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Journal articles on the topic 'Oil tanker'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Grbić, Luka, Jelena Čulin, and Toni Bielić. "Inspections on Board Oil Tankers." Pomorstvo 32, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.32.1.13.

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Oil tanker inspections have an important role in enhancing safety and minimizing the risk of oil pollution. However, research has indicated that inspection items are overlapping among inspection regimes observed in a given time span on board oil tankers, thus making negative impact on ship safety, unnecessarily consuming shipboard human resources and having adverse economic effects. In this paper, current inspections performed on board oil tankers have been presented, including duration, intensity and average costs, directly or indirectly paid by shipowners. Our analysis of surveyed components by all regimes has showed that it is possible to reduce critical inspection parameters without compromising safety by introducing a unified inspection method. A content of such inspection, consisting of 529 components, has been presented. Performing the proposed inspection method and sharing its results among interested parties of oil tanker safety regime has been suggested as a measure that could improve oil tanker safety and pollution prevention.

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2

Wu, Wenfeng, Yubin Yang, Jianwei Zhang, and Jinshu Lu. "Study on Striking Ship with Loading Impact on the Performance of the Double Hull Oil Tanker Collision." Polish Maritime Research 25, s2 (August 1, 2018): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0072.

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Abstract Due to the great danger of the collision of oil tankers, lots of research on the collision of oil tankers has been carried out. But, at present, the research on the collision of oil tankers mainly focuses on the loading condition of the struck ship, ignores the impact on the loading condition of the striking ship. However, during the actual oil tanker collision, the striking ship is generally in the state of loading. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the analysis of the impact of the loading condition of the striking ship on the collision damage of the oil tanker. In this paper, the effect of striking ship with loading on the impact performance of the side structure during the collision of the cargo double hull oil tanker has been investigated. The ship collision model was established by using the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA which is based on 7000 tons of double hull oil tankers. Based on the analysis of the collision force, impact of striking speed changes, impact of striking deep changes and structural energy absorption during the collision process, the influence of the striking ship with loading on the damage mechanism and the impact performance of the double shell oil ship side structure was expounded. The results show that the influence of the striking ship with loading can be great to the damage to side hull during the research of the collision performance of the oil tanker.

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3

LaBelle, Robert P., and Charles M. Marshall. "APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL SIMULATIONS TO TANKER ROUTING OFF THE U.S. COAST." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-265.

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ABSTRACT Enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has resulted in increased efforts by the U.S. Coast Guard to identify and evaluate existing tanker routing schemes that may pose a threat to sensitive marine resources. The Minerals Management Service is assisting in these efforts through stochastic applications of its oil spill trajectory models. Restricting tanker routes or establishing tanker-free zones would constrain the potential sites of future tanker spills. This restriction would maximize the available response time for containment, recovery, or natural dispersion of tanker spills. Two analyses are described. In the first analysis, multiple trajectories were simulated from tanker routes off the U.S. west coast. (Similar analyses are planned for the east coast and the Gulf of Mexico.) Contacts with environmental resources, which were assigned sensitivity index values, were plotted as seasonal oil spill contact risk contours. The contours were used to define alternative boundaries of potential tanker-free zones. These alternative boundaries, in turn, may provide specified levels of protection for sensitive marine areas. The second application of oil spill simulations is in the Gulf of Mexico, where the U.S. Coast Guard is evaluating the potential impact of establishing tanker lightering zones. These lightering zones would concentrate traffic in certain areas where large vessels would offload petroleum cargo into smaller tankers for transport ashore. Results of the oil spill trajectory model characterize the risks from these zones.

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4

Keith, Virgil F. "DOUBLE HULL OIL TANKERS—HOW EFFECTIVE ARE THEY?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-745.

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ABSTRACT The groundings of the Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, spilling more than 10 million gallons of Alaska North Slope crude, and the American Trader off Huntington Beach, spilling almost 400,000 gallons of Alaska North Slope crude, suggest that the construction of oil tankers be re-examined with respect to a design which could reduce both the number and magnitude of oil spills. This paper discusses state-of-the-art tanker technology with respect to spill prevention, effectiveness, and cost. The design features include double hulls, centralized bunker tankers, vacuum-retaining valves, cargo control systems, auxiliary thrusters, electronic charting, and the retransmission of the ship's position. Double hulls provide the highest probability of surviving damage, either from a collision or grounding, with no loss of cargo. Use of double hulls can reduce oil spill incidence by 90 percent in grounding situations and by 75 percent in collisions. The oil spill from the American Trader could have been completely avoided by double hull construction. The arrangement provides spaces below the cargo tanks and on the vessel's sides solely for the carriage of ballast water when the tanker is in ballast condition. These tanks are empty when the tanker is loaded and then also act as the first line of defense in the event of structural damage to the cargo tanks. Tanker design is integrated with port safety measures, including vessel monitoring systems, in this total spill prevention analysis. All aspects of the tanker transportation system are considered.

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5

Scanlan, A. F. G. "Oil tanker databook 1985." Energy Policy 13, no. 4 (August 1985): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90042-4.

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6

Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Arica Dwi Susanto, Arys Susanto, and Okol S Suharyo. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE ANP AND SET COVERING METHOD FOR THE ALLOCATION OF TANKER IN THE EAST SEA REGION OF INDONESIA." JOURNAL ASRO 9, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v9i2.78.

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As an archipelago which has a wider sea area than land, Indonesia, in this case the oil company, must be able to serve and accommodate oil throughout the Indonesian sea, especially the eastern region. The lack of tanker cause the run out of fuel oil in remote areas, so there needs to be a sector division included in oil companies. The method used by researchers was the Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach and the set covering problem method. By determining the right dock location for the Tanker, the dock would be able to cover the entire existing sector, and through the determination of the proper tanker assignment plan, the entire territory of Eastern Indonesia would be able to be covered by the presence of the Tanker. The results of the study show that the candidate starting point assignment was produced by 4 (four) ports as the starting point for the assignment of tankers. These ports consist of Ambon in charge of covering sectors 4, 5, 6 and 7, Makasar port was in charge of sector 1 and to cover sector 3 while Tegal port is in charge of covering the patrol sector 2

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7

Parunov, Jôsko, Maro Corak, and C. Guedes Soares. "Hull-Girder Reliability of a Chemical Tanker." Marine Technology and SNAME News 46, no. 04 (October 1, 2009): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.4.192.

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The aim of the paper is to calculate hull-girder reliability of chemical tanker according to the reliability model proposed by International Maritime Organization (IMO). The probability of hull-girder failure is calculated using a first-order reliability method for two operational profiles—one typical for oil tanker and the other one modified in order to reflect differences between oil tanker and chemical tanker. The evaluation of the wave-induced load effects that occur during long-term operation of the ship in the seaway is carried out in accordance with International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) recommended procedure. The stillwater loads are defined on the basis of a statistical analysis of loading conditions from the loading manual. The ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section, which is used as the basis for the reliability formulation, is evaluated by progressive collapse analysis and by single-step procedure. The reliability analysis is performed for "as-built" ship and for "corroded" ship according to corrosion deduction thickness from new Common Structural Rules for double-hull oil tankers. It is shown that hull-girder failure probability of "as-built" chemical tanker is well above the upper reliability bound proposed by IMO, while the "corroded" ship is slightly unconservative since the reliability index is lower than IMO lower reliability bound.

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8

Mitchell, Vincent B. "EVOLUTION OF A WORLD-CLASS TANKER ESCORT SYSTEM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1167.

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ABSTRACT The Ship Escort Response Vessel System (SERVS) of Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (Alyeska) in Valdez Alaska is responsible for overseeing the prevention, preparedness, and response activities for the safe transportation of oil through Prince William Sound. Since the inception of SERVS in 1989, escort vessels have accompanied laden tankers through Prince William Sound from the Valdez Marine Terminal to the Gulf of Alaska, a distance of approximately 70 miles. The tankers pass through the pristine Prince William Sound, which encompasses over 2,500 square miles, with fjord-like topography and a subarctic climate. The evolution of the tanker escort system began with the emergency order issued by the state of Alaska in 1989 immediately after the grounding of the Exxon Valdez. A fleet of 12 vessels, each singular in purpose, was quickly developed: three dedicated pairs of escorts (comprised of an escort response vessel and tug), response barge standby vessels, and four dedicated docking tugs. The emphasis was more on oil spill response than prevention, and there was little interchangeability between vessels and their missions. In subsequent years, a variety of factors has caused changes to the escort system and vessel mix. These included the Disabled Tanker Towing Study, Prince William Sound Risk Assessment Promulgation of Federal Escort Requirements, oil spill response responsibility in the Gulf of Alaska, tanker vapor recovery, reduction in pipeline throughput, and weather restrictions. Additionally, industry instituted voluntary measures such as ice scouts and sentinel standby escorts for inbound tankers in ballast have affected the escort system, in addition to the experience gained in the operation the system. As the escort system matured, there was a marked emphasis and focus on oil spill prevention, fleet modernization, and multipurpose vessels to increase capabilities while maximizing efficiencies. Alyeska/SERVS embarked on a dedicated strategy to upgrade the specialized vessel fleet of 12 vessels to a fleet composed of fewer multipurpose vessels. This strategy encompassed a technological and operational enhancement of the fleet, significantly improving the prevention posture while maintaining the necessary response capabilities. Today, the Alyeska/SERVS escort fleet consists of nine multipurpose vessels. The cornerstones of the escort fleet are the two 10,192 horsepower Voith Schneider enhanced tractor tugs and the three 10,192 horsepower ? drive Prevention and Response Tugs, all specifically designed, constructed, and outfitted for tanker escorting. The combination of these vessels for tanker escorting utilizes complimentary best available technology to ensure the safe transit of tankers through Prince William Sound.

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9

Paik, Jeom Kee. "Innovative Structural Designs of Tankers Against Ship Collisions and Grounding: A Recent State-of-the-Art Review." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.25.

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The double-hull design concept is one of the effective ways for oil pollution prevention during collision and grounding accidents of oil tankers. Arguably there might be better design alternatives which improve the structural performance of ships against collision and grounding when compared to the thus far well accepted double-hull concept, or even a double hull that is better in comparison to what is being routinely achieved by today's design methods. In this paper, a recent state-of-the-art review is undertaken on the literature related to more rational tanker structural design procedures and some innovative design concepts for tanker structures against ship collisions and grounding.

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10

Mou, Naixia, Yanxin Xie, Tengfei Yang, Hengcai Zhang, and Yoo Ri Kim. "The Impact of Slumping Oil Price on the Situation of Tanker Shipping along the Maritime Silk Road." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174796.

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Nearly 70% of the world’s maritime crude oil transportation relies on the Maritime Silk Road (MSR). In order to deeply explore the impact of slumping oil price on the shipping situation of tanker along the MSR, this paper establishes the relationship between monthly ship and oil price through Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. Distributions of cargo flow before and after the oil price slumped are compared to explore the changing law of tanker shipping situation. The study finds: (1) The correlation between the cargo flow situation of the tanker seaborne export and oil price, where the export cargo flow correlation is stronger than that of the import cargo flow. (2) The MSR tanker shipping situation is lagging (3 months) behind the impact of oil price. The lag effect in Europe, North Asia and East Asia is strong while that in Southeast Asia and South Asia is weak. (3) After the oil price slumped, the tanker shipping cargo flow increased less during the crude oil export stage, and the increase in the crude oil shipping trade after the transfer period was larger. The research results can provide a scientific basis for improving the decision-making ability of the crude oil shipping market and formulating maritime operations management measures.

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11

Li, Jiang, Wei Ming Zhang, Xiao Jun Yang, and Jian Jun Wu. "Experimental Research on Performance of Aircraft Tanker Truck with Different Oil Pump in the Plateau." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3231.

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Introduced the basic situation of aircraft tanker truck, carried out the performance tests of the tanker truck with ZX120-100 and ZX120-100-GY self-suction oil pump in the plateau. The test result shows that the self-suction capability of ZX120-100-GY centrifugal oil pump is better than ZX120-100 centrifugal oil pump, and refueling performance of 2004-12000 aircraft tanker truck with ZX120-100-GY centrifugal oil pump is good which can afford the demand of the aircraft.

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12

Hennig, F., B. Nygreen, K. C. Furman, J. Song, and G. R. Kocis. "Crude Oil Tanker Routing and Scheduling." INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research 49, no. 2 (May 2011): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/infor.49.2.153.

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13

Bosoanca, Ioan. "Noise onboard 9000 cbm oil tanker." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi. Fascicula XI, Construcţii navale/ Annals of "Dunărea de Jos" of Galati, Fascicle XI, Shipbuilding 41 (December 31, 2018): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/annugalshipbuilding.2018.41.21.

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14

Brierley, Rachel, and Angela Rivera. "Briefing: Oil tanker to eco-community." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 160, no. 4 (December 2007): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2007.160.4.155.

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15

Goodstein, Eban. "Saturday effects in tanker oil spills." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 23, no. 3 (November 1992): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(92)90005-h.

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16

Waldichuk, Mike. "Tanker leaks oil off southern California." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 5 (May 1990): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90330-b.

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17

Yu, Guojun, Sheng Jia, and Yanting Geng. "Numerical Investigation into the Two-Phase Convective Heat Transfer within the Hold of an Oil Tanker Subjected to a Rolling Motion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040094.

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A crude oil tanker usually encounters a rolling motion during sea transportation, which leads to rotational movement and sometimes a sloshing of the liquid hold. This rolling-induced body motion seriously affects the thermal and hydraulic behavior of the liquid hold, which then affects the heating process and heat preservation of the tanker. Clarification of the involved thermal and hydraulic characteristics is the basic requirement for establishment of a scientific heating scheme and heat preservation method. A two-phase 3D model considering the free liquid surface and non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid was established for the thermal calculation of the liquid holds in oil tankers. The thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the liquid hold were investigated under different combinations of dimensionless parameters, and the combined effect of rolling and fluid non-Newtonian behavior was investigated. It was found that rolling intensifies the heat transfer based on the combination of the Richardson number (Ri) and the rotation-strength number (ω*), and non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid effectively affects the heat transfer in a rolling motion. This research is expected to provide a reference for design and optimization of the heating and heat preservation method for oil tanker operation.

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18

Meers, Christine S., and Paul Ameer. "EVALUATION OF THE U.S. COAST GUARD'S TANKER INSPECTION PROGRAM: TANKER INSPECTION IMPACTS1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-297.

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ABSTRACT A study mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 assessed the effectiveness and adequacy of the U.S. Coast Guard's inspection program for oil tankers. The inspection standards study was conducted in two parts. The first part surveyed the range of inspection programs of the Coast Guard, International Maritime Organization, classification societies, and industry to identify significant gaps and/or duplicate requirements among these programs. The second part analyzed a number of issues related to the effectiveness of the Coast Guard's program. The study was intended to help the Coast Guard determine whether overlap exists in inspection requirements affecting tank vessels and whether increasing, decreasing, or targeting Coast Guard inspection resources would have a measurable impact on the occurrence of marine casualties. The recommendations and conclusions will be presented during the 1995 Oil Spill Conference and are intended to help the Coast Guard improve its marine inspection program's effectiveness.

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19

Li, Haoqiang, Jihong Chen, Zheng Wan, Xiao Cao, Yaqing Shu, and Yun Bai. "Tanker Selection Based on an Entropy-Weighted Fuzzy Matter Approach." International Journal of Maritime Engineering 163, A1 (April 7, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v163ia1.2.

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As an important aspect of global economic development, the choice of ship type for offshore oil transportation is a key issue in shipping companies making investment decisions. These can have far-reaching impacts regarding economic benefits and operational developments by shipping companies. To facilitate relatively accurate scientific decisions to evaluate the economic nature of tankers on investment plans, the study assigns entropy weights to various indicators and models tanker type economic arguments based on the entropy-weighted fuzzy matter-element approach, and by calculating the Euclid approach degree of each tanker evaluates the choice of tanker ship type. The results from the study show that the entropy-weighted fuzzy matter-element method is very effective in dealing with tanker selection and decision-making under complex and multi-attribute scenarios. Several conclusions are drawn and further work suggested.

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20

Hsu, Wen-Kai, Shu-Jun Lian, and Show-Hui Huang. "Risk Assessment of Operational Safety for Oil Tankers - A Revised Risk Matrix." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 4 (February 6, 2017): 775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000941.

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This paper is aimed at the risk assessment of operational safety for oil tankers. Based on the operational features of oil tankers and relevant literature, the Risk Factors (RFs) of operational safety were first identified. A revised risk matrix based on a fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach was then proposed to assess the risk classes of the RFs. Finally, to validate the research model, the oil tanker fleet of Chinese Petroleum Corporation (CPC) in Taiwan was empirically investigated. The results can provide practical information for oil carriers to improve their ships' operational safety. Furthermore, the revised risk matrix may provide a theoretical reference for methodological researches in safety risk assessments.

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21

Lončar, Goran, Gordana Beg Paklar, and Ivica Janeković. "Numerical Modelling of Oil Spills in the Area of Kvarner and Rijeka Bay (The Northern Adriatic Sea)." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/497936.

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Several hypothetical cases of oil spills from tankers in the Kvarner and Rijeka Bay were analyzed using three-dimensional circulation models coupled with oil spill model. Two circulation models—local one covering the area of Kvarner Bay, Rijeka Bay, and Vinodol channel along with the basin-wide one covering the whole Adriatic Sea—are connected through the one-way nesting procedure by imposing the results from the Adriatic model to the open boundaries of the local one. Oil spill model relays on the current fields obtained by the local circulation model during all our simulations. Spreading of the oil pollution from three hypothetical positions of tanker accidents in the local model domain was simulated for the periods of 10 “winter-season” and “summer-season” days. The oil spill model results show that the hypothetical tanker accidents in the center of the Rijeka Bay are the most dangerous for the studied area in both seasons. Summer-season case shows significantly worse situation from the ecological point of view, oil spills spread on the larger area simply because stratification and mixing present during the winter period reduce oil slick effect.

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22

Tromiadis, Ramona, and Costel Stanca. "Comparative Analysis of Tanker Ships Incidents and their Environment Impacts." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.775.

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The paper presents a comparative analysis of tanker ships incidents and their environment impacts. The focus is on oil tankers because this type of ships poses the highest environmental risk. By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be considered a threat to the environment. In case of a maritime accident a ship can suffer fracture of the ships hull that may lead to oil outflow leading to environmental consequences or stability problems, which may again result in capsizing of the vessel. In terms of the consequences for the vessel maritime accidents can be classified in different categories. Severe accident means an accident involving a total loss of the ship, loss of life or severe pollution. Accident that is not severe which may involve: fire, explosion, stranding, collision damage caused by bad weather, damage caused by ice, fracture in the hull or suspected damage to the body. This may also lead to pollution. And incidents that are circumstances or events caused by, or related with the operation of a ship from which the ship or any person is being hazard or results in serious damage to the ship, the ship's structure or the environment. Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Shipping regulations have been developed or modified over years on the basis of some significant marine accidents. The regulations are mostly concentrated on reducing the consequences of maritime incidents. Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from U.S. waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015, depending on their age. Following the sinkings of the Erika (1999) and Prestige (2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which also require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. Air pollution from normal tanker engines operation and from cargo fires is another serious concern. Ship fires may not only result in the loss of the ship due to lack of specialized firefighting gear and techniques but the fires sometimes burn for days and require evacuations of nearby residents due to the dangerous smoke.

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Witmer, David J., and Jack W. Lewis. "The BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System." Marine Technology and SNAME News 32, no. 04 (October 1, 1995): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1995.32.4.277.

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BP Oil Company time-charters a fleet of American-flag tankers for the ocean transportation of crude oil and petroleum products to the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Commencing in 1991, ship response and structural monitoring instrumentation was installed on the four ships of the Atigun Pass-class. These crude carriers are operated in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Service, or "TAPS" trade, sailing the waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska. The structural monitoring systems were designed to measure the effects of subjecting a ship to the typical loads and forces encountered while at sea: hogging, sagging, slamming, hydrostatic pressure, and hull girder springing. Additionally, BP was interested in developing a system that could provide shiphandling guidance to the master or watch officer so that the detrimental effects of prolonged exposure to such loads and forces could be effectively minimized. The paper describes in detail the physical arrangement of the BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System (BPSMS), including the suite of sensors employed to measure ship responses and hull girder stresses. It explains how the response data collected by the sensors is analyzed by the onboard computer located on the ship's bridge and how ship response data are presented back to the deck officers via a family of display monitor screens. These displays provide the officers with a "tool" that can be used to effectively monitor the physical and structural response of their ship to waves, and to quantify, in terms of lowering the wave bending moment and reducing the risk of slamming, the result of an action or actions taken to minimize the risk of incurring structural damage. Onboard ship response and structural monitoring is now an integral part of BP's tanker fleet structural management program. The units have greatly increased the awareness of the ship's officers regarding their role in helping to control the amount of structural damage done to the ships. Data from the units have also helped management make more informed decisions regarding operational requirements placed on the ships.

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Paik, Jeom Kee, Jae Myung Lee, Joon Sung Hwang, and Young II Park. "A Time-Dependent Corrosion Wastage Model for the Structures of Single-and Double-Hull Tankers and FSOs and FPSOs." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 03 (July 1, 2003): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.3.201.

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This paper presents a mathematical model for predicting time-variant corrosion wastage of the structures of single-and double-hull tankers; floating, storage, and off-loading units (FSOs); and floating, production, storage, and off-loading units (FPSOs). The measurement data of corrosion depth (thickness loss) for single-skin oil tanker structures of various ages are collected, and the statistical characteristics (mean, variance, distribution) of measured corrosion data are quantified in terms of ship age. A set of timedependent corrosion wastage models for 34 different structural member groups by type and location, considering plating, and webs and flanges of stiffening, are then developed by the statistical analysis of the corrosion measurements. The nominal design corrosion values for primary member locations/categories are also proposed. The results of this study can be updated as additional experience is accumulated. The procedures and insights developed in the present work will be useful for predicting the depth of corrosion in oil tanker structures. They will also be useful for establishing requirements and guidelines for the relevant corrosion protection measures and for designing corrosion-tolerant tanker structures in general.

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25

Jafaryeganeh, Hamidreza, Manuel Ventura, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Internal Compartment Layout of Oil Tankers." Journal of Ship Production and Design 35, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.09180034.

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This work deals with the design of the internal layout of a shuttle tanker formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem, balancing cargo capacity and minimizing still water bending moment with safety requirements, in particular survivability after damage. A parametric model is used to specify the internal layout of a tanker ship considering a fixed hull shape and regulatory framework. The design variables include positions of watertight members in the internal layout, such as watertight bulkhead position, double-bottom height, and wing tanks width. Merit functions are the minimization of oil outflow parameter, maximization of cargo capacity, and minimization of the longitudinal bending moment, which are, respectively, represented for reduction of environmental pollution due to damaged oil tankers, improvement of economic benefits, and safety during operation. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is used for approaching the Pareto frontiers, and the choices between the optimal designs are discussed while introducing a utility function.

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26

Ferry, Leann. "Citizens and Industry Working Together To Make Oil Transportation Safer." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-793.

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ABSTRACT The Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council (RCAC) is an independent non-profit corporation promoting the environmentally safe operation of the Alyeska Marine Terminal in Valdez, Alaska, and associated oil tankers. RCAC's work is mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and guided by a contract with Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. Conflict is inherent in the relationship of citizens, industry, and government. The priorities of the citizens and those of the oil industry are fundamentally different and sometimes directly opposed. Such differences do not preclude citizens, industry and government from sharing environmental objectives. Joint projects have been especially successful in promoting effective working relationships between citizens, industry and government. Since 1990, RCAC has participated in several projects with the oil industry and government agencies on a wide range of issues including oil spill drills, disabled tanker towing, a tanker risk assessment, non-indigenous species invasions in waterways, and marine fire response capabilities. When stakeholders develop and manage a project together, disagreements can be identified and worked out early. This can minimize conflict and lead to common ground. Ten years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, citizens, industry, and government are working together in Alaska to make oil transportation safer.

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27

Grey, Catherine J. "The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers: An Analysis of IOPC Fund Incidents." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-41.

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ABSTRACT The 1971 and 1992 International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) provide compensation to the victims of oil spills from tankers in countries which have ratified the 1971 and 1992 Fund Conventions. Since 1978, they have dealt with more than 100 incidents, paying compensation in 68 of these. Details of the individual incidents are given together with the total cost for each, expressed in US$. The numbers, sizes and costs of the incidents are analysed in detail and compared with the incidence of all tanker spills in Fund countries, using data from the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation's (ITOPF) Oil Spill Database. This analysis reveals a number of trends relating to the size of tankers; the amount and type of oil spilled; and the geographical location. The 1971 IOPC Fund has undoubtedly proved highly effective, but recent incidents have tested the limits of compensation available. The 1992 Fund Convention entered into force in May 1996, providing both higher limits and a broader scope. However, the threshold at which it comes into effect is also higher, thereby excluding many of the less expensive spills which would previously have been covered by the 1971 Fund Convention. The significance of this for the numbers and costs of incidents likely to be dealt with by both the 1971 and the 1992 IOPC Funds is examined.

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28

Fishwick, Tony. "Hydrogen sulphide releases during oil tanker operations." Loss Prevention Bulletin 155, no. 1 (October 1, 2000): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026095700522903.

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29

Nomoto, Toshiharu, and Kazuhiro Aoyama. "The Product Definition System for Oil-Tanker." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan 1991, no. 169 (1991): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2534/jjasnaoe1968.1991.509.

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30

Humadi, A. M. "Prospects for the oil and tanker industries." OPEC Review 14, no. 2 (June 1990): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1990.tb00372.x.

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31

Ung, Shuen-Tai. "Human error assessment of oil tanker grounding." Safety Science 104 (April 2018): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.035.

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32

Solow, Andrew R. "Saturday Effects in Tanker Oil Spills: Comment." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26, no. 3 (May 1994): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1018.

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33

Goodstein, Eban. "Saturday Effects in Tanker Oil Spills: Reply." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26, no. 3 (May 1994): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1019.

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34

Papanikolaou, Apostolos, George Zaraphonitis, Evangelos Boulougouris, Uwe Langbecker, Sven Matho, and Pierre Sames. "Multi-objective optimization of oil tanker design." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 15, no. 4 (July 22, 2010): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-010-0097-7.

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35

Daidola, John C. "Tanker Structure Behavior During Collision and Grounding." Marine Technology and SNAME News 32, no. 01 (January 1, 1995): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1995.32.1.20.

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Recent accidents and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 have precipitated a renewed interest in the behavior of tanker structure in collision and grounding. The nature of collision and grounding is reviewed and analysis techniques are identified from the literature. Existing and proposed structural arrangements for modern tankers are considered in light of their ability to provide environmental and cargo protection during collision and grounding. Critical structural details which may reduce the protective characteristics of the structure are identified. Sample calculations and results are provided for various structural arrangements and details.

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36

Wu, Wenfeng, Jiakuo Zhang, Jinshu Lu, Jialin Gao, Fan Sun, Jiajia Deng, and Dongze Wei. "Temperature field distribution analysis for cargo oil on microwave heating process." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191226133w.

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This paper uses microwave technology to study the heating process of cargo oil in tanker side cabin under the static environment. The research is aimed to improve the heat transfer efficiency of cargo oil and solve the problems of uneven temperature distribution and energy consumption during the heating process of traditional crude-oil in oil tank. Based on the theory of microwave heating and heat transfer, the finite element simulation software is used to couple the microwave and temperature field during the cargo oil is heated to simulate the changing characteristics of the temperature field in static environment, and then verify the numerical results of the existing experiments. The simulation results show that the numerical results of this model agree well with the experimental data, and the error is in the range of 6.21-13.84%. Therefore, the accuracy of the numerical method can be verified. During the heating process, the absorption of microwave energy has a positive correlation with the electric field intensity distribution. The microwave field shows a ?strong point? distribution characteristic. Heat transfer is accompanied by natural-convection and heat conduction, and the oil temperature distribution is more balanced under the combined effect, which shows that the microwave heating of oil tankers have certain feasibility. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for studying the heat transfer law of oil tanker cargo steam and microwave combined heating process.

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37

Kim, Ul-Nyeon, Woo-Il Ha, and Ick-Heung Choe. "An Experimental Study on the Oil Spillage of Damaged Oil Tanker." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea 46, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3744/snak.2009.46.4.398.

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38

Ha, Yeongsok, Keunjon Chung, and Jungsoo Seo. "Estimation on Oil Tanker Fleet Capacity in Korea's Crude Oil Market." Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics 28, no. 1 (April 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2012.04.001.

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39

Fransas, Anne. "UNIQUE LIQUID CARGO HANDLING SIMULATOR IN FINLAND." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-177.

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ABSTRACT Most of the hazardous incidents and accidents in liquid terminals occur during the cargo handling operations, i.e. tanker loading and discharging. The main reason of these incidents is lack of cooperation and communication between the terminal and the ship. Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu, University of Applied Sciences (UAS) and the Kymenlaakso Region in Southeast Finland aim to improve the operational safety in tanker terminals. One example of this is the Liquid Cargo Handling Simulator located in Kotka in the Seafaring and Logistics Department of Kymenlaakso UAS. The simulator unit consists of two parts, the tanker and the terminal simulator, which are integrated together. In case of oil spill accidents it is possible to train oil combating with the help of PISCESII Oil Spill Management Simulator which is also on part of this unit. The simulator enables the practice of the loading and discharging of different types of tankers and railway wagons. The training aims to teach routine practises as well as safety practises in certain risk situations. It includes also the theoretical part and it is directed at all personnel and students of the field who deal with liquid cargoes in ports. The simulator will be used in the basic studies of Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu UAS, as part of course activities, and in the training of its personnel and interest groups. The production of the Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences’ simulator programme is carried out by Transas from St. Petersburg, a world-leading developer and supplier of Information Technology solutions for the maritime industry. Neste Oil, Port of Porvoo, also contributed to the project. The liquid terminal simulator project is financed by European Union, State Provincial Office of Southern Finland, Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu, Crystal Pool Ltd, Port of H amina Ltd, Vopak Chemicals Logistics Finland Oy, Neste Oil Oy, Kauko-Telko Oy, SGS Inspection Services Oy, and Baltic Tank Oy.

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40

Gooding, Peter W. "Collision with a Crushable Bow." Marine Technology and SNAME News 38, no. 03 (July 1, 2001): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2001.38.3.186.

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Oil tanker collisions and groundings pose the potential for large spills. Currently, the International Maritime Organization and national governments have design standards for tankers that do not account for a vessel's crashworthiness. By using crashworthiness, a vessel can be optimally designed for both weather and extreme loading situations. Minorsky [1] examined the problem of collision damage on a vessel side wall. Using previous collision data, Minorsky generated a simple damage volume to kinetic energy relationship for the safety of reactors on nuclear-powered ships. Since then, many researchers have provided solutions for the extent of damage on a tanker based on an assumption of a rigid bow collision. Such a formulation does not account for the energy consumed by the bow deformation. As a result, the damage extent to the side of a vessel is overestimated. By adding a crushable bow, the final result will allow for a more optimally designed vessel. This paper provides a simple closed-form solution for modeling the collision resistance of the bulbous bow portions of tankers. This closed-form solution can be combined with side collision solutions to optimally design a tanker for extreme loading conditions.

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41

LaBelle, Robert P., Charles F. Marshall, Cheryl M. Anderson, and Walter R. Johnson. "EXPORTING ALASKAN NORTH SLOPE CRUDE OIL: EVALUATION OF OIL SPILL RISKS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 1002–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-1002.

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ABSTRACT On November 28, 1995, President Clinton signed legislation (S.395, Public Law 104-58) that authorizes the exporting of Alaskan North Slope crude oil. The oil would be shipped in U.S. flag vessels through the Gulf of Alaska and along a route 200 miles offshore the Aleutian Islands to the Far East. Implementation of this law is subject to a Determination of National Interest, which considers potential effects to the environment and economy. An interagency group, including the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, and the U.S. Coast Guard, was formed to analyze such effects, one of which is oil spill risk. The Minerals Management Service's Oil-Spill Risk Analysis model was used to track and analyze simulated spills from two tanker routes: a proposed route offshore the Aleutian Islands, and the existing domestic tanker routes through the Gulf of Alaska and along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The model results reflect the estimated risk to coastal areas over the various seasons from spills at large for up to 30 days’ travel time. The information generated was used to support planning for mitigation of potential risk and impacts.

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42

Tham, Eric. "Leading indicators for Arabian Gulf oil tanker rates." OPEC Energy Review 32, no. 2 (June 2008): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0237.2008.00147.x.

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43

Wan, Zheng, and Jihong Chen. "Human errors are behind most oil-tanker spills." Nature 560, no. 7717 (August 2018): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05852-0.

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44

Huang, Cheng, and I. A. Karimi. "Scheduling Tanker-Lightering Operations in Crude Oil Transportation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 24 (November 2006): 8063–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie060379j.

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45

Alfaro-Cid, Eva, and Euan W. McGookin. "Genetic Algorithm Optimisation of Oil Tanker Control Systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 7 (July 2001): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)35087-5.

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46

Gao, Xianjiao, Shengzhe Shi, Mingzhen Wang, and Jiaxu Zhang. "Study on trim optimization for an oil tanker." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1985, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1985/1/012018.

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47

Smailys, Vytautas, and Mindaugas Česnauskis. "ESTIMATION OF EXPECTED CARGO OIL OUTFLOW FROM TANKER INVOLVED IN CASUALTY." TRANSPORT 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2006.9638083.

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Modified version of simplified probabilistic methodology, designed for estimation of expected cargo oil outflow from tanker involved in casualty, is proposed. Suggested modified methodology can be used in the circumstances, when only very limited initial input data about the incident and tanker design is available. When applied in certain sea region (for example in Lithuanian sector of the Baltic Sea area), proposed methodology can be used in extremely short time spans, ‐ estimation procedure requires several times less time than standard IMO methodologies, and gives quite insignificant errors of estimated oil outflow.

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48

Costache, Mihaela, George Jagite, and Costel-Iulian Mocanu. "3D-FEM Strength Analysis for the Influence of Corrosion over Oil Tanker Ship Hull." International Journal of Engineering Research 3, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v3s11/1109.

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49

Sigit, Prasetya. "Peran Crude Oil Washing System (COW) Pada Kapal Tanker." Majalah Ilmiah Bahari Jogja 18, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33489/mibj.v18i1.232.

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Crude Oil Washing System adalah sistim yang menggunakan Crude Oil atau minyak mentah sebagai medium pencuci. Tanki-tanki muatan diusahakan bersih dari sisa-sisa muatan minyak mentah sehingga balas bersih dapat dimuat dalam tanki yang sudah dibilas tadi dengan hanya mengadakan sedikit pembilasan lebih dahulu dengan air sehingga akibat pollusi akan sangat terbatas. Pipa yang digunakan yang dihubungkan dengan pipa muatan harus dibuat dari pipa baja atau sejenisnya yang kekuatannya cukup untuk menahan tekanan minyak yang diperlukan, dan juga harus terpasang (fixed) dan diperkuat dengan baik. Crude Oil Washing System harus dipasang permanent dan terpisah sama sekali dari system pipa-pipa yang lain kecuali yang disambung kepipa muatan. Juga pipa-pipa tersebut harus dilengkapi dengan relief system guna mengontrol tekanan dalam pipa jangan sampai berlebih, relief pipe system ini harus dihubungkan kembali dengan bagian isap dari Supply Pump. Sedangkan keuntungan menggunakan Crude Oil adalah sudah tersedia dikapal dengan cara resirkulasi, efektif untuk menghilangkan sediment dan sisa-sisa minyak yang melekat dalam tanki (good Carrier) dan dibongkar bersama-sama dengan muatan, tidak menimbulkan karat serta tidak ada kemungkinan emulsi air dan minyak jadi mengurangi bahaya pollusi. Semua pekerjaan Crude Oil Washing harus sudah selesai sebelum kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan bongkar muatan terakhir.Jika sampai dilaksanakan Crude Oil Washing antara dua pelabuhan bongkar pada tanki-tanki tersebut harus tetap kosong untuk pemeriksaan pada pelabuhan-pelabuhan berikutnya sebelum diisi dengan air balas.

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Kang, Bong-Gook, Sang-Beom Shin, and Dong-Hwan Park. "A Study on Design of Fillet Weld Size for Stiffener in the Hull Bottom of Crude Oil Tanker." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 32, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2014.32.1.79.

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