Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oiseaux de mer – France – Bretagne (France)'
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Eveillard-Buchoux, Marie. "Côtes rocheuses de Bretagne et oiseaux pélagiques : vers une valorisation intégrée du patrimoine naturel." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2003/document.
Full textThe North-West coasts of Europe provide rocky cliff nesting sites for a large number of Northern Hemis-phere pelagic seabirds. Although pelagic seabirds and their habitats have been studied from the geogra-phic standpoint for many years, the relation between seabird species and nest-site geomorphological characteristics represents a new field of study. Focu-sing on several Brittany populations, the present study demonstrates that the geomorphological characteristics of these micro-habitats appear to correspond to preferences for different seabird species, highlighting the importance of nest-site micro-geomorphological criteria to the successful reproduction of cliff-nesting seabirds. Extending these data to the spheres of conservation and eco-tourism, they underscore the importance, and even the primacy, of the protection of nesting popula-tions based on geomorphological criteria, rather than on large-scale, area-wide considerations. Conse-quently, much more emphasis should be placed on the importance of the geomorphological characteris-tics of nesting sites, as opposed to the present ‘bird only’ emphasis in most publications and tourist information
Le, Bot Tangi. "Influence d'une source prévisible de nourriture anthropogénique sur l'écologie spatiale, la dynamique populationnelle et la conservation d'un prédateur marin." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG075/document.
Full textSeabirds are flagship species, boundary objects linking air and water, oceans and continents, Northern and Southern countries, binding a great variety of socio-ecosystems across the planet. Due to their ubiquity, they are exposed to numerous global threats. Among them, interactions with fisheries might be the main risk for seabirds at sea. The conservation status of seabirds is thereby affected, and priority actions due to reduce these impacts have to be established. Indeed, seabirds catch the attention of all stakeholders and of the general public, who are sensitive to the fate of their populations. Implementing tools and strategies allowing seabird conservation is therefore an urgent societal request. The Northern gannet (Morus bassanus) is emblematic of seabird conservation in metropolitan France, with a single breeding colony under strict protection within the Réserve Naturelle Nationale de l’archipel des Sept-Îles. Despite all conservation efforts, colony size and breeding success have been declining in recent years. A decadal biotelemetry study allowed us to test hypotheses linked to this decline. Notably, we showed that, during the breeding season, gannets shifted from feeding on natural prey, to taking fisheries waste. The consumption of these anthropogenic subsides affects foraging effort, adult body condition and reproductive output. Further, we showed that, during the inter-breeding period, gannets were exposed to enhanced bycatch risk and competition with fisheries for small pelagic fish. This had a strong impact on adult inter-annual return rates to the colony, potentially explaining the recent decline of the Sept-Îles gannetry. Overall, we conclude that an integrated conservation plan for Northern gannets, as well as for the marine megafauna in general, is only possible through ecosystem-based fisheries management. Specifically, the joint use of fish stocks by marine predators and fisheries should be taken into account by management schemes, at-sea dumping of fishery wastes should be reduced, and marine protected areas including true no-take zones should be designed, also by taking into account the spatial ecology of the marine megafauna such as seabirds
Clairay, Philippe. "Les stations balnéaires de Bretagne : des premiers bains à l'explosion touristique des années 1960." Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20052.
Full textThe aim of this doctoral thesis is to provide models of various developments specific to seaside resorts. These coastal regions are now considered as coherent economic entities thanks to the expansion witnessed in the tourist industry over the years. This study, which focuses on a large number of years, describes the development of these resorts, evoking all the factors which characterize the development of these seaside resorts in particular will be thouroughly examined, in terms of local and regional economy, national development, employment, population growth, etc. Even the most unexpected side effects of this growth will be dealt with. Indirectly, the emergence of new social trends, " propaganda ", images, etc, gradually gives birth to a new vision of the sea and the seaside. These elements will in turn create a new way of life. All the information comes from different archives of the seaside resorts in question, as well as the Archives Départementales of each district constituting the main source. An important selection of books dealing with seaside resorts constitutes another major source of information, together with pictures of all kinds relating to this subject
Cariolet, Jean-Marie. "Inondation des côtes basses et risque associés en Bretagne : vers une redéfinition des processus hydrodynamiques liés aux conditions météo-océaniques et des paramètres morpho-sédimentaires." Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596426.
Full textFrom the study cf past coastal floociing events and in situ measurements realised during this work, the main objective cf this thesis was to better understand the atmospheric, marine and hydro-sedimentary processes that take place during coastal flooding along the coasts of Brittany
Réhault, Anne-Estelle. "Le naufrage : les conséquences juridiques de l'infortune de mer en France et en Angleterre du XVIe au XIXe siècle." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA122006.
Full textJacq, Evelyne. "Etude des peuplements bactériens planctoniques dans deux systèmes côtiers de Bretagne : la rade de Brest et la zone frontale d'Ouessant." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2029.
Full textFournier, Jérôme. "Le proche espace sous-marin de la Manche : méthodologie pour l'étude et la protection du domaine benthique : application sur le site test de la baie de Lannion (Bretagne, France)." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20061.
Full textResearches in biogeography are still rare and incomplete on submarine areas. Yet, this specific environment is entirely included in the coastal system. The preservation policy of these marine areas has actually a positive effect on the benthic domain, particularly threatened by human activities. Unfortunately, the protected areas are often empirically selected without any in-situ observations. This situation is mainly due to the lack of knowledge about benthic ecosystems functioning and the lack of laws for submarine areas preservation. Specific methods have to be elaborated in order to improve our knowledge on these areas, which is an essential step before carrying out any planning project. Only few maps are produced, although they are essential for the analyse of the benthic domain. From remote sensing to sub-aquatic diving, each tool gives different information related to the spatial-temporal scale considered. The research aims are to inventory species and medio, infra and circa littoral bioscenoses and map them in considering the spatial structures of the submarine domain. Moreover, an original study is carried out on the zosteraman'na ecosystem which is essential for to the coastal environment sustainability. The use of lands cape ecology principles and of insular biogeography theories allows us to consider the geosystem globally, including human activities. Some conclusions about an interconnected network of marine protected areas are proposed. This study points out a way to take biodiversity in account to develop sub-marine environment preservation
Chantre, Luc. "Le pèlerinage à La Mecque à l'époque coloniale (v. 1866-1940) : France - Grande-Bretagne - Italie." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT5011/document.
Full textWhile they intervened until then only marginally in the hajj affairs, the humanitarian disaster constituted by the epidemic of cholera of 1865-66 led colonial powers, such as France and Great Britain, soon joined by Italy, to deal directly with the question of the organization of the travels and the stay of their Moslem subjects in the Holy Cities of the Hijaz. For the first time in the history of Islam, the hajj was so overseen by not Moslem powers. If the official aim of european intervention remained the sanitary protection of the pilgrims - and, to a certain extent, the protection of the European continent - it hides not less more political concerns from it. Here the stake consists in making the hajj « governable ». In this respect, the Great War and the Hijjaz annexation by Saudi government in 1925 constitute important stages providing colonial powers the means to build of real « pilgrimage policies ». For the european colonial powers, the 1930's represent the peak of their intrusion in pilgrimage to Mecca organization they have contributed to turn into an instrument of diplomatic and colonial influence
Dubois, Alexandre. "Comportement morphodynamique des plages de poche en milieu mésotidal semi-abrité : exemple des plages méridionales de la presqu’île de Rhuys, Bretagne sud." Lorient, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORIS278.
Full textPocket beaches display along rocky shores. In the Rhuys peninsula, they form dune systems baked between headlands sheltering swamps or low areas backshore, which are partially connected to the sea. In a mesotidal regim, the are semi-sheltered by islands and rocky shoals accounting for lower entering swell. The local wind create important wind waves promoting alonshore drift of sediment. This is observed thanks to hydrodynamic and topographic measurements. With an increasing energy input, cross-shore exchanges of sediment are dominant following increasing surf and swash processes. Such exchanges rotate aroud an equilibrium or pivot point less dynamic. Gravity waves and wind waves have an heterogeneous impact in space. Moreover, volumetric variations highlight each pocket beach system running as a single entity. No proof of alongshore by-passing between each beach is identified but a cross-shore connection with the direct nearshore is highly supposed and has to occur only between faults or subtidal rocky shoals. Finally, storm impact depends highly on the storm route and water level. In case of erosion, the beach recover the sediment loss quickly, so the sediment buget remains stable. Nevertheless, through time, sea level rise might create breach by breaking dune system and flood partially the bachshore. The would implie a sedimentary alonshore redistribution, changing significantly the coastline
Vandenhecke, Jennifer. "Spéciation des métalloïdes en milieu estuarien : développement analytique et étude biogéochimique de l’arsenic." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2032.
Full textThis work deals with the behaviour and the speciation of metalloïds and particularly arsenic in estuaries. In a first part, two stripping chronopotentiometric methods using a gold film electrode are developped for determining arsenic and selenium in seawater. With a detection limit of 0,29 nM for As (III) and 0,71 nM for total dissolved inorganic arsenic, this procedure exhibits a better sensitivity than others stripping methods developped hitherto. In a second part, the biogeochemical cycle of inorganic arsenic in a macrotidal estuary (Penzé-Britany) has been examined over a seasonal cycle. In the river end-member, the concentrations of dissolved arsenic are controled by water discharge and phytoplankton activity. The high levels of arsenic in suspended matter and their variations were related to the pig slurry manuring on the catchment. Within the estuary, two processes control the dissolved arsenic behaviour. First, an important input of As (III) and As (V) from the benthic compartment contributes to the enrichment of the water column, then the coprecipitation with iron oxides induces a redistribution of this metalloid to the particulate phase. Estimations of arsenic fluxes between the different compartments of the system illustrate the strong reactivity of this element. Arsenic which is imported mainly in particular form (73 %) is exported to the continental shelf in dissolved one (77 %). The proportion of As (III) exported is estimated to 14 % of the dissolved fluxes
Aulert, Christophe. "Les stationnements de macreuses (Melanitta) sur le littoral augeron : biogéographie et environnement." Caen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CAEN1225.
Full textThe scoters (melanitta) are sea diving ducks which come in their thousands to overwinter every year along the coasts of Calvados, between the Orne bay and the seine estuary. The augeron's coast is the main wintering site for the common scoters (melanitta nigra) in France and the only regular site for the velvet scoters (melanitta fusca). Common and velvet scoters do not use the same areas. This spatial segregation is stable for the duration of the season, and from year to year. Parallel to the studying of the wintering quarters of scoters on the coasts of Calvados, seven components of the sphere were studied: sediments, currents, salinity, depth, temperature, benthic fauna, fishing. With this investigation, we cleared the eco-geographic factors of the wintering quarters of the scoters of the augeron's coast. The statistics and the maps were carried through S. A. S. Data. A study of heavy metals and organochlorines contamination of scoters was also carried out to check if an animal at the top of the trophy chain could be used to determine the pollution of the sphere. Bird can constitute a relatively good implement for a geographic study on the sea. However, they will not allow the apprehension of the whole geographic sphere and its complexity. Only the components which determine the wintering quarters of birds will be characterized. Before, it is necessary to know the factors which determine the wintering quarters for the birds
Joint-Daguenet, Roger. "La politique britannique en Mer Rouge et dans le golfe d'Aden au XIXe siècle : le rôle d'Aden, 1839-1869." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX10034.
Full textLe, Lay Gwenaëlle. "Modélisation des interactions entre système anthropique et faune sauvage : la carte de risque appliquée à la gestion de la faune en milieu urbain." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10157.
Full textCastège, Iker. "Evolution des populations d’oiseaux et de mammifères marins dans le Golfe de Gascogne en relation avec les changements environnementaux." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3025.
Full textThis Thesis report deals mainly with data processing of a long term data set (1976-2009) gathered from a long term survey of seabirds and sea mammals in the Bay of Biscay (France; East Atlantic). In this report we highlight some aspects of the spatio-temporal dynamics of those populations, and thus of the marine ecosystems in which they live. We emphasize the role of two major environmental forces. First of all, we investigated the direct influence of human-borne pollutions and accidental by-catches : recent oilspills (namely from the “Erika” and then the “Prestige” ships) had various and complex effects on seabird populations, but none on cetacean populations, given that stranding patterns were more likely linked by abundance and distribution of living animals at sea than by-catches or accidental oispills. Secondly, we adressed the influence of oceano-climatic variations on abundance of those top-predator populations. Overall results have important implications in species and ecosystem management (e. G. Marine Protected Areas design) as well as fundamental ecology (e. G. Ecosystem oceanography paradigm)
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Full textTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Goslin, Jérôme. "Reconstitution de l'évolution du niveau marin relatif holocène dans le Finistère (Bretagne, France) : dynamiques régionales, réponses locales." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0039/document.
Full textSince the Last Glacial Maximum, the different regions of the world underwent specific relative sea-level evolutions, principally under the joint influences of the worldwide “eustatic” sea-level rise and regional isostatic dynamics. The latter, still going on today, appear to play a major role in the contemporaneous sea-level rise. Despite of the several studies made on the subject in the UK within the last decades, only little knowledge appears available on the relative sea-level evolution and on the isostatic dynamics at the scale of the Western Europe Atlantic façade, and particularly on the French Atlantic coasts. Due to its geographical position, the Finistère region stands out as a potentially ideal region for providing new material on the subject.This PhD work aimed to produce a new and reliable Holocene relative sea-level curve for the Finistère region. At first, sedimentary sequences were retrieved from several sites located all around the Finistère peninsula. In order to reconstruct RSL from these sequences, an innovative multi-proxy method was developed, conjointly using geochemical and microstratigraphic indicators. Our results bear out that, in the Finistère region, the Holocene RSL followed a continuous rise at progressively decreasing rates during the last 8000 yrs B.P. This evolution led to massive disruptions in the organization and functioning of the coastal sedimentary systems which are discussed. In particular, new hypotheses are proposed to explain the pluri-metric drop in RSL that was formerly invoked ca. 3000 B.P. The results we obtained were then compared to the RSL data available in the south-western UK or the south of the Bay of Biscay, along with glacio-isostatic adjustment geophysical models. These comparisons provide new enlightments on both the amplitude and the chronology of isostatic dynamics at the scale of the north-western Europe during the Holocene
Vidal, Éric. "Organisation des phytocénoses en milieu insulaire méditerranéen perturbé : analyse des inter-relations entre les colonies de goélands leucophées et la végétation des îles de Marseille." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30090.
Full textHandal, William. "Rôle de la connectivité et de l'adaptation locale dans la structure et le fonctionnement des populations de coquilles Saint-Jacques (Pecten maximus) en Manche, Mer d'Iroise et Rade de Brest." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2019/These-2019-SML-Ecologie_marine-HANDAL_William.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this study was to improve knowledge about connectivity and local adaptation among great scallop fishing grounds located in the English Channel, the Ushant Sea and the Bay of Brest, in order to provide concrete information to fisheries managers regarding great scallop population biology. This work was divided in three part.(i) Firstly, population genetic structure of P. maximus among the main fishing grounds of the English Channel was analysed through a multidisciplinary seascape genetics approach coupling microsatellite data and demo-genetic modelling. The main results underlined genetic differentiation between western Start Point population and the rest of the fishing grounds of the English Channel, suggesting reproductive independency. (ii) Secondly, the genetic structure between the Western English Channel, the Ushant Sea, the Bay ofDouarnenez and the Bay of Brest was investigated using ‘Genotype by Sequencing' (GBS) coupled to a hydrodynamic modelling approach, in order to understand connectivity between Bay of Brest and neighbouring populations in a context intensive enhancement of this Bay.Results emphasize(1 ) the importance of the Ushant Front as barrier to larval dispersal between the Western English Channel and theUshant Sea/The Bay of Brest and (2) larval flux from the Bay of Douarnenez to the Bay of Brest. (iii) Finally, adaptative genetic structure was explored using GBS, between the Bay of Brest, the Bay of Morlaix and the Normano-Breton Gulf.For the first time, fine scale adaptative processes were observed among main Brittany fishing grounds, for which reproductive differentiation were previously noticed.This body of research showed demographic and genetic isolation between fishing grounds of P. maximus of the Western English Channel, the Ushant Sea and the Bay of Brest and suggested for the first time fine scale signals of selection between enhanced fishing grounds. This thesis aims to contribute to decision processes regarding management strategies of P. maximus stocks in the English Channel and in Brittany
Charles, Kevin. "Activités de recherche scientifique et développement économique des territoires : le cas des sciences de la mer en Bretagne Occidentale." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0100/document.
Full textThe place of scientific research activities in the economic dynamics, especially their links with enterprises and territories have been studied largely since the 1990s, and have produced extensive literature. After first synthesizing and putting those studies into perspective, this thesis intends to contribute to the analysis of the role of this research in the economic development of territories, focusing on the local territory. Our reflexion is based on a double case study, both thematic and geographical: the field of marine sciences, with the territories of Brest and Western Brittany (France) as a baseline case. Three types of methods are implemented. First, to characterize the field of marine research, scientific production in that field is analyzed on a global scale. This step highlights the inclusion of this field in the institutional and territorial realities: locally based scientific entities, and even in some cases whole local research systems. Then, the economic benefits related to the localized spending of the research activity are estimated, mainly using an input-output modeling adapted to the regional and local scales. If the results do reveal the relatively limited nature of these benefits in our case study, they also reveal the good potential of the research activity in terms of outputs multipliers, added value and employment. Finally, the impacts of research on supply actors are grasped, namely "knowledge transfer" types of effects. A comparative survey is conducted on two territories: Brest and Bergen (Norway). Several factors, both internal and external to scientific institutions, appear to be decisive in the level and quality of such transfers at large: more specifically, the extent to which the research conducted locally and the locally existing economic activities match. A strong heterogeneity in the distribution of those effects – disciplinary, sectorial and spatial – can also be observed. Overall, the results shed singular and innovative light on the potential integration of the research activity in a territorial development strategy
Penard, Cédric. "Détection satellitaire et modélisation opérationnelle de la production végétale non-fixée dans la bande côtière bretonne." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2044.
Full textEutrophication is more and more important in the coastal environment. It is one major impact of human activity on environment. The eutrophication phenomena are growing continuously. Over the last decades, the number of sites affected has been rising over the world. Eutrophication of French Brittany coastal shelf is a recurrent problem, always more worrying. The objective of this work is multiple: it aims at highlighting and understanding the impact and the role of the contributions in nutrients on the primary production and the eutrophication of the coastal environment. This work also has the ambition of identifying and understanding the causes of the phenomena and thus to make it possible to bring solutions or tracks of improvement. Lt also has an objective of short-term forecast of the biological state of the zone. This work led to the implementation of a real-time model, which results can be visualised and compared to satellite measurements on w. Previmer. Org. The main tool for this work is a coupled physical-biogeochemical model. The hydrodynamic part is provided by the code Mars3D (3D hydrodynamic Model for Application At Regional Scale) developed by IFREMER. The biogeochemical model of IFREMER, with its model of nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon cycles, is coupled to the hydrodynamic code Mars3D. We added to this basic model a specific kind of phytoplankton which can be harmful: Pseudo-Nitzschia. Indeed, this phytoplankton has the capacity to synthesize domoic acid which is a toxin responsible for the ASP syndrome (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning). The model reproduces overall the same zones of toxicity as measurements of the REPHY, and gives encouraging results
Garineaud, Clément. "Récolter la mer : des savoirs et des pratiques des collecteurs d'algues à la gestion durable des ressources côtières dans le Finistère (Bretagne)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0004/document.
Full textAfter several cycles over the course of past centuries, seaweed harvesting in Finistere is once again experiencing a revival and emerging as a promising sector. Beyond socio-economic transformations, it is also faced with current issues of biodiversity conservation and the sharing of maritime space. How can human activity and preservation of the environment be reconciled? The mobilized ethnoecological approach looks at resource management by local communities through their engagement - practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and representations. The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: understanding the dynamics of seaweed harvesters' engagement, and understanding how they mobilize and cope with current issues. Through ethnographic survey and ethnoecological methods, the scientific, social, and administrative frameworks were investigated diachronically to understand the context and the issue. The identity of the collectors were studied through both 'administrative statuses' as well as five profiles that emerged from the data. This diversity in forms of engagement is reflected in the sensory perceptions mobilized during harvesting, in the vernacular classifications of seaweed, and in how space is apprehended. The analysis of these three dimensions reveals a rich body of 'intimate', 'embodied', and 'situated' knowledge that is inextricable from practices relating to seaweed, aquatic environments, and ecosystem dynamics. Finally, various elements across knowledge and representations shed light on conflicts and illustrate the influence of science and industry on collectors. The climate event that took place during the winter of 2013–2014, for example, left an impact on seaweed resources and forced collectors to adapt. It revealed the interplay between actors of the various sectors and the composite (or even hybrid) nature of their engagement, a first step towards co-management
Gineste, Benoit. "Étude de la biologie et de la vulnérabilité au développement anthropique des oiseaux marins nocturnes à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0015/document.
Full textThe biodiversity is currently threatened by human activities. As they depend both of marine and terrestrial habitats, seabirds are particularly exposed to human pressures. In Reunion Island, the consequences of the urbanization on populations are unknown. For conservation and environmental assessment purposes, accurate information on the species repartition, flight patterns and vulnerability to infrastructure is required. The goals of this thesis are to update biological information on species and to assess the vulnerability of nocturnal seabirds of Reunion Island exposed to infrastructure. We studied the evolution of the size and the repartition of the colonies of tropical shearwater Puffinus bailloni at the scale of the entire island over a 19-years period. The flight patterns of tropical shearwater and Barau's petrel Pterodroma baraui were described with radar technology at different spatial and temporal scales. Our results show an apparent stability of the tropical shearwater population despite an important light pollution. Tropical shearwater and Barau’s petrel present specific flight patterns. The estimated census of Barau's petrel suggests a population size higher than current estimation whereas the estimated census of tropical shearwater is reliable to current estimations. Barau's petrels' juveniles mostly take off during the first hours of the night. Decision making tools have been produced. Our study also highlights the need to conduct further fundamental and applied researches
Kermagoret, Charlène. "La compensation des impacts sociaux et écologiques pour les projets d'aménagement : acceptation, perceptions et préférences des acteurs du territoire. Application au projet de parc éolien en mer de la baie de Saint-Brieuc (Bretagne,France)." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0126/document.
Full textIn the context of a territory suffering from the negative impacts of an infrastructure declared of public utility, territorial compensation consists of a set of measure that aims to help maintaining the level of well-being of each and every individual as well as a desirable ecological state. This way, territorial compensation allows to balance between the global scale of the project, in which only the positive impacts are taken into account, and the local scale where both positive and negative externalities of the project are running. Initiated by a questioning on how such a public policy tool can be deployed at the heart of specific territories, the main objective of this PhD work is to characterize the expectation of local stakeholders towards the perceived impacts awaited from the instatement of a development project. More specifically, this work relies on an analytical approach centered on the study of the perception of the stakeholders of the Bay of St-Brieuc territory (Western Brittany, France), who are directly concerned by an offshore wind farm project. To reach suchaims, complementary qualitative and quantitative methods are used such as fuzzy cognitive mapping and choice experiment method. Using this kind of approaches allowed us to better define several keys for understanding how local stakeholders perceive the impacts of such a project and agree or not with compensation being an appropriate answer regarding the negative impacts of the project and consider the implementation of compensation in reference to their preferences towards different types of action – monetary incentives, public goods investments, ecological restoration. Our results show very heterogeneous perceptions in between the different stakeholders that can in a large part beexplained using the concept of Communities of Practice. Finally, when the principle of compensation is accepted by allthe stakeholders of a territory, the equivalency logical that determines the compensation expectations can be of three types: a territorial equivalency, in which the benefits of compensation must be shared by all inhabitants of the impacted territory; an ecological equivalency, in which the level of ecological functions or ecosystem services is maintained constant; and an equivalency based on economic values that must balance the loss of benefits underwent by some professional activities
Cheriau, Raphaël. ""L'Intervention d'Humanité" or the Humanitarian Right of Intervention in International Relations : Zanzibar, France and Britain in between Colonial Expansion and Struggle against the Slave Trade from the mid-19th Century to the early 1900s." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040060.
Full textIn the second half of the nineteenth century the Zanzibar Sultanate became the focal point of French as well as British imperial and humanitarian policies. In fact, the island was not only the most important slave trade emporium of the Indian Ocean but it was also the great gateway to East Africa for slave traders, humanitarians, or imperialists alike. This thesis looks at the controversies which took place in Zanzibar waters between France and Britain over the right of searching vessels suspected of being engaged in the slave trade as well as the right of dhows to fly the French flag and escape the Royal Navy’s scrutiny. This research highlights how important these questions were, not only for the relations of France, Britain, and the Zanzibar Sultanate, but also for international law and international relations up until the eve of the First World War. This work demonstrates that the anti-slave trade operations which took place in Zanzibar inspired many navy officers, consuls, diplomats, Foreign Secretaries, and lawyers – whether British, French, or American – on the theory and the practice of “humanitarian interventions”. Indeed, the history of anti-slave trade operations implemented in the Zanzibar Sultanate sheds a new light on the history of the concept of humanitarian intervention, or “intervention in the score of humanity” – (“l’intervention d’humanité”) – as it was then called. This research underlines how these humanitarian interventions unceasingly swung between genuine humanitarian ideals and pressing imperial issues
Laffoucrière, François. "La résolution des conflits d'usage en mer : Le cas des obstacles à la circulation des navires de commerce en Manche : Bilan et perspectives : Étude de droit français et de droit anglais." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010300.
Full textYang, Yi. "Contribution à l'évaluation économique des marées vertes." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0122/document.
Full textDue to seasonal blooms of green macro-algae belonging to the ulvaceae family, green tides are part of the larger class of harmful algal blooms (HAB), which has developed worldwide at a high rate during the last three decades, favoured by the eutrophisation of coastal waters due to human activities. The massive accumulation of seaweeds on the shore resulting from green tides generates a variety of damages to market and non-market activities, and is a potential threat to human health. In the same time, green algae are a natural resource that may be turned into a variety of valuable products through industrial processing. R&D programs devoted to this subject have been launched in countries subject to green tides, such as China and France.The subject of this dissertation is the economic assessment of green tides, in a cost-benefit perspective. To this end, it studies the costs of green tides for private agents and public bodies, as well as the benefits due to the processing of algae.The dissertation relies on two case studies, one in China (Yellow Sea), and the other in France (Brittany). Chapter 1 and chapter 2 are dedicated to the case of the green tides that have developed each spring in the Yellow Sea and reached the southern shore of the Shandong province during the last decade. Chapter 1 investigates the bio-economic mechanisms of these episodes, their economic consequences, public management policies, and stakeholders’ perceptions. Chapter 2 tries to quantify the social cost of green tides, including management costs (minus benefits generated by green algae processing) and residual costs to market and non-market activities. Chapter 3 relies on the Brittany case, and focuses on the economic consequences of green algae industrial processing. Making use of a regionalized input-output table, it estimates, at various geographical scales, the economic impact of a program concerning the industrial processing of algae that are collected during the green tides on the Brittany shoreline
Blanchet-Aurigny, Aline. "Les populations d'ophiures épigées Ophiothrix fragilis et Ophiocomina nigra à la pointe de Bretagne : évolution et écologie trophique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863260.
Full textChapuis, Olivier. "À la mer comme au ciel : Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré (1766-1854) et la naissance de l'hydrographie moderne (1750-1850) : Ou, l'émergence de la précision en navigation et dans la cartographie marine en France : de l'empirisme à la science de la route et du point. Comparaisons ponctuelles avec la Grande-Bretagne, première puissance maritime du monde." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040148.
Full textEntitled a difficult rise (1750-1791), the first part studies the state of navigation and surveying in France (some comparisons are proposed with Great Britain), from the end of 17th century. Longitude at sea, the references of geodesy and topography, the education of sailors, the first laws concerning the printing and the selling of nautical charts, as hydrographic institution is established (in France), are dealed with strategic and commercial objects, and progress in methods and instruments at the end of old regime, a time of Beautemps-Beaupré's scientific education. Because of him, the d'Entrecasteaux's expedition (first chapter of the second part, entitled the modern hydrography, 1792-1850) is the real laboratory of modern hydrography. His object concerns strategy, as proved by the interest of Great Britain for the papers of the expedition. Hydrographic documentation is useful for colonization as for its publicity. . . Obviously, this fighting surveying is of great importance during the war, for instance between 1799 and 1815. Such objects require controls of hydrographic productions by the states, as they still exist at the end of the XXth century. At last, the analysis of methods defined by Beautemps-Beaupré is used to study the making of a chart. These are to be transmitted to others hydrographers (engineers or officers), by books and teaching. Yet, if the charts are not used by the sailors, it won't be enough for the propagation of modern hydrography. .
Carsin, Jean-Louis. "Contribution aux etudes de pollution marine. Eutrophisation des eaux de clipperton et de la rade de brest. Marees noires apres les naufrages de l'amoco cadiz, du tanio et du gino. Discussions generales, aspects juridiques et reglementaires pour la protection du milieu marin." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066298.
Full textQuillien, Nolwenn. "Des écosystèmes naturellement stressés sous menace anthropique : réponses de la faune des plages de sable macrotidales aux marées vertes." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0024/document.
Full textHighly dynamic systems, often considered as resilient systems, are characterised by abiotic and biotic processes under continuous and strong changes in space and time. Because of this variability, the detection of overlapping anthropogenic stress is challenging. Coastal areas harbour dynamic ecosystems in the for of open sandy beaches, which cover the vast majority of the world’s ice-free coastline. These ecosystems are currently threatened by increasing human-induced pressure, among which mass-development of opportunistic macroalgae (mainly composed of Chlorophyta, so called green tides), resulting from the eutrophication of coastal waters. The ecological impact of opportunistic macroalgal blooms (green tides, and blooms formed by other opportunistic taxa), has long been evaluated within sheltered and non-tidal ecosystems. Little is known, however, on how more dynamic ecosystems, such as open macrotidal sandy beaches, respond to such stress. This thesis assesses the effects of anthropogenic stress on the structure and the functioning of highly dynamic ecosystems using sandy beaches impacted by green tides as a study case. The thesis is based on four field studies, which analyse natural sandy sediment benthic community dynamics over several temporal (from month to multi-year) and spatial (from local to regional) scales. In this thesis, I report long-lasting responses of sandy beach benthic invertebrate communities to green tides, across thousands of kilometres and over seven years; and highlight more pronounced responses of zoobenthos living in exposed sandy beaches compared to semi-exposed sands. Within exposed sandy sediments, and across a vertical scale (from inshore to nearshore sandy habitats), I also demonstrate that the effects of the presence of algal mats on intertidal benthic invertebrate communities is more pronounced than that on subtidal benthic invertebrate assemblages, but also than on flatfish communities. Focussing on small-scale variations in the most affected faunal group (i.e. benthic invertebrates living at low shore), this thesis reveals a decrease in overall beta-diversity along a eutrophication-gradient manifested in the form of green tides, as well as the increasing importance of biological variables in explaining ecological variability of sandy beach macrobenthic assemblages along the same gradient. To illustrate the processes associated with the structural shifts observed where green tides occurred, I investigated the effects of high biomasses of opportunistic macroalgae (Ulva spp.) on the trophic structure and functioning of sandy beaches. This work reveals a progressive simplification of sandy beach food web structure and a modification of energy pathways over time, through direct and indirect effects of Ulva mats on several trophic levels. Through this thesis I demonstrate that highly dynamic systems respond differently (e.g. shift in δ13C, not in δ15N) and more subtly (e.g. no mass-mortality in benthos was found) to anthropogenic stress compared to what has been previously shown within more sheltered and non-tidal systems. Obtaining these results would not have been possible without the approach used through this work; I thus present a framework coupling field investigations with analytical approaches to describe shifts in highly variable ecosystems under human-induced stress
Vianello, Rita. "Le savoir des mytiliculteurs de la lagune de Venise et du littoral breton : étude d'anthropologie comparative." Thesis, Brest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BRES0025/document.
Full textFrom a geographic perspective, the Venice Lagoon has almost nothing in common with the main northern bays of “Bretagne”; simply, both open on the sea. Therefore, the two studied realities have to share their submission to the action of tides that have pushed the coastal communities to develop fishing knowledge and techniques. They were able to evolve over time to better suit the characteristics of the environment. The different forms of harvesting and fishing, mussel farming in particular, led to domestication and human impacts in these areas. In “Bretagne”, as in Venice, is rather late the development of mussels as food and as economic resource.Whether in the literature sources or during the survey in the field, our research has led us to identify frequent allusions to the alleged toxicity of this mollusk in Venice called “peòcio” that mean “cootie” and considered inedible. What mechanisms have metamorphosed mussels into a regarded and sought food today? And how formerly very poor areas are transformed into places renowned for the production of mussels? It is to answer these questions that we undertook the reconstruction of the history of the mussel
Da un punto di vista geografico la laguna di Venezia ha poco in comune con la Bretagna settentrionale se non il suo sbocco sul mare. Di conseguenza le due realtà condividono la dipendenza dall’azione delle maree, le quali hanno spinto le popolazioni litoranee a sviluppare dei saperi e delle particolari tecniche di pesca adattate alle caratteristiche dell’ambiente.Nel corso della nostra ricerca abbiamo incontrato delle frequenti allusioni alla presunta tossicità del mitilo, a Venezia chiamato “peòcio”, cioè pidocchio. Infatti a Venezia, come in Bretagna, la valorizzazione dei mitili quale risorsa alimentare ed economica è un fenomeno tardivo. Quali meccanismi hanno trasformato i mitili in un alimento che è oggi apprezzato e ricercato? E in che modo delle zone un tempo molto povere si sono trasformate in località rinomate per la produzione di questi molluschi? Per rispondere a queste domande abbiamo ricostruito la storia della mitilicoltura