Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oiseaux – Aspect symbolique – Moyen âge'
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Chambon, Nicole. "Les fleurs et les oiseaux du Jardin du Paradis de Francfort (1410-1420)." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e31217fe-32b3-4bfa-aeb2-212af387b07e/blobholder:0/2011LIMO2013.pdf.
Full textThe Garden of Paradise of Frankfurt is such a perfect representative of all the Gardens of Paradise of the Middle Ages that it is currently known by the name of Paradiesgärtlein. This study brings its contribution to the research upon this painting, which is so often reproduced, by examining it closely focusing on the twenty flower species which bloom among mysterious characters and the thirteen birds that animate the garden. Blending art history, theology, etymology, aetiological tales and legends makes it possible to throw a fresh light upon much debated points. The identification of the musician as Saint Catherine of Alexandria and of the young man standing as Saint Oswald is thereby ascertained. The study of the flowers and the birds also brings information about the Alsatian Master, certainly a miniaturist at the start and most probably a disciple of John Siferwas. The destination of this small devotional panel which turned out to be a seminal work is also brought into light. It might very well be a gift from Catherine of Burgundy to the Dominican nun Claranna of Hohenburg, prioress at Schoenensteinbach, the first reformed Dominican Nunnery in the province of Teutony
Das Frankfurter Paradiesgärtlein stellt den mittelalterlichen Paradiesgarten schlechthin dar : der Titel Paradiesgärtlein verweist eindeutig auf dieses Werk. Die vorliegende Dissertation rundet vorhandene Studien ab, indem sie es unter dem Blickwinkel der zwanzig Pflanzen untersucht, die zwischen rätselhaften Figuren blühen, und auch der dreizehn Vögel, die den Garten beseelen. Kunstgeschichte, Theologie, Etymologie, ätiologische Erzählungen, Märchen und Legenden kreuzen und ergänzen sich mit dem Ziel, umstrittene Details neu zu beleuchten. Hiermit erfährt insbesondere die Identifizierung der Psalterspielerin mit Katharina von Alexandrien und des stehenden Jünglings mit Oswald Verstärkung. Blumen und Vögel lüften auch einen Teil des Geheimnisses, das den zweifellos aus der Welt der Buchmalerei stammenden elsässischen Meister – der womöglich bei John Siferwas sein Handwerk erlernte – aber auch den Empfänger dieses einflussreichen, oft gedruckten Votivtäfelchens umwebt: Es könnte sich wohl um ein Geschenk handeln, von Katharina von Burgund nämlich an die Dominikanerin Claranna von Hohenburg, Priorin in Schönensteinbach, dem ersten reformierten Konvent der Provinz Teutonien
Boekhoorn, Dimitri Nikolai. "Bestiaire mythique, légendaire et merveilleux dans la tradition celtique : de la littérature orale à la littérature écrite." Phd thesis, Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00293874/fr/.
Full textThe author offers a study of the "Celtic bestiary" which is understood here as the sum of the reel species above all; an overall view of the function and role of animals in medieval Celtic literature will be given, analysing especially the mythological, heroic and hagiographical texts. The evolution of the role of antique and medieval cult animals will be dealt with. The symbolism of the other species will be studied as well. The corpus analysed here – medieval Celtic literature - will be presented, references will be made to other civilizations (Indo- European and others). The medieval tradition will be compared with the folklore of premodern times. Several aspects linked with the animal world will be dealt with as well: the complex question of shamanism and totemism and their applicability to Celtic beliefs; animal sounds and music and their relation to human music; animal metamorphosis, animal metaphors, faunal onomastic and anthroponomy including animal terminology as well as the classification / taxonomy of the animal world. The second part is a catalogue of the species known to the medieval Celts; their role and symbolism will be briefly discussed. The third part consists of an analysis of the bestiary contained in a well-known Breton hagiographical text: the Life of St. Malo. Some of the elements studied here clearly show that the medieval Breton literary tradition belongs to the Celtic insular tradition, together with the literature of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland, Wales and Cornwall
Clauteaux, Marie. "Les couleurs du corps : étude des rapports entre la couleur et le corps nu et vêtu dans le manuscrit enluminé (Xe-XIIe siècle)." Paris, EPHE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EPHE4019.
Full textThe period stretching from the end of the Xth century to the end of the XIIth century is a time of many changes. This is why it seems interesting to me to study the emergence of a code of colour for the body. My current research is based on the existing links between the colour and the body in medieval imagery. I pay particular attention to the colour of the naked body and its relationship with the colour of the clothing that it covers. Is there a link between these two "areas" of coulour, which are the skin and clothing ? Do the status of the various represented characters play a role in the choice of the colour of the body, naked and dressed ? How is the colour of body expressed in the image? What tricks can iconographically transcribe the colour of the skin ? However, the small number of manuscripts with colours remaining to this day, their state of conservation sometimes mediocre and the difficulty to access the sources make this study difficult, and has forced me to the utmost caution in my conclusions
Pariaud-Seguin, Emmanuelle. "Les plantes zoomorphes et anthropomorphes au Moyen Age." Paris, EPHE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EPHE4004.
Full textThe zoomorphic and anthropomorphic plants that fill the mental and figurative world of the medieval age in the West are still largely unknown and poorly inventoried; they are part of a vast corpus spread across several disciplines and different intellectual, temporal and geographic spheres. Indeed, they are present in fields ranging from religious writings to profane literature, as well as in bestiaries, herbals, encyclopedia, historical-geographic reports and travel stories. There are multiple combinations : barnacle tree, vegetable lamb, sheep plant, Baromets, Sun and Moon trees from the Alexander Romance anthropomorphic plants, the mandrake. They figure most widely as images, but not exclusively. Behind these hybrids is always a story, a belief or a system of thought, without which we could not understand them. The astonishing profusion illustrates a complex mode of representation than links, plant to human or animals, in a way that is more than a simple decorative concept. These plants offer us a novel way of looking at the concept of nature and marvels, from an artistic, philosophical, theological and scientific point of view, as well as the prevailing medieval and Renaissance idea of combining kingdoms
Deslandes, Nicole. "La flore et le paysage dans les images médiévales à l’époque des Valois : une écriture analogique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP013.
Full textAt the end of the Middle Ages flowers are frequent in tapestries, manuscripts and paintings. The aim of this study is to prove they are not just decorative items but that they have their own function in images. These flowers, especially by means of their colours, make up a symbolical system aiming at guiding the reader to understand the inner sense of symbolical images. This special way of composing images is concomitant with a new way of praying God, the Devotio Moderna, under the supervision of preachers, especially the Dominicans. The image-makers also use these new patterns to picture the French Valois kings in order to assert their alleged special relationship with God. The study of this symbolical system, contents and structure, enable us to understand better the particular medieval way of thinking the world
Becuwe, Arnaud. "Le sens et les usages des images de l'eau au bas Moyen âge : fin XIIe-début XVIe siècle." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIE0007.
Full textThe gothic iconography presents a profusion of images showing water as a symbolic element. An analogous network allows, for the Church principally, to express a theology by cultured water which brings a part of holly meaning but also some ambivalence for the imago. Water isn’t neutral in the Bible’s, Apocalypse’s, Lives of saints and Pilgrim’s illuminated images in the late Middle Ages. Those saints’ images in Picardy present also some special uses of water deeply linked with this pleaders near to the popular and local believes. To replace strictly in their environment a communal seal or painted and sculpted works of art in rural churches show also other Picardy’s images uses around old believes. But, it’s the north stalles images who presents the last echoes of this very orderly symbolical system, following the times of water defined by the medieval tradition
Galinand, Cyrille. "Usage social et symbolique du métal en France au bronze ancien et moyen (2200 -1350 av. J. -C. Environ)." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010596.
Full textLafran, Anne. "Entre ciel et terre : exègèse, symbolique et représentations de la pendaison de Judas Iscariote au Moyen-Age (XIIe-XIVe siècles)." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040228.
Full textJudas’ hanging, anecdotal episode from the New Testament, asserted itself as a recurrent topic in patristic tradition. During the Middle Age, suicide is reproved as a sin by the Church and as a crime by civil authorities ; it is a yet nameless taboo. On the contrary, Judas’ suicide, because it is symbolic and exemplary, is annotated, interpreted and pictured. It shows general hostility from medieval mentalities towards self-willed death, the “male mort”, as well as stigmatization of those who have dissociated from social entity and Christian moral values and who are doomed to the same death as Judas, not anymore considered a suicide but a punishment. The present study has in view to explore Judas’ suicide pictures, interpretations and their declensions and to point out how this topic serves, beyond suicide’s condemnation, the society normalisation effort, the civil authorities’ construction, the anti-Semitism rising, while showing a better knowledge of interiority, characteristic of medieval Humanism
Bertrand, Pierre. "La symbolique de la droite et de la gauche au Moyen Age et au début des Temps modernes : étude d'anthropologie sociale et d'iconographie." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010564.
Full textWhich symbolic meanings "right and left" took on in the middle ages ? And how was it expressed in the image ? These two questions form the two axis of this thesis. In the first place, iconography of crucifixions and last judgements tend to the same idea : "right" is the way to salvation. God, who has not the left side in himself, insists on man to take the right side (that is the message of crucifixions). Those who will not understand that will perish in evil (that is the message of last judgements). Afterwards, it has always been admitted from antiquity to the end of middle ages that cosmos has a right and a left side and that the former was better than the latter. The third part deals with "social order". Rituals, manners and customs, religious beliefs, the way people were, how they behaved and expressed themselves during the past centuries, are there examined. It clearly appears that society was deeply "dexterocratic", in the sense that "right" has always represented the good part and left' has always been taken amiss. The thourth part is devoted to the symbolics of space in iconography. It appears that the right side is generaly considered as the good side and the left as the bad side. Moreover, these marks can also indicate, from a syntactic view, before and after, cause and effect, action and reaction, entrance and exit, and so on. In the last part of this thesis, we try to definate the status of the left-handed persons in the middle ages. Were they held in contempt or accepted ? We particularly consider this question : is the use of the left hand in iconography revealing ?
Nazari, Fariba. "Les couleurs : usages et significations dans l’art et dans la société islamique au Moyen-âge." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0176.
Full textThis thesis spells out specifically a developed tradition of polychrome in the art and the society Muslim Medieval, and tries to improve such concepts extensively. It should be mentioned that the recent improvements made in Islamic sensitivities for color over the recent centuries that separate us from the older period of time (the eighth to fifteenth century) that radiates the Islamic art is beyond this research. As a matter of fact in this study, our goal is to present the concept of color during the eighth to fifteenth century, explaining the meaning and the use of color during that time which correspond its true concept. Since the achievement of the harmony of colors depends on physical processes and appropriate techniques, we will try to demonstrate the practical application and objective of Islamic art and color at those centuries based on visual evidences that were obtained during our research, thus painting is considered as the raw material of our study. These centuries can present all the aesthetic elements of interest especially in painting (miniatures) because among the various arts, painting is the area where the colorist expressed with more freedom. From Baghdad to Tabriz, from Tabriz to Herat and from Herat to Shiraz and Isfahan, the Islamic miniature has produced the most beautiful pages of the history. In addition, color as an element in Islamic culture including poetry, mysticism, regulations and the religious holy book is studied to fully characterize the role of color in other Abrahamic religions
Demès, Raphaël. "Autour du paon et du phénix : étude d'une iconographie cultuelle et funéraire dans le Bassin méditerranéen (IVe-XIIe siècle)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH019/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the meaning of the peacock and the phoenix within contexts of worship and funerary contexts in the Mediterranean area, between the IVth and the XIIth centuries. The study is based on an iconographic documentation meeting 490 items of the peacock and 68 items of the phoenix. These birds were imaged in various ways as well as coins, paintings of catacombs, sarcophagi, mosaics (pavements, domes, apses, …), manuscripts, and even chancel screens. The analysis of the documentation indicates that links were weaved between both birds associated with the idea of revival long before the IVth century. The idea of revival, indeed, is a cross-cutting concept in the study of the iconography of the peacock and the phoenix between Antiquity and Middle Ages, between paganism and christianity. The first references to the these birds in the antique texts and the iconography are studied in order to reflect on the imagination about the peacock and the phoenix, both associated with cyclic rhythms, death and resurrection. The peacock was seen as a psychopomp, more generally like an intermediary between earth and sky, as well as between the human and the divine. Between the IIIth and the IVth centuries, the peacock and the phoenix were inserted into the funerary iconography of the first Christians and begin to be linked with the conception of the baptism as a revival. Between the IVth and the VIth centuries, they were inserted into the ecclesial space and they tightened their links with the Christ and the baptized. The peacock and the phoenix offer to the believer a hope of being healed. They show the triumph of the Risen Christ and announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of days. Between the VIIth and the IXth centuries, the iconography of the peacock is studied in particular on chancel screens and on the other sculptures linked with the eucharistic rite and with the idea of a connection between caro and spiritus. The documentation highlights the role of the peacock as the guard of the threshold, from a material and spiritual point of view. The recurring presence of these birds between the VIth and the IXth centuries in Roman ecclesial spaces was also put in perspective towards the papal realizations and according to stakes strongly bound to the memory of the saints and the Church. The study opens to the XIIth century with San Clement’s monumental decoration in Rome as a pivotal testimony in the evolution of the meaning of the peacock
Gauthey, Thomas. "L'éléphant dans la zoologie et la symbolique médiévales : connaissance et méconnaissance d'un très grand animal exotique." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4097.
Full textElephant in the western Middle Ages Europe was a paradoxical animal. Missing in european fauna, he appeared yet in a large quantity and variety of sources, taking great advantage of scientific, litterate and artistic legacies from the Ancient World : scholarly texts, historical accounts, writings of travelers, animal fables, miniatures in manuscripts, drawings on maps and globes, frescoes and sculptures in architecture, paintings in the late Middle Ages and ivories since the early Middle Ages. He also found sometimes his way into western menageries. De facto, medieval scholar culture had a lot of knowledge about him, more or less right : his place in the animal world or in geography, his physiology and behaviour, his exploitation by man, his morphology were subjects of discusses or controversies. Never unknown nor well known, the elephant were a stranger in the Western World, deeply tinged with orientalism and christian symbolism : warbeast from Ancient World and Medieval India, he was a living demonstration of power and opulence ; he was also, in essence, a sinner animal, but also gifted of a remarkable chastity, a being of great ambivalence
Vassilieva-Codognet, Olga. "Iconographie de Fortune au Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance (XIe-XVIe siècle)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0048.
Full textThis work on the iconography of Fortune in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is based on more than one thousand images of which only one third is reproduced in the document. The study begins with a lexicographical study aiming at better understanding the various meanings of the Latin word « fortuna » and the French word « fortune » from the xith to the xvith centuries. The second section addresses the iconographical pattern of the mediaeval Wheel of Fortune – i.e. that wheel where four human beings occupy different positions on the rim: the first ascends, the second is enthroned, the third falls and the fourth lays on the ground – from its inception in a 1060-1070 Beneventan manuscript to its diffusion to various media (mural painting, monumental sculpture, mosaic, etc.) as well as its different uses (didactic, emblematic, divinatory). The third section identifies the numerous variations that this fertile pattern has generated over the centuries: Wheel of Life, satirical animal Wheels, Wheel of Vicissitudes of Humanity, etc. The fourth section studies the personification of Fortune which appears in the xiith century before becoming a star of late mediaeval iconography, her figure gracing innumerable manuscripts of Boethius, Jean de Meun, Giovanni Boccaccio or Christine de Pizan. The fifth and final section is devoted to Fortune’s mutation during the Renaissance: changing both form and function, the blind and treacherous goddess of fate gives up her didactic function – and the wheel of examples that comes with it – and becomes a beautiful naked woman with a forelock whose function is propitiatory and use emblematic
Mercier, François. "Des moines dans les bois : gestions et représentations de la forêt dans les actes de l'abbaye de la Ferté-sur-Grosne de 1113 à 1178." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25872/25872.pdf.
Full textDittmar, Pierre-Olivier. "Naissance de la bestialité : une anthropologie du rapport homme-animal dans les années 1300." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0117.
Full textThe medieval Christian approach to the animal was paradoxical. For the first time, the animal was largely excluded from official ritual: animal sacrifice was a thing of the pagan past, and Jewish dietary restrictions limited the consumption of certain creatures. But the animal figured prominently in medieval art and literature, and by the advent of the XIV th century, the animal's symbolic exploitation, along with its use as a source of food and material, followed the model of man's domination over the natural world, established by the Biblical precedence of Adam naming the animals. During the 1300s the conception of the animal underwent a profound change. Since Augustine, the animal world was structured by an opposition between 'pecus' and 'bestia', between grazing herbivores in the service of mankind and wild carnivores. While the former were considered edible, the consumption of the latter was informally forbidden. But with the emergence of literature in the vernacular and the rediscovery of Aristotle, this division gave way to a new conception of the animal that grouped together ail animate creatures -with the notable exception of man. Thus was born the modern sense of the term 'animal'. The invention of the animal profoundly changed how the individual was conceived, giving birth to the concept of 'bestialité', which gradually came to include any human behaviour deemed irrational. Images (i. E. The representations of hybrids, half-men, half-beasts) played a crucial role in the conceptual development of man's beastliness : they did not merely illustrate, but anticipate the work of theoreticians in shaping the concept of man's animality
Sadr, Mohammad. "Les particularités liées à la sexualité : conception du médecin Rāzī (IXe-Xe)." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/SADR_Mohammad_va.pdf.
Full textAmong ancient Greek and Islamic period physicians there are several theories regarding the determinants of sex of the fetus. Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen each proposed different theories for the sex determination of male or female embryos.In these theories, various factors such as strength and dominancy of male or female semen to each other, external factors like heat and cold, the location of the fetus in the uterus, the kind of winds blowing in that area and have been mentioned.In the current research, views of ancient Greek physicians on this subject will be discussed based on the transmission of their writings to the current time or translations or citations of their works in medical texts of the Islamic period such as Firdaws al-hikma fi Ṭibb and al-Ḥāwī fi Ṭibb. Afterwards Razi’s (IXe-Xe) view will be analyzed according to his independent treatise titled al-ubnah, the theories mentioned in al-Ḥāwī fi Ṭibb, and then it will be compared with the opinions of ancient Greek physicians. Rāzī, based on his point of view on the sex determination of the fetus, has explained sexual disorders like attraction between men. In this research, such attraction and his treatments proposed will be discussed
Žůrek, Václav. "L’usage comparé des motifs historiques dans la législation monarchique entre les royaumes de France et de Bohême à la fin du Moyen Âge." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0141.
Full textConcepts of the past are most important parts in the formation of individual and collective identity. Medieval authors deliberately used the historical narratives as a means of enhancing the cohesion of respective social groups, usually the ruling strata of society. The doctoral thesis focuses on re-interpretations and exploitations of the past in France and Bohemia during the 14th century, on the role of historical narratives in the self-representation of the ruling dynasties Luxembourg and Valois, and on the perception of their own role in the history. Main question of the thesis is the social and literary context of the shaping of an imagination of the past: detailed comparison between the Latin and vernacular historiographical production at the royal courts in France and Bohemia bring also crucial observations as to the ways and means of cultural transfer between the respective centres of power
Crescenti, Carmela. "ʿIlm al-ḥurûf la science des lettres : métaphysique de la langue et des lettres selon la doctrine d'Ibn ʿArabî." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0002.
Full textThe work consists of a preface, an introductory section on the science of the letters, a second section on the symbolism and a third section with the translation of the texts. In the first section is a comparative passage between the modern science of phonetics and the conceptual perception of the sounds, that inserted the science of the letters in the setting of esoterism and the sacred knowledge. The section of the symbolism opens up on the commentary to the introductory poems of every letter that Ibn Arabî wrote in the chapter 2 of his main work : The Futûhâts al-makkiyya. The explanations finish with tables of synthesis for every letter based on the confrontation with two other chapters of the Futûhâts : the chapter 60 and the chapter 198, that are summarized in the second part of this section. The third section inclure the translation of the Kitâb al-alif or Book of the Alif, on the symbolism of the first letter of the Arabian alphabet ; the chapter 60 of the Futûhâts, on the production of the universal world conceived in his hierarchized concatenation of ontological level and cosmological world and one choice of the sections of the chapter 198 concerning the letters. The work ends with an index of the Arabian terms and a bibliography
Auger, Barbara. "La représentation des bateaux en Europe entre le VIIIè et le XIIIè siècle." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665915.
Full textKopp, Vanina Madeleine. "Der königh und die bücher : sammlung, nutzung und funktion der königlichen bibliothek am spätmittelalterlichen hof in Frankreich." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0073.
Full textThe royal library, known as the "librairie du Louvre", was the royal book collection, assembled in small rooms on three levels of a Louvre tower. About 900 manuscripts were in the library, which made it the biggest non-clerical library in the West. At the centre of my research, I study the following question: How and when was the collection of books and knowledge in the Louvre Library used by the French kings for cultural or political operations? 1demonstrate in a historical perspective how, in addition to a bibliophile aspect, the library made a political contribution to the development of the "religion royale" and the legitimation of royalty. This dissertation challenges several theoretical and methodological approaches to capture the different dimensions of the Louvre Library. I try to contextualise the subject in different fields of research in order to infer some general information on the use of books. 1focus on the virtually existing medieval library in order to contextualise and historicise the function it had at the French court. Following a historical anthropological approach, I concentrate on the use of the book collection and the use of texts. In this project 1show that the Louvre Library, the use of the texts by the kings and the circulation of the books served to accumulate arguments in favour of the king's politics, strengthen the legitimisation of the dynasty and disseminate this content. The functional character of the Louvre Library fits into a larger politics of circulations, commands and acquisitions. These cultural and courtly processes strengthened the monarchic ideology and contributed to the construction of the image of a wise king
Klinka, Emmanuelle. "Analyse sémiotique des miniatures des codex du "Commentaire à l'Apocalypse" du Beatus de Liébana." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10005.
Full textI intended to study miniatures created from the eight to the twelvth century. They belong to the various codices of the comment of the apocalypse, known as beatus. I selected fifteen out of the twenty two embellished codices wich keep well-preserved nowadays, on the basis of a corpus of seventeen illustrative themes. For that purpose, i founded my study on a semiotic point of vue which i adapted to iconography. I therefore analysed every sign and its spatial situation withinb the drawing. The main parts of my study are : a presentation of my corpus, of its author and of the historical context. An analytic part of the work which at first shows the rules of the work which at first shows the rules of the formal display arrangements in the middle-ages. I then tackled the problem of the interiority and exteriority shown by some drawing - which i called "containing-drawings" - using for that the framework of the drawing as well as a sign-symbology. Given that, i was able to study their meaning defending on the presence of the various constituents, i. E. Put back in their pictorial context, i considered them as elements of the whole drawing. I compared my conclusions with the interpretation offered by beatus of the apocalypse. As a conclusion, i came back to the role played by striped backgrounds and by colour, of which i tried to explain the functions. I ended by a historico-cultural actualization of the codices. The analysis of the signs and structures allows us to tackle and decode the politico-religious message conciously expressed by the painter. It also discloses the socio-cultural dimension in which lived the artist
Serra, Alessandro. "Culti e devozioni delle confraternite romane in Eta moderna." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF2A017.
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