS shows that the beach type is not sensitive to oil spills, where the dominant beach type is gently sloping sand which is a substrate that is easy to clean when an oil spill occurs. While the component of biodiversity has the highest sensitivity. The most sensitive socioeconomic components affected by the oil spill are fish farming and marine tourism (snorkeling and diving), both of which are the main livelihoods for the people in TNKpS, especially from the tourism sector. Mitigation of oil spills in TNKpS should focus on dealing with oil spills before reaching sensitive areas where oil collection with skimmers and spraying of dispersants can be carried out before entering the coral reef area. The next step is the protection of sensitive areas from oil spills where this protection can be done by dispelling using an oil boom and directing the oil spill to a less sensitive area. The final step is cleaning the beach area in accordance with oil spill emergency response procedures. Spill simulations carried out with a duration of 3 hours, 5 hours and 24 hours showed that the oil spill had not yet reached the sensitive area when it was 3 hours, so that the ideal anticipatory oil response is to have an oil control exercise with a duration of 3 hours to protect sensitive areas.
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Yoshioka, Gary A., Andrew J. Franzoni, K. Jack Kooyoomjian, Terry L. Eby, and Glenn A. Wiltshire. "PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN REPORTED SMALL OIL SPILLS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-141.
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ABSTRACT Many recent analyses of oil spill data have focused on the occurrence of large spills. For example, a 1981 study compared the incidence of spills of more than 10,000 gallons in four U.S. coastal regions. A 1983 U.S. Department of the Interior study of spills of 1,000 barrels or more from outer continental shelf platforms found a statistically significant decrease in spill occurrence rates after 1974. Data from the U.S. Coast Guard's Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) show a drop in the number of all reported oil spills from more than 12,000 in 1977 to fewer than 7,000 in 1982. Such reductions in reported spills have been attributed in part to stricter government regulation and enforcement, to changes in technology, or to a decline in oil transportation. The significance of small oil spills is discussed, and data on the occurrence of reported small oil spills are analyzed using information from the PIRS database. The trend over time in the number of spills of fewer than 10 gallons was found to be upward for some sources, water bodies, and regions, but downward for others. Although this paper does not examine causal relationships, increased awareness of the requirement to report oil discharges may have resulted in increased reporting of spills in some cases and increased efforts toward prevention of spills in other cases.
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Ofualagba, G., and D. U. Onyishi. "Oil spill identification in visible sensor imaging using automated cross correlation with crude oil image filters." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i2.29.
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An algorithm for detection of crude oil spills in visible light images has been developed and tested on 50 documented crude oil spill images from Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) Nigeria. A set of three 25 x 25 pixels crude oil filters, with unique red, green, and blue (RGB) colour values, homogeneity, and power spectrum density (PSD) features were cross-correlated with the documented spill images. The final crude oil spill Region of Interest (ROI) was determined by grouping interconnected pixels based on their proximity, and only selecting ROIs with an area greater than 5,000 pixels. The crude oil filter cross correlation algorithm demonstrated a sensitivity of 84% with a False Positive per Image (FPI) of 0.82. Future work includes volume estimation of detected spills using crude oil filters, and utilizing this information in the recommendation of appropriate spill clean-up and remediation procedures for the detected spills.
Keywords: Crude Oil Spill Detection, Crude oil image filters, Cross correlation, Visible sensor imaging, Oil Spill Segmentation.
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Akhtyamov, R., T. S. Titova, D. V. Glazkov, and I. I. Gavrilin. "Protection of water supply sources from the emergency oil spill on the water surface." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032026.
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Abstract The article provides an algorithm for organizing oil spill response on the water surface, as well as the results of the analysis of existing methods of oil and oil product spill response. In order to improve the complex of measures to eliminate oil spills on the water surface, the main requirements for oil-absorbing materials are given. It is shown that the localization and elimination of oil and oil products spills on the water surface due to the destruction of the underwater passage of the main oil pipeline requires a set of works that require the use of various methods and the use of the necessary technical means. The developed set of measures for organizing work in response to oil spills on the water surface and the results of the analysis of existing methods for responding to oil and oil products spills will reduce the time for containment and response to the spill, taking into account the optimal choice of technology for cleaning the coastal strip from oil pollution.
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Akhtyamov, R., T. S. Titova, D. V. Glazkov, and I. I. Gavrilin. "Protection of water supply sources from the emergency oil spill on the water surface." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032057.
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Abstract The article provides an algorithm for organizing oil spill response on the water surface, as well as the results of the analysis of existing methods of oil and oil product spill response. In order to improve the complex of measures to eliminate oil spills on the water surface, the main requirements for oil-absorbing materials are given. It is shown that the localization and elimination of oil and oil products spills on the water surface due to the destruction of the underwater passage of the main oil pipeline requires a set of works that require the use of various methods and the use of the necessary technical means. The developed set of measures for organizing work in response to oil spills on the water surface and the results of the analysis of existing methods for responding to oil and oil products spills will reduce the time for containment and response to the spill, taking into account the optimal choice of technology for cleaning the coastal strip from oil pollution.
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Tan, Jen Yen, Siew Yan Low, Zhen Hong Ban, and Parthiban Siwayanan. "A review on oil spill clean-up using bio-sorbent materials with special emphasis on utilization of kenaf core fibers." BioResources 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 8394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8394-8416.
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Thousands of oil spill incidents regrettably have occurred on a daily basis around the globe. Oil spills are a form of pollution that poses major catastrophic threats to marine ecosystems. Oil spill incidents commonly occur in the middle of the ocean, and the process to remove the oil becomes a great challenge. Absorbents, due to their good oil-absorbing characteristics, are becoming more popular nowadays as one of the effective oil spill clean-up methods. Among the many types of oil absorbents, plant fibers were also being studied to remove the oil spills from the sea surface. This paper reviews factors leading to oil spills, the detrimental effect of the oil spill on the environment, the oil spill removal methods, and the application of plant fibers as oil absorbent material. The paper also will highlight the latest development on the utilization of kenaf core fibers as oil-absorbent material and the use of oil absorbed kenaf core fibers as fuel briquette by taking advantage the high calorific value of the oil spill.
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Tan, Jen Yen, Siew Yan Low, Zhen Hong Ban, and Parthiban Siwayanan. "A review on oil spill clean-up using bio-sorbent materials with special emphasis on utilization of kenaf core fibers." BioResources 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 8394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.tan.
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Thousands of oil spill incidents regrettably have occurred on a daily basis around the globe. Oil spills are a form of pollution that poses major catastrophic threats to marine ecosystems. Oil spill incidents commonly occur in the middle of the ocean, and the process to remove the oil becomes a great challenge. Absorbents, due to their good oil-absorbing characteristics, are becoming more popular nowadays as one of the effective oil spill clean-up methods. Among the many types of oil absorbents, plant fibers were also being studied to remove the oil spills from the sea surface. This paper reviews factors leading to oil spills, the detrimental effect of the oil spill on the environment, the oil spill removal methods, and the application of plant fibers as oil absorbent material. The paper also will highlight the latest development on the utilization of kenaf core fibers as oil-absorbent material and the use of oil absorbed kenaf core fibers as fuel briquette by taking advantage the high calorific value of the oil spill.
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Whipple, Frank L., Stephan P. Glenn, Joseph J. Ocken, and Gary L. Ott. "A PROGRAM APPROACH FOR SITE SAFETY AT OIL SPILLS1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-99.
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ABSTRACT When OSHA developed the hazardous waste operations (Hazwoper) regulations (29 CFR 1910.120) members of the response community envisioned a separation of oil and “hazmat” response operations. Organizations that deal with oil spills have had difficulty applying Hazwoper regulations to oil spill operations. This hinders meaningful implementation of the standard for their personnel. We should approach oil spills with the same degree of caution that is applied to hazmat response. Training frequently does not address the safety of oil spill response operations. Site-specific safety and health plans often are neglected or omitted. Certain oils expose workers to carcinogens, as well as chronic and acute hazards. Significant physical hazards are most important. In responding to oil spills, the hazards must be addressed. It is the authors' contention that a need exists for safety programs at oil spill sites. Gone are the days of labor pool hires cleaning up spills in jeans and sneakers. The key to meaningful programs for oil spills requires application of controls focused on relevant safety risks rather than minimal chemical exposure hazards. Working with concerned reviewers from other agencies and organizations, we have developed a generic safety and health program for oil spill response. It is intended to serve as the basis for organizations to customize their own written safety and health program (required by OSHA). It also provides a separate generic site safety plan for emergency phase oil spill operations (checklist) and long term post-emergency phase operations.
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Ji, Hong, Yaxin Wang, Ting Wang, Ke Yang, and Zhixiang Xing. "The Influence of a Key Indicator kv on the Diffusion Range of Underwater Oil Spill." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2023): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082332.
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As oil spills cause harm to the survival and environment of the ocean, the objective of the present paper is to study the oil migration range using the key indicator kv, which is defined as the ratio of oil spill speed to ocean current speed. The correctness of diffusion models created and estimated for subsea oil spills can be verified by experiments. We also considered the effect of key indicators on the horizontal and vertical dispersion ranges of oil spills. The study’s findings show that, under various kv settings, the horizontal and vertical spreading heights of oil spills both increase as kv rises. When kv is equal, the leakage velocity and water flow velocity increase synchronously, and over time, the horizontal distance and vertical diffusion height of the oil spill gradually increase. In the early stages of an oil spill, when kv = 50, 100, or 150, the vertical spreading velocity will rapidly decrease. The vertical spreading speed of spilled oil increases as kv rises when the water flow rate remains constant. The horizontal migration distance grows as kv decreases when the leakage rate is constant. Fitting curves for the vertical rise height and horizontal spreading distance for the same and various kv settings were also obtained in order to anticipate the migration mode of oil spills. This is critical for dealing with environmental damage caused by maritime oil spills, as well as emergency responses.
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Thuring, Allen R. "The Oil Spill Response Fund – Four Decades of Success." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2146.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines the oil pollution response fund created by Section 311(k) of the 1972 CWA and then modified, culminating with the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) established by OPA. Could the CWA have been successful absent the provision for a federal fund? This Fund is now four decades old. Has it passed the “test of time”? Did it meet the goals set at its birth? Is it still relevant? Should it continue? CWA Section 311 and later OPA created a range of response tools to deal with oil and hazmat spills on the waters of the US. They established a public/private solution to spill response. Key components:An expectation that the spiller was responsible and liable to clean up the spill;The National Contingency Plan and the Federal On-Scene Coordinator/FOSC;Establishing expertise on “special teams”: the CG's National Strike Force and EPA's Emergency Response Team;An up-front trust fund available only to the FOSC that pays for removals if the responsible party (RP) does not step forward. The fund exists to:Pre-empt the RP from using delay as a response option, despite the law.Give the FOSC money to quickly hire private response companies, if the RP does not act or if the spill's origin is a mystery. Equally important, the CWA and OPA did NOT designate a government agency to “clean up” oil spills. Rather, the law envisioned private companies performing that role, paid for by the spillers/RP or the 311(k)/OSLTF Fund, under the oversight of the USCG or the EPA. It tasked the USCG with managing this Fund. The Fund achieved its results. The US has a robust private oil spill removal sector that responsible parties hire when needed. If an RP does not act, the CG and EPA FOSCs use the Fund to mobilize those same companies to remove oil spills on US waters. The US economy has grown, as has the number of oil spills reported. Cases each year requiring Fund use have not increased proportionally. Responsible parties continue to clean up their spills, as the CWA envisioned. The Fund retains its ability to respond simultaneously to major spills, even during Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon. In forty two years, the Fund has always been available for an FOSC directed removal. The opinions stated in this paper are the author's alone, and do not reflect the official policies of the United States Coast Guard.
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Daminev, R. R., L. R. Asfandiarova, and R. N. Asfandiarov. "METHOD OF LOCALIZATION OF OIL SPILLS." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 23, no. 5 (2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2021-23-5-60-64.
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The peculiarities of oil production and field preparation were considered, the causes of emergency oil spills were identified, the main indicators of the risk of oil spill on the external oil pipeline were calculated and the damage from the accident was estimated, sorbents used in the spill localization were analyzed, the method of eliminating emergency oil spills at the fields "Salym Petroleum Development N.V." was proposed.
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Stalcup, Dana, Gary Yoshioka, Brad Kaiman, Lora Siegmann, and Kate Masters. "MAJOR OIL SPILL INCIDENTS: LESSONS FOR RESPONSE PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 935–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-935.
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ABSTRACT It is abundantly clear that we have a great deal to gain by preventing damaging oil spills. But what defines such spills? What are their sources, sizes, and the most appropriate response measures? To understand better what factors may help to minimize the amount of damage caused by oil spills, the authors examined case histories of major spills as reported in the Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conferences. Data on factors related to the facility or vessel, environment, and response efforts for these spills were reviewed to identify important influences on environmental damage.
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Olsson, Eric H. "THE OIL SPILL TRIANGLE: A PREVENTIVE TOOL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 943–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-943.
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ABSTRACT The oil spill triangle supports the premise that the most potent means of protecting marine resources and of avoiding penalties is through the prevention of oil spills. This triangle provides a logical, structured approach to evaluating and identifying spill-prone procedures and to establishing focused training and maintenance programs to help eliminate operational oil spills.
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Bruederle, Anna, and Roland Hodler. "Effect of oil spills on infant mortality in Nigeria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (March 5, 2019): 5467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818303116.
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Oil spills can lead to irreversible environmental degradation and are a potential hazard to human health. We study how onshore oil spills affect neonatal and infant mortality by combining spatial data from the Nigerian Oil Spill Monitor with Demographic and Health Surveys. To identify a causal effect, we compare siblings born to the same mother, conceived before and after a nearby oil spill. We find that nearby oil spills that occur before conception increase neonatal mortality by 38.3 deaths per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to an increase of around 100% on the sample mean. The effect is fairly uniform across girls and boys, socio-economic backgrounds, and locations. We show that this effect is not driven by events related to oil production or violent conflict. Rather, our results are consistent with medical and epidemiological evidence showing that exposure to hydrocarbons can pose risks to fetal development. We provide further evidence suggesting that the effects of oil spills on neonatal mortality persist for several years after the occurrence of an oil spill.
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Sandkvist, Jim, Björn Forsman, and Dan Thorell. "Airborne Detection of Winter Oil Spills—A Presentation of the Swedish Coast Guard's Build-Up of Response Resources and Operational Manuals." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-93.
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ABSTRACT A substantial part of the total transport in Swedish waters takes place during wintertime. Ice, darkness, and rough weather increase the risk of accidental spills and reduce the possibilities of detecting deliberate spills. These factors stress the importance of forming an oil spill response organization, also effective in operations in wintertime. The Swedish Coast Guard, which is responsible for spill recovery operations in Swedish waters, has initiated a number of projects due to the build-up of effective spill response resources for winter spills. Spill recovery operations in Swedish ice-free waters are performed effectively by airborne detection support, built up by the Swedish Space Corporation. Airborne detection techniques of oil in ice-covered waters are now studied in order to define ice and oil spill conditions that offer opportunities for successful detection operations. Developing manuals containing spill response strategies and operational tools requires combining knowledge concerning oil properties in cold water, oil and ice behavior, and ice conditions with resources such as weather forecasting, drift models, and strike forces. A manual, primarily aimed at rescue commanders and the Coast Guard OSCs for operations in winter spills, is set up, based on these combined disciplines and the best use of available tools. The progress of the work will be presented as well as a version of the spill detection manual for operations in ice conditions. A suggested oil properties classification code for winter spills is also included as a part of this project.
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Yoshioka, Gary, Eva Wong, Beverly Grossman, Wendy Drake, Robert W. Urban, Tom Hudon, and Robert R. Hiltabrand. "Past In Situ Burning Possibilities." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1275.
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ABSTRACT This study evaluates the feasibility of conducting in situ burning (ISB) on past major oil spills (i.e., spills since 1967 over 10,000 barrels in North America and over 50,000 barrels in South America and Europe) using current technology. A diverse set of 141 spills representing various combinations of parameters affecting spill response (e.g., spill size, oil type, weather conditions, sea temperature, and geographic location) initially were evaluated using four “Phase I” criteria: distance to populated area, oil weathering, logistics, and weather conditions. In Phase I, a spill that failed to meet one of the four criteria was considered an “unsuccessful” candidate for ISB. Spills that met all four criteria were further evaluated using a “Phase II” analysis that applied additional criteria and considered individual spill circumstances to determine if the spill should be rated a “successful,” “marginal call,” or “unsuccessful” ISB candidate. In total, 47 of the 141 spills passed the Phase I analysis. Fourteen spills were ultimately determined successful in the Phase II analysis, and 12 were designated marginal calls. Proximity to populated areas was the most significant of the four Phase I criteria; 59 of the 141 spills did not pass Phase I because the incident occurred near a sizable city.
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Majors, Lee, and Fred McAdams. "RESPONDING TO SPILLS IN AN ARCTIC OIL FIELD – LESSONS LEARNED." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-689.
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ABSTRACT Alaska Clean Seas (ACS) is the Oil Spill Recovery Organization (OSRO) for the North Slope of Alaska. ACS responds to all spill events for member companies operating on the North Slope. In 2006 ACS responded to over 350 reportable spill events. These spills consist of materials utilized in oil field production activities and include crude oil, produced water, drag reducing agents, freeze protection material, and even sewage The spills occur on frozen tundra in and under snow and ice, and in summer conditions. This paper outlines some of the spills in past years, the conditions encountered, tactics utilized, and lessons learned.
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Li, J. "A GIS planning model for urban oil spill management." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0295.
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Oil spills in industrialized cities pose a significant threat to their urban water environment. The largest city in Canada, the city of Toronto, has an average 300–500 oil spills per year with an average total volume of about 160,000 L/year. About 45% of the spills was eventually cleaned up. Given the enormous amount of remaining oil entering into the fragile urban ecosystem, it is important to develop an effective pollution prevention and control plan for the city. A Geographic Information System (GIS) planning model has been developed to characterize oil spills and determine preventive and control measures available in the city. A database of oil spill records from 1988 to 1997 was compiled and geo-referenced. Attributes to each record such as spill volume, oil type, location, road type, sector, source, cleanup percentage, and environmental impacts were created. GIS layers of woodlots, wetlands, watercourses, Environmental Sensitive Areas, and Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest were obtained from the local Conservation Authority. By overlaying the spill characteristics with the GIS layers, evaluation of preventive and control solutions close to these environmental features was conducted. It was found that employee training and preventive maintenance should be improved as the principal cause of spills was attributed to human errors and equipment failure. Additionally, the cost of using oil separators at strategic spill locations was found to be $1.4 million. The GIS model provides an efficient planning tool for urban oil spill management. Additionally, the graphical capability of GIS allows users to integrate environmental features and spill characteristics in the management analysis.
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Arslan, Niyazi, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Azim Heydari, Davide Astiaso Garcia, and Georgios Sylaios. "A Principal Component Analysis Methodology of Oil Spill Detection and Monitoring Using Satellite Remote Sensing Sensors." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051460.
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Monitoring, assessing, and measuring oil spills is essential in protecting the marine environment and in efforts to clean oil spills. One of the most recent oil spills happened near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, caused by Hurricane Ida (Category 4), that had a wind speed of 240 km/h. In this regard, Earth Observation (EO) Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) images can effectively highlight oil spills in marine areas as a “fast and no-cost” technique. However, clouds and the sea surface spectral signature complicate the interpretation of oil spill areas in the optical images. In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 SRS images to improve information from the optical sensor bands. The PCA produces an output unrelated to the main bands, making it easier to distinguish oil spills from clouds and seawater due to the spectral diversity between oil, clouds, and the seawater surface. Then, an additional step has been applied to highlight the oil spill area using PCAs with different band combinations. Furthermore, Sentinel-1 (SAR), Sentinel-2 (optical), and Landsat-8 (optical) SRS images have been analyzed with cross-sections to suppress the “look-alike” effect of marine oil spill areas. Finally, mean and high-pass filters were used for Land Surface Temperature (LST) SRS images estimated from the Landsat thermal band. The results show that the seawater value is about −17.5 db and the oil spill area shows a value between −22.5 db and −25 db; the Landsat 8 satellites thermal band 10, depicting contrast at some areas for oil spill, can be determined by the 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 Kernel High pass and the 3 × 3 Mean filter. The results demonstrate that the SRS images should be used together to improve oil spill detection studies results.
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Vijaya kumar, L. J., J. K. Kishore, P. Kesava Rao, M. Annadurai, C. B. S. Dutt, K. Hanumantha Rao, S. K. Sasamal, et al. "Oil Spill Map for Indian Sea Region based on Bhuvan- Geographic Information System using Satellite Images." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1085-2014.
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Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environmental risk assessment and mitigation. Recent use of Polarimetric SAR imagery in near real time oil spill detection systems is associated with attempts towards automatic and unambiguous oil spill detection based on decomposition methods. Such systems integrate remote sensing technology, geo information, communication system, hardware and software systems to provide key information for analysis and decision making. <br><br> Geographic information systems (GIS) like BHUVAN can significantly contribute to oil spill management based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. India has long coast line from Gujarat to Bengal and hundreds of ports. The increase in shipping also increases the risk of oil spills in our maritime zone. The availability of RISAT-1 SAR images enhances the scope to monitor oil spills and develop GIS on Bhuvan which can be accessed by all the users, such as ships, coast guard, environmentalists etc., The GIS enables realization of oil spill maps based on integration of the geographical, remote sensing, oil & gas production/infrastructure data and slick signatures detected by SAR. SAR and GIS technologies can significantly improve the realization of oil spill footprint distribution maps. Preliminary assessment shows that the Bhuvan promises to be an ideal solution to understand spatial, temporal occurrence of oil spills in the marine atlas of India. The oil spill maps on Bhuvan based GIS facility will help the ONGC and Coast Guard organization.
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Matahelemual, Godfried Junio Sebastian, Agung Budi Harto, and Tri Muji Susantoro. "Oil Spill Detection using Sentinel-1 Multitemporal Data in Offshore Karawang." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 43, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.43.2.522.
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Oil spill is a serious problem that could lead to economic and ecological losses, both in the short and long term. On July 12, 2019, there occurred an oil leakage around YYA-1 oil platform of Pertamina Hulu Energi Offshore North West Java (PHE ONWJ), located off the northern coast of Karawang, Java Sea. This incident has caused the death of fishes and marine animals, damage to coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds, and several health problems of coastal communities. Therefore, it is necessary to map and monitor oil spills, so that actions can be taken to prevent the spread of oil spills. This study aims to map the distribution of oil spills in Karawang sea using multitemporal Sentinel-1 data from July to September 2019. The detection is carried out using the adaptive thresholding algorithm combined with manual interpretation. The result shows that the oil spills spread around Karawang sea from YYA-1 platform to Sedari Village and there are oil spills spreading from the Central Plant F/S platform. The oil spills tend to shift westward from July to September 2019. This shifting is supposed to be influenced by current and wave factors that were dominant moving westward at that time. Based on data processing, it was found that the oil spill area from July to September was respectively 24.79 km2, 20.05 km2, and 27.12 km2.
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Sun, Hongyu, Lianji Ma, Qiang Fu, Yingchao Li, Haodong Shi, Zhuang Liu, Jianan Liu, Jiayu Wang, and Huilin Jiang. "Long-Wave Infrared Polarization-Based Airborne Marine Oil Spill Detection and Identification Technology." Photonics 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2023): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050588.
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In this paper, infrared polarization detection information acquisition technology is proposed, and the polarization characteristics of oil spills are modeled and studied. A set of long-wave infrared polarization detection equipment for oil spills is designed and built, and modeling research on oil spill polarization characteristics is carried out to accurately detect and identify oil spill types and for the faster processing of oil spill events. Oil spill accuracy is increased by defining the polarization maintenance method of the polarization optical system and reducing the polarization measurement error brought on by the imaging system. As a result, a higher than 3% contrast exists between the polarization degree image and the corrected infrared intensity image. Outdoor tests using oil, palm oil, crude oil, gasoline, and diesel oil spill types are carried out in a controlled environment to collect data on the polarization of various oil species. According to the findings, each oil species’ infrared polarization contrast with seawater is typically greater than its infrared intensity contrast. However, the polarization data of saltwater, diesel, and palm oil, which are difficult to identify in intensity data, show a noticeable difference, further proving the viability of utilizing polarization to discern oil spills.
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Nelson, Jake R., and Tony H. Grubesic. "Oil spill modeling: Mapping the knowledge domain." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319897503.
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The year 2019 marks the anniversary of two major US offshore oil spills: the 50th anniversary of the Santa Barbara spill and the 30th anniversary of the Exxon Valdez. The consequences of these spills are profound, echoing throughout countless environmental, ecological and social systems. Each spill sparked a flurry of research focusing on the analysis and documentation of spill impacts and responses. The purpose of this progress report is to evaluate oil spill modeling research as a knowledge domain. Using bibliometric analysis techniques, we constructed a co-citation network for exploring key areas of research and seminal papers to highlight the evolution of oil spill research over the past 50 years. The paper concludes with recommendations for future work, detailing the importance of connecting the physical and social sciences for deepening our understanding of oil spills and their broader implications for communities and the environment.
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Röhrs, Johannes, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Helene Asbjørnsen, Tor Nordam, Jørgen Skancke, Cathleen E. Jones, and Camilla Brekke. "The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills." Ocean Science 14, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 1581–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1581-2018.
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Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms for marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3-D development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open-source trajectory framework OpenDrift (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1300358, last access: 7 April 2018). The parameterizations include the wave entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Transport of oil between the surface slick and the water column is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions.
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Dunford, Richard W., and Melissa K. Lynes. "PREDICTING NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES FROM OIL SPILLS IN THE UNITED STATES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.588.
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ABSTRACT Most major oil spills in the United States result in some natural resource damages (NRD), which arise from injuries to natural resources and losses of their services. Other things being equal, larger spills lead to larger NRD. However, factors other than the number of gallons spilled can affect the subsequent amount of natural resource damages. These factors may include the type of oil spilled, the geographic location of the spill, the season in which the spill occurred, whether threatened and endangered species were injured, whether recreation closures occurred, whether the spill occurred in saltwater or freshwater, and other characteristics of the spill. This paper presents a statistical model using multiple-regression analysis that explains variations in 86 NRD settlements for oil spills in the United States based on a variety of factors. The results of the statistical analysis identify which of the factors influence NRD settlements and the magnitude of the effect. Then, the results of the statistical model are used to predict a point estimate and 90% confidence interval for the NRD settlement for three hypothetical oil spills. Such predictions could give both Trustees (i.e., government agencies that pursue NRD claims on behalf of the public) and responsible parties a useful damage range, for planning purposes, within days of future oil spills.
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Wekpe, Vremudia Onyeayana, and Benjamin Evi Idisi. "Long-Term Monitoring of Oil Spill Impacted Vegetation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Google Earth Engine Derived Vegetation Indices Approach." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 28, no. 2 (February 16, 2024): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2024/v28i2748.
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New and emerging cases of oil spill incidents are reported almost on a weekly basis in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria with accusations and counter-accusations as to the claims made by interested parties on perceived impacts of the spills on the environment and its associated constituents. This study applied the capabilities offered by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to monitor long-term vegetation dynamics as a result of exposure to pollution emanating from crude oil spills in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The capabilities offered by GEE provide a platform for rapid access to big data for the assessment of environmental change, especially in the Niger Delta with its difficult terrain and security concerns. This study considered oil spill incidents in vegetated terrestrial locations in the Niger Delta across ten years. Fifteen locations spread across the region with oil spill incidents identified as large incidents being selected (>50 <5000bbl). Results of the statistical analysis performed on the vegetation indices data generated from GEE suggest that the analysis of long-term vegetation indices using GEE can provide a broad view of the impact of oil spills on vegetation over time if the spills are relatively large or the spills are repetitive. However, when the spills were relatively small, there was no statistically significant variation in the spectral signatures of the vegetation over time. This suggests that for large spills, GEE-derived vegetation indices can be a very useful synoptic tool in monitoring oil spill occurrence and impact on vegetated terrestrial environments in the Niger Delta and elsewhere where environmental accessibility is a challenge.
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Ji, Zhen-Gang, and Walter R. Johnson. "Oil Spill Risk Analysis for Assessing Environmental Contact Probabilities in the Gulf of Mexico." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1931.
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ABSTRACT 2017-051: The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) maintains a leasing program for commercial oil and gas development on the Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters. To evaluate the potential impacts of these activities, BOEM performs oil spill risk analysis (OSRA) using, in part, a statistical model for estimating the movement of hypothetical oil spills on the ocean surface based on model-generated surface wind and surface current. OSRA examines oil spill risks over long periods of time ranging from 5 years to decades. The latest OSRA analysis estimated the contact probabilities of oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) region by modeling over 40 million hypothetical oil spill trajectories over extended areas of the U. S. continental shelf and tabulating the frequencies with which the simulated oil spills contacted designated natural resources within a specified number of days. The modeled ocean currents and wind fields used in the GOM analysis are from 1993 to 2007 (15 years). The OSRA model was also applied to analyze the contact probabilities of the Ixtoc Oil Spill, which happened on June 3, 1979 in the Bay of Campeche of the GOM and lasted for 10 months. The Ixtoc I Oil Well suffered a blowout, resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history and 3 million barrels of oil spilled. The OSRA model was applied to simulate particle trajectories released at the Ixtoc location using the same GOM current and wind field data from 1993 through 2007. The model results for the Ixtoc simulation were consistent with the descriptions of the oil spill by Hooper (1982), which shows that the OSRA model can provide a reasonable projection of the contact probabilities of hypothetical oil spills.
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Prajapati, Kinjal, Ratheesh Ramakrishnan, Madhuri Bhavsar, Alka Mahajan, Zunnun Narmawala, Archana Bhavsar, Maria Simona Raboaca, and Sudeep Tanwar. "Log Transformed Coherency Matrix for Differentiating Scattering Behaviour of Oil Spill Emulsions Using SAR Images." Mathematics 10, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10101697.
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Oil spills on the ocean surface are a serious threat to the marine ecosystem. Automation of oil spill detection through full/dual polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is considered a good aid for oil spill disaster management. This paper uses the power of log transformation to discern the scattering behavior more effectively from the coherency matrix (T3). The proposed coherency matrix is tested on patches of the clean sea surface and four different classes of oil spills, viz. heavy sedimented oil, thick oil, oil-water emulsion, fresh oil; by analyzing the entropy (H), anisotropy (A), and mean scattering angle alpha (α), following the H/A/α decomposition. Experimental results show that not only does the proposed T3 matrix differentiate between Bragg scattering of the clean sea surface from a random scattering of thick oil spills but is also able to distinguish between different emulsions of oil spills with water and sediments. Moreover, unlike classical T3, the proposed method distinguishes concrete-like structures and heavy sedimented oil even though both exhibit similar scattering behavior. The proposed algorithm is developed and validated on the data acquired by the UAVSAR full polarimetric L band SAR sensor over the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) region during the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill accident in June 2010.
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Dunford, Richard W., and Miranda L. Freeman. "A Statistical Model for Estimating Natural Resource Damages from Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-225.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents a statistical model using multiple-regression analysis that explains variations in past natural resource damage (NRD) settlements (excluding assessment costs) for oil spills in the United States based on a variety of factors, such as the amount of oil spilled, the type of oil spilled, and the geographic location of the spill. The results of this statistical model indicate that, other things being equal, NRD settlements are higher for larger oil spills, spills in California, spills that occur in the winter months (December, January, and February), and when endangered species are injured. Alternatively, other things being equal, NRD settlements are lower for spills of light crude oil than for other types of petroleum products (mainly heavy crude oil), and spills with unvalued compensatory restoration projects. In this paper, the authors use their statistical model to predict a point estimate and range for the NRD settlement for two hypothetical oil spills. This demonstrates that their statistical model could be used to predict the NRD settlement for future oil spills within a few weeks of occurring, which could significantly shorten the time required to reach a settlement.
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Walker, Ann Hayward. "Human Dimension Impacts of Oil Spills and Social Responsibility: Evolving Needs." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2159.
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ABSTRACT Beyond the traditional ecological impacts of oil spills, oil spills can also affect people; these are the human dimensions of oil spills. Under current institutional procedures in the US, little attention is given during preparedness and response to social issues and implementing actions to mitigate the human dimension impacts of oil spills. Social responsibility is increasingly being used as a measure of the overall performance of businesses and organizations. Previous work recognized that public and stakeholder reactions to, and perceptions about, an oil spill response can influence the overall success of response. However, improvements in recent years to achieve the “best response” focus increasingly on operational aspects of oil spills. Human dimensions, representing the non-operational aspects of oil spills, generally remain unaddressed in the US regulatory framework. With the widespread use of social media, stakeholders and the global public are able to express their concerns and objections about oil spills; demand transparency and aggressive action during an incident to protect people and the environment, mitigate all impacts; and call to punish those responsible. Spills which are perceived as technological disasters are viewed as preventable by those in affected areas. Spill management teams (SMTs) in the US typically are comprised of the organization of responsible party (RP) and government responders, which is integrated in function but necessarily aligned in their respective priorities. The influence of politics and legal teams on SMTs represents both opportunities for and barriers to addressing human dimension concerns and impacts during response. This paper discusses the evolving needs for the USCG and EPA, as agency leaders in the US National Response System (NRS), to adapt existing preparedness and response practices. This paper also explores potential opportunities to incorporate social responsibility into oil spill preparedness and response strategies as ways to mitigate human dimensions impacts going forward. Research has shown that community adaptation and resilience is: at least in part related to a community having access to knowledge and resources which are possessed by oil spill experts; that transfer of knowledge takes time; and that building connections between local communities and oil spill experts helps promote community adaptation and resilience. The author suggests that within the existing regulatory framework there is conceptual space to leverage trusted networks of existing relationships and enhance our ability to carry out preparedness and response activities consistent with social responsibility.
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Li, Daming, Xingchen Tang, Yanqing Li, Xiao Wang, and Hongqiang Zhang. "Mathematical Modeling of Marine Oil Spills in the Luanjiakou District, near the Port of Yantai." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2018 (2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2736102.
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This paper presents a simulation method for oil spills in a multi-island area. The simulation considers three parts, which consist of(1)the spreading of an oil slick on its edge as well as the diffusion and drift under dynamic actions,(2)the evaporation and spreading thickness of an oil slick in its interior, and(3)the adsorption and emulsification near shorelines and islands. The Euler-Lagrange method is adopted to track the spill location and particles positions on the edge of oil slicks. A mathematical model of marine oil spills is established for the Luanjiakou District of the Port of Yantai. The flow field verification shows that the BIAS of tidal level, flow velocity, and flow direction is below ±10 cm, 0.11 m/s, and ±2°, respectively, and the oil spill verification captures satisfactory results. Hence, the proposed model could reproduce the oil spill process in this region. Then, we simulate oil spills under various operating conditions. It is concluded that the transport of oil slicks is mainly influenced by flood/ebb currents, whereas the wind plays a major role in the drift and thickness of oil slicks. The study provides an important reference to controlling and handling of accidental oil spills.
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Theodotou, Stephanie. "Corporate Liability and Compensation Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Is There a Need for an International Regime?" Groningen Journal of International Law 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5b51d56596663.
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The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of the current fragmented legal framework regarding corporate liability and compensation following oil spills from offshore installations, in light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It evaluates whether Deepwater Horizon has signalled the need to adopt a uniform international regime, which will regulate compensation and liability concerning oil spills from offshore oil installations. The first part of this article provides the factual background of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, with an emphasis on the corporate liability and compensation issues that arose in this incident and the response by the U.S. Government. The second part evaluates the effectiveness of the current three-tiered system of compensation in the oil tanker industry, as well as the supplementary voluntary agreements thereto, and assesses whether this legal framework could be adopted to the regime governing oil spills from offshore oil installations. It notes the stark contrast between oil spills from oil tankers and oil spills from offshore oil installations, in that an oil tanker’s maximum storage capacity is known which makes the risk of potential spillage calculable. In contrast, it is impossible to make such a calculation for oil spills resulting from offshore oil installations since, although the storage capacity of the installation is defined when it is constructed, the amount of oil that can be spilled directly from the well drilled into the marine environment is unpredictable. The third part discusses the prospects for adopting an international civil liability and compensation regime governing oil spills from offshore installations, with reference to several international and regional attempts that have been made to establish an efficient regime and provides proposals for an efficient and effective international regime.
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Singh, Megha, Aashirwad Bharti, and Jagadeeshwar Kodavaty. "Overview of methods in Oil spill technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012053.
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Abstract Over the decades oil spills have been the biggest threat to the aquatic life and to a nation’s economy. Many methods were suggested in the literature to remove the oil that is present on the surface of sea water after the spill. Hydrogel formation is one of the best technique that could be adopted to handle oil spills. Since the oil spill is a oil and water emulsion, formation of hydrogels with these emulsions could lead to the recovery of oil. The formation of hydrogels can be either physically crosslinking the polymer molecules or covalent bonding among the entangled polymer molecules. The methods of making the hydrogels conceivable to acquire surface hydrophobicity and oleophilicity. Hydrogel technology could be more cost effective and efficient in recovering the oil from the spill, eco-friendly and easy to use. It is proposed that the hydrogels could be potential candidates for handling the oil spills. The methods described in this review explains the various hydrogels that could be utilized for oil spill recovery.
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Shaw, David G. "The Exxon Valdez Oil-spill: Ecological and Social Consequences." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 3 (1992): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900031052.
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Major oil-spills, such as occurred following the grounding of the tanker Exxon Valdez in March 1989 in Prince William Sound, Alaska, account for only a small fraction of the total anthropogenic input of petroleum to the marine environment. Yet major spills can result in significant and even acute impacts, trigger ecological changes requiring decades for recovery, and command considerable public attention. Thus catastrophic oil-spills in general, and the Exxon Valdez spill in particular, differ from other chronic human alterations of coastal marine systems.Estimates of the fate of the 38,000 metric tons of crude oil lost by the Exxon Valdez are imprecise, but perhaps 30–40% evaporated, 10–25% was recovered, and the rest remains in the marine environment. Roughly 1,500 km of coastline were oiled in varying degrees. Much of this coastline consists of gravel beaches into which oil penetrated to depths as great as 1 m.The ecological effects of the spill on the marine environments of Prince William Sound and adjacent coastal areas of the Gulf of Alaska were extensive, but natural recovery, aided by clean-up efforts, is expected. Judging by the consequences of other oil-spills affecting rocky shorelines, as well as previous natural and anthropogenic disturbances to Prince William Sound, it appears likely that most affected biotic communities and ecosystems will recover to approximately their pre-spill functional and structural characteristic within from five to twenty-five years.This oil-spill had major social effects. Many individuals, whether personally present or viewing the spill around the world on television, were saddened by the environmental damage, and felt that an important public trust had been broken. These feelings, together with dissatisfaction with the results of early clean-up efforts, gave rise to popular sentiment in favour of every possible clean-up and mitigation effort — regardless of cost, effectiveness, or possible negative consequences.The response to the Exxon Valdez oil-spill by government and the oil industry revealed serious inadequacies in the plans and institutions for dealing with major marine oilspills in the United States. Attempts to recover spilled oil, and to respond to the spill's environmental consequences, were hampered by a low level of preparedness and lack of clear agreement about the goals of response efforts. Attempts are under way to improve oil-spill prevention and response capabilities in Alaska and the rest of the United States. However, these efforts are not yet complete, and it remains to be seen whether an improved response will be made to the next major oil-spill.
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Ismailova, H. G., and Z. I. Farzalizade. "Oil spills and ecological risks evaluation." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-2-60-64.
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The paper reviews and presents the data and classification of the emergency oil spills during its production and transportation. Eco-economic risks depending on the oil spill degree were calculated. Though in some cases these risks are insignificant, in the large-scale oil spills the consequences may be quite serious.
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Caesar, James R. "Responder Safety: Site Characterization for Oil Spill Responses." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-423.
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ABSTRACT Oil spills, like hazardous chemical spills, require characterization of chemical and physical hazards. Offshore oil spill responders are faced with different tasks than land-based emergency responders when characterizing a spilled product. While firefighters could have unknown products spilling from a train or truck accident, oil spill responders hold the advantage because they are responding to a spill with a known product—oil—with a narrow range of hazards. Firefighters have the ability to confine/re strict the hot zone but oil spill responders are required to do a site characterization on a vessel in all types of sea conditions that can change with the current and wind. Clean Seas LLC has developed and used site characterization procedures for responding to open-water oil spills. As in all success stories, proper planning and training of response personnel is the key in a real response. Oil spills can happen at midnight, in rough seas, while responders are dressed in personal protective equipment (PPE), and surrounded by oil. Under the extreme pressures of an oil spill response, checking the spilled product for dangerous levels of hydrogen sulfide and benzene, the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), and oxygen levels can be challenging. Clean Seas completes site characterization with a simple, common sense Site Characterization Form, a 1-page Site Safety Plan, and a safety tailgate meeting before beginning removal operations. Clean Seas followed this procedure in September 1997 at the Platform Irene spill. The response by Clean Seas to this 165-barrel spill was later deemed “textbook” by regulators observing the cleanup operations.