Academic literature on the topic 'Oirat Law'

AbstractThe Chinggisids clearly favoured specific in-law clans through policies of repeated marriage over generations. This paper charts the fortunes of one such clan, the Oirats, who first joined the Chinggisids when Chinggis Khan and Börte's daughter Chechiyegen wedded an Oirat prince. Thereafter Chechiyegen's own daughters married back to the Toluid, Jochid and Chagatayid families. This paper follows those Oirats who intermarried with the Ilkhanids, beginning with Chechiyegen's daughter Güyük and ending with the Toluid-Oirat Ilkhan, Abū Sa‘īd (r. 1317-1335).

Introduction. Mongolian codifications of 16th–18th centuries are considered to be sources of customary law. But their structure and content prove the opposite as they were results of law-making by rulers and contained different rules on status and credentials of authorities. One of such fields was legal procedure which becomes an object for analysis in this article. Goals and Objectives. The goal of our research is analysis of procedural institutions in Mongolian codifications and their evolutions from the 16th to the 18th century. To achieve this goal, one should analyze procedural rules in these codifications, find their common and specific features, correlate the content of codifications with political situation in Mongolia and, at last, trace the evolution of procedural institutions. Materials and Research Methods. The sources for research are late medieval Mongolian legal codifications: the Code of Altan Khan, ruler of Tumet in Southern Mongolia (c. 1588), Eighteen Steppe Laws established at conferences of Khalkha rulers between the 1580s and 1620s, ‘Ik Tsaaz’ (‘The Great Code’) issued at the Congress of Oirat and Mongol princes in 1640 with additional edicts of the Zunghar ruler Galdan Boshugtu Khan in the 1670s and, finally, ‘Khalkha Jirum’ (‘The Code of Khalkha’) issued from 1709 to 1770 by conferences of rulers of the Northern Mongolia. To study this documents a number of research methods were used, namely: source study, structure functional analysis, comparative historical research, formal legal approach, historical legal method and comparative legal analysis. Results. The legal procedure developed irregularly during the examined period. The status and credentials of authorities in the field of justice were substantially changed from the 16th throughout the 18th century, and that was connected with political processes in Mongolia. In particular, with centralization of power in the Zunghar Khanate in the 17th century and adaptation of Khalkha rulers to new political realities under the suzerainty of the Qing Empire since the end of the same century. As for other procedural institutions, such as evidences and their search, those remained, in fact, unchanged. That could be explained by that the procedural institutions were closer connected with customary law, and Mongolian rulers did not pay attention to their adaptation to the current situation. Discussion. However, the article is no more than a problem setting, and advanced research should include sources which still are not introduced into the scientific circulation: Code of the League of Kuku-Nor (late 17th century), court practice cases in the ‘Ulaan Hatsart’ (‘Red Notebook’, 19th – early 20th centuries). Besides that, another kinds of sources should be kept in mind, e. g., Manchurian law for Mongols (‘Tsaajin Bichig’ of the 17th century and ‘Lifanyuan Tse-li’ – Code of the Qing Ministry of Foreign Affairs, late 18th – early 19th centuries), Kalmyk legislation of the 18th century, Buryat law of 18th–19th centuries. These sources could help understand which procedural institution in the law of Mongolic peoples were kept unchanged and which ones were results of reception from the Russian or Chinese law.

Milagro una ciudad que forma parte de la provincia del Guayas que en los últimos años se ha visto en el crecimiento acelerado del parque motociclístico, motivo por el cual es muy importante el análisis de la incidencia de los accidentes de tránsito que este tipo de vehículos está ocasionando y que afectan directamente a la sociedad El objeto de estudio de la investigación y realización del presente artículo hace énfasis en referencia a lo antes mencionado en base a la investigación realizada para mejorar la gestión en la prevención de estos accidentes con el único fin de hacer conciencia y precautelar la vida de los ciudadanos de este sector y que esto sirva de modelo a ejecutarse o a realizar convenios o alianzas estratégicas con las demás instituciones sean públicas o privadas del estado y la comunidad, está en la esencia de la dinámica del desempeño laboral de los peritos de la Oficina de Investigación de Accidentes de Tránsito (OIAT) de la Comisión de Tránsito del Ecuador en esta ciudad, al apreciar esta realidad se evidencia la interrelación entre la satisfacción laboral y el desempeño de las actividades propias de los peritos. En virtud de ofrecer una atención encaminada a prevenir que no se presenten o agraven inconformidades en el trabajo de los miembros de la OIAT, se pretende crear estrategias tendientes a mejorar los factores intrínsecos – extrínsecos, que inciden en la satisfacción de estos servidores públicos y lograr potenciar en ellos su desarrollo individual y social. Para lo cual me fundamentaré en los diversos estudios planteados en la ciencia y brindar un pequeño aporte a la comunidad científica detallando consecuencias del fenómeno antes planteado y de esta forma lograr mejorar la prevención de estos accidentes de tránsito.