Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oiseaux – Mœurs et comportement'
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Bourque, Julie. "Déterminants comportementaux de la répartition spatiale des oiseaux dans les forêts fragmentées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22611/22611.pdf.
Full textCorbani, Aude Catherine. "Évaluation de la reproduction des oiseaux en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30257/30257.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this PhD is to assess the reproductive success of a managed boreal forest songbird community, and to explore its causality. The traditional method to achieve this objective is nest monitoring, but it is laborious in boreal forest where nests are often on the ground or hidden at the top of trees. Alternative methods have already been used in boreal forest to document songbird reproduction without finding nests. They are based on observations of parental behavior (such as food provisioning) or fledglings accompanying their parents. However, these observations suffer from significant detection bias, parents not displaying success indicators all the time. In the three chapters of this thesis, I am interested in two stages of bird reproductive cycle: nesting success (i.e. the presence of young at the nest) and fledging success. The first chapter presents an innovative method to measure nesting success from food provisioning observations taking into account of parental status detection bias. I show that this bias may be significant (detection does not exceed 38%), and that the application of two-state occupancy models (presence/absence) to nesting success (young/no young at nest) is possible and effective. In a second chapter, I apply my analytic method to food provisioning observations collected since 1995 in the study area (Forêt Montmorency, Québec, Canada). I show that nesting decreases during the 17 studied years, in correlation with habitat modifications and meteorological changes over time. Additionally, nesting success is greater in older and more even-aged forests, as well as far from forestry roads and trails. In the third chapter, I show that, in half of the cases where adults are found without fledglings at the end of the reproductive season, they do in fact have fledglings. After accounting for this imperfect detection, I estimate fledging success as 59%, uncorrelated to landscape attributes (stand age and homogeneity). All results in this thesis support the claim that boreal forest represents an important breeding ground for birds in North America. I highlight the importance of detection bias when using alternative methods to nest monitoring in order to measure reproductive success and propose applications of these new tools for atlassing and similar large-scale ornithology initiatives.
Girard, Caroline. "La perception de la forêt mixte par les oiseaux forestiers : une analyse multi-échelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22213/22213.pdf.
Full textThis thesis documents at different spatial scales relationships between mixedwood forest and forest birds. More precisely, its objective is to determine if these birds perceive mixedwood forest as a forest with a unique identity or whether as an ecotone, a contact zone between coniferous boreal and deciduous temperate forests. The first chapter presents a study realized at a regional scale which related bird distribution data from the Breeding Bird Atlases of Quebec and Ontario to land cover data from Landsat satellite imagery. This study modeled the relationship between the presence, within 1551 squares of 100 km2, of 71 forest bird species and the cover proportion of three forest types: coniferous, deciduous and mixedwood forests. The second chapter asks the same question at finer scales. It modeled the occurrence at 57 observation points of 32 bird species with the amount of forest cover (temperate mixedwood, coniferous dominant, and deciduous dominant) present within 50, 100, and 1000 m radius. The third chapter attempts to explain the occurrence of eight bird species in mixedwood forest by their use of trees. The results obtained in the first two chapters show that at many scales several bird species present more important relations with mixedwood forest than with coniferous and deciduous forests. The blackburnian warbler particularly distinguishes itself at multiple scales. The results obtained in chapter 3 indicate that the intrinsic need of coniferous and deciduous trees in equal proportion for singing and foraging activities is not the selection criteria that motivates the occurrence within mixedwood forest of the eight bird species studied at that scale. We conclude that certain bird species do perceive mixedwood forest as a forest that possesses its own characteristics and we point out the importance of considering the distinct nature of that forest in our conservation and management strategies.
Bernier-Leduc, Marjolaine. "Évaluation de la faune aviaire dans des haies brise-vent intégrant des arbustes porteurs de produits forestiers non ligneux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19255.
Full textGagnon, Lupien Noémie. "Impact du roseau commun (Phragmites australis) sur les assemblages et le comportement des oiseaux dans des marais d'eau douce du sud du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29738/29738.pdf.
Full textTurcotte, Yves. "Structure du paysage et écologie comportementale des oiseaux forestiers en hiver." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23015/23015.pdf.
Full textOver the last few decades, many researchers have addressed the impacts of forest loss on forest bird abundance. However, most of these works were conducted during the breeding season. The aim of my research was to document the effects of deforestation on bird populations during winter. Using an experimental approach, I also wanted to assess the effect of behavioral mechanisms potentially affecting population dynamics and spatial distribution of forest birds. Field work was conducted during three winters in Kamouraska County. The structure of 24 landscapes (500-m radius) was described from a satellite image. These landscapes represented a broad gradient of deforestation (forest cover 8–88 %). In half of these landscapes, we provided an unlimited source of food. I evaluated the effects of landscape structure 1) on the spatial distribution of the forest bird community, 2) on the fattening strategies, and 3) the anti-predator behavior of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Forest integrity (a composite of forest cover and edge density) was positively associated with chickadee abundance and species richness in landscapes that were supplemented. However, in control landscapes, chickadee abundance and species richness tended to decrease with an increase in forest integrity. This suggests that the more forested control landscapes facilitated winter emigration when conditions deteriorated. Conversely in highly deforested and fragmented control landscapes, birds became “gap-locked”. Landscape structure did not affect chickadees’ energetic condition. However, food-supplementation improved it and affected the pattern of daily fattening as well. In the more deforested control landscapes, chickadees showed more willingness and ventured farther into the open despite a likely increase in the risk of predation. However, where ad libitum food was available prior to the experiment, chickadees always remained close to the forest edge, regardless of the level of deforestation.
Major, Mélanie. "L'influence des arbustes fruitiers sur la répartition des oiseaux en sapinière boréale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27714/27714.pdf.
Full textThe post-reproductive period is critical for many forest birds, especially for juveniles who must learn to forage on their own before the fall migration. At this period, many forest birds become mainly frugivores and songbirds of mature boreal forests often shift to early-successional stands. There are at least three explanations for this late-summer habitat shift: (1) songbirds may seek abundant fruit resources or cover against predators, (2) restrict their use of clearcuts to mature-forest edges or (3) use clearcuts mostly for transit between different patches of mature forest via early-seral stands. We tested frugivory, edge and transit hypotheses at the Forêt Montmorency, Quebec during summers 2007 and 2008. We tested the frugivory hypothesis by conducting a fruit removal experiment testing the prediction that bird capture rates in mist nets would be lower in fruit removal plots than in control plots. Additionally, we evaluated the ripening and consumption of available red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) berries in control plots following each mist-netting session, and we modeled capture rates as a function of fruit shrub abundance at varying spatial scales. We tested edge and transit hypotheses by comparing capture rates in clearcuts near vs. away from adjoining mature forest edges, as well as in mist nets placed parallel vs. perpendicular to forest edges. Sixty-four percent of individuals, representing 15 of the 33 species captured, were seasonal frugivores. In both years of this study, fruit consumption of red elderberry approached 100 % by the end of the sampling periods, suggesting that fruit could be a limiting resource to boreal forest birds. Experimental fruit removal reduced capture rates of frugivores by 45 %, but did not affect capture rates of other species. There was no relationship between bird and fruit abundance beyond a few meters from mist nets. Capture rates were independent of distance from mature forest edges, but they were greater in nets parallel to forest edges than in those perpendicular to edges in the case of species nesting in mature forests. In the boreal forest, fruit shrubs are mainly found in dense, early successional stands. In managed forests, it is within these stands that precommercial thinning (PCT) is applied, a treatment designed to reduce stand density so as to increase diameter growth of residual poles and orient stand species composition. The consequences of PCT on wildlife associated to dense habitat as well as the possible elimination of fruit shrubs in treated stands is a cause for concern. These preoccupations have lead to the experimental application of wildlife-enhanced PCT at the Forêt Montmorency, where the evaluation of competing stems is less severe as in conventional PCT. I examined the impact of wildlife-enhanced PCT (wePCT) on fruit shrub abundance and distribution by conducting a fruit shrub inventory in thinned and control stands, and modeling the abundance of fruit shrubs as a function of treatment and site variables (slope, elevation and aspect). Results indicate that the abundance of fruit shrubs generally seemed higher in thinned stands, but differences were not significant. Fruit shrub abundance was highly variable in young stands and the response to thinning was species specific. Nonetheless, wePCT does not seem to have a negative impact on fruit shrub abundance. I suggest two possible explanations for the maintenance of fruit shrub following wePCT: either fruit shrubs were left uncut during thinning or, when cut, increased light and available nutrients rapidly restored stem abundance by favouring stump sprouting. Finally, fruit shrub distribution was highly aggregated, but was not related to distance to roads or to mature forest edges. However, PCT significantly reduced fruit shrub aggregation. Given the support for frugivory and transit hypotheses, silvicultural treatments should be closely monitored to maintain fruit shrubs in small-scale patchworks of different successional stages. PCT in our study area appeared unharmful to birds, as fruit shrub abundance in PCT sites was similar to that of control stands. However, reduced fruit shrub aggregation could negatively affect foraging efficiency of frugivorous forest birds. Fruit shrub abundance and distribution results cannot be directly extrapolated to conventional PCT, but they provide insight on the fruit shrub dynamics of the boreal forest. Better understanding the effects of PCT and other sylvicultural treatments on fruits shrubs and trees is important, as fruit is possibly a limiting resource for post-breeding birds.
Pincemy, Gwenaëlle. "Synchronisation et exclusion chez les oiseaux : étude de la caille." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S068.
Full textBertin, Aline. "Rôle des adultes dans le développement comportemental des jeunes chez les oiseaux." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S097.
Full textLuzuriaga, Neira Nivia. "La surveillance des oiseaux commun des Galápagos : les enjeux de l'insularité et la formation d'observateurs." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066420.
Full textThéry, Marc. "Ecologie et comportement des oiseaux Pipridae en Guyane : leks, frugivorie et dissémination des graines." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066336.
Full textBaussart, Sabine. "Etude fonctionnelle du comportement alimentaire chez les oiseaux Ramphastidae (Toucans) et Bucerotidae (Calaos)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0018.
Full textThe study of feeding behaviour by birds has always been a basis of functional morphology. Within the relation shape and function among birds, 3 kind of information are generally looked for:Characteristics of structures used by birds. Characteristics involved in capture and transporting food. Influence of these characteristics, on the modalities of food capture and\or transport. The aim of thesis is to clarify the functional mechanisms of feeding behaviour in Neognatha. Types of research are contemplated :Anatomy and the functioning of the trophic system. Quantitative analyses used for the analysis of image and modeling analyses, will be realized among each species. We determine and characterize the ballistic transport in Ramphastidae and Bucerotidae. In Psittacidae, we demonstrate that the motor coordination is more complex. The results obtained in this study are essential to understand the food strategies of the studied birds. In conclusion, it will bring the data to discuss the evolution of the feeding behaviour mechanisms among birds, and to determine their modulation according to the ecological strategies of the studied species
Draganoiu, Tudor Ion. "Investissement parental et reconnaissance acoustique entre parents et jeunes chez une espèce d'oiseaux chanteurs, le rougequeue noir, Phoenicurus ochruros." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100099.
Full textI studied parental investment and parent-offspring acoustic communication in a mainly monogamous songbird, the black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros. After fledging, two patterns of parental care can be distiguished. In most cases broods are divided and each parent preferentially feeds one or more chicks, males tending to feed less young than females. Alternatively, mates provide no post-fledging care or only occasionally feed their chicks. These results support the idea that brood division is a consequence of sexual conflict. The existence of two categories of offspring in relation to one parent provides a natural context enabling to investigate songbirds acoustic recognition abilities. Within divided broods, each parent is able to acoustically discriminate between the begging caps of its preferentially fed chicks and the caps of chicks fed by the other parent. This result suggests that parentoffspring acoustic recognition in songbirds may be more widespread than previously thought
Amy, Mathieu. "Utiliser les informations fournies par les interactions entre les congénères pour ajuster son comportement : études chez le canari domestique commun (Serinus canaria)." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100133.
Full textGrowing studies have focused on the social environment in which communication occurs. This social context has been for a long time ignored in the study of animal behaviour. These studies show that individuals gather information from the interactions of their conspecifics. This information allows individuals to choose the best alternative to enhance their survival or fitness. To date, the different contexts in which individuals gather and use this information are poorly understood. The aim of my thesis is to explore some of these contexts in the domestic canary. Overall my results show that mates and females eavesdrop on visual and acoustic mate-mate interactions and use the gathered information to adjust their behaviour. Females use information gathered from a visual interaction and information gathered from a vocal interaction differently; the kind of signals used in male-male interactions may account for this discrepancy. Females do not seem to use information to adjust their behaviour when gathered information is conflicting. Furthermore they do not copy the mate choice of other females. Mates are inhibited by a 'winner' of a visual or acoustic interaction. This thesis suggests that multiple social interactions can be at the origin of different types of information
Searby, Amanda. "La communication acoustique de l'identité individuelle : une étude comparative du déterminisme des signatures vocales." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20058.
Full textDubois, Frédérique. "Variation interspécifique du taux de divorce chez les oiseaux monogames : modélisation et approche comparative." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10249.
Full textFroget, Guillaume. "Comportement, énergétique et physiologie d'un oiseau plongeur : utilisation de la fréquence cardiaque comme indicateur du métabolisme." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10014.
Full textDéry, Florent. "Déterminants intrinsèques et extrinsèques du comportement de vigilance et ses conséquences sur la valeur adaptative des femelles de la chèvre de montagne." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66315.
Full textVigilance allows animals to quickly detect threats from conspecifics and predators to avoid or minimize costly encounters, but it can often limit other fitness-enhancing activities, such that fitness returns are expected when vigilance is properly adjusted. I studied drivers of vigilance and the link between vigilance and fitness in a wild population of individually marked mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) at Caw Ridge (Alberta, Canada). I first investigated the proximate factors influencing vigilance by using focal observations recordedover 12 years. Then I used a joint modelling framework to estimate the latent correlations at the individual level among three vigilance traits and two fitness components. I first hypothesized that vigilance adjustment would either be influenced by predation risk only orby the trade-off between predation risk and daily energetic requirements. My second hypothesis was that offspring vulnerability would drive mother’s vigilance. Finally, I hypothesized that vigilance would favor annual survival of adult females and of their offspring. I observed that females increased vigilance in open forest, when they were notsurrounded by conspecific neighbours, and when the risk of social interactions increased, once accounting for a cofounding effect of surrounding neighbours. Alerts of reproductive females were more frequent and longer than alerts of females without offspring. Mothers also tended to perform longer alerts when their offspring was >10 meters away than at shorter distances. There was no association between vigilance and annual survival of adult females, whereas offspring from mothers that were more often alert and spent more time vigilant survived better. Predation risk and offspring vulnerability were the main mechanisms behind variation in vigilance. My results indicate that vigilance is driven both by predation risk and offspring vulnerability, and that this behavioral tactic likely improved adult female fitness by increasing their offspring’s chances of survival.
Scheid, Christelle. "Cooperation and temperament in rooksCoopération et tempérament chez les corbeaux freux." Strasbourg 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13151.
Full textBarbet-Massin, Morgane. "Prédire l'impact potentiel des changements climatiques sur la distribution et la diversité des oiseaux européens." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066121.
Full textVillard, Pascal. "Ecologie alimentaire comparée de pics en régions paléarctique et néarctique." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS012.
Full textMuller, Yves. "L'Avifaune forestière nicheuse des Vosges du Nord : sa place dans le contexte médio-européen." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS029.
Full textDevost, Éric. "Conflit sexuel et polyandrie de la commodité chez une espèce polygynandre : les effets combinés des processus pré- et post- copulatoires sur le succès reproducteur de "Gerris buenoi"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26725.
Full textIn water striders, postcopulatory processes are documented and sexual conflict over mating rate has been shown. However, their combined effect on reproductive success has seldom been investigated. This study combines genetic parentage analyses and behavioral observations to investigate how pre- and postcopulatory processes influence the reproductive success of Gerris buenoi. Our results show the antagonistic nature of precopulatory fights and an optimal resistance level for females. However, mating rate had no effect on the reproductive success of both sexes. A high mating rate allowing postcopulatory processes to take place and many superfluous copulations likely masked the expected effects of mating rate on reproductive success. Our study confirms that insights on sexual selection forces at work are gained from investigating all episodes in the reproduction cycles of polygynandrous animals.
Salamolard, Marc. "Stratégie d'utilisation des ressources chez une espèce de rapace semi-colonial, le busard cendré (Circus pygargus)." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR4025.
Full textHenaux, Viviane. "Dynamique d'une population gérée par l'homme : dispersion, densité-dépendance et destructions hivernales chez le grand cormoran." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20236.
Full textA good management of species in conflict with man needs to investigate the interplay between management strategies and natural regulation. The North European population of great cormorant strongly multiplied over the last 30 years, leading to the expansion of its breeding range because of the dispersal of individuals among colonies. In order to limit the damages of this fish-eating bird in fisheries, the population was controlled from 1992 as winter culls. The goal of the thesis was to investigate the interplay between intrinsic consequences of the demographic growth and culls on the population dynamics. From a multistate capture-recapture model combinig multisite resightings and recoveries of ringed birds, I showed that declining breeding success and increasing breeding numbers led to the dispersal of individuals. Prospecting allows first-time breeders to disperse to a colony, more or less distant, where they can expect a higher breeding success than in their birth site. Breeders prefer a colony close to their previous site in order to benefit of their experience with foraging sites. From a bioenergetics model considering the daily time-energy budget of parents and environmental conditions, I showed that the density-dependent increase of competition for food alters the foraging and breeding performances of individuals. Combined to dispersal processes, the result is a regulation of colony growth. It appears that the effect of culls was partially compensated by a density-dependent increase of adult and first-year survival. I suggest that the intensification of culls at the local scale will allow a higher reduction of conflicts than national quotas and the preservation of the great cormorant population
Lescroël, Amélie. "Stratégies d'exploitation des ressources marines par des prédateurs plongeurs : Approche comparée entre colonies et implications évolutives." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LESCROEL_Amelie_2005.pdf.
Full textAn individual’s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km)
Saraux, Claire. "Response of penguins to environmental changes across the Southern ocean : from individuals to population trends." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6192.
Full textClimate change is now unequivocal and foreseen to continue within the next centuries, profoundly affecting the biological component of our planet. Thus, it is becoming urgently necessary to increase our understanding of ecosystems and their responses to climate change. In this thesis, we investigated the effects of climate on Southern Ocean ecosystems through the monitoring of penguins. As top-predators, penguins are often considered good indicators of their environment by integrating the effects of climate which occur lower in the food chain. Data were collected over several years on 3 penguin species (little, king and Adélie penguins) using automatic monitoring systems, that we proved to be relatively harm-free compared to the usual but deleterious flipper-banding method. We found king penguin juvenile survival to increase in years of high sea surface temperature by opposition to previous results on adult survival and breeding success, indicating contrasted effects of climate depending on life-history traits. Also, we highlighted the importance of the time-scale at which the effect of climate is investigated and the necessity of adapting it to the species biology. In little penguins, chick mortality was concentrated on some weeks, underlining the dependence of breeding success on punctual conditions instead of the mostly used mean seasonal conditions. Finally, we showed the importance of individual heterogeneity, leading for instance to differences in the ability to face various sea-ice conditions in Adélie penguins. Such inter-individual differences along with behavioural flexibility may play a role in a potential penguin adaption through phenotypic plasticity
Pineaux, Maxime. "Échapper au conflit sexuel : le cas de Gerris buenoi." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26782.
Full textIntersexual interactions linked to sexual conflict over mating rate can be highly detrimental to the fitness of female water strider. It is well established that females resist males mating attempts by engaging in costly pre-copulatory struggles. In nature, females often avoid struggling with males by escaping or hiding off the water, but most studies on sexual conflict have focused on struggles. The main objective of this project was to investigate whether escaping and hiding are alternative female resistance means in Gerris buenoi. Regarding males, it is generally accepted that they incur few costs associated with reproductive interactions but recent studies suggest the opposite. A secondary objective was to explore whether males can escape from harsh conditions imposed by male-male competition for access to females. In a first experiment, we simultaneously investigated female and male escape behavior. Probability of females to escape increased with the proportion of males in the population but contrary to predictions heavily harassed females were not escaping more often. As expected, the probability that a female escapes increased with the proportion of males in the population, indicating that escape is an alternative means of resistance to avoid costly conditions imposed by sexual conflict. Contrary to predictions, heavily harassed females were not escaping more often, indicating that they were probably too weak to escape. The probability that a male escapes also increased with the proportion of males, and the males escaping had spent less time mating. These males could be poorly competitive and may have escaped to avoid potential costs imposed by male-male competition. In a second experiment, our results reveal that females differ consistently in their tendency to hide off the water. The tendency to hide was stable over time and across different sexual conflict intensities so that this behaviour can be considered as a consistent phenotype. Importantly, hiding allowed females to lower the harassment they endured, suggesting that this behavioural trait may improve their reproductive success. This project contributes to a better understanding of intersexual interactions in water striders and female resistance means to actually avoid these interactions, an aspect previously neglected in sexual conflict studies.
Bried, Joël. "Déterminisme de la fidélité au site et au conjoint chez les oiseaux dépendant des ressources marines." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10182.
Full textL'Italien, Léon. "Dynamique des harems chez le renne : Influence de l'âge et du rang social du mâle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27508/27508.pdf.
Full textPigeon, Karine. "Plasticité comportementale de l’ours grizzli (Ursus arctos horribilis) dans un contexte de changements climatiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26065.
Full textThe study of behavioural plasticity aims at understanding the physiological and behavioural responses of individuals to limiting factors. Climate change has the potential to influence the life history of individuals by altering environmental conditions. Thus, studying the mechanistic links between animal behaviour and environmental conditions is necessary to understand the potential impacts of climate change on individuals. The first part of my thesis focuses on the links between environmental conditions, hibernation behaviour, and habitat selection of grizzly bears, a threatened species in Alberta, Canada. The phenology of den entry and exit was driven by sex and reproductive status, food availability in autumn, winter precipitation, and spring temperature. There was no difference in the dimensions and characteristics of dens excavated by male and female grizzly bears, and males and females selected similar landscape attributes to dig their dens. At the broadest scale investigated, grizzly bears avoided wetlands and selected high-elevation dry conifer stands with abundant high-quality spring foods. At the home-range scale and within the den vicinity, grizzly bears selected dense conifer stands associated with little high-quality autumn food and abundant Hedysarum spp. in areas with low road densities. The second part of my thesis focuses on the links between habitat selection and thermoregulation during the active season, and highlights the thermal constraints associated with increasing ambient temperatures on habitat selection patterns. Grizzly bear habitat selection followed a daily and seasonal pattern that was influenced by ambient temperature, with adult males showing a stronger response than females to warm temperatures. With increasing ambient temperatures, male and female grizzly bears increased their selection for open stands with abundant food resources during the coolest periods of the day, and concurrently decreased their selection for these open stands during the warmest periods of the day. My thesis increases our understanding of the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on hibernation behaviour, habitat selection, and thermoregulation constraints of grizzly bears. Ultimately, my results enhance our understanding of the factors regulating the distribution of individuals in time and space; improving our ability to predict the potential impacts of climate change on large mammals.
Jaffré, Mikaël. "Migration des oiseaux et changement climatique : analyse des données de migration active en France et en Europe." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10176.
Full textIn recent years, a number of studies have highlighted that the life cycle and behaviour of organisms are changing as a result of global warming. Birds appear to be suitable models to detect these changes because this taxonomic group is particularly well documented, with a large amount of biological datasets available over long periods. Among them, those collected at migration watchsites are particularly valuable to detect long term phenological changes and population trends of migratory birds, but these data have been poorly considered so far. In this thesis, an exhaustive inventory of monitoring watchsites in France is first performed; we then determined the minimum requirements to use such heterogeneous datasets in order to reliably estimate changes in bird phenology and population. We showed that short-distance migrants have lengthened their breeding area residence time and have shortened their migration distances. It suggests that these birds may become resident close to their breeding sites. In addition, we demonstrated that these changes in migratory behaviour do not always occur linearly or gradually, but often abruptly, suddenly, and in a synchronous way (e.g. circa 1995). Such changes are both the cause and the consequence of a dynamical reorganization of ecosystems identified through food webs, indicating a large-scale response of ecosystems to climate change
Desnoyers, Meggie. "Le comportement social de la grande oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens atlantica) : Existe-t-il des associations stables au sein des volées?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28080/28080.pdf.
Full textLecomte, Vincent. "La Sénescence en milieu naturel : une étude pluridisciplinaire chez deux oiseaux marins longétifs, le grand Albatros et le Pétrel des neiges." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lecomte-Vincent/2010-Lecomte-Vincent-These.pdf.
Full textVery little is known on the deterioration of physiological and behavioural performances with age in wild animals. Given the multifaceted nature of senescence, identifying the effects of age on physiology and behaviour remains a challenging. We investigated the effects of age on a broad array of phenotypic traits in two long-lived seabirds, the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (age 2–48+ years; Ile de la Possession, Southern Indian Ocean) and the Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea (age 7–46 years; Terre Adélie, Antarctica). We studied foraging behaviour using satellite tracking and miniaturized activity loggers, and monitored reproductive performance. An array of phenotypic traits (immune function, levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, baseline hormonal levels, endocrine and cardiac stress responses) known to reflect senescence in vertebrates was also examined. In Wandering albatrosses, there was age related patterns in foraging behaviour, stress response and reproductive performance, but not in baseline physiology. There was an unexpected pattern of spatial segregation by age in the foraging areas of male albatrosses. Old males, but not females, travelled a greater distance but were less active at the sea surface, and exhibited low foraging efficiency, suggesting that foraging ability (i. E. The ability of individuals to extract energy from their environment) might play a central role in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions. Moreover, the stress response of non-breeding males, but not breeding males, was affected by age, suggesting that age-related patterns are enhanced when individuals face ‘challenging’ conditions. In contrast, there was no detectable effect of age in females, suggesting that senescence rates are sex-specific in wild seabirds, as in humans an in laboratory model animals. In Snow Petrels, there was no detectable effect of age on PHA-induced immune response, PHA-induced hormone levels, chick growth or chick physiology, suggesting that physiological senescence is difficult to detect in this very long-lived seabird. Overall, our results highlight that age, gender, reproductive status and foraging ability interact in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions, and suggest that long-lived seabirds maintain a high level of physiological fitness in old age, which supports the disposable soma theory
Charest, Karina, and Karina Charest. "Couts et bénéfices de l'association post-sevrage chez la chèvre de montagne (Oreamnos americanus)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26593.
Full textLes couts et bénéfices des soins parentaux ont été largement démontrés durant la période de lactation et croissance des jeunes, mais rarement après le sevrage. Pour nous permettre de mieux comprendre l’effet de ces soins à plus long terme, nous avons étudié les associations post-sevrage chez une population de chèvres de montagne (Oreamnos americanus) suivie depuis plus de 25 ans. Nous avons évalué l’effet des caractéristiques maternelles et de la taille de population sur l’occurrence et la fréquence des associations post-sevrage et avons étudié les couts potentiels de la reproduction et les bénéfices pour la mère et le juvénile âgé de 1 à 3 ans. Les femelles non reproductrices s’associent plus souvent avec les juvéniles d’un an que les mères reproductrices qui perdent leur chevreau et les mères lactantes, tandis que l’occurrence des associations avec un juvénile de 2 ans est plus élevée pour les femelles que pour les mâles. Un indice d’association élevé avec un juvénile de 2 ans augmente la probabilité qu’une mère ne se reproduise pas l’année suivante. Nous n’avons pas détecté de bénéfices des associations sur la croissance à court terme et la survie des juvéniles associés. Les associations post-sevrage induisent des couts reproductifs pour la mère, qui augmentent avec l’âge du juvénile.
The costs and benefits of parental care have been largely demonstrated during the lactation and offspring growth periods, but rarely after weaning. To better understand the effects of post-weaning parental care, we examined post-weaning associations in a population of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) monitored for > 25 years. We assessed the effect of maternal characteristics and population size on the occurrence and frequency of post-weaning associations and investigated potential reproductive costs and benefits for mothers and juveniles aged 1 to 3 years old. Barren mothers associated more frequently with yearlings than summer yeld mothers, and lactating mothers, whereas the occurrence of associations was higher for 2-year females than 2-year males. A higher association index with 2-year-olds increased the probability that a mother would be barren the following year. We did not detect benefits of associations on the short-term growth and survival of associated juveniles. Post-weaning associations induced reproductive costs for mothers, which exacerbated as associated juveniles aged.
The costs and benefits of parental care have been largely demonstrated during the lactation and offspring growth periods, but rarely after weaning. To better understand the effects of post-weaning parental care, we examined post-weaning associations in a population of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) monitored for > 25 years. We assessed the effect of maternal characteristics and population size on the occurrence and frequency of post-weaning associations and investigated potential reproductive costs and benefits for mothers and juveniles aged 1 to 3 years old. Barren mothers associated more frequently with yearlings than summer yeld mothers, and lactating mothers, whereas the occurrence of associations was higher for 2-year females than 2-year males. A higher association index with 2-year-olds increased the probability that a mother would be barren the following year. We did not detect benefits of associations on the short-term growth and survival of associated juveniles. Post-weaning associations induced reproductive costs for mothers, which exacerbated as associated juveniles aged.
Poupart, Timothée. "Foraging ecology of winter-breeding seabirds in New Zealand." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS016.
Full textAlthough the cost of reproduction constrains animals to breed during spring/summer when food availability peaks, exception exist in seabirds with few species engaged in breeding during winter months. How their elevated energy needs can be sustained during a period traditionally reported for food shortage and challenging at-sea conditions is poorly understood. In addition, this unusual breeding phenology is adopted by more species in New Zealand than elsewhere in the world, with a concentration on the South island west coast where several winter breeding species are reported to forage with overlap. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to: 1) describe the fine-scale foraging behaviour of winter-breeding species from the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island, 2) investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors driving their foraging, and 3) quantify their niche overlap as they exploit similar areas during elevated energetically demand. Using bio-logging data (GPS, accelerometer, dive recorder) combined with stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen from whole blood), the winter foraging strategies of breeding males and females were investigated in a deep diver (Fiordland penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) and two surface-feeders / shallow divers (Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica and southern Buller’s albatross Thalassarche b. bulleri). The tracked individuals foraged close to their colony compared to their summer breeding congenerics, using primarily the nearby shelf-slope and neritic waters. Males and females displayed similar foraging behaviour in penguins and petrels, while spatial sexual differences occurred for albatross. All three species encountered prey at a high rate, allowing raising offspring with good success and without higher foraging effort than their summer-breeding congeners.These findings suggest that winter-breeding species have a phenology matching a winter prey resource on the shelf of the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island. With additional data from literature for little penguin Eudyptula minor and spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus, this winter-breeding community showed partial overlap of their foraging niche, but an accumulation of small divergences in home ranges, diving behaviour, temporal pattern of foraging, diet and trophic level is likely to explain their coexistence. Hence, winter-breeding can be a favourable phenology for high-level predators, which exploit shelf-slope and inshore waters undergoing winter mixing that insure fish and squids persistence through winter. In addition, winter-breeding also allow the matching of chick-fledging period with the spring (local primary production peak), and before the elevated needs of millions of summer-breeding species back from migration
Audet, Marie-Claude. "Effets comportementaux et cognitifs de la phencyclidine (PCP) chez le rat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56386.pdf.
Full textMarchand, David. "Stratégies de ponte et d'alimentation larvaire chez la pyrale de la canneberge, Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/20885/20885.pdf.
Full textIn insect species whose larvae need several hosts to complete their development, larval survival is usually dependent on both the choice of oviposition sites by females and the food searching behaviour of larvae. In this thesis, I studied oviposition behaviour and larval foraging behaviour and their possible impacts on larval fitness in the cranberry fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a species in which each larva must feed on several fruits of the cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos (Ericacae), to complete its development. Firstly, I demonstrated that females, under laboratory conditions, exhibit a significant preference for the largest fruit available when choosing oviposition sites; larvae leaving these maternally selected large fruits were significantly larger than those larvae leaving smaller fruits. In the field, however, this preference based on fruit size was not observed. This lack of preference in nature may be due, in part, to the fact that the oviposition period of A. vaccinii is relatively early during the summer when cranberry fruits are still small and when there is little variation in the size of fruits available. I also found a heterogeneous distribution of hosts in patches of varying fruit densities, and a large variability in fruit production between the two years of my study. The fact that, in any given year, hosts may be rare may be a reason why females accept relatively low-quality hosts (i.e., relatively small fruits). Thus, this study demonstrates a behavioural plasticity in A. vaccinii, females selecting largest fruits only when environmental conditions are good (such as in our laboratory conditions). A second study on larval feeding behaviour demonstrated that green cranberry fruit become red following attacks by A. vaccinii larvae. This host modification (fruit colour) may be a cue used by conspecific larvae to avoid already infested fruits, thus reducing the risk of intraspecific competition. I also showed that A. vaccinii larvae are able to take into account two other factors - fruit size and distance between hosts - in their choice of fruit. Larvae of A. vaccinii show behavioural plasticity when choosing fruit in that they accord a different degree of importance to each factor (fruit size, fruit colour and distance between fruit) depending on the context. This plasticity allows the larvae to maximise foraging efficiency while minimising intraspecific competition and predation risk.
Lafrance, Judith. "Effet de la hiérarchie sociale sur le comportement alimentaire du porc dans un contexte d'antibiothérapie administrée par l'aliment." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21349.
Full textIn the pig industry, bacterial diseases are usually treated with in-feed antibiotics. Irregular ingestion can decrease treatment efficiency and promote the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social rank on individual feeding patterns in pigs. A total of 108 barrows of 49.5 ± 4.71 kg were housed in groups of 12 pigs distributed into 3 replicates of 3 pens each. The IVOGÒ feeding-stations registered individual feeding data during a 10-day period of medicated feed (chlortetracycline). Two social rank tests were done to determine social ranks in each group. Spearman’s rank correlation tests confirmed inconsistency in social rank determination from one test to the other. Three clusters were established based on feeding data. The number of dominant and subordinate pigs was not significantly different from one cluster to the other. Therefore, no clear relationship could be demonstrated between social ranks and individual feeding patterns.
Harvey, Philippe-Olivier. "L'effet d'une exposition prénatale au mercure méthylé sur le comportement et les fonctions cognitives des souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/46421.
Full textGallagher, Anne. "Les effets moteurs, comportementaux et cognitifs d'une exposition prénatale au mercure méthylé, MeHg, chez la souris femelle." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62064.pdf.
Full textCortez, Ghio Sergio. "Caractérisation de l'implication du cortisol dans la reprogrammation du comportement en réponse au stress maternel prénatal chez l'omble de fontaine, "Salvelinus fontinalis"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26295.
Full textThe maternal environment can influence development. In fish, this phenomenon could be modulated by egg deposition of maternal factors, like cortisol, a stress-response hormone. Increased maternal plasma and egg cortisol levels have been associated with behavioral alterations in offsrping. To discriminate between the effects of cortisol and those from other factors in the behavioral reprogramming due to maternal stress, we have pharmacologically and physically manipulated female brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, during oogenesis. We either left them undisturbed (controls), (1) fed them cortisol through their food or (2) handled them once a week. We also (3) exposed eggs from the control females to cortisol before fertilization. We measured the juveniles’ cognitive abilities and boldness. We found no effects of treatments on behavior.
Liévin-Bazin, Agatha. "Prosocialité, cognition sociale et empathie chez les psittacidés et les corvidés." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100170/document.
Full textIn the animal kingdom some species form complex social groups in which elaborated relationships between individuals occur. Prosocial behaviors, i.e. actions that benefit others, preferentially occur between closely affiliated individuals and may be driven by empathy, the ability to identify and share the emotional states of others. Birds, particularly corvids and parrots, are excellent candidates for investigating the link between social relationship and other-regarding behavior. They are long-lived and form long-term monogamous pair-bonds in which a high level of cooperation is seen throughout the year. The aim of this thesis is to study how the nature of a relationship (sibling, mate or friend) can modulate prosocial behavior and its underlying emotions in parrots and a corvid species. The approach was to study food-sharing or behavioral reactions to stressful situations such as distress call playback or exposure to novel objects, in different social contexts. Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) reacted more to the distress calls of a closely affiliated partner than to those of a non-partner, and they preferably shared food with affiliated, related individuals. Different species of parrots preferentially chose a prosocial option over a selfish one, but it remains unclear whether they took the other’s perspective into account. Confronted with intimidating novel objects, jackdaws (Corvus monedula) spent more time in mutual proximity when paired with their mate than when with a familiar opposite-sex non-partner. However, they were not bolder when accompanied by their mate compared to a non-partner. These results suggest that an emotional link exists between affiliated individuals and that this special bond drives their prosocial and empathic behavioral responses
Im Tierreich gibt es Arten mit komplexer Gruppenstruktur, in denen Individuen aufwendige soziale Beziehungen mit Artgenossen eingehen. Prosoziales Verhalten, ein Verhalten zum Wohle Anderer, tritt bevorzugt zwischen Individuen auf, die eine starke gegenseitige Bindung aufweisen. Prosozialität beruht auf Empathie-Fähigkeit, die wiederum ein gewisses Verständnis der emotionalen Lage von Artgenossen voraussetzt. Vögel, insbesondere Papageien und Krähen, sind geeignete Modelle, um Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialer Bindung und prosozialem Verhalten zu untersuchen: sie bilden Langzeit-monogame Paare, die das Jahr hindurch miteinander kooperieren. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie soziale Bindungen (verwandtschaftlicher, sexueller, oder freundschaftlicher Natur) prosoziales Verhalten und Empathie beeinflussen. Zu diesem Ziel wurden Studien über Futterteilen und Verhaltensreaktionen auf Stress in verschiedenen sozialen Kontexten durchgeführt. Nymphensittiche (Nymphicus hollandicus) reagierten stärker auf Warnrufe ihres Partners als auf die eines anderen Gruppenmitglieds. Ebenso teilten verwandte Sittiche häufiger Futter miteinander als mit anderen Individuen. Verschiedene Papageienarten bevorzugten in einer Entscheidungssituation prosoziale über egoistische Optionen, wobei unklar bleibt, ob sie die Perspektive ihres Partners verstanden. Dohlen (Corvus monedula), die mit einem für sie unheimlichen neuen Objekt konfrontiert wurden, verbrachten mehr Zeit in gegenseitiger Nähe, wenn sie mit Ihrem Partner als mit einem anderen Individuum getestet wurden. Sie verhielten sich aber in Gegenwart ihres Partners nicht mutiger. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Bindungen zwischen Individuen prosoziales Verhalten und empathische Reaktionen aufeinander beeinflussen
Parent, Jean-Philippe. "Stabilité de la hiérarchie sociale chez les porcs femelles en croissance et les truies gestantes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28557/28557.pdf.
Full textConflicting results between methods to measure social hierarchy in pigs and between repetitions of these methods could be caused by a lack of stability in the hierarchy. Five methods have been compared for eight groups of eight growing females and eight groups of six pregnant sows: group test with one and two troughs, total trough time in the group test with one and two troughs and dyadic test. Temporal stability was compared for the five methods at weeks 1, 6 and 11 and 5, 9, 13 after mixing for growing females and sows, respectively. A higher concordance between methods and temporal stability was obtained for sows compared to growing females. These results suggest that females have a more stable hierarchy during gestation than during growth.
Beaudoin, Jean-Michel. "Étude comportementale de l'intérêt des porcs à l'engraissement envers des objets d'enrichissement et évaluation de l'utilisation d'une analyse automatisée basée sur des données d'accélérométrie comparativement à l'analyse vidéo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27943.
Full textMagassa, Ousmane. "Comparaison du comportement de génisses laitières Holstein nourries avec du lactoremplaceur selon la recommandation canadienne ou en ad libitum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68782.
Full textThe objective of this study was to compare, on commercial farms, the behaviour of Holstein dairy calves fed milk replacer equivalent to the current Canadian recommendation or ad libitum at peak milk replacer intake, during the weaning period and after weaning. To do so, 114 heifers from two commercial dairy farms were randomly assigned to the two milk replacer feeding regimes and were group-housed, fed with an automatic milk replacer from day 7 to day 76 of age (weaning). Accelerometers were used to determine lying time, lying bouts, and bouts duration. Direct visual behavioural observations by an observer (feeding behaviour, drinking behaviour, and lying behaviour) were also assessed discontinuously while redirect behaviour (displacement of one calf by another at the automated milk feeder, and cross-suckling) were observed continuously for two one-hour periods of live observations for each of the three selected periods. Daily lying time increased at the peak of milk replacer intake relative to the other observational periods. Mean bout duration varied between periods and treatments. Lying bouts were more frequent after weaning and under the ad libitum treatment during peak milk replacer intake. Feeding and drinking behaviours were more frequent in the post-weaning period while lying time was higher at the peak milk replacer intake period. There was a tendency for more suckling between calves at postweaning when calves were fed ad libitum. Overall, all behavioral observations remained acceptable for both treatments. Therefore, despite the difference observed, both treatments appeared to be adequate in terms of calf behaviour
Legagneux, Pierre. "Compromis entre alimentation et risque de prédation chez les canards hivernants : une approche multi-échelles." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173602.
Full textRoché, Jean. "Les oiseaux nicheurs des cours d'eau du Bassin de la Saône : étude écologique des peuplements le long du gradient amont- aval." Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJOS012.
Full textGeoffroy, Maxime. "Comportement des aggrégations de morues arctiques (Boreogadus saida) dans le golfe d'Amundsen (mer de Beaufort)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27971/27971.pdf.
Full textVignal, Clémentine. "La reconnaissance vocale au sein du couple chez le Diamant mandarin : approches neuro-éthologique et biophotonique." Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET4004.
Full textThis work participates in the understanding of the behavioural and neurophysiological basis of vocal recognition between male and female of a pairbond in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. Using a pluridisciplinary approach, this work deals with coding-decoding processes of call-based information and with the associated neurobiological supports. It has needed to associate techniques of cerebral activity probing with methods of bioacoustics. Acoustic and behavioural basis of call-based species-specific and individual recognition have begun to be identified. The influence of social context on the response to call play-back has been demonstrated. Some aspects about the cerebral support of species-specific and individual recognition are provided using, one on hand, classical post-mortem immunocytochemical probing of activity-dependant expression of immediate-early-genes and, the other hand, a new near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) method allowing the in-vivo non invasive and real-time monitoring of cerebral activity during neuro-sensory processing of vocalizations