Dissertations / Theses: 'Oil tanker'

1

King, Tobias E. "Equilibrium - a ballast-free crude oil tanker." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11578.

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Equilibrium is the name of a ballast-free oil tanker concept invented by naval architects at Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and further developed in this master’s thesis at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The task is to analyze the conceptual design work done by DNV and further develop the concept. The main focus is on a cost comparison with a conventional tanker with a deadweight equal to Equilibrium and a conventional VLCC. The cost comparison focuses only on the costs that are expected to be different in these designs: Building costs, fuel costs and the cost of ballast equipment and operation. This comparison serves as an indicator of the profitability and thereby feasibility of the design. A trapezoid shaped hull and longitudinal cargo boundaries make Equilibrium independent of ballast in transit and during loading and discharging. The ballast-free return legs result in a significant annual saving of fuel and CO2 emissions. This is Equilibrium’s main advantage over a conventional design. Equilibrium’s main disadvantage is that the cargo capacity is about 60 000 tons lower than on a conventional VLCC. This again affects the cost efficiency of the ship. Since Equilibrium is bigger than the Suezmax limitations, the VLCC is regarded as the main competitor. A cost-efficiency index of the relevant life cycle costs over 10 years divided by the amount of cargo delivered in the same period, shows that Equilibrium is a profitable design. Further analyses needs to be done on the ship’s sea keeping abilities with special attention to accelerations in roll motion. The proposed Equilibrium design can compete against existing tankers on both cost-benefit and environmental impact.

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Amrozowicz, Michael D. "The quantitative risk of oil tanker groundings." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA315738.

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Thesis (Degrees of Naval Engineer and M.S. in Ocean Systems Management) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1996.
Theses advisor(S): Michael W, Golay, Alan J. Brown. Bibliography: leaves 119-124.

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Willemann, Simmy Dhawan. "Market characteristics of future oil tanker operations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88396.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2014.
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, February 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 128-129).
This work analyzes the market characteristics of future oil tanker operations with a particular emphasis on those aspects which will have a potential impact on the design of future vessels. The market analysis model used is unique in that it segments historical distributions of time charter equivalent rates to account for market variability in ship design. Market cycles, trade routes, refinery locations, cargo prices, and fuel prices are all targeted as key evolving factors over the next twenty-five years and are considered in a sensitivity analysis on metrics of profitability and tanker operations. The study's analytical approach to accounting for market factors in speed selection can serve as a tool for shipowners in scenario planning by better preparing them for projected market conditions. It is intended that shipowners and operators would refer to this analysis in conjunction with market forecasts to determine which speed a ship should be designed at to maximize return. If the market is expected to be reaching a peak, this study's model can determine how much higher TCE rates need to be than historical values to justify speeding up by a given increment. Though slow steaming saves costs when the market is down, to fully take advantage of market peaks and maximize profit over a ship's lifetime, ships must have sufficient reserve power.
by Simmy Dhawan Willemann.
S.M.

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Amrozowicz, Michael D. (Michael David). "The quantitative risk of oil tanker groundings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11033.

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Thesis (Nav. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1996, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-124).
by Michael D. Amrozowicz.
M.S.
Nav.E.

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5

Lee, TaeSoo 1960. "The dynamics of the oil tanker industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17807.

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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-113).
The tanker industry covers all business related with trading tankers in which there are many participants: vessel owners, charterers, shipbuilders, scrappers, consultants, capitalists, brokers, insurers, surveyors, agents, repairing shops, manning companies, and vendors etc. The industry exhibits the characteristics of commoditization driven by price. As the industry is significantly affected by the chartering market, I will herein focus on the chartering market and its movements, in order to better understand the industry. The structure of the market creates recurring cycles and instability. Also, the key elements affecting this market are highly interrelated. Characteristically, long delays of these key elements make the market more uncertain and more volatile. The purpose of this thesis is to study the dynamic of the oil tanker industry, in particular chartering market, using system dynamics methodology. A simulation model will illuminate the following:* Driving forces on the commoditized industry, Nature of the dynamics and structural behaviorsm, Effects of key elements on freight rates
by TaeSoo Lee.
S.M.M.O.T.

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6

Subramaniam, Kumaresan. "Human reliability assessment in oil tanker operations." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5968/.

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This research is carried out to improve Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) in oil tanker operations in general, to extend and enhance in specific Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), with the aim of reducing human error and thus subsequently preventing oil tanker spills. It is concentrated on oil tanker operations to address the limitation of availability of human reliability data in the maritime domain. The continual occurrence of oil tanker spills, which was substantiated with analysis of historical data of oil tanker incidents/accidents from 1970 to 2008, provides a judicious reason to conduct this research. The critical review of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) and HRA results in the development of a conceptual framework of HRA facilitating FSA and incorporating Human Organisational Factors (HOF), which addresses the shortcomings of the generic HRA and FSA methodologies that exist independently in the management of oil tankers to prevent oil spills. The CREAM is reviewed due to its prominent use in identifying the root causes of human error. However, its inability of providing solutions to an incident/accident investigation and robust quantification of human reliability features stimulates the development of an advanced CREAM and a human reliability quantification model using a combined Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) and fuzzy logic approach in this research. In addition to facilitating identification of the root causes of human error, the advanced CREAM also provides the solutions to a quantification model, which enables the development of HRA data in the maritime domain. Furthermore, lack of CREAM studies on relationships among Common Performance Conditions (CPCs) is addressed by proposing a Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) model, which allows for a comprehensive understanding of relationships and interdependencies among the CPCs. The model could also be used toappreciate and assimilate the relationships and interdependencies among human factor variables involved in other transportation systems and industrial fields. Finally, the research is concluded with an integrated AHP and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model for determining the selection of an appropriate risk control option (RCO) while performing an incident/accident investigation by taking subjective judgments of decision makers into consideration. This research as a pioneer work in developing and applying advanced techniques to improve the generic CREAM in oil tanker operations establishes a foundation for future effort to improve the use of CREAM in other industries. The techniques developed can also be tailored to investigate and deal with an incident/accident effectively, resulting in the reduction of human error within the system management of any organisation.

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Amrozowicz, Michael D. (Michael David). "The need for a probabilistic risk assessment of the oil tanker industry and a qualitative assessment of oil tanker groundings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11032.

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Glen, David Richard. "Differentiation in the oil tanker market 1970 - 1978." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282092.

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9

Parker, S. "Matching in the oil tanker industry : implications for energy efficiency." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1436164/.

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This thesis seeks to explain the economic determinants of matches between shipowners and oil traders within a spatially explicit market for shipping crude oil. Previous approaches to modeling the tanker shipping market have employed an aggregate approach in which there is a single trade route and one market clearing price. This reduced form of trade ignores the inherently spatial nature of the tanker shipping market in which the matches, market prices, and speed ships travel reflect the demand for shipping crude oil on different trade routes, the supply of ships available in each location, and agents' opportunity costs and future expectations. A matching model of the crude oil spot tanker market was developed in which the characteristics of ships and traders is reflected in the market price. The method employs a matching model to understand how supply equilibrates with demand to determine the set of shipping contracts exchanged and their prices as a function of the other agents in a competitive market. Results described in this thesis show that the contracts that form in equilibrium depend on the demand for oil cargoes in each load area market and the supply of available ships within proximity to the market. Additionally, agents' opportunity costs and future expectations has also been found to influence the matching and contract prices. When ships are differentiated by physical characteristics (including energy efficiency) and location, results show that ships which are the most favored by physical characteristics cannot compete as strongly with less preferred ships located closer to the market. These findings can be used to inform industry stakeholders about strategic operating and investment decisions. They are also useful for environmental policy makers because they explain the key drivers of ship movements given ships' reliance on carbon-intensive fuel for propulsion.

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Omosola, Afolabi Akin. "An econometric model of the one million barrel tanker market." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312932.

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Karjalainen, Mira. "In the shadow of freedom : life on board the oil tanker /." Helsinki : Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0716/2007438365.html.

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12

Thomae, Randy. "Design of a retrofittable alternative to the double hull oil tanker." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37758.

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13

Sharma, Vishal, and Pål Berg Lande. "Use of oil tanker return/ballast space for the transportation of freshwater." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11588.

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This report analyzes the concept of using oil tankers’ free cargo space and/or segregated ballast tanks to transport freshwater on the return leg, i.e. from oil unloading port back to oil loading port – also called freshwater backhauling (FWBH). The hypothesis considered is that by shipping freshwater this way to arid, oil exporting regions one can achieve a low cost and low GHG emission water supply system. The report analyzes the concept in a holistic manner, considering technical issues, transport and infrastructure costs, environmental impacts and contractual and legal issues. Technically FWBH is feasible as the technical modifications and new infrastructure to be developed for FWBH can be integrated with the present oil tanker and trade infrastructure. Costs are estimated both on a general and scenario specific level. It is found that freshwater could be shipped by way of backhauling by oil tankers to Saudi Arabia from Japan at a cost of between 0.83 and 1.16 USD/ton, including all infrastructure except distribution systems and excluding modifications to the tankers themselves. This cost level makes FWBH to a certain degree competitive with the chief water supply technology in the Middle East, desalination. Deducing sustainability by comparing FWBH with desalination has been done by calculating CO2 emissions for unit volume transportation/production of freshwater (kgs/m3) and harmful marine discharges. It is found that FWBH is not conclusively better than desalination in terms of GHG emissions. Emission level of FWBH is found to vary strongly with operational parameters. On the other hand FWBH can be a simple and potent solution to the seawater ballast water problem for regions with sufficient freshwater resources. Viability of FWBH is found to be very dependent on oil market conditions, so to preserve some stability in water supply it is advised that handling of the water trade at a contractual level is done by public authorities. Accordingly, long term contracts can be considered more suitable for the purpose of FWBH than short term or spot contracts. Feasibility of the FWBH concept is complex, and the question depends on mode of operation, location of ports and terminals, oil market conditions, ship type and several other factors. It is clear, however, that in many cases FWBH is the superior option compared to desalination, especially when including environmental aspects. Still, no FWBH project or scheme has ever been carried out. We conclude that the reason for this lies with authorities in both potential water importing and water exporting nations. Questions regarding the status of freshwater as an economic good has to be resolved on an international level, and oil exporting nations (especially Middle East countries) has to be convinced about the benefits of considering alternatives to desalination.

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14

LOPES, ROGERIO DE GUSMAO PINTO. "REQUIRED TANKER FLEET FOR OIL PRODUCTS DISTRIBUTION IN AN URBAN OPERATION IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4737@1.

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Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre a Logística de Distribuição de Derivados de Petróleo, com o desenvolvimento de um modelo para a determinação do tamanho mínimo da frota rodoviária necessária a uma operação de distribuição. Esse modelo, implementado através de uma heurística, não se propõe a determinar o tamanho ótimo da frota e sim estabelecer um processo prático e racional, com base numa aplicação real e flexível. Antes da proposição da heurística, foi realizada uma revisão dos conceitos de supply chain management e comparado o desenvolvimento da indústria do petróleo no Brasil, frente a esses conceitos. A aplicação do modelo com dados reais teve seus resultados comparados com as formulações propostas por DAGANZO et al (1985) e NOVAES (1989). Essa comparação mostrou que a modelagem, desenvolvida para a solução do problema prático, chega a resultados adequados para o ajuste do tamanho da frota. A abordagem prática e a apresentação detalhada da estrutura do problema real são as principais contribuições que esse estudo agrega à área de conhecimento e pesquisa de logística de distribuição de derivados de petróleo.
This master thesis presents a study of the logistics of oil products distribution. It also creates a model for the determination of minimum tankers fleet size, required for a distribution operation in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. This model was implemented through heuristics, and doesn`t intend to determine the optimal fleet size; its objective instead is to establish a rational and a practical process for the distribution, based on flexible and real data application. Before the heuristics proposal, we took into consideration a review of supply chain management concepts and we evaluated these in relation to the development of the oil industry in Brazil. To validate the model`s correctness, the results of the heuristics run, using real data, were compared to figures obtained using DAGANZO et al (1985) and NOVAES (1989) formulation. This process shows that the developed model is able to solve practical problems regarding truck fleet size. The pragmatic approach and the detailed description of the real problem structure are the main contributions of this study to the field of logistics of oil products distribution.

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15

Sinmao, Monique V. (Monique Vaddhana-Moni). "Development of a graphical user's interface (GUI) for grounding damage assessment of oil tanker structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38094.

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16

Mohammed, Al-Yakoob Salem. "Mixed-Integer Mathematical Programming Optimization Models and Algorithms For An Oil Tanker Routing and Scheduling Problem." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30368.

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This dissertation explores mathematical programming optimization models and algorithms for routing and scheduling ships in a maritime transportation system. Literature surveyed on seaborne transportation systems indicates that there is a scarcity of research on ship routing and scheduling problems. The complexity and the overwhelming size of a typical ship routing and scheduling problem are the primary reasons that have resulted in the scarcity of research in this area. The principal thrust of this research effort is focused at the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) Problem. This problem is of great economic significance to the State of Kuwait, whose economy has been traditionally dominated to a large extent by the oil sector. Any enhancement in the existing ad-hoc scheduling procedure has the potential for significant savings. A mixed-integer programming model for the KPC problem is constructed in this dissertation. The resulting mathematical formulation is rather complex to solve due to (1) the overwhelming problem size for a typical demand contract scenario, (2) the integrality conditions, and (3) the structural diversity in the constraints. Accordingly, attempting to solve this formulation for a typical demand contract scenario without resorting to any aggregation or partitioning schemes is theoretically complex and computationally intractable. Motivated by the complexity of the above model, an aggregate model that retains the principal features of the KPC problem is formulated. This model is computationally far more tractable than the initial model, and consequently, it is utilized to construct a good quality heuristic solution for the KPC problem. The initial formulation is solved using CPLEX 4.0 mixed integer programming capabilities for a number of relatively small-sized test cases, and pertinent results and computational difficulties are reported. The aggregate formulation is solved using CPLEX 4.0 MIP in concert with specialized rolling horizon solution algorithms and related results are reported. The rolling horizon solution algorithms enabled us to handle practical sized problems that could not be handled by directly solving the aggregate problem. The performance of the rolling horizon algorithms may be enhanced by increasing the physical memory, and consequently, better solutions can be extracted. The potential saving and usefulness of this model in negotiation and planning purposes strongly justifies the acquisition of more computing power to tackle practical sized test problems. An ad-hoc scheduling procedure that is intended to simulate the current KPC scheduling practice is presented in this dissertation. It is shown that results obtained via the proposed rolling horizon algorithms are at least as good, and often substantially better than, results obtained via this ad-hoc procedure.
Ph. D.

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17

Altfuldisch, Rainer. "Haftung und Entschädigung nach Tankerunfällen auf See : Bestandsaufnahme, Rechtsvergleich und Überlegungen de lege ferenda /." Berlin : Springer, 2007. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=197043.

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18

Razmjooee, Yarmohammad. "Risks Related to the Maritime Transportation of Oil and Gas (mainly Crude oil, LPG, and LNG) -A Conceptual Study and Empirical Outlook on the Baltic Sea and UK Territorial Waters to Mitigate Risks." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16497.

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Transportation of oil and gas by the Sea characterizes challenges from a safety viewpoint. In this type of transportation, different sizes of special tankers carrying oil and gas. The marine transportation of these scarce natural riches is involved with risks and hazards, which may lead to many losses; for instance, wasting oil and gas, injuries of people, damaging ships and properties, and damaging environment. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the risks, hazards, and accidents during transportation of oil and gas (mainly Crude Oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and Liquefied natural gas) by the Sea with concentrating on transport safety. Hence, a better understanding of these risks and hazards can contribute to decrease of addressed losses.This study is carried out on risks associated with maritime transportation of oil and gas starting with describing the general casual chain (dealing with causes, incidents, accidents and consequences/causalities), continuing with describing risk analysis techniques (including event tree analysis and fault tree analysis) and risk control measures/options, and finally implementing aforesaid investigations on real data from two areas; namely UK territorial waters and the Baltic Sea.In this study, the results of analyzing data from 1991 to 2010 in UK territorial waters revealed that collision and grounding were two most common accidents in terms of crude oil tankers, LPG and LNG carriers in which 44% of all accidents were equally divided between collision and grounding. In this case, investigation on data from 2004 to 2010 in the Baltic Sea regarding tankers with cargo types of crude oil, oil, oil product and gases also repeated the same findings in that collision and grounding shared the biggest proportion of accidents with 50% and 34% respectively. Analysis of data in UK territorial waters provided that human factor was the main reason behind accidents with 46% followed by technical factor with 39%. Human factor and technical factor recognized also as the main causes of accidents in the Baltic Sea with 33% and 25% respectively. Regarding this subject, human error recognized as the chief culprit and failures in part of design & construction was the second main initial causes of accidents in terms of both human and technical factors. The results of analyzing records from the Baltic Sea also provided that whilst human factor shared the biggest proportion of causes behind accidents, technical factor was the only cause of accidents contributing to all types of accidents. Findings are useful from safety outlook as if specifying accidents and causes of accidents during the Sea transportation of oil and gas.
Program: MSc in Industrial Engineering - Logistics Management

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19

Shehu, Habiba. "Innovative hydrocarbons recovery and utilization technology using reactor-separation membranes for off-gases emission during crude oil shuttle tanker transportation and natural gas processing." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/3129.

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The increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere, as well as the high rate of depletion of hydrocarbon-based resources have become a global concern. A major source of emissions of hydrocarbon vapours occur during loading and offloading operations in crude oil shuttle tanker transportation. The emitted gases have a typical composition of 60 % N2, 10 % CO2, 5% O2, 5 % C3H8, 10% CH4, 5% C2H6 and 5 % higher hydrocarbons. As a result, various methods aimed to add value to GHG to produce valuable fuels and chemical feedstock are being developed. This work incorporates the use of silica, polyurethane/zeolite and y-type zeolite membrane on an alumina support to selectively permeate methane and carbon dioxide from inert gases and higher hydrocarbons. The recovered gas is upgraded by dry reforming reactions employing rhodium/alumina membrane incorporated into a shell and tube reactor. Mixed gas permeation tests have been carried out with the permeate and feed gases sent to the online gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass spectrometry (MS) detector and an automated 6-port gas sampling valve with a 30 mm HP- Plot Q column. The question is what mesoporous membrane can be highly selective for the separation of methane and carbon dioxide from inert gases and higher hydrocarbons, and what is the effect of temperature and feed gas pressure on the conversion of separated gases? Characterisation of the modified membranes was carried out using nitrogen physisorption measurements and showed the hysteresis isotherms corresponding to type IV and V, which is indicative of a mesoporous membrane. The surface area and the pore size were determined using the Barrett, Joyner, Halenda (BJH) desorption method, which showed the silica membrane had a larger surface area (10.69 m2 g-1) compared to zeolite (0.11 m2 g-1) and polyurethane/zeolite membrane (0.31 m2 g-1). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis confirmed the asymmetric deposition of silica, polyurethane, rhodium and zeolite crystals in the matrix of the alumina support. Single gas permeation tests showed that the synthesised y-type zeolite membrane at 293 K had a CH4/C3H8 selectivity of 3.11, which is higher than the theoretical value of 1.65. The permeating CH4 and C3H8 flux at 373 K and a pressure of 1 x 105 Pa was 0.31 and 0.11 mol s-1 m-2 respectively proving that zeolite has molecular sieving mechanism for separation of methane and propane. The silica membrane exhibited higher effectiveness for the separation of CO2 than the other membranes. For methane dry reforming using a supported rhodium membrane, an increase of the reaction temperature from 973 K to 1173 K showed an increase in conversion rate of CO2 and CH4 from less than 20% to over 90% while increasing the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) did not have a noticeable effect. The study revealed the high potential of the zeolite and rhodium membrane for gas separation and dry reforming reactions concept in creating value-added carbon-based products from CO2 and CH4.

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Andersson, Daniella, and Oskar Beyersdorf. "En jämförelse av SIRE - inspektioner och hamnstatskontroller." Thesis, University of Kalmar, Kalmar Maritime Academy, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5644.

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Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga.

Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen.

För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen.

Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut.

We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical.

The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew.

To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen.

During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.

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Hauerhof, E. "The assessment of oil products tanker design methods and technologies to enhance the Energy Efficiency Design Index measure by means of computer simulation and trend analysis." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17635/.

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The primary objective of this PhD research is to develop an advanced understanding of the necessary and realistic performance expectations from a full form medium size ship system by means of numerical computer modelling. This includes the minimisation of the harmful environmental signature by increasing its efficiency in compliance with the EEDI requirements while in search of how the EEDI methodology might be enhanced. The investigation has focused on a medium sized products tanker acting as a midpoint of the spectrum of ship sizes within the range of 20,000 – 60,000 DWT of this type. In order to solve such an extensive problem, in the first place, it was important to analyse the energy efficient technology market in a structured manner and then, to identify the most favourable fuel consumption reduction methods that can be associated with the examined ship type. Next, an integrated computer simulation model, involving linked engine, propeller and hull analysis programs, has been developed and calibrated with the model tests and sea trial data. The ship system has been analysed under diverse conditions including various propulsion systems, innovative machinery arrangements, efficiency enhancing hydrodynamic appendages as well as changing weather and load conditions. The evaluation of potential benefits associated with the deployment of innovative technology(s), operation profile(s) or their combination has been made by comparing the designated Energy Efficiency Indicators (EDI), namely, the propulsive efficiency, fuel oil consumption, exhaust emissions footprint and EEDI, respectively associated with the technical, fuel savings, environmental and legal perspectives. In addition, such a comprehensive analysis has also helped to detect a number of uncertainties in the current EEDI formulation while pointing out ways in which it can be improved.

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Schiller, Rodrigo Achilles. "Análise da eficiência energética em navios mercantes e estudo de caso do consumo de combustível em navio aliviador do tipo Suezmax." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-03032017-135911/.

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A necessidade de redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, devido ao cenário atual de tentar frear os efeitos do aquecimento global e de reduzir a poluição atmosférica, vem ditando uma série de transformações no setor de transporte naval. Este trabalho apresenta, inicialmente, as mudanças no âmbito normativo na questão do controle de emissões de poluentes e de eficiência de consumo de combustíveis em navios mercantes. Em seguida, com foco nas embarcações existentes, são apresentadas as principais técnicas operacionais com grande potencial de redução de consumo de combustível, destacando o método da redução da velocidade de navegação que, corretamente aplicado, tem impacto positivo tanto na redução dos custos operacionais, quanto no aumento expressivo de eficiência energética. Foi realizada uma análise numérica da variação do consumo de combustível em função da velocidade de um navio petroleiro Suezmax, adaptado para operações de alívio em plataformas do tipo FPSO em águas brasileiras. Com isso, estimou-se o potencial de aumento da eficiência energética da embarcação a partir de pequenas reduções de velocidade, e discutiu-se as possíveis aplicações desta melhoria, a partir do perfil operacional característico do navio tipo, de modo a não causar impacto econômico na operação. O estudo, ainda, avaliou a aplicação de duas metodologias numéricas diferentes, uma baseada apenas em equações de regressão, semi-empírica, e outra utilizando simulações de CFD para a estimativa de parâmetros sensíveis a forma do casco e de grande relevância para a determinação dos consumos característicos, analisando imprecisões e impactos no resultado final.
The need to reduce fossil fuels consumption due to the current scenario of trying to restrain global warming effects and reduce air pollution is dictating a series of transformations in shipping. This study introduces, at first, the changes of the regulatory framework concerning gas emissions control and fuel consumption efficiency on merchant ships. Secondly, the main operational procedures with high potential reduction of fuel consumption are discussed, with focus on existing vessels, using ship speed reduction procedure. This procedure shows the positive impacts on both operating costs reduction and also on energy efficiency increase if correctly applied. Finally, a numerical analysis of the fuel consumption variation with the speed was carried out for a Suezmax class oil tanker, which has been adapted to oil offloading operations for FPSOs in Brazilian offshore oil production systems. In this analysis, the discussions about the variations of vessel energy efficiency from small speed rate reductions and the possible applications of this improvement, taking into account the typical operating profile of the vessel in such a way to have significant economic impacts on the operation. This analysis also evaluated the application of two different numerical methods: one based only on regression equations produced by existing data, semi empirical method, and another using a CFD simulations for estimating the hull shape parameters that are most relevant for determining fuel consumption, analyzing inaccuracies and impact on the final results.

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Cappelletti, Claudia. "Valutazione del rischio di contaminazione del mare da rilasci accidentali di idrocarburi." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5429/.

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L’esigenza di affrontare la questione della tutela del mare dalle diverse fonti di inquinamento si è posta con forza soprattutto a partire al 1970, in parallelo con l’affinamento della sensibilità ambientale a fronte del crescente processo di industrializzazione in atto in tutto il mondo. Tuttavia, a fronte di questa attenzione al bersaglio “ambiente” citata dalle convenzioni e dalle norme, si constata la mancanza di indici quantitativi per la stima del rischio di contaminazione per tutti i comparti ambientali ed anche per il mare e, conseguentemente, anche l’assenza di metodologie per il loro calcolo. Misure di rischio quantitative consolidate e modelli condivisi per la loro stima riguardano esclusivamente l’uomo, con la conseguenza che la valutazione di rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” rimane ad un livello qualitativo o, al più, semi-quantitativo. La ricerca presentata in questo lavoro vuole rappresentare un contributo per colmare questa lacuna. L’attenzione è rivolta al comparto delle acque marine ed agli sversamenti di liquidi oleosi, ovvero di idrocarburi insolubili in acqua e più leggeri dell’acqua stessa.

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24

Yang, Hao. "Experimental and numerical studies on oil spilling from damaged oil tankers." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17887/.

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It is well understood that the spilled oil from damaged oil tankers poses a severe threat to the marine environment. Although great efforts have been devoted to studying the oil spilling from damaged oil tankers, especially double hull tanks (DHTs), the majority is subjected to an ideal condition (e.g., fixed tanks in still water; simple damage conditions) and adopts hydrostatic theories or quasi-steady models with over-simplified assumptions on data analysis or analytical prediction. These conditions or assumptions may not stand in the complex dynamic spilling process in the real spilling accident. This study brings a step further on the knowledge of oil spilling from a damaged tank by combining experimental and numerical investigations, with a focus on the dynamic spilling process from damaged oil tankers which is either fixed or subjected to motion, which have not been systematically investigated. In the experimental investigation, the submerged oil spilling from DHTs under different accidental scenarios including grounding and collision is studied. Two new sets of laboratory tests are carried out, where the damaged tank is fixed in still water. In the first set, the axial offset between the internal and the external holes on two hulls of the grounded DHT is considered to widen the scope of damage conditions which the tanker may suffer from during grounding accidents. Although all cases in this set are subjected to the same hydrostatic conditions, completely different dynamic spilling processes are observed. In the second set, the initial water thickness inside the ballast tank of the collided DHT is considered. This aims to represent the real scenarios that the external hull is generally damaged prior to the internal hull and, therefore the ballast space is partially filled by the water flowing from the surrounding environment before the internal hull is damaged. These experiments do not only advance the state of the art of the experimental study in this field, but also provide a reference for validating the numerical models developed in this study. Based on the experimental data, the correlation analysis for the discharge through the internal hole by using quasi-steady Bernoulli’s equation is presented, contributing to the development of an improved analytical model for predicting the oil spilling from damaged oil tankers. The numerical study is carried out using a numerical model developed in OpenFOAM framework, where the VOF is applied to deal with the air-oil-water multiphase flow. This model enables the users: (1) to consider air, oil and water three phases of fluid and their interaction with solid tanker hull using dynamic mesh technologies; (2) to model turbulence associated with the oil spilling process using various available turbulent models; and (3) to investigate the effects of the compressibility of the fluid. The oil spilling from damaged DHTs is simulated and validated by the experimental data. Intensive investigations are carried out to clarify uncertainties in existing numerical modelling of the oil spilling from damaged DHTs. These include (1) the associated turbulence behaviours and selecting an appropriate approach to turbulence modelling; (2) the role of fluid compressibility during the oil spilling; and (3) the effect of tank motion on the oil spilling process. For the turbulence modelling, various approaches to model the turbulence, including the large eddy simulation (LES), direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the Reynolds average Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) with different turbulence models are attempted. It is concluded that the oil spilling from DHTs is more sensitive to the turbulence modelling than that from SHTs. For DHT cases, the effective Reynolds number (Re) considering both oil outflow and water inflow is suggested to classify the significance of the turbulence and to correspondingly select the appropriate turbulence model. The investigation on the role of the air compressibility in the oil spilling from damaged DHTs reveals that the air compressibility may be considerable in a small temporal-spatial scale (e.g., jet-jet and jet-structure impact pressure), but plays an insignificant role in the macroscopic process of the oil spilling (e.g., spilling discharge and volume). In order to approach the spilling phenomena in the more realistic environment, a systematic numerical study is carried out to investigate the effect of the periodic ship motion on the oil spilling from the damaged tank. Different tank designs (i.e., SHTs and DHTs), accidental scenarios (i.e., grounding and collision) and tank motion parameters (i.e., types, frequencies and amplitude) are considered. The result indicates that the tank motion does not only cause a periodic oscillation of the oil/water flow through the broken hole, but also induces a second long-duration stage of spilling after a quasi-hydrostatic-equilibrium condition occurs, resulting in the more significant amount of spilled oil. By using both the experimental data and numerical results produced in this research, an improved prediction model for oil spilling from damaged DHTs in still is formulated. This model considers the case-dependent hydrodynamic interaction between the oil and water jet flows inside the ballast tank and its effect on the spilling process. The result using the improved model is compared with the numerical result indicating its superiority over the existing model.

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25

Franklin, Paul. "Fatigue design of oil tankers: a design approach." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29379.

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The oil tankers that operate on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Service (TAPS) route have exhibited a large number of structural fatigue cracks. These cracks can be attributed to the increase in use of high strength steel in tanker construction and to the harsh operating environment in the Gulf of Alaska. In response to the TAPS fatigue problem, this project examines the topic of preliminary design for fatigue resistance. The TAPS tankers have previously been the target of several studies on the subject of fatigue cracking. Most of these studies have concentrated on reducing the costs and risks involved with operating the current tanker fleet. Preliminary design, however, is oriented at reducing the fatigue risk in future tanker designs. To that end, the design method outlined within concentrates on the level of analysis that is appropriate for preliminary design. The design method consists of four steps: the specification of a wave environment, generation of a hydrodynamic model and subsequent wave loads, evaluation of cyclic stresses and an assessment of fatigue damage. A series of example calculations that is typical of preliminary design has been performed for one of the TAPS tanker classes. These calculations employed Buckley's climatic wave spectra, a 3-dimensional panel based hydrodynamics package by Lin and a Miner's rule fatigue assessment based on the S-N curves of the British Welding Institute. The example calculations yield two important results. First, relatively inexpensive methods can yie1d important and accurate fatigue results; for a side shell longitudinal at the water line the example calculations predict a fatigue life of approximately 3 operating years. This corresponds quite well to the published inspection data and obviously represents insufficient fatigue life. Second, local panel pressures can have a significant contribution to, and even dominate, total fatigue damage in the side shell. This contrasts with conventional fatigue studies of ship hulls which focus on global loads; i.e., hull girder bending.
Ph. D.

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26

Sanlon, Anne. "The development of design guidelines for large oil tankers." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365943.

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Chow, K. "Simulation and analysis of gas freeing of oil tanks." Thesis, Coventry University, 2010. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/692c76ab-c812-3ea9-29fe-0fe6cab4e469/1.

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This thesis presents an in-depth study of the gas freeing of marine crude oil tanks using numerical simulation, beginning with a general summary of the problem, followed by an outline of the objectives of this work and the main difficulties involved. To outline essential background, a review of numerical methods, fluid flow, and related physical mechanisms has been undertaken, in addition to related ventilation fields, jet and jet impingement, and tanker-borne ventilation, in order to determine the state of the art and draw useful parallels between different ventilative fields, as well as identifying potential areas for model validation. A room-ventilation test case was studied in order to demonstrate the numerical method. It was found that assuming adiabatic walls and ignoring radiation resulted in highly idealised temperature predictions, and that radiation played a large part in enhancing vertical temperature prediction by redistributing thermal energy. For the gas-freeing analysis, the geometric models and solution procedures are introduced before simulation results presented and validated with analytical jet models and impingement penetration parameters. Analysis showed that the internal temperature of the tank was approximately homogeneous, allowing the tank to be considered isothermal. 2D simulations showed that after an initial period of time, the relative concentration distribution reaches steady state with decreasing average concentration as gas-freeing continues. Discussion of the results followed, examining aspects surrounding heat transfer and the choice of turbulence model, analysing the differences in the results between the first and secondmoment closure schemes and justification of assuming isothermal conditions. The variation in concentration was examined, and an analytical expression was derived which approximates the reduction in average gas concentration decay due to gas-freeing. It has been shown that double-hulled construction renders the internal temperature variation to around 10% of the temperature difference between the sea and deck. During the gasfreeing process proper, it was shown that after any stratified layer has been eroded and a stable flow field established, the relative concentration distribution remains constant. Gas freeing times were shown to be heavily dependent on the volume flux (and thus air change rate), and mathematical relations derived in order to provide approximately predict the time to gas free a crude oil tank (COT) given particular initial conditions.

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Atmadja, Juliana. "Weld failures in oil tankers due to groundings : finite element approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36653.

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Subramani, Dharmaraj. "Ship design for damage survivability." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/484.

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This thesis presents a new set of methods to assist the process of ship design for safety with particular reference to collision damage. The study has two principal objectives: " investigations into subdivision aspects of passenger ships to improve their overall survival index " investigations into the subdivision of oil tankers in order to improve the effectiveness against spillage in the event of collision damage. In order to investigate the ship subdivision aspect a damage stability model was needed. A pre-requisite for developing the damage stability software was a robust but flexible method to define the hull and the compartments of subdivision. B-splines have been a popular representationatl ool in computer aided design over the past three decades.T his method, though more complex than other spline techniques such as cubic splines, was adopted with a fourth order basis function in this work. A complete set of spline manipulation libraries and associated numerical solvers were developed for this purpose. In addition to this, a method to define the intersection between the hull and the waterplane in the form of a closed B-spline curve for any given orientation of the vessel in terms of -heel, trim and draught was developed to aid the damage stability calculations. Though the earlier regulations stipulate fixed trim assessments to ease the computational process, it is clearly unsatisfactory and research has confirmed this to be a flawed approach. Free trim calculations on the other hand require an iterative and time consuming process to arrive at the equilibrium trim position for each heel angle. Pawlowski proposed a new method for the stability calculations of a freely floating rig when the unit is arbitrarily orientated to the wind direction. It uses the Euler theorem on the properties of equivolume waterplanes to arrive non-iteratively at the new inclined position. This theory was adapted for use in damage stability calculations and was numerically tested and proved to be sound. Damage stability calculations, though combinatorially large, are also inherently parallel. Parallel Virtual Machines (PVM) is a Message Passing Interface (MPI) developed jointly by ORNL, University of Tennessee, Carnegie Mellon University and the Pittsburgh Supercomputing centre. PVM enables a "virtual configuration" so that a collection of serial, parallel and vector processing machines appear as one large distributed memory computer. PVM was compared with another MPI called Network Linda where the advantage of PVM's user controlled message passing was demonstratedP. VM was used to implement the MJMD Distributed Memory paradigm to exploit this inherent parallelism in damage stability calculations and to obtain speedups. A systematic exploration of the search space for this design problem involves the generation of a large number of internal subdivision configurations. This, coupled with the fact that the design space was multimodal in nature made it suitable to the application of a class of heuristic search algorithms called Genetic Algorithms (GA). A brief description of the mechanisms behind GA is presented along with their mathematical basis in the form of two theorems: the schema theorem and the building block hypothesis. Various techniques for solving constrained optimisation problems with GA was explored. The penalty function method was found to be the most suitable and was finally adopted. The above techniques were applied to the optimisation. of the internal subdivision of passenger ships and cargo ships, oil tankers in particular. For passenger ships, the nature of the 's'-factor formulation on the local index was shown. The multimodal nature of the subdivision problem was highlighted and a GA was used to investigate the optimal subdivision characteristics of the vessel. The 's' factor formulation for cargo ship rules is different to that described by the A. 265 set of regulations for passenger vessels. In addition, the cargo ship rules describe a factor V which accounts for the probabilities of vertical extents of damages. However this formulation does not assign any credit for horizontal subdivision below the waterline. Data on vertical extents and vertical location of damages for cargo ships was collected and analysed in earlier studies done at Newcastle University. This data was used to develop a probability function akin to that developed for the longitudinal extent and longitudinal location so as to give credit for any horizontal subdivisions. The principal objective of this part of the study was to explore the search space for subdivision configurations that would minimize net oil outflow.

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Schmidt, Craig W. "An examination of cleaning and gas freeing costs of oil tankers in government service." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA279933.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1994.
Thesis advisor(s): Alan W. McMasters, Charles N. Calvano. "March 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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Rivollier, Laurent. "Prevention of oil spills by tankers : feasibility study of a safety and environmental index (SEI)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36063.

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32

Melhus, Øyvin. "Utilisation of VOC in Diesel Engines. Ignition and Combustion of VOC Released by Crude Oil Tankers." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-387.

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The emission of VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) has been identified as a significant source of hydrocarbon pollution. It is many sources of VOC emission. A major one in Norway is caused by the offshore oil industry. In the Norwegian part of the North Sea, the contribution from shuttle tankers loading crude oil at the oil fields is about 215000 tons a year (1997). This emission represents both an energy loss and an environmental problem.

Gas tankers have used boil-off gas from the cargo tanks as fuel for some time. However, for the current VOC project a new fuel injection concept is designed for tankers to take advantage of the energy present in the VOC evaporated from crude oil. The VOC is mixed with inert gas in these tankers, and thus the utilisation of this gas represents new challenges. The VOC project uses the concept of «Condensate Diesel Process» with pilot ignition.

An experimental study of ignition and combustion of VOC Fuels reported here was initiated by the time it was decided to start a pilot project converting propulsion engines in shuttle tankers to use VOC Fuel. It is an experimental study carried out at the Marine Technology Centre (MTS). The objective was to study ignition and combustion of the chosen process in comparison with an ordinary diesel process.

The experimental results have been discussed and are compared with theoretical considerations of injection, ignition and combustion.

For experiments on combustion, a rapid compression machine "DyFo", which was developed during the years from 1992 to 1997, was redesigned to use VOC Fuel. The DyFo test rig was initially designed to study ignition and early combustion of spark ignited homogeneous gas/air charges. To study the ignition and early combustion of VOC Fuel injected at high pressure and ignited by pilot diesel fuel, a redesign was necessary. An important feature of the DyFo, is the visualisation of the combustion.

The advantage of the DyFo test rig, compared to an engine, is its simplicity and controllability. All test parameters and variables are better controlled and this makes comparable tests easier to perform. In an engine the visualisation would suffer from combustion deposits disturbing the view through the quartz glasses, making the images more difficult to interpret. The simplicity is on the other side a drawback. Correct thermal conditions inside the cylinder is hard to obtain as the piston only is moved one half stroke (from BDC to TDC) for each test. External heating of the test rig is necessary, and this makes it difficult to obtain correct thermal conditions for other than low load conditions.

An injector of a new, common rail type design is developed for injection of the VOC Fuel. The design, based on a conventional, redesigned diesel fuel nozzle involved a lot of practical problems. Leakages of gas into the combustion chamber have led to some accidents resulting in too high cylinder pressures. However, broken quartz glasses have been the most serious result of the malfunctions.

The main purpose of this investigation has been to study the combustion of alkanes present in the VOC evaporated from crude oil. The primary objective was to verify whether or not the concept of the «Condensate Diesel Process» with pilot ignition can be used to utilise these hydrocarbons as fuel in Diesel engines. VOC Fuels of different composition have been tested.

The experiments carried out have not revealed any problems concerning combustion when using pilot ignited VOC Fuel. Both ignition and combustion seem to follow the traditional diesel scheme. The composition of the VOC Fuel seems not to affect the ignition delay. A study of varying the value of different parameters has not unveiled any surprises regarding the ignition or early combustion.

Separate tests with pure VOC Fuel components, however, show great differences in the ignition delay (both regarding mean value and variance) for different components. The component being most unwillingly and most unstable to ignite is propane. If, for some reason, the pilot ignition should fail, a VOC Fuel with mainly n-butane and higher alkanes will probably give no great operating problems, at least not at medium to high engine load.

These conclusions are mainly based on the analysis of the dynamic signals from the pressure sensor giving the cylinder pressure curves. Where found appropriate, Schlieren images have been included in the discussion. However, the use of Schlieren images has been found to be less valuable for the Diesel process than for the Otto process. The reason for this is mainly that the radiation of visible light from the diffusion combustion of diesel oil and VOC Fuel (i.e. propane, iso-butane and n-butane) are quite different. First, this radiation disturbs the Schlieren image and second, the radiation from the combustion of diesel oil is far more intense than that of the VOC Fuel.

The light VOC fraction of the vent gas – methane and ethane – is not utilised in the concept of «Condensate Diesel Process». This fraction represents about 15 % of the total energy in the VOC release when loading crude oil at the Statfjord field. At other fields as Gullfaks, this fraction can represent up to 50% or more of the total energy. After the VOC Fuel is produced, a residual VOC consisting of methane, ethane, some propane and inert gas is lost.

A useful and simple way of utilising even this fraction is to mix it with the charge air at low pressure and feed the mixture into the cylinder where a pilot fuel spray ignites the charge. The method is found to have potential of being a suitable way, at least theoretically, to utilise the light VOC fraction. Some practical difficulties, however, may restrict the use of this fraction to medium and high engine loads. At lower loads the ignition delay increases due to the dilution with great quantities of inert gas.

Another option to utilise the light VOC fraction is by capturing the gas in hydrates. No real study of this concept has been carried out, but an initial survey of possible solutions is described. A final conclusion of the potential of this concept cannot be drawn until more detailed work has been carried out. However, simply using the light VOC fraction extracted by melting the hydrate will be the most likely way.

As a main conclusion it can be stated that the use of VOC Fuel in a «Condensate Diesel Process» is a feasible way of utilising energy otherwise lost. Venting the VOC to the atmosphere when loading crude oil into shuttle tankers represents both an energy loss and an environmental problem. By reducing both, the idea of using VOC as an engine fuel seems to be a good one.

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33

Tsarouchas, Ioannis. "Through life reliability of a bulk carrier." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368736.

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Doessant, Benoît. "Le transport maritime d’hydrocarbures. Les compagnies pétrolières françaises entre impératifs économiques et obligation de pavillon (1918-1998)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040227.

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La question du transport maritime est névralgique depuis les débuts de l’industrie du pétrole en 1859 pour une raison essentielle : les lieux de production, de transformation et de consommation sont distincts et souvent séparés par les océans. Il faut donc transporter une grande partie du pétrole brut depuis un nombre limité de pays producteurs vers le reste du monde avec des navires spécialisés – les pétroliers - sur de grandes distances. Cette tendance se renforce tout au long du XXe siècle avec la découverte de grandes réserves de pétrole au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique. De manière générale, le développement de la flotte pétrolière mondiale suit de près l’accroissement de la production et de la consommation de pétrole. Le transport maritime d’hydrocarbures représente encore aujourd’hui de très loin la forme de commerce international la plus importante - un tiers - avec plus de deux milliards de tonnes transportées par an, à rapporter aux cent millions de tonnes en 1935 et aux cinq cents millions de tonnes en 1960. La France, tirant les conséquences des difficultés d’approvisionnement en produits pétroliers pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, fixe tout au long du XXe siècle des règles contraignantes aux compagnies pétrolières en imposant l’obligation d’importer les deux-tiers de leurs besoins sous pavillon national. Or, celles-ci sont confrontées au problème structurant de la Marine marchande française : les coûts d’exploitation élevés de la flotte. Cette recherche tente de comprendre les stratégies mises en place par ces compagnies pour acheminer dans les meilleures conditions possibles le pétrole vers la France, malgré l’obligation de pavillon. Au-delà, il s’agit de comprendre pourquoi les compagnies pétrolières ont fini par abandonner leurs armements maritimes malgré le cadre législatif en vigueur. Total se retire en 1993 de l’activité de transport maritime. Aujourd’hui, les navires sous pavillon français appartiennent à des armateurs norvégiens ou belges, mais en aucun cas français
The question of maritime transport is nerve since the beginning of the oil industry in 1859 for an essential reason: the places of production, processing and consumption are distinct and often separated by oceans. It is necessary therefore to carry much of the crude oil from a limited number of producer countries to the rest of the world with specialized vessels - tankers - over long distances. This trend is reinforced throughout the twentieth century with the discovery of large oil reserves in the Middle East and Africa. In general, the development of the world tanker fleet is following loan increased production and consumption of oil. The shipping of oil is still very far from today's form of international trade the most important - a third - with more than two billion tons carried per year to report to 100 million tons in 1935 and 500 million tons in 1960. France, drawing the consequences supply difficulties of petroleum products during the First World War, fixed throughout the twentieth century binding rules to oil companies by imposing the obligation to import two-thirds of their needs under the national flag. Now they are facing the problem of structuring the French merchant navy: the high operating costs of the fleet. This research seeks to understand the strategies used by these companies to deliver the best possible conditions in the oil to France, despite the obligation of French flag. Beyond this is why oil companies have ended up abandoning their naval armaments despite the legislative framework. Total, oil French company, retired in 1993 from the shipping business. Today, ships under the French flag belonging to Belgian or Norwegian shipowners, but in no case French

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35

Faali, Reza. "L'affrètement maritime des "Tankers", navires pétroliers. : vers un "multilatéralisme" ou une liberté encadrée ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. https://ecm.univ-paris1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fc86e657-30a6-402d-b632-4c153835e5ab.

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Le transport sous contrat d'affrètement est pour un certain nombre de raisons qui seront examinées au cours de cette recherche (charges, indemnisation des dommages, pollutions, assurances etc.) le mode de transport le plus adopté pour le pétrole. Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser le régime de responsabilité des parties contractantes dans le transport des produits par les navires pétroliers. De cibler corollairement l’âme du contrat qui est la question de la liberté contractuelle encadrée par les chartes parties proprement pétrolières. De déterminer le périmètre d'intervention des différents acteurs qui ont capacité à négocier dans le secteur du transport - ce qui implique d'abord de les connaitre. Aujourd’hui le marché de l'affrètement pourrait d'avantage être qualifié comme un commerce sous sa forme d'échange des informations. La clé du succès est ici, d’avoir accès aux informations correctes à un moment donné. Les analyses développées dans cette recherche montrent à l'évidence que la nature du marché du fret pétrolier n'est pas établie de manière unilatérale mais qu’elle résulte de plusieurs facteurs évoqués tout au long cette étude. La liberté des contractants est définie par les différents chartes parties. Ces chartes sont des modèles imposés par Ies compagnies. Il apparaît souhaitable qu'elle évolue vers un "multilatéralisme'
The transport under chartering agreement is for a number of reasons, which will be examined during this research, the most popular mode of transport for oil. The aim of this study is to analyse the liability regime of the contracting parties in the transport of products by oil tankers. It is also necessary to find out the freedom of contract framed by the chartered parties properly petrol. To determine the scope of intervention of various actors who have the capacity to negociate in the transport sector - which implies first to know them. Today the charter market could be better qualified as a trade in the form of information exhange. The key to success is here, to have access to the correct information at a relevant and good time. Analyses developed in this reseach show obviously that the nature of the market of the oil freight is not established in a unilaleral way but that it resulted from several factors evoked throughout this study. The freedom of the contracting parties is defined by various charter party. These charter parties and models been imperative by the companies. It sems desirable that it evolves towards a "multilateralism"

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36

John, Philip. "Towards a Canadian Policy on Places of Refuge for Ships in Need of Assistance." Thesis, Fredericton: University of New Brunswick, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1882/18101.

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In an era of rapidly growing maritime trade, national and international efforts to prevent marine environmental disasters have taken various dimensions, including vessel safety mandates, traffic control measures and increased state inspections and control of ships. The advent of large modern tankers has generated new marine environmental risks. The customary right of access to a place of refuge for vessels in distress is becoming a complex issue of increasingly conflicting values reflecting humanitarian response and environmental conservation. A national ‘Places of Refuge’ policy is an essential component of Canada’s oceans management strategy. A cohesive and robust structure for conflict resolution will help assure the continued progress and development of ocean-based industries and minimize threats to Canada’s oceans and marine environment. The input of ship and port management personnel in the development of a national strategy and risk assessment procedure is vital for credibility and acceptance. The Canadian and international experience of ships in need of assistance and the lessons learned dictate that developing a ‘Places of Refuge’ policy and risk assessment procedure is not only prudent but imperative if Canada is to continue to be a major player in the global marketplace. This dissertation outlines a risk assessment procedure to categorize Canadian ports as places of refuge. This categorization of ports based on defined risk levels allows for the optimum allocation of resources for upgrading the refuge suitability of ports. Twenty-one ports on the east coast are evaluated for their suitability as places of refuge, based on their risk category. The measures suggested in this thesis propose elements of a Canadian national policy and risk assessment procedure for places of refuge which are comprehensive, pragmatic and flexible within the country’s existing command and control infrastructure.

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37

Navare, Jyoti. "Marine oil spill incidents from sea-going tankers : an idiographic exploration of the spill effects on structure, culture and behaviour in risk and collective incident management." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394099.

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38

Le, Maître Johann. "Développement de la spectrométrie de masse à ultra- haute résolution associée à la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique pour la caractérisation de coupes pétrolières lourdes. structural analysis of heavy oil fractions afterr hydrodenitrogenation by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry Structural analysis of neutral nitrogen compounds refractory to the hydrodenitrogenation process of heavy oil fractions by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility-mass spectrometry Chemical characterization of 15 biocrudes obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of industrially cultivated wild micro algae Chemical characterization with different analytical techniques, a way to understand the process: Case of the paraffinic base oil production line Exploring complex mixtures by cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry – Application towards Petroleum. Simulation and modeling of Collision Cross Section for structural elucidation of heavy oil fraction by ion mobility-mass spectrometry: Using polyaromatic hydrocarbons compounds mixture as calibration standard Characterization of sulfoxides compounds in dimeric distribution of heavy oil fractions by positive-ion electrospray ionization FTICR mass spectrometry Structural analysis of Petroporphyrins from asphaltene by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Cyclic ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with atmospheric solid analysis probe for the molecular characterization of combustion particulate matter. Structural study of analogues of Titan’s haze by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR051.

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L'évolution des réserves de pétrole implique l'utilisation en raffinerie de pétroles bruts non conventionnels, bien souvent plus lourds et donc difficiles à caractériser. Les produits pétroliers sont en effet des mélanges chimiques extrêmement complexes. La partie légère et volatile peut être analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC/MS), permettant l'identification des composés par l'utilisation de mesures de masses précises et de modèles de fragmentation. Cependant ces techniques sont inadaptées à l'analyse des fractions lourdes. Dans la pratique, la caractérisation des mélanges les plus complexes implique l'utilisation de spectromètres de masse à ultra-haute résolution généralement par analyse directe sans séparation chromatographique. La technique de référence est aujourd’hui la spectrométrie de masse à transformée de Fourier par résonance cyclotronique des ions (FTICR). Grâce à une résolution supérieure à 106 et à une précision de mesure de masse inférieure à 0,1 ppm, cet instrument permet de séparer toutes les espèces présentes dans un produit pétrolier et d'attribuer à chaque valeur de m/z une composition élémentaire unique. Ceci permet d'obtenir très facilement des cartes moléculaires qui peuvent être présentées graphiquement en utilisant le diagramme de Kendrick, le diagramme de van Krevelen ou le nombre d'insaturations (DBE) en fonction du nombre de carbones. Ce travail de thèse a permis grâce à la caractérisation moléculaire de produits pétroliers (Vacuum Gas Oil, Pétroles Bruts, Matériel Interfacial, Asphaltènes et Bio-Oil…) d'aborder la complexité de leur traitement dans l’outil de raffinage. Des protocoles d'analyses des échantillons ont été développés, à l'aide de différentes sources d'ionisation à pression atmosphérique (ESI, APCI et APPI) ainsi que par désorption/ionisation laser (LDI) sur le spectromètre de masse FTICR 12T. Les informations sur le contenu isomérique des produits pétroliers ont ensuite été déterminées grâce à l'apport de la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique (IMS)
The evolution of oil reserves requires the use in refineries of unconventional crude oils, which are often heavier and therefore difficult to characterize. Petroleum products are in fact extremely complex chemical mixtures. The light and volatile part can be analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), allowing the identification of compounds by using precise mass measurements and fragmentation models. However, these techniques are inappropriate for the analysis of heavy fractions. In practice, the characterization of the most complex mixtures involves the use of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers generally by direct analysis without chromatographic separation. The reference technique today is Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR). With a resolution of more than 106 and a mass measurement accuracy of less than 0.1 ppm, this instrument can separate all the species present in a petroleum product and assign a unique elemental composition to each m/z value. This makes it very easy to obtain molecular maps that can be presented graphically using the Kendrick diagram, the van Krevelen diagram or the number of unsaturations (DBE) as a function of the number of carbons. This thesis work has allowed thanks to the molecular characterization of petroleum products (Vacuum Gas Oil, Crude Oil, Interfacial Material, Asphaltenes and Bio-Oil...) addressing the complexity of their treatment in the refining tool. Protocols for sample analysis have been developed, using different sources of ionization at atmospheric pressure (ESI, APCI and APPI) as well as laser desorption/ionization (LDI) on the FTICR 12T mass spectrometer. Information on the isomeric content of petroleum products was then determined using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)

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39

Wu, Chien-Hsing, and 吳建興. "Research in prevention oil pollution from oil tanker-An application of gray relation analysis on marine casualty of oil tanker of aframan type." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23260404470795329049.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
商船學系所
94
This research concerned about the effect and measures of prevention oil pollution for oil tanker under the framework of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution form Ship (MARPOL), the prevention measures include the prevention of operational and accidental oil pollutions. An application of gray relation analysis on marine casualty of oil tanker of AFRAMAX type, concerned about the relation of Structural Failure, Collision, Contact, Grounding, Fire and Explosion and application of gray relation matrix for analysis the relation between marine casualty with casualty site that include port area, canal & river, berth, port approach coastal waters and open sea, which in order to contribute to prevention accidental oil pollution form oil tanker.

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40

Amrozowicz, Michael D. "The need for a probabilistic risk assessment of the oil tanker industry and a qualitative assessment of oil tanker groundings." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32053.

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The culture, design, and operation of the maritime industry all contribute to create an error-inducing system. As oil tankers have become larger, the tolerance for error has decreased as the consequences have increased. Highly visible oil spills have made society more aware of the dangers inherent with transporting oil at sea. A probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) provides a formal process of determining the full range of possible adverse occurrences, probabilities, and expected costs for any undesirable event. A PRA can identify those areas that offer the greatest risk-reducing potential. Once the components with the greatest risk-reducing potential are identified, appropriate technology and management schemes can properly influence risk reduction. Humans contribute to high consequence accidents in the design, construction and operations phases of an engineering system. While human error is attributed to 80 percent of the marine accidents, a closer look reveals that many accidents attributed to human error are system errors. An application of a qualitative risk assessment is done for tanker groundings. A fault tree is developed to describe the top event of a tanker grounding. A number of well- known groundings are analyzed to test the utility of the grounding fault tree.

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41

Chiang-Sheng, Fan, and 范強生. "An Action Research on Product Oil Tanker Cargo Operations." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72275596359687872331.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
商船學系所
95
Abstract Most goods be carried by Product Oil Tanker are used for daily life and industry in Taiwan,there,the Product Oil Tanker act as inseparable from the existence of Taiwan. Other than the special designed Product Oil Tanker,there is no proper ship that may apply to safe sea transportation due to the very character of dangerous and corrosiveness in its of. Therefore, for developing the operation market of Product Oil Tanker, it should be familiar in related to cargo operation and business in order to win an adventage over other countries in international competition. The study is based on the related international rules which research into the cargo operation of Product Oil Tanker for following purposes. 1.Ensure safety maintaining and pollution protecting to meet certain regulations. 2.Minimize accidents caused by "Human Error". 3.To familiarize with cargo loading and discharging operation and related knowledge to avoiding damage ship’s structure. 4.According to these standards which will provid person to retrain for government parties and other parties.

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42

Lin, Yow Hung, and 林佑泓. "Analysis on Structural Strength of Double Hull Oil Tanker." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87695699238145492839.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
造船工程學系
85
Oil tankers are the most appropriate transportation on the earth, especially in those nations and areas that need massive oil but lack of it. Due to the critical demand of environment protection , the Double Hull Tankers recently became the most common design. The Double Hull Tankers are absolutely different with the traditional single hull oil tankers in structural arrangement . This study will analyze the structural arrangement and safety of a middle-size ,150 k DWT , double hull tanker in which there is a center line longitudinal corrugated water-tight bulkhead. And then the FEM analysis is carried out to a series of models which have different depths of double bottom and widths of double sided shell ,as well as different numbers of bottom girders and side stringers. And the results are as follows: The depth of double bottom is the most important factor of all on the design viewpoint to a double hull tanker. Deeper the double bottom, less the stress which the structure in the bottom of the ship has. When the widths of double sided shell become larger , the structure near shell gets less stress. Besides, the arrangement and the numbers of bottom girders and side stringers are influential in reducing the relative deformation of double bottom and side shell, respectively.

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43

Chung, Chen-Ping, and 鍾振平. "The study on the cargo operation of oil tanker." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60910136525709948496.

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"Required tanker fleet for oil products distribution in an urban operation in brazil." Tese, MAXWELL, 2003. http://www.maxwell.lambda.ele.puc-rio.br/cgi-bin/db2www/PRG_0991.D2W/SHOW?Cont=4737:pt&Mat=&Sys=&Nr=&Fun=&CdLinPrg=pt.

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45

Lee, Jiann-Min, and 李建民. "A study on the legal regime and practice concerning the pollution control of oil Tanker." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74982165383866069075.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
94
Abstract The purpose of this thesis are using the research methods of such as classification,analysis,syathesis and comparison method to display current situation of marine oil pollution and then by the through the concept of risk mamagement to considering the Government how to face the marine oil pollution accident and related compensation for damage by inspecting the gradually worse of serious natural environment pollution .In the past few years, because of industrialize prosperity result extensive oil drilling and transportation activitics increase the posibility of oil spills and the consequent threat of oil pollution to the regional environmemt,oil spill has hazards for marine protect and water purification. In additional to, besides tradictional international law, especially 1982 concerning international legislate of prevention and damage compensation for marine oil spill has made; moreover recently marine detection and monitoring has received considerable attention and more efficient to fulfill obiligation for ship-owner . In the end of thesis, inspecting current legal system and review to propose the comprehensive suggestion through integral research and hope offer a basis of reference for Government to creat the double-win future of mankind and nature environment.

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Kuo, Chia-Min, and 郭家閔. "The Application of Foaming Material On Blocking Spill of Cargo Oil in Double Hull Tanker." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35692071708213599996.

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碩士
國立成功大學
造船及船舶機械工程學系碩博士班
91
Abstract Following on prosperously civilization. The exploitation of Crude Oil is increased with each passing day. A important conveyance that transports the oil is the Tanker. It is a severe challenge by variant marine facies, weather and accidents in the long voyage. Also test the design of structure and material. This is why the oil spill happened so often. The way to avoid that is improving the tanker’s ability to endure against accidents and reduce spilled quantity that accidents made. Then take other methods to clean oils from sea surface. All those method have advantage they own. But they don’t block oil spill from broken area. Cause serious problem which not be cleaned easily. It destroys the ecological environment and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to block oil spill from broken area by Polyurethane (PU). To estimate behavior of PU’s expansion between oil and water at different pressure. And analyze the relationship to indicate how many quantity to fill into the tanker with double hull. We expect to find some whole new way out to deal with the oil spill accidents.

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WANG, PO-HUNG, and 王博弘. "A Study of the Operation Ship Selections and strategies of Oil-product Tanker Companies in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66157957532368895906.

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碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
航運管理研究所
105
Abstarct Eliminating single-hull tankers is an unstoppable world trend. The elimination plan and schedules are very different from country to country. This thesis tries to analyze the possible ship selection projects and strategies which can be pratically executed when the ship owners who have the single-hull tankers with R.O.C.(Republic of China) flag facing the elimination. In addition, this thesis also focuses on the operational difficulties and discusses the possible developing strategies in terms of the market-based environment. The research method are AHP expert questionnaire and TOPSIS analysis. First, the thesis looks for the weights of the important and vital factors in order to find the most suitable “ship transformation scenario.” Next, the thesis compares and analyzes the two different results from these two reaserch methods. The result shows that renewing the existing tankers is the most suitable sceratio for ship-owners of single-hull oil tanker with R.O.C.(Republic of China) flag. The content of this thesis helps ship-owners take it as a reference when they are facing the elimination of single-hull tankers, and facilitates the process of elaluating their companies’ scale and needs.

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Hunt, John Edward Vere. "A comparative analysis of the civil liability and fund conventions, Tovalop and Cristal, the U.S. Federal Oil Pollution Act and U.S. state legislation, as legal mechanisms regulating compensation for tanker- source oil pollution damage as of February, 1994." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5471.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explain and evaluate the law concerning compensation for tanker-source oil pollution damage under three different liability regimes: (a) the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971 including the Protocols of 1976, 1984 and 1992 to these Conventions. (b) the Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP) and the Contract Regarding a Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution (CRISTAL) as at the 20th February, 1994. (c) the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and U.S. State Legislation. In this context the thesis explains inter alia the evolution of law from fault to no-fault liability and from limited to increasingly limitless liability. The thesis examines the notion of damage eligible for compensation, for example, ecological and pure economic damage. Conclusions are reached as to the role increasingly stringent liability provisions may have on the quality of the tanker-process. The impact that the U. S. Oil Pollution Act 1990, and associated U.S. state legislation may have on the international pollution regimes covered by the various international Conventions and associated voluntary agreements is also discussed.
Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.

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YEH, REN-FUH, and 葉仁富. "The Safety Management of Product Oil Tankers." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99109773745674663445.

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碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
航運管理研究所
102
The purpose of this study is to discuss the safety management of product oil tankers. According to the literature of marine safety, this study first investigates the safety factors (SFs) of product oil tankers. A Fuzzy AHP model was then constructed to evaluate those SFs from management officers of product oil tankers, by which a safety management index (SMI) was then proposed to assess the safety of product oil tankers. Finally, to validate the research model, the oil tank fleet of C oil company in Taiwan was empirically investigated. The result indicates that the SFs for C oil company should be improved are: the work discipline of seafarers, the safety knowledge of seafarers, the performance of machinery and equipment, the safety climate among seafarers and the performance of safety training. The results provide practical information for the mangers of oil companies to improve the safety performance of product oil tankers.

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50

Smoker, Brendan. "Escort tug performance prediction: a CFD method." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4380.

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As the demand for energy continues to increase around the world, more vessels used in the transport of energy, such as Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) and crude oil tankers are being built to transport energy to market overseas. The escort tug has been developed in order to assist in the safe transit of such vessels in confined waterways. Designed to apply emergency braking and steering forces to the stern of a tanker while underway, an escort tug features a hull shape that generates large hydrodynamic lift and drag forces when operating at high angles of attack, this is known as indirect mode. This escorting mode is highly effective at speeds 8 knots and above, often generating towline forces well in excess of bollard pull. Escort performance prediction is a vital aspect of the design of escort tugs. It is important to know a priori if a design will meet the necessary performance criteria. In the past, performance predictions have relied heavily on model testing and empirical methods. With the recent emergence of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a commercially viable design tool for naval architects, extensive escort performance predictions can now be carried out more accurately in less time and at less cost than was previously possible. This thesis describes the methodology of a CFD based escort performance prediction method that is accurate and cost effective.
Graduate

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