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Leamon, Gregory Robert Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Petroleum well costs." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Petroleum Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30599.
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This is the first academic study of well costs and drilling times for Australia???s petroleum producing basins, both onshore and offshore. I analyse a substantial database of well times and costs sourced from government databases, industry and over 400 recent well completion reports. Three well phases are studied - Pre-Spud, Drilling and Completion. Relationships between well cost factors are considered, including phase time, phase cost, daily cost, rig day rate, well depth, basin, rig type, water depth, well direction, well objective (e.g. exploration), and type of completion (P&A or producer). Times and costs are analysed using scatter plots, frequency distributions, correlation and regression analyses. Drilling times are analysed for the period 1980 to 2004. Well time and variability in well time tend to increase exponentially with well depth. Technical Limits are defined for both onshore and offshore drilling times to indicate best performance. Well costs are analysed for the period 1996 to 2004. Well costs were relatively stable for this period. Long term increases in daily costs were offset to some extent by reductions in drilling times. Onshore regions studied include the Cooper/Eromanga, Surat/Bowen, Otway and Perth Basins. Offshore regions studied include the Carnarvon Basin shallow and deepwater, the Timor Sea and Victorian Basins. Correlations between regional well cost and well depth are usually high. Well costs are estimated based on well location, well depth, daily costs and type of completion. In 2003, the cost of exploration wells in Australia ranged from A$100,000 for shallow coal seam gas wells in the Surat/Bowen Basins to over A$50 million for the deepwater well Gnarlyknots-1 in the Great Australian Bight. Future well costs are expected to be substantially higher for some regions. This study proposes methods to index historical daily costs to future rig day rates as a means for estimating future well costs. Regional well cost models are particularly useful for the economic evaluation of CO2 storage sites which will require substantial numbers of petroleum-type wells.
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PICARD, NICOLAS. "DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL HYDRAULICS FOR OIL WELL DRILLING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1025637714.
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Alborzi, Mahmood. "Application of neural networks to real-time log interpretation in oil well drilling." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309502.
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Al-Muraikhi, Ahmed J. "Evaluation of vertical multiphase flow correlations for Saudi Arabian field conditions." Dhahran, Saudi Arabia : King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 1989. http://library.kfupm.edu.sa/lib-downloads/1381127.pdf.
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Prado, Mauricio Gargaglione. "A block implicit numerical solution technique for two-phase multidimensiaonal steady state flow /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1995. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9523266.
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Chipindu, Njalo Socrates Chipongue. "Pos-analise em problemas de perfuração de poços maritimos de desenvolvimento." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263688.
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Orientadores: Celso Kazuyuki Morooka, Jose Ricardo Pelaquim Mendes, Kazuo MiuraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Os problemas na perfuração de poços de petróleo são responsáveis pela maior parte dos tempos não produtivos, elevando assim os custos diários das operações. Portanto, o estudo e o entendimento destes problemas contribuirá para a otimização da perfuração, melhorando assim as práticas ou mitigando os efeitos severos das anormalidades. O presente trabalho apresenta três procedimentos para identificação das causas dos problemas que poderão auxiliar o jovem profissional a caracterizar os mais variados problemas que ocorrem durante a perfuração de um poço. Neste escopo são abordadas apenas as ocorrências pré-classificadas como dificuldade de manobra, dificuldade de avanço, e prisão. O estudo usa dados dos boletins diários de perfuração dos poços, dados de mudlogging, dados obtidos por ferramentas de monitoramento contínuo da perfuração e outros dados como o fluido utilizado, a configuração da composição de fundo, o desgaste de broca, o gráfico do caliper, litologia e trajetória do poço. A caracterização dos problemas é feita mediante a identificação e associação de eventos que levam a formular hipóteses das prováveis causas dos problemas. Dois grupos de pesquisa (Unicamp e Genesis do Brasil) em engenharia de poço implementaram separadamente os procedimentos propostos. Os resultados foram coincidentes para a maioria trechos de poços marítimos de desenvolvimento analisados, o que atesta a eficácia dos procedimentos diagnósticos. Este estudo é importante para indústria, pois pode maximizar a eficiência na perfuração, através da minimização e/ou eliminação dos tempos não produtivos, responsáveis por avultadas perdas econômicas, além de permitir tornar mais robustas as ferramentas de acompanhamento, em tempo real, das operações de perfuração, na tomada de decisões e na melhoria do processo de planejamento de poço
Abstract: Drilling problems are accountable for the majority of the non productive times in the industry raising the daily operations costs. Therefore, the study and understanding of the problems will contribute to the drilling optimization, improving the practices or by mitigating their severe effects. The present work presents three procedures for identification of causes of drilling problems which can help the young professionals to characterize a wide range of problems that occur while drilling an oil well. In this scope they are studied only the problems pre-classified by occurrence as: problems in tripping, problem in drilling ahead and stuck pipe. The study uses data from the daily drilling reports, mudlogging data, on time monitoring tools data and mud data, Bottom Hole Assembly composition, bit wear report, caliper data, litology and well trajectory. The characterization of the problems is made by identification and association of the events that lead to formulate the hypotheses of the probable causes of the problems. Two research groups (Unicamp and Genesis do Brasil) in well engineering implemented separately the three proposed procedures. The results were coincident for the majority of the analyzed intervals of offshore development wells, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed procedures. This work is important to the industry since it leads to the drilling efficiency maximization by minimization and/or elimination non productive times that are the main responsible for economic losses, beside the fact that these findings can be used to boost the capacity of the monitoring and logging tools as well as to support the on time decision making and to improve well planning process
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Ifekaibeya, Walter Nkemjika. "Estudo da influência da taxa de penetração de broca de perfuração nos custos da construção de poços de petróleo." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263342.
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Orientadores: José Ricardo Pelaquim Mendes, Kazuo MiuraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Na área de petróleo & gás, devido aos altos custos das sondas utilizados nas atividades de perfuração no mar, o aumento da velocidade de execução das operações torna-se imprescindível. A necessidade de se reduzir esses altos custos tem feito com que empresas de perfuração busquem métodos que permitam alcançar o objetivo almejado. Uma dessas formas é o aumento da taxa de penetração (ROP) da broca. Contudo, segundo pesquisas, os efeitos obtidos através dessa prática nem sempre tem resultado na redução dos custos operacionais. Embora pertinente essa constatação, não foram desenvolvidos estudos que pudessem dizer a real influência da taxa de penetração da broca sobre os custos de construção de poços. Essa deficiência motivou o desenvolvimento desta dissertação, que possui como objetivo estudar a influência da taxa de penetração da broca sobre os custos de construção de poços utilizando informações obtidas através da análise da análise de Boletins Diário de Perfuração, dados de mudlogging, entre outros. Para facilitar a avaliação desenvolveu-se um novo parâmetro de análise baseado no tradicional e difundido custo métrico da broca
Abstract: In the field of oil and gas, due to the high costs of rigs used in drilling activities, increasing the speed of operations execution becomes essential. The need to reduce these costs has made drilling companies seek methods to achieve the desired objective. One of those ways is to increase the rate of penetration (ROP) of the bit. However, according to surveys, the outcomes achieved through this practice have not always result in lower operating costs. Although relevant, studies that could tell the real influence of bit's penetration on the costs of well construction were not developed. This deficiency has motivated the development of this dissertation, which has as objective to study the influence of penetration rates on the well construction costs by using information obtained from daily drilling reports analysis, mudlogging data, among others. To facilitate the evaluation influence of bit's penetration on the costs of well construction has developed a new parameter of analysis based on the traditional and popular cost per foot
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
8
Salmazo, Eduardo 1980. "Modelagem matemática da evolução de domos salinos sua influência na perfuração de poços de petróleo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263224.
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Orientador: José Ricardo Pelaquim MendesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Neste trabalho discute-se os desafios associados à atividade de perfuração de poços de petróleo através de formações afetadas pela presença de domos salinos. Domos salinos podem induzir grandes tensões nas formações subjacentes e adjacentes, impondo a necessidade de um planejamento específico para a perfuração e manutenção de poços de petróleo. Durante a perfuração, em frente à zonda de sal, há relatos de problemas de aprisionamento de coluna, dissolução de sal no fluido de perfuração, ocasionando a formação de batentes mecânicos e cavernas. Há ainda, nas formações que rodeiam um domo salino, devido à alterações no campo de tensões, problemas de instabilidade nas paredes do poço aberto e formação de zonas anormalmente prossurizadas. Após o revestimento do poço, há casos de colapso do revestimento. Para prever e mitigar os riscos associados à essa atividade é de fundamental importância o entendimento dos fenômenos físicos que o ocasionam. Com essa finalidade, foi feito um estudo à respeito de tais mecanismo físicos como fluência e instabilidade hidrodinâmica, mais especificamente a instabilidade de Rayleigh-Taylor. Desenvolveu-se, a partir de tal estudo, um modelo analítico para prever o desenvolvimento de um domo salino e discutiu-se a forma como este pode interferir em parâmetros importantes para a atividade de perfuração como, por exemplo, o campo de tensões nas formações adjacentes às camadas de sal
Abstract: In this present work are discussed the challenges associated with the drilling activities in oil wells through formations affected by the presence of salt domes. This geological structures can induce large stresses in the underlaying and adjacent formations, imposing the necessity of specific planning for drilling and maintenance of such oil wells. During drilling, facing the salt, there are reports of problems of stuck pipe, salt dissolution, forming mechanical stops and caves. There are still, in formations around a salt dome, due changes in the stress field, problems of well instability and abnormally pressure zones. After casing, there are cases of case collapse. To prevent and mitigate risks associated to this activity, is crucial understand the physical phenomena behind it. With such finality, was made an study related with such physical mechanisms, such hydrodynamic instability, specifically the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Was developed, from this study, an analytical model to predict the salt dome development and was discussed the way such it can interfer in important paramenters related to the drilling activity as, for exemple, the tension field in the formation around the salt dome
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
9
Lima, Neto Epaminondas Gonzaga 1989. "Comportamento PVT de misturas de dióxido de carbono em emulsões base n-parafina." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265928.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O cenário das perfurações de poços de petróleo vem mudando ao longo do tempo. Tanto pela necessidade do suprimento da demanda crescente por petróleo e gás quanto pela queda na produção de campos maduros, a perfuração de poços tem se deparado com ambientes mais agressivos a cada dia: maiores temperaturas, maiores pressões, maior afastamento em relação à costa e ambientes quimicamente mais hostis. A presença considerável de dióxido de carbono - CO2 - nos reservatórios aponta para uma maior preocupação na perfuração de poços em tais formações uma vez que, se esse componente adentra ao poço numa situação de kick, sua interação com a lama de perfuração pode alterar características importantes desse fluido, tais como: densidade, viscosidade e acidez. Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o comportamento PVT de sistemas contendo CO2 e líquidos com composição similar aos fluidos de perfuração à base de óleo: n-parafina pura e emulsão inversa. Foram realizados um estudo experimental de tais sistemas, uma simulação computacional, uma análise estatística dos dados obtidos para esse sistema com o intuito de avaliar as melhores correlações matemáticas para representação dos dados experimentais e aplicações de tais correlações em exemplos de controle de poço. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a simulação consegue reproduzir bem os dados experimentais (desvios de até 16%), apenas subestimando-os em frações molares de CO2 mais elevadas. Comparando os dados para o CO2, obtidos neste trabalho, com dados para o metano, obtidos da literatura, observa-se que o sistema contendo CO2 apresenta, dentre outras características, maior fator de formação de volume e solubilidade até 15 vezes maior que o sistema contendo metano. Por fim, ao examinar os exemplos de controle de poço, percebe-se que quanto maior é o teor de CO2 no sistema, maior é o valor do pit gain, tornando a presença de CO2 no sistema favorável à detecção do kick
Abstract: The scenario of oil and gas well drilling has been changing over the years. Not only because the need of supplying the increasing demand for petroleum and gas but also due to the decrease on the production of mature fields, well drilling has been constantly facing aggressive environments: higher temperatures, higher pressures, higher offshore distances and hazardous chemical environments. The presence of carbon dioxide - CO2 - on reservoirs leads to a concern on well drilling in these formations because the entrance of this gas into the well, in a kick situation, and its interaction with the drilling fluid can change important characteristics of this fluid such as: density, viscosity and acidity. This work aims to evaluate the PVT behavior of the systems containing CO2 and liquids similar to the ones used as base for oil-based drilling fluids: n-paraffin and inverse emulsion. An experimental study of these systems, a computational simulation, a statistical analysis of the data acquired aiming to evaluate the best mathematical correlations to represent these data and applications of these correlations were carried out. The experimental results show that the simulation can reproduce satisfactorily the experimental data (deviations up to 16%), only underestimating them at higher CO2 molar fractions. When comparing the data for CO2, obtained in this work, and the ones for methane, obtained from literature, it is possible to notice that the system containing CO2 has, among other characteristics, higher oil volume formation factor and solubility 15 times greater than the system containing methane. Finally, by examining well control examples, one can notice that the pit gain assumes higher values as the CO2 content increases making the presence of CO2 in the system favorable to kick detection
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
10
Bayagbon, Anthony Mamurhomu. "Impact assessment of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry in Nigeria / A.M. Bayagbon." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6276.
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The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in
the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried
out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their
unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form
of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in
the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region.
In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of
pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in
1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest
from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural
environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of
the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non
compliance.
However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection
policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires
and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil
and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of
the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment
of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in
their operational areas/host communities.
The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to
develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil
industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is
inadequate.
Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that
resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
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Atolini, Tarcila Mantovan. "Estudo de comportamento PVT de misturas de metano em emulsões base N-parafina a altas temperaturas, pressões e concentrações de metano." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265566.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Um dos avanços referentes ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias para perfuração de poços em condições severas de pressão e temperatura está ligado aos fluidos de perfuração. O entendimento do comportamento da mistura de fluido de perfuração e gás da formação, numa situação de influxo de gás da formação para o poço (kick), é essencial para as operações de controle de poço. Especialmente quando se utilizam fluidos orgânicos, os quais dificultam a detecção do influxo. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho é o estudo do comportamento termodinâmico desses fluidos a condições compatíveis com as de fundo de poços de alta temperatura e alta pressão (ATAP). Para atingir esta meta utilizou-se uma célula PVT com limite operacional de 200°C e 100MPa. Primeiramente estudou-se o sistema metano/nparafina nas composições de 0 a 95% em fração molar de metano e nas temperaturas de 70°C a 130°C. Numa segunda fase do trabalho foi estudado o sistema metano/emulsão com duas composições de emulsões, uma 60% n-parafina e outra 70%, variando-se também fração de gás e temperatura. Através dos dados experimentais do sistema metano/n-parafina realizou-se modelagem computacional para o cálculo da solubilidade, densidade e fator volume de formação, obtendo-se correlações que permitiram avaliar projeções baseadas na hipótese da aditividade. Para o cálculo direto dessas propriedades obtiveram-se correlações para o sistema metano/emulsões, as quais foram empregadas em cálculos de volume ganho no tanque como exemplo de sua aplicabilidade
Abstract: One of the advances in the development of drilling technologies under severe conditions of pressure and temperature is related to the drilling fluids. The understanding of the behavior of drilling fluid and the formation gas mixture, in a kick situation, is essential for the well control operations. Especially when organic fluids are used, which makes it more difficult to detect the influx of gas from the formation into the well. The main objective of this work was the study of the PVT behavior of these fluids at pressures and temperatures consistent with the HTHP well conditions. In order to accomplish that, a PVT cell with an operational limit of 200°C and 100MPa was used. First the system methane/n-paraffin was studied, with compositions from 0 to 95% in molar fraction of methane and at temperatures from 70 to 130°C. In a second phase of this work the system methane/emulsion was studied, for two different emulsions, one with 60% n-paraffin and another with 70%, also varying gas fraction and temperature. Through the experimental data of the methane/n-paraffin system a computational modeling was conducted to calculate solubility, density and formation volume factor, resulting in correlations that enabled the evaluation of the validity of the additivity hypothesis. For the entire experimental parameters spam, mathematical adjustments of the methane/emulsion system were done. This correlations were used in pit gain calculations as an example of its applicability
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
12
Filardo, Juarez Guaraci. "Metodologia para dimensionamento de recursos de poços de petróleo." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263668.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Celso Kazuyuki MorookaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a solução para o problema das empresas de petróleo em determinar os quantitativos ótimos de recursos materiais a serem adquiridos para a construção dos poços de petróleo num ambiente de risco, assegurando o cumprimento das metas plurianuais da empresa. Para isto foi necessário gerar vários cenários de demanda pelos materiais através da simulação estocástica do portfólio, pesquisar os mais variados modelos de inventário para entender o dinamismo existente no processo de levantamento de demanda dos materiais até o seu emprego nos poços, possibilitar representar estes fluxos matematicamente por uma função objetivo com termos de receita e de custos destoando dos processos usuais de tomada de decisão que consideram apenas os custos de aquisição; otimizar a função objetivo característica de cada cenário através do método dos algoritmos genéticos para permitir uma flexibilização no uso de modelos mais complexos de representação da demanda, e no final obter uma função multivariada conjunta construída com o auxílio do método das cópulas a qual o tomador de decisão fará o seu julgamento. O processo acima permitiu construir uma metodologia cuja robustez foi testada para um caso prático de definição do quantitativo ótimo de revestimentos de perfuração a ser adquirido para um portfólio de poços constituído por 596 poços marítimos brasileiros em atividades de perfuração, completação, e restauração, e 60 sondas de perfuração com trabalhos simultâneos, intervalo de planejamento de um ano e poços possuindo as mesmas características de projeto do pré-sal. A decisão sobre o quantitativo ideal conforme o risco da empresa foi conseguido facilmente analisando-se as curvas de nível da função multivariada conjunta, que para o caso prático do pré-sal e considerando confiança nos dados de 73%, o quantitativo de revestimento ótimo foi de 140.000 m, caso fosse analisado sem considerar os riscos o quantitativo seria de 145.000 m, indicando que o tomador de decisão tradicional foi conservador e tenderia encarecer o processo. Outra conclusão importante foi que os pontos ótimos situaram-se num intervalo de tempo anterior ao do final do planejamento indicando ter sido vantajoso admitir a falta do revestimento e não construir o poço a partir deste ponto, o que possibilitou também verificar o quão consistente foi o sequenciamento dos poços do portfólio
Abstract: This thesis presents a solution for the problem of oil companies to determine the optimal quantity of material resources to be acquired for the construction of oil wells in a risky environment and assuring the company multiannual goals. In order to achieve that it was necessary to generate various scenarios of materials demand by stochastic simulation of the portfolio, researching the most varied inventory models to understand the existing dynamics in the process of raising materials demand up to their use in the wells, and make possible the representation of these flows mathematically by an objective function in terms of revenue and costs, diverging from the usual decision making processes that consider only the acquisition costs . The characteristic objective function of each scene was optimized by the genetic algorithms method to allow greater flexibility in the use of more complex models to represent the demand by the end of the process is obtained a joint multivariate function built with the aid of the method of copulas and whose decision maker will make their judgment. The above process allowed us to provide a methodology whose robustness has been tested for a practical case of defining the optimum quantity of drilling casings to be acquired for a wells portfolio, consisting of 596 wells in Brazilian offshore drilling, completion, and restore and 60 drilling rigs with simultaneous work, one year for range of planning and wells having the same design features of the sub-salt environment. The decision about the ideal amount considering the company's risk was easily accomplished by analyzing the joint multivariate function contour, to the studied practical case and considering 73% of confidence in the data, the optimum quantity was 140,000 m, if analyzed without considering the risks the quantity would be 145,000 m, indicating that the decision maker was traditionally conservative and would tend to become the process more expensive. Another important conclusion was that the optimal points were located in a time prior to the end of the plan, indicating it was advantageous to allow the lack of the casing and not to build the well from that point, it also allowed to check how consistent the wells portfolio scheduling was
Mestrado
Explotação
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Kim, Nilo Ricardo 1962. "Estudo do comportamento PVT de misturas de metano e fluidos de perfuração base éster." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265558.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto RibeiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Campinas e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Durante uma perfuração convencional, a pressão dentro do poço deve ser sempre maior do que a pressão de poros do reservatório, sob pena da possibilidade de haver um kick, que é a invasão indesejada de fluidos da formação para o poço. Procedimentos inadequados durante a circulação do influxo para fora do poço podem levar a um blowout, ou seja, uma erupção descontrolada dos fluidos da formação. Condições especiais encontradas em águas profundas e ultraprofundas, cenários onde as grandes reservas brasileiras de óleo e gás estão localizadas, demandam o uso de fluidos de perfuração de base sintética devido a características técnicas como baixa toxicidade, alta lubricidade e pouca interação com a formação. Por outro lado, o gás do reservatório se dissolve no fluido de perfuração, tornando as operações de controle de poço muito mais complexas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi entender o comportamento PVT de misturas de metano, principal componente do gás natural, com emulsões de éster, um composto orgânico utilizado como base sintética para fluidos de perfuração, através da determinação experimental de propriedades como o ponto de bolha, a solubilidade, a massa específica e o fator de formação de volume, nas regiões saturada e subsaturada. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um aparato de última geração, cuja principal característica é a visualização do fluido de teste, sob condições de alta temperatura, até 130 °C e alta pressão, até 103 MPa, encontradas no fundo do poço. Um procedimento original de enriquecimento de gás permitiu cobrir os intervalos de temperatura, pressão e concentração de metano com um único teste de longa duração, a partir de certa quantidade de líquido. Os resultados experimentais nas regiões de bolha e orvalho no envelope de fases foram modelados com a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson e uma discussão sobre o comportamento termodinâmico do sistema foi realizada. O presente trabalho estende os limites dos bancos de dados de propriedades termodinâmicas de sistemas metano-éster, além de proporcionar respostas para alguns problemas de controle de poço, encontrados quando a perfuração utilizar emulsões base éster.
Abstract: During conventional drilling operations, it is necessary to maintain the wellbore pressure greater than the reservoir pore pressure, otherwise a kick may occur. If the well control procedure is not effective during the circulation of the formation influx out of the well, a blowout could happen, which is a dangerous event concerning safety and environmental issues. Special conditions in deep and ultra deep water, scenarios where large Brazilian oil and gas reserves are located, demand for synthetic based drilling fluids because of technical characteristics such as toxicity, lubricity and shale inhibition. On the other hand, the formation gas will dissolve in the drilling fluid, making the well control operations much more complex. Methane is the major component of natural gas, while ester is an organic compound, used as the base of synthetic drilling fluids. The knowledge of the thermodynamic behavior of such gas-liquid mixtures under wellbore pressure and temperature conditions is very important for drilling operations and scientific purposes. The main objective of the present work is to understand the PVT behavior of methane and ester based drilling emulsions by experimental determination of bubble point, solubility, density and formation volume factor of the saturated and sub-saturated fluid mixture. PVT experiments were conducted on a last generation apparatus, whose main feature is the visualization of the sample fluid, under high pressure and high temperature testing conditions. Experimental tests were run up to 130 °C and up to pressures of 103 MPa. An original gas enrichment procedure was devised to cover temperature, pressure and methane concentration range with a long term, single liquid amount test. Experimental results in the bubble and dew region of the phase envelope were modeled with Peng-Robinson equation and a comprehensive discussion about the thermodynamic behavior of the system was pursued. The present work will enlarge the limited thermodynamic properties database about methane - ester system that is available in the literature and furnish scientific answers to the well control problems encountered when drilling with ester based emulsions.
Doutorado
Explotação
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Silva, Luciano da. "Análise modal e controle de plataformas offshore sujeitas a perturbações persistentes." Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5020.
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A exploração offshore tem crescido muito nos últimos anos e grandes estruturas e equipamentos têm sido projetados e construídos para remover o óleo que se encontra abaixo da superfície do mar. Para plataformas offshore fixas tipo jaqueta é necessário analisar os problemas decorrentes da exposição dessas instalações ao ambiente hostil do oceano. Estas perturbações induzem vibrações excessivas nas estruturas, afetando o conforto e a estabilidade da instalação, e para combater essas vibrações uma ferramenta matemática foi utilizada para monitorar o estado da integridade da estrutura, a
Transformada de Hilbert-Huang (HHT). O HHT foi utilizada com sucesso para a identificação de parâmetros modais, como frequência fundamental e fator de amortecimento da plataforma. Finalmente, uma técnica de controle de vibração ativa baseada no Controle Linear Quadrático (LQ) é implementada com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos de perturbações oscilatórias indesejáveis causados por ondas e correntes marinhas.The offshore exploration has grown tremendously in recent years, and large structures and equipment has been designed and built to remove the oil that lies beneath the sea surface. For fixed jacket type offshore platforms is necessary to consider the problems arising from exposure of these facilities to the hostile ocean environment. These perturbations induce excessive vibrations in the structures affecting the comfort and stability of the facility, and for to combat these vibrations a mathematical tool was used to monitor the integrity health of the structure, namely the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT). The HHT was used for the successfully identification of modal parameters, as fundamental frequency and damping factor of the platform. Finally, an active vibration control technique based on the Control Linear Quadratic (LQ) is implemented aiming to reduce the effects of undesirable oscillatory perturbations caused by waves and marine current.
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Ribeiro, Vaniele Souza. "Caracterização de águas produzidas provenientes de campos petrolíferos onshore do Estado de Sergipe." Pós-Graduação em Química, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6117.
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In this work, five water produced samples from oil fields onshore (land) of the Sergipe State were characterized. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and content of oil and grease (TOG) were determined. The concentrations of anions (Br-, Cl-, F-, NO3- and SO42-) and cations (Ca2 +, K +, Mg2+, Na +, and NH4+) were determined by ion chromatography (IC). The total arsenic was determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG AFS). For trace metals determination (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) was used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.07 ìg L-1 (Cd e V) and 22 ìg L-1 (Fe). The precision was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged between 0.03% (Na+) and 7.39% (F-). The values of recoveries obtained were between 85 ± 3% (Zn) and 112 ± 1% (Li). The results were compared to the values established by Resolution 430/2011 of the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA). To evaluate the data, the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used. The concentrations of BOD, TOG, Ba, Mn and Fe were higher than those allowed by law, for some samples. The pH and concentration of As, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni, for all samples, were consistent with established values. The conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids, concentration of anions, cations, Li and V are not required by law. The concentrations of Cd and Zn were below the LOQ of the method. In general, all the samples have very similar profiles with relatively close found values for all parameters. It was found that the samples have characteristics and inorganic constituents, which may cause damage to environment or generate drawbacks when used for reinjection. Therefore, the monitoring and characterization the produced water from onshore oil fields are very important for proper treatment of this effluent.Neste trabalho, foram caracterizadas cinco amostras de agua produzida, provenientes de campos petroliferos onshore (terrestres) do Estado de Sergipe. Foram determinados os parametros fisico-quimicos, como pH, condutividade, turbidez, solidos suspensos, demanda bioquimica de oxigenio (DBO) e teor de oleos e graxas (TOG). Os anions (Br- , Cl-, F-, NO3- e SO42-) e cations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+ e NH4+) foram determinados por cromatografia de ions (IC). O arsenio total foi determinado por espectrometria de fluorescencia atomica com geracao de hidreto (HG AFS). Para determinacao dos metais traco (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V e Zn) foi utilizada a espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Os valores de limite de quantificacao (LQ) variaram entre 0,07 Êg.L-1 (Cd e V) e 22 Êg.L-1 (Fe). A precisao foi expressa como desvio padrao relativo (RSD), variando entre 0,03% (Na+) e 7,39% (F-). Os valores de recuperacoes ficaram entre 85 } 3 % (Zn) e 112 } 1% (Li). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos valores estabelecidos pela Resolucao 430/2011 do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Para avaliar os dados, utilizou-se a analise de componente principal (PCA) e analise de agrupamento hierarquico (HCA). Os valores das concentracoes de DBO, TOG, Ba, Mn e Fe foram maiores do que os permitidos pela legislacao, para algumas amostras. Os valores de pH e constituintes inorganicos (As, Pb, Cr, Cu e Ni) para todas as amostras foram concordantes com os valores estabelecidos. A condutividade, turbidez, solidos suspensos, concentracao de anions, cations, Li e V ainda nao sao previstos por lei. Os valores de concentracao de Cd e Zn ficaram abaixo do LQ do metodo. No geral, todas as amostras possuem perfis bem semelhantes, com valores encontrados relativamente proximos para todos os parametros. Foi constatado que as amostras possuem caracteristicas e constituintes inorganicos, que podem causar danos ao meio ambiente ou gerar empecilhos quando utilizadas para fins de reinjecao. Portanto, o monitoramento e caracterizacao das aguas produzidas provenientes de campos petroliferos onshore sao de grande importancia para o tratamento adequado deste efluente.
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Wang, Hong. "Near wellbore stress analysis for wellbore strengthening." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338926861&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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CHIEZA, CAROLINA PONTES. "DIAGNOSTICS OF OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS DURING OIL WELL DRILLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19161@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA perfuração de poços de petróleo é uma operação complexa e de elevado risco e custo financeiro. Com o passar dos anos o número de poços horizontais e de longo alcance perfurados aumentou consideravelmente devido à existência de reservatórios mais profundos e de difícil acesso, além da necessidade de se obter uma melhor eficiência na extração do petróleo. Juntamente com este aumento na complexidade da perfuração surgiram problemas operacionais que, por muitas vezes, não são identificados e acabam sendo responsáveis pela maior parte do tempo não produtivo da operação elevando, assim, seus custos diários. Logo, o estudo destes problemas é de extrema importância para se garantir condições seguras de operação, além de contribuir para a otimização da mesma, mitigação dos efeitos causados e uma maior rapidez e eficácia nas tomadas de decisões. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de identificação de problemas operacionais a fim de otimizar a perfuração de poços, através da utilização de recursos computacionais, para gerar análises de previsão de torque, arraste e hidráulica e, posterior, comparação com os dados de perfuração obtidos, em tempo real, dos sensores de mudlogging e da ferramenta de PWD. A caracterização dos problemas foi realizada com base nos dados reais de poços horizontais, perfurados na Bacia de Campos, mediante a identificação de possíveis desvios importantes, que não estavam previstos, nos parâmetros de perfuração. Através da retro-análise dos dados de perfuração dos poços foi possível diagnosticar alguns problemas operacionais ocorridos durante esta operação, tais como: perda de circulação, prisão da coluna de perfuração, washout no tubo de perfuração e dificuldade de avanço causada por uma limpeza deficiente, pelo enceramento da broca e pela vibração na coluna de perfuração. Além disso, foram destacados também alguns exemplos que mostraram variações na tendência do torque em função de mudança na litologia do poço.
Drilling is a complex and a high risk process which involves high financial cost. Over the years the number of horizontal wells and extended reach wells increased, due to the existence of deeper reservoirs, which are more difficult to access, in addition to the need of having an improvement in the oil production efficiency. Along with this increased complexity of drilling, unidentified operational problems end up being responsible for most of the non-productive time and daily cost increase. Thus, analyzing such problems it is very important to ensure safe operating conditions, optimize drilling operation, control causes/effects and have a faster and efficient decision-making capability. This paper presents a methodology to identify operational problems in order to optimize drilling operation using computer resources to predict torque, drag and hydraulic effects and later on to compare with the drilling data obtained in real time from mudlogging sensors and PWD (Pressure While Drilling). Cases were based on real time data from horizontal wells drilled in Campos Basis, Rio de Janeiro, and the problems were identified with unforeseen changes in drilling parameters trend. After studying the available well data, it was possible to diagnose several operational problems occurred during drilling, such as: lost circulation, stuck pipe, drill pipe washout and difficulty in drilling due to a poor hole cleaning, bit balling and drill string stick-slip vibration. In addition, it was also highlighted some examples that showed variations in the torque trend due to lithology changes.
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FUENTES, CRISTINA DE LAS NIEVES ARANEDA. "PROBABILISTIC EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM PROSPECTS PRIOR TO WILDCAT WELL DRILLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5150@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREstudos econômicos de áreas com indícios de hidrocarbonetos estão imersos em incertezas de diferentes naturezas (geológicas, de engenharia e econômicas). No início do estudo, aspectos da geologia, dos fluidos, das rochas e do reservatório só são conhecidos por métodos indiretos que fornecem informações imprecisas. A redução dessas incertezas é limitada pelos elevados custos de perfuração de poços que permitam testes diretos. Conseqüentemente, decisões de investimentos de exploração têm que ser tomadas sob risco motivando, assim, o desenvolvimento de métodos para a avaliação econômica probabilística de propriedades. O foco desta dissertação é a avaliação econômica probabilística de recursos petrolíferos, antes da perfuração do poço pioneiro. O cálculo do valor econômico de uma propriedade depende das estimativas dos perfis temporais de receitas e custos associados ao seu desenvolvimento e produção (D e P). A obtenção de tais elementos requer um projeto de D e P para a propriedade que, em função dos dados disponíveis, é menos detalhado do que um projeto de simulação multicelular. Nesta dissertação, uma metodologia de avaliação baseada em simulação de Monte Carlo é apresentada juntamente com uma implementação- protótipo. A realização das numerosas replicações, necessárias para se obter uma avaliação probabilística, se torna viável graças a um programa capaz de gerar o projeto de D e P automaticamente. Esse programa foi desenvolvido pela Petrobras com base em regras fornecidas por um especialista. Além da justificativa para a abordagem adotada, da descrição e implementação do método, são feitas considerações sobre distribuições de probabilidade para codificar incertezas e sobre os resultados dos testes iniciais do sistema protótipo.
Economics studies of areas with indications of hydrocarbons are submerged in uncertainties of assorted natures (geological, of engineering and economical). At the start of the study, aspects concerning the geology, the fluids, the rocks and the reservoir are only known through indirect methods that yield imprecise information. The reduction of these uncertainties is limited by high costs of drilling wells that allow direct tests. Consequently, decisions on exploration investments have to be made under risk. This motivates the development of methods for probabilistic economic evaluation of properties. This dissertation addresses the probabilistic economic evaluation of petroleum resources, prior wildcat well drilling. Assessing the economic value of a property depends on estimates of incomes and costs time profiles associated to its development and production (D and P). Obtaining such elements requires a D and P project for the property that, due to the limited data available, is less detailed than a multi- cellular simulation project. In this thesis, a probabilistic evaluation methodology based on Monte Carlo simulation is presented along with a prototype implementation. Performing the numerous replications necessary to obtain a probabilistic evaluation becomes feasible thanks to a procedure capable of automatically generating the D and P project. That procedure was developed by Petrobras based on heuristic rules supplied by an expert. In addition to a justification for the proposed approach, the description of the method and its implementation, comments are made on probability density functions used for encoding uncertainties, and on the results of the initial tests with the prototype system.
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Ozkan, Erdal. "Performance of horizontal wells /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1988. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8825498.
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Hernæs, Marthe Pernille Voltersvik. "Human related root causes behind oil well drilling accidents." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20384.
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Many accident investigation techniques and other methods used by the petroleum industry today list a set of underlying human related causes and subsequent improvement suggestions. Do these techniques address the root cause behind the problem so that the appropriate initiatives can be implemented? The focus of the present thesis was to determine the human related root cause of two major accidents in the North Sea. This in order to give recommendations to improve the safety levels in the organisation. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, the IPT Knowledge Model was adapted to the given accidents. The data input into the model was based on interpreted observations from former investigation reports. The analysis of the blowout on Snorre A and the well control incident on Gullfaks C resulted in 49 and 63 observations respectively. For both accidents, the Human Factor that was indicated to have the largest affect on the accidents was Training and Competency (29% for Snorre A and 19% for Gullfaks C). Lack of competence was indicated as the majority subclass. Collectively, management and supervision, or lack thereof, was also indicated as being a contributing factor to the accidents. These final results coincide with the findings in other investigation reports. However, these are more acute, indicating a specific area of improvement within the company. By increasing the competency levels within the company and ensuring that the leaders and management have the proper tools to follow-up their employees and their operations, the safety levels and culture will improve.
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Becker, Thomas Edward. "Correlations for drill-cuttings transport in directional-well drilling /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1987. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8712608.
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Williams, Peter R. "Computerised kick detection using surface measurements." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243355.
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Huang, Xiaoguang. "Limit state design of oil and gas well casings." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/99757.
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Essiwi, Mohamed Milad Ahmed. "Validation of CFD modeling for oil well drilling fluid flows." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430771.
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Kartoatmodjo, Rudjuk Sinung Trijana. "A model for finite conductivity horizontal wellbores /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1994. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9522755.
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Campos, Wellington. "Mechanistic modeling of cuttings transport in directional wells /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1995. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9527819.
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AL-Rashidi, Abdulrahman F. "Designing neural networks for the prediction of the drilling parameters for Kuwait oil and gas fields." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1209.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 76 p. : ill. (some col.), map (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55).
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Chidamoio, João Fernando. "Experimental and numerical modelling of gaslift cavitation and instabilities in oil producing wells." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239215.
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Adeoye, Adedapo B. "Improving the Viscoelastic Properties of Cement for Oil and Gas Well Cementing Operations." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10002480.
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The importance of cement integrity in the downhole well cannot be over looked. Cement designed for a particular well may not work for another well. As a result, there is a need to design well cement based on appropriate well conditions in order to achieve good integrity during the life time of the well. This research focused on micro-annulus and crack problems associated with downhole well cements. Waste tires have contributed to environmental problems.
Waste tires can be crushed into small particles and used for construction purposes. This is seen as a promising avenue to get rid of the waste tires. This research focused on the possibility of adding tire rubber particles to well cement to reduce the effect of micro-annuli and cracks in well cement. Tire rubber particles of 4 different sizes were used in this research, which was then divided into two parts. The first part dealt with rheology and compressive strength of concretes. These parameters were used to select cement designs with optimum value for subsequent tests. The other part included permeability and creep tests. Permeability measured the amount of water the concrete materials could yield while the creep test measured strain developed when concrete specimen was subjected to a constant stress for 30 minutes and the amount of strain recovered when the concrete specimen was unloaded for another 30 minutes. Creep compliance was done to measure the rate at which strain was developing, which is a function of time under constant stress.
Concrete containing the largest rubber particle size had good amount of strain recovery after unloading while concrete samples containing the smallest rubber particle size had the lowest amount of strain recovery.
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Ali, Md Wazed. "A parametric study of cutting transport in vertical and horizontal well using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2281.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 108 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-46).
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Acheampong, Theophilus. "Essays on North Sea oil and gas economics : offshore safety economics and third party access to infrastructure in the upstream oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232397.
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This thesis explores two themes on upstream oil and gas economics centred on offshore safety economics and third party access to infrastructure in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). The first part involves work that explores the nexus between the offshore safety regime and safety outcomes. It contributes to the literature by explaining the post-Piper Alpha safety regime changes with regard to our understanding, framing of safety decision making and benchmarking of safety outcomes. The second part investigates third party access to infrastructure issues in the UKCS. It contributes to our understanding of how different third party access to infrastructure arrangements can be utilised to maximise economic recovery. Each chapter addresses fundamental issues of North Sea oil and gas operations through the application of microeconomic, operations research and econometric methods within a formal analytical framework. The results provide insights into decision-making complexities in the upstream oil and gas industry by guiding policy makers. Specifically, part one of this thesis looks at safety performance in the post-Piper Alpha era in the UKCS. It investigates ways through which a more comprehensive and theoretically informed framework can be used to understand the linkages that arise when dealing with safety regulations and their impacts on the offshore oil and gas industry. Our objective is to empirically ascertain the determinants of offshore hydrocarbon releases within the context of the post-Piper Alpha offshore safety regime regulations. This is done using an observed number of hydrocarbon releases linked to a population denominator data of the number of the installations present in the UKCS. Three research problems are examined: (1) the transmission mechanisms through which safety regulation influence firm and industry productivity; (2) the assessment methods utilised in measuring and benchmarking regulatory outcomes in terms of safety compliance; and (3) the extent to which safety policies contribute to enhancing safety levels in the oil and gas industry. We initially review the background and literature on offshore safety with a particular emphasis on the UKCS in Chapter 2. We also frame our research questions and underlying hypothesis here. In Chapter 3, we present our underlying empirical framework and model specifications followed by some descriptive analysis of the hydrocarbon releases data. The results of the various econometric model specifications are analysed in Chapter 4. The second part of the thesis explores how possible different ownership patterns (including access arrangements) might affect the economic viability of exploiting remaining resources in the UKCS. This section attempts to answer two critical questions namely how the impact of the separation of infrastructure and field ownership affect economic recovery and the impact of taxation on field and hub economics in a mature oil basin. We explore how possible different ownership structures and access arrangements might affect the economic viability of remaining UKCS reserves. We apply a mixed integer programming (MIP) model to field data from the Northern North Sea. Specifically, we examine how the unbundling of infrastructure and field ownership, as well as different cost sharing and tariff arrangements, affect the long-term economics of hubs and their user fields. Regarding the layout, Chapter 5 talks about access to infrastructure issues in the UKCS namely the regulatory framework for access and related legislation. It leads to the development of a conceptual framework and model based upon which extractions are made to capture the various potential market outcomes. In Chapter 6, the empirical model, which utilises the mixed integer programming approach, is discussed. The data sources and characterization, as well as the presentation of the results from the Baseline Model, are presented in Chapter 7. The analysis of the Tax Model and the Cost Sharing plus Tax Model including structure and simulated results with underlying assumptions are presented in Chapter 8. Finally, Chapter 9 leads to a thorough discussion of the results followed by conclusions and policy recommendations.
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Farrelly, M. "Performance evaluation and selection of rotary drilling bits." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234404.
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Alkaragoolee, Mohammed Y. A. "Hybrid Modelling and Optimisation of Oil Well Drillstrings." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16859.
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The failure of oil well drillstrings due to torsional and longitudinal stresses
caused by stick-slip phenomena during the drilling operation causes great
expense to industry. Due to the complicated and harsh drilling environment,
modelling of the drillstring becomes an essential requirement in studies.
Currently, this is achieved by modelling the drillstring as a torsional lumped
model (which ignores the length of the drillstring) for real-time measurement
and control. In this thesis, a distributed-lumped model including the effects of
drillstring length was developed to represent the drillstring, and was used to
simulate stick-slip vibration. The model was developed with increasing levels of
detail and the resultant models were validated against typical measured signals
from the published literature.
The stick-slip model describes the friction model that exists between the cutting
tool and the rock. Based on theoretical analysis and mathematical formulation
an efficient and adaptable model was created which was then used in the
application of a method of species conserving genetic algorithm (SCGA) to
optimise the drilling parameters.
In conclusion, it was shown that the distributed-lumped model showed improved
detail in predicting the transient response and demonstrated the importance of
including the drillstring length. Predicting the response of different parameters
along the drillstring is now possible and this showed the significant effect of
modelling the drillcollar. The model was shown to better represent real system
and was therefore far more suited to use with real time measurements.Iraqi Government, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
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Dangou, Mohamad Ali Abdulla. "Investigations of the filtration parameters of drilling fluids for optimising oil well productivity." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU239344.
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The main objective of this research was to gain further understanding of the behaviour of oil wellbore fluid filtrates, the various factors affecting filter cake quality, and how these can be controlled to reduce the invasion of the filtrate around the wellbore region. The investigations were intended to define filtration behaviour and filter cake parameters at different fluids with various particle size distributions and various wellbore conditions that are: different filtration pressures, different filtration times, and different shear rates acting on the cake surface during dynamic filtration conditions. The results indicated that all the above mentioned filtration parameters have a various degree of influence on the filter cake and filtration parameters. The forces acting on a particle suspended in the wellbore fluids during dynamic cake particle deposition were also analyzed and a dynamic filtration model was developed. This model can be used to determine the average critical shear rate of these particles and the frictional coefficient factors of the particles with the cake surface. The model has then been modified to predict equilibrium filtration flow rate at any shear stress (above the critical value) applied on the cake surface. Investigations on the transient stage of the dynamic filtration agreed with literature and showed that the size of particles deposited onto the cake decreased with increasing cake thickness, causing the particle size distribution of the dynamic filter cake to alter with cake thickness.
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Correa, Neto Darcy 1979. "Utilização de perfil geofísico de densidade e de imagem de densidade associada a algoritmos de aumento de contraste para estimativa de Net Pay em poços horizontais." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265914.
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Orientador: Alexandre Campane VidalDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: A exposição de um poço horizontal à formações geológicas perfuradas ocorre de forma diferente a exposição de um poço vertical à mesma formação. O poço horizontal atravessa as camadas geológicas de forma sub-paralelas, expondo estas camadas com uma extensão maior do que os poços verticais, que as atravessam de forma sub-perpendicular, formando exposições abruptas. Essa diferença de exposição afeta os perfis volumétricos, os perfis que compõe uma média dos 360º do poço, considerando um corte perpendicular a direção longitudinal do poço de forma diferente em relação aos perfis azimutais. Devido a esta diferença na exposição, é importante considerar métodos diferentes para a estimativa de Net Pay entre poços verticais e horizontais. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de utilizar perfis de densidade azimutais para diferenciar as estimativas de Net Pay. Para a consecução dos objetivos deste trabalho, foram feitos dois estudos. O primeiro deles consiste na utilização de perfis azimutais de densidade para gerar diferentes cálculos do Net Pay. Um segundo estudo compreendeu a análise de diferentes algoritmos de aumento de contraste de imagem, para auxiliar na identificação das feições geológicas, auxiliando na análise de Net Pay. Os perfis utilizados para a realização deste trabalho são de um poço produtor de óleo perfurado em um turbidito da costa leste brasileira. Neste poço, foi possível identificar algumas feições geológicas, como arenitos e folhelhos (camadas), cimentação carbonática e falha geológica. Como resultado do cálculo de Net Pay dos diferentes perfis de densidade analisados neste trabalho, foi possível identificar uma diferença de até 10,72% de Net Pay no mesmo poço. O Net Pay final das curvas de densidade volumétrica, densidade up, densidade down, conjunto da densidade up ou down e imagem obtiveram os seguintes resultados respectivamente: 88,42%, 91,44%, 89,86%, 96,62% e 99,14%. Quanto aos algoritmos de aumento de contraste, foram aplicados 14 algoritmos do domínio do espaço, possibilitando uma melhor visualização de contatos geológicos, falhas e camadas geológicas. Entre todos os algoritmos utilizados, os que apresentaram melhores resultados em imagem de densidade foram os algoritmos de derivada de 2ª ordem, corte dos níveis de cinza e histograma normalizado. Conclui-se portanto, que cada feição geológica encontrada ao longo do poço afeta os perfis azimutais e a imagem de densidade de forma diferente, portanto, a utilização dos diferentes perfis e dos algoritmos de aumento de contraste de imagem podem deflagar quais curvas de densidade devem ser utilizadas em determinadas profundidades do poço para obter o Net Pay mais preciso
Abstract: Drilled geological formation exposure are different considering horizontal and vertical wells. A horizontal well passes throught geological beds almost parallel, resulting in a wider exposure of the formation along the well path, while vertical wells passes through the same formation perpendicularly, resulting in abrupt contact between beds. This difference in exposure affects the volumetric well logs, logs that are composed by the average of the 360º of the well, considering a perpendicular cut of the longitudinal direction of the well. Due to this difference in exposure, it is important to consider difernet methos of estimation of Net Pay regarding vertical and horizontal wells. The objective os this work is to use azimuthal density logs to make diferent Net Pay estimations. To achieve the objectives of this project, two studies were made. The first study consists of the use of azimuthal density logs to generate diferent Net Pay estimations. The second, consists of the analysis of different image contrast enhancement algorithms to help on the identification of geological features, supporting the Net Pay analysis. The logs used on this work are from an oil productive well drilled in turbidites of the brazilian east coast. In this well, it was possible to identify a few geological features, such as sandstone and shale (beds), carbonate ciment and geological faults. As a result of the Net Pay calcualtion of the diferent density logs, it was possible to identify a difference of up to 10.72% Net Pay in the same well. The final Net Pay estimated from the volumetric density, up density, down density, up or down density and density image was respectively: 88.42%, 91.44%, 89.86%, 96.62% e 99.14%. Regarding the image contrast enhancement algorithms, 14 diferent algorithms from the space domain were applied to the selected density image, allowing a better visualization of several geological features, such as geological contacts, beds and faults. The algorithms that presented the best results in this image were the 2nd order derivative, gray level slicing and normalized histogram. Conclusions of this project are that each geological feature located at the well, affects the azimuthal and image logs in different ways, so, the use of different logs and image contrast enhancement algorithms can identify which density curves should be used in different depths of the well in order to obtain the most accurate Net Pay
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Shewring, Nigel Ivor Edward. "Interactions at the clay/polymer/water interface." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1998. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20358/.
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The thesis investigates the behaviour of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions and also the interactions between montmorillonite as a free standing film and in highly dispersed aqueous suspension with water soluble polymers used as additives in water based drilling fluids. FTIR microscopy and FTIR ATR spectroscopy have been employed to study in-situ dehydration of fully dispersed aqueous montmorillonite suspensions. The IR spectrum of the dispersed bentonite shows significant differences from that of a dry bentonite powder, which have been attributed to the hydration of the exchangeable cation. Drying, or concentrated salt solution causes the differences to disappear and this is attributed to the exchangeable cation settling back to its ditrigonal cavity in the silicate sheet of the mineral under these conditions. The adsorption of various molecular weights of neutral polyacrylamide (PAM) onto montmorillonite has been studied using FTIR transmission, ATR spectroscopy and XRD. Shifts seen in the NH[2] stretching and bending bands have been interpreted as being due to H-bonding with the outer co-ordination sphere of exchangeable cations. KCl has shown to have some influence on this system. Another neutral polymer used extensively in water based drilling fluids is polyalkylglycol (PAG). The adsorption of two molecular weights of this polymer from aqueous solutions of various concentrations have been monitored both in the presence and absence of KCl. The physical form of the montmorillonite (either as a free standing film or as a dispersed suspension), the concentration of the polymer solution, the polymer molecular weight and the presence of KCl all have significant effects on the adsorption of polymer. The stabilisation of montmorillonite films by PAG and PAG/KCl solutions has been monitored by ATR spectroscopy, and the dehydration of these films by polymer has been monitored using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. The interaction of PAG is thought to be via hydrogen bonding with the innermost co-ordination sphere of the exchangeable cations which thus presents a hydrophobic surface to solvent molecules, preventing the film from collapse. Since all water based drilling fluids are multi-component systems, techniques previously used have been employed to study the competitive adsorption of the polyalkylglycol and polyacrylamide components. Preferential adsorption of the PAG is seen in these systems either due to the mass transport effects (PAG is considerably smaller than PAM) or due to PAG removing all but the inner cation hydration sphere, and presenting a hydrophobic surface for the PAM, and therefore preventing its adsorption.
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Mishra, Nekkhil. "Investigation of hole cleaning parameters using computational fluid dynamics in horizontal and deviated wells." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5111.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 65 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-60).
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Valås, Inge Åsmund. "A Data-intensive Approach to Prediction of Unwanted Events during Oil and Gas Well Drilling." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9282.
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Badescu, Adrian Constantin. "Reservoir characterization of the Miocene Starfak and Tiger Shoal fields, offshore Louisiana through integration of sequence stratigraphy, 3-D seismic, and well-log data." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3108452.
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Abdollahi, Jafar. "Analysing Complex Oil Well Problems through Case-Based Reasoning." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1702.
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The history of oil well engineering applications has revealed that the frequent operational problems are still common in oil well practice. Well blowouts, stuck pipes, well leakages are examples of the repeated problems in the oil well engineering industry. The main reason why these unwanted problems are unavoidable can be the complexity and uncertainties of the oil well processes. Unforeseen problems happen again and again, because they are not fully predictable, which could be due to lack of sufficient data or improper modelling to simulate the real conditions in the process. Traditional mathematical models have not been able to totally eliminate unwanted oil well problems because of the many involved simplifications, uncertainties, and incomplete information. This research work proposes a new approach and breakthrough for overcoming these challenges. The main objective of this study is merging two scientific fields; artificial intelligence and petroleum engineering in order to implement a new methodology.
Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Model-Based Reasoning (MBR), two branches of the artificial intelligence science, are applied for solving complex oil well problems. There are many CBR and MBR modelling tools which are generally used for different applications for implementing and demonstrating CBR and MBR methodologies; however, in this study, the Creek system which combines CBR and MBR has been utilized as a framework. One specific challenging task related to oil well engineering has been selected to exemplify and examine the methodology. To select a correct candidate for this application was a challenging step by itself. After testing many different issues in the oil well engineering, a well integrity issue has been chosen for the context. Thus, 18 leaking wells, production and injection wells, from three different oil fields have been analysed in depth. Then, they have been encoded and stored as cases in an ontology model given the name Wellogy.
The challenges related to well integrity issues are a growing concern. Many oil wells have been reported with annulus gas leaks (called internal leaks) on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) area. Interventions to repair the leaking wells or closing and abandoning wells have led to: high operating cost, low overall oil recovery, and in some cases unsafe operation. The reasons why leakages occur can be different, and finding the causes is a very complex task. For gas lift and gas injection wells the integrity of the well is often compromised. As the pressure of the hydrocarbon reserves decreases, particularly in mature fields, the need for boosting increases. Gas is injected into the well either to lift the oil in the production well or to maintain pressure in the reservoir from the injection well. The challenge is that this gas can lead to breakdown of the well integrity and cause leakages. However, as there are many types of leakages that can occur and due to their complexity it can be hard to find the cause or causal relationships. For this purpose, a new methodology, the Creek tool, which combines CBR and MBR is applied to investigate the reasons for the leakages. Creek is basically a CBR system, but it also includes MBR methods.
In addition to the well integrity cases, two complex cases (knowledge-rich cases) within oil well engineering have also been studied and analysed through the research work which is part of the PhD. The goal here is to show how the knowledge stored in two cases can be extracted for the CBR application.
A model comprising general knowledge (well-known rules and theories) and specific knowledge (stored in cases) has been developed. The results of the Wellogy model show that the CBR methodology can automate reasoning in addition to human reasoning through solving complex and repeated oil well problems. Moreover, the methodology showed that the valuable knowledge gained through the solved cases can be sustained and whenever it is needed, it can be retrieved and reused. The model has been verified for unsolved cases by evaluating case-matching results. The model gives elaborated explanations of the unsolved cases through the building of causal relationships. The model also facilitates knowledge acquisition and learning curves through its growing case base.
The study showed that building a CBR model is a rather time-consuming process due to four reasons:
1. Finding appropriate cases for the CBR application is not straightforward
2. Challenges related to constructing cases when transforming reported information to symbolic entities
3. Lack of defined criteria for amount of information (number of findings) for cases
4. Incomplete data and information to fully describe problems of the cases at the knowledge level
In this study only 12 solved cases (knowledge-rich cases) have been built in the Wellogy model. More cases (typically hundreds for knowledge-lean cases and around 50 for knowledge-rich cases) would be required to have a robust and efficient CBR model. As the CBR methodology is a new approach for solving complex oil well problems (research and development phase), additional research work is necessary for both areas, i.e. developing CBR frameworks (user interfaces) and building CBR models (core of CBR). Feasibility studies should be performed for implemented CBR models in order to use them in real oil field operations. So far, the existing Wellogy model has showed some benefits in terms of; representing the knowledge of leaking well cases in the form of an ontology, retrieving solved cases, and reusing pervious cases.
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Dudo, Anthony David. "An environmental controversy how newspapers framed coverage of the Bush administration's proposal to drill for oil and gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Alaska) /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.65Mb., 129 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1428181.
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Gutierrez, Sotomayor Gabriel Paulo. "Metodologia probabilística-possibilística para tratamento de incertezas na estimativa de tempos em poços de petróleo." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265516.
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Orientadores: Otto Luiz Alcântara Santos, Gabriel Alves da Silva Costa LimaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: A construção de poços de petróleo requer uma estimativa de custos a mais precisa possível, visando-se manter uma adequada taxa de retorno para a explotação de uma jazida. Uma variável significativa na estimativa de custos é o tempo de cada uma das operações para a construção do poço. Geralmente, a estimativa de tempos em poços complexos é associada a cenários de incerteza e conhecimento parcial de parâmetros. Um poço complexo, cujos custos chegam a superar US$ 150.000.000,00, pode ser um poço multilateral em águas profundas, um poço exploratório em águas profundas, um poço de grande extensão, ou também pode ser um poço profundo vertical ou horizontal em ambiente de sal. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia que combina diferentes tipos de incertezas na previsão de tempo de perfuração em poços complexos e compara os resultados do enfoque probabilístico, largamente usado pela indústria, com uma abordagem híbrida, isto é, uma abordagem probabilística-possibilística, para o tratamento das incertezas na estimativa do tempo de perfuração, a partir de uma base de dados de campo marítimo em águas profundas. Primeiramente, são identificadas as variáveis críticas e as incertezas a elas associadas, que são classificadas como incertezas epistêmicas ou aleatórias. A seguir estas variáveis são representadas por meio de distribuição de probabilidade e distribuição de possibilidade, sendo ambas distribuições combinadas em apenas um resultado para representar a incerteza total do tempo para perfurar um poço complexo, que é uma distribuição de possibilidade. Este trabalho discute as limitações do uso da Teoria das Probabilidades para modelar as incertezas em poços complexos e apresenta uma metodologia para tratamento das incertezas nas estimativas de tempos operacionais de perfuração de poços, no qual co-existem amostras de dados em quantidade suficiente para a geração de distribuições de probabilidades e amostras em quantidades insuficientes, onde são geradas distribuições de possibilidades
Abstract: The construction of oil wells requires a cost estimate as accurate as possible in order to maintain an adequate rate of return for the exploitation of a deposit. A significant variable in the cost estimate is the time of each operation for the construction of the well. Estimated time in complex wells generally is associated with scenarios of increased uncertainty and partial knowledge of parameters. A complex well, which costs may exceed US$ 150,000,000.00, can be a multilateral well in deep water, an exploratory well in deep water, an extend-reach well, or could also be a deep vertical/horizontal well in salt environment. Within this context, this work presents a methodology that combines different types of uncertainties, forecastes the drilling time in complex wells and compares the results of the probabilistic approach, widely used by the industry, with a hybrid approach, that is, a probabilistic-possibilistic approach, to estimate drilling time, based on an offshore deep waters database. First, it identifies the critical variables and uncertainties associated with them, which are classified as random or epistemic uncertainties. Then, these variables are represented by probability distribution and possibility distribution and both distributions are combined into a possibility distribution to represent the total uncertainty of the time to drill a complex well. This work discusses the limitations of the use of probability theory to model uncertainties in complex oilwells and presents a methodology to treat uncertainties in forecasting operational drilling time, where co-exist samples with sufficient data to generate probability distribution and samples with insufficient data to generated possibility distribution
Doutorado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Hird, Kirk B. "A conditional simulation method for reservoir description using geological and well performance constraints /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1993. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9330024.
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Won, Suyoun. "Investigation of mud filtrate invasion using computational fluid dynamics." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6038.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 59 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-54).
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Pereira, Romulo Albuquerque. "Escalonamento de atividades de desenvolvimento de poços de petroleo: GRASP." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276506.
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Orientador: Arnaldo Vieira MouraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: Este trabalho de mestrado procurou estudar e resolver um problema real de escalonamento das atividades de desenvolvimento de poços de petróleo em alto mar. Uma versão mais simples deste mesmo problema foi provada ser NP- difícil. Nosso estudo se concentrou no problema real enfrentado pela Petrobrás, com todas suas características e nuances. Antes que locais promissores de bacias petrolíferas sejam efetivamente desenvolvidos em poços de petróleo produtivos, é necessário realizar diversas atividades de perfuração, completarão e interligação nesses locais. O escalonamento dessas atividades deve satisfazer várias restrições conflitantes e buscar a maximização da produção de petróleo em um dado horizonte de tempo. O problema foi atacado em duas etapas: uma sem considerar o deslocamento de recursos e outra considerando-os. Para tal, adotamos a estratégia Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) e incorporamos várias técnicas específicas para obter melhor desempenho e qualidade da solução final. Os resultados são comparados com outros produzidos por uma ferramenta computacional baseada em Programação por Restrições (PR). Esta última, já em uso e bem aceita na empresa, foi desenvolvida pela Petrobrás. Resultados comparativos realizados em instâncias reais indicam que a implementação GRASP supera a ferramenta de PR produzindo soluções com expressivos aumentos de produção
Abstract: This dissertation aimed at studying and solving a real world scheduling problem. We deal with the scheduling of offshore oil well development activities. A simpler version of this same problem was proved to be in NP-hard. Our approach treats this problem as faced by Petrobras, with all its characteristics and details. Before promising locations at petroliferous basins become productive oil wells, it is often necessary to complete activities of drilling, completion and interconnection at these locations. The scheduling of such activities must satisfy several conflicting constraints and aim at the maximization of oil production. The problem was solved in two parts: one without considering resource displacements and other taking into account such displacements. For such, we used a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) metaheuristic and used several techniques and variants in order to obtain more efficiency and produce better solutions. The results are compared with schedules produced by a well-accepted constraint programming implementation. Computational experience on real instances indicates that the GRASP implementation is competitive, outperforming the constraint programming implementation
Mestrado
Otimização Combinatoria
Mestre em Ciência da Computação
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Ibeh, Chijioke Stanley. "Investigation on the effects of ultra-high pressure and temperature on the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2569.
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Akpan, Stella Eyo. ""Well Placement for maximum production in the Norwegian Sea" : Case Study: Norne C-segment Oil Field." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19960.
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In petroleum fields, the essence of well placement is to develop and maintain petroleum reservoirs in order to achieve maximum production for economic benefit. Maximum production can be achieved with more oil wells, but few optimal numbers of wells in good location reduces economic costs and increase recovery. The best location for the placement of oil, gas or water wells depends on reservoir and fluid properties, well and surface equipment specifications, as well as economic parameters [1].The objective of the study is to determine the net present value from few well placements in the Norne C-segment reservoir by either obtaining the same or more oil production/recovery compared to the base case wells. New well placement in a reservoir simulation model uses an industrial standard ECLIPSE reservoir simulator. Manually simulation approach is used to locate high oil saturation grids for the new well placement. From the base case simulation result, a total number of thirteen wells were discovered, nine producers and four injectors. The production and injection wells were classified with a suffix according to the production templates B, D, K and injection template C respectively.The base case wells removed and new well placed from exhaustive simulation runs for two different scenario cases. A total number of ten wells, six producers and four injectors were placed in each scenario. In order to obtain maximum oil recovery, the producers are placed horizontally while injectors remain the same as those from the base case. The new well placements in the scenario cases are identified with the suffix “P-H” for producers and “I-H” for injectors. Simulation results, the total oil produced for wells in each field case from the start year 1997 to December 2015, (end of production) can be seen in Table 10, 11 and 12 in chapter 6. The cumulative oil produced from each field case is the same as the total oil produced from all the wells in each case. The cumulative field oil and gas production from the start of production, November 1997 to December 2015 is 41.3 million Sm3 oil and 260 million Sm3 of gas for base case, 42.8 million Sm3 oil and 269 million Sm3 of gas for scenario 1 case, 43.2 million Sm3 oil and 272 million Sm3 of gas for scenario 2 case. The recovery factor for base case is 28%, scenario 1 & 2 are 29.0% and 29.3%. Each field case uses drive mechanisms, gas injection and water injection to support oil production and maintain pressure in the each field case. The total gas and water injected in the base case field were 9.6 billion Sm3 and 78.8 million Sm3 respectively. In scenario 1, a total of 8.6 billion Sm3 of gas and 81.6 million Sm3 of water was injected and in Scenario 2, 8.6 billion Sm3 of gas and 81.3 million Sm3 of water was injected. The Net present values for the three cases were calculated taking into account the economic costs such as well cost, cost of gas and water injection. Sensitization was done on the oil price ($25, $35 and $45). The NPV results from Table 19 prove that all case projects are acceptable, but scenario 2 is the most economical as it has the highest NPV of $4,026 million based on $35-medium oil price that was considered.
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McMahon, James S. "DYNAMO systems model of the roll-response of semisubmersibles." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020130/.
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Khalili, Ali Petroleum engineering UNSW. "A review of critical coning rate correlations and identifying the most reliable equation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Petroleum engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22388.
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The study of coning in oil production is important because of huge water production associated with oil production around the world each year. Estimation of critical coning rate has been the subject of numerous studies and a number of correlations have been reported. This study presents a review of the current available methods for estimating critical coning rate for both vertical and horizontal wells. The various methods and correlations are compared and the assumptions on which they are based evaluated. Following comparison made between the correlations, the most reliable theories are identified for both vertical and horizontal wells separately. Among the correlations for vertical wells, this study recommends two implicit methods presented by Wheatley and Azar Nejad et al. They determined the oil potential distribution influenced by water cone with a remarkable accuracy. For horizontal wells, two methods, Joshi???s equation and Rechem et al formula, are considered to be the most reliable. Joshi???s equation provides lower estimates than Chaperon???s correlation in which the water cone effect on oil potential was neglected. The Recham et al formula also gives a similar result. On the whole, the Rechem et al method is preferred.
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Schindler, Kimberly J. "THE LINKS BETWEEN GULF OF MEXICO SEAFLOOR CHARACTERISTICS AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FOLLOWING THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/78.
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The Gulf of Mexico (GoMx) is among the most productive regions for offshore oil and natural gas recovery. In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) drilling rig exploded, burned for three days, sank, and released over 4 million barrels of oil in the subsequent 84 days before it was capped. Some oil was buoyant enough to float to the ocean surface, where some was removed via a myriad techniques. Importantly, a plume of oil remained suspended in the water column at approximately 1,100 m water depth, where it drove a marine snow event, and deposited large quantities of oil on the seafloor.
The northern GoMx seafloor is complex and dynamic. Submarine canyons, mounds, channels, and salt domes dominate the seafloor along the continental slope surrounding the DWH well. Using high-resolution bathymetric data, variables derived to characterize the seafloor (water depth, distance, slope, and aspect), and spatial relationships between seafloor stations and the DWH well, relationships between concentrations, fluxes and inventories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other seafloor variables were hypothesized to be statistically significantly related. The most significant seafloor characteristic to predict distributions was water depth, followed by distance, relative aspect, and slope.