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1
Wright, Jim, P. Vazé, G. Russell, SW Gundry, A. Ferro-Luzzi, P. Mucavele, and J. Nyatsanza. "Seasonal aspects of weight-for-age in young children in Zimbabwe." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 3 (June 2001): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2000100.
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AbstractObjective:To identify the season with the highest prevalence of underweight among young children and to examine geographical variation in seasonality of underweight.Design:This analysis is based on monthly data from a clinic-based growth monitoring programme that forms part of the National Health Information System. A regression-based technique is used to identify seasonal patterns in both underweight prevalence and attendance nationally and in 60 different districts.Setting:The analysis covers the period 1988–1995 and is based in Zimbabwe.Subjects:The analysis is based on weight-for-age measurements of Zimbabwean children less than 5 years old, who attended health centres as part of a growth monitoring programme.Results:Nationally, a small but significant increase in levels of underweight takes place during January–March. Participation in growth monitoring also varies seasonally and could account for the increase observed. No evidence of seasonal variation in underweight prevalence is found in the majority of districts studied, although 11 of the districts showed a similar pattern to the national data set. This peak in the incidence of poor nutritional status also coincides with the period of food scarcity before harvest, which is also associated with higher prevalence of diarrhoea and malaria. No differences in seasonality of under-nutrition were found between districts with predominantly subsistence agriculture and those with more commercial forms of agriculture.Conclusions:Seasonal variation in child weight-for-age exists in some parts of Zimbabwe, but its effects on cross-sectional prevalence studies are likely to be small. There are no readily discernible differences between areas that show evidence of seasonality in levels of underweight and those that do not.
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Nhachi, C. F. B., T. Habane, P. Satumba, and O. M. J. Kasilo. "Aspects of Orthodox Medicines (Therapeutic Drugs) Poisoning in Urban Zimbabwe." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 5 (September 1992): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100505.
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1 A retrospective study (extending over 10 years, 1980 to 1989 inclusively) of hospital admission cases, due to therapeutic drug poisoning was carried out at the six main hospitals of Zimbabwe's four cities. 2 The four cities have a total population of approximately 4 million. 3 A total of 1061 cases were recorded and analysed. This constituted 16.7% of all poisoning admission cases (i.e. the fourth biggest cause of poisoning after traditional medicines, household chemicals and snake/insect venom). 4 Of the 1061 cases, 31 % were aged 21-30 years, 21.9% were aged 11-20 years, 14.9% were aged under 5 years and 12.8% were aged 31-40 years. Those aged over 80 years accounted for only 0.6% of the cases. 5 The major groups of drugs implicated were: the analgesics, 22% of the total; sedatives and hypnotics, 13.2%; antipsychotics, 11.6%; antimalarials, 9.3%; antidepressants, 9.0%; antimicrobials, 7.5%; and alcohol, 7.1 %. The other drugs each accounted for the less than 7%; the least used group were the gastrointestinal drugs which formed only 0.6% of the total. Poisoning due to drug abuse was cited at 1.3%. Overdose, either accidental or in the course of treatment, accounted for 63.5% of the cases. 6 The mortality rate was 3.9% and most of the deaths were suicides. 7 Treatment consisted mainly of the administration of ipecacuanha in those under 5 years old age and supportive therapy in adults. A few cases were given an antidote if it was specifically indicated.
3
Kirchner, C. "Economic Aspects of Blindness and Low Vision: A New Perspective." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 89, no. 6 (November 1995): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9508900606.
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This article presents a theoretical perspective on the economic aspects of disability that acknowledges that cultural value systems affect the definition of costs. It also illustrates the need for better measures of productive activity by persons with disabilities in paid and unpaid work; other personal characteristics that may account for dependence, such as old age or illness; and costs created by social barriers, rather than by impairments themselves.
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Yurevich, A. V. "Oldness as an interdisciplinary problem." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-587389149-55.
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This study focuses on the social and psychological factors of aging, along with related psychological characteristics. The study emphasizes that old age is only the beginning to be understood, as aging conceals crucial reserves. Thus, exploring psychological mechanisms of aging constitutes a a new area that merits attention. In conclusion, modern society needs a special ideology of old age, which could include economic, social, and psychological aspects.
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Thondhlana, Gladman, Deepa Pullanikkatil, and Charlie M. Shackleton. "Plant Fibre Crafts Production, Trade and Income in Eswatini, Malawi and Zimbabwe." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080832.
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The production of plant fibre products is considered a promising pathway for contributing to people’s livelihoods particularly in developing countries, where economic options might be limited. However, there are limited comparative studies across countries on plant fibre products, making it difficult to examine how local and broader biophysical, socioeconomic, cultural and policy contexts influence craft production patterns in terms of primary plant resources used, products made and contributions to livelihoods. Using household surveys for data collection, this paper presents findings from a comparative analysis of plant fibre craft production and income in three southern African countries, Eswatini, Malawi and Zimbabwe. Although there was commonality in terms of the constraints experienced across the three countries, there were pronounced differences in the types and quantity of products and income between and within countries. The average gross monthly income from craft sales was modest and of the same order of magnitude across the three countries but 50% higher in Zimbabwe (US$75 ± 135) than in Eswatini (US$56 ± 71) and Malawi (US$48 ± 168). High craft income was associated with long experience in craft production, quantity of craft products and access to bulk buyers while old age, more income sources, high education level and bigger households yielded low craft income. Although craft income tended to be low, the economic contexts in these countries characterised by high levels of poverty, craft income represents an important livelihood source. Implications for policy interventions are discussed.
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Soulé, Fernanda Veríssimo. "Old age in the Brazilian business press: new cultural sensibilities in a financialized economy." Organizações & Sociedade 26, no. 91 (December 2019): 729–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-9260916.
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Abstract The financialization of the economy has been extensively studied in economic and organizational sociology. This literature focuses on changes in organizations associated to the shareholder value culture and on how financialization influences several domains of life. Based on the literature from this broad scope of social impacts of financialization and on sociological approaches to old age, this paper analyzes the predominant conceptions of old age diffused by the Brazilian business press in the context of increasing longevity of the population and their relation with the emergence of the financialized economy in Brazil. To address the issue, we carried out a content analysis of the 636 issues of Exame, the main Brazilian business magazine, comprising the period from 1990 to 2014. A corpus of 230 articles was then selected and systematically assessed. The results were analyzed combining ideas from the Reflexive Sociology of Bourdieu and the Pragmatic Sociology of Boltanski. Four ideas or aspects prevailed in the material assessed: i.) planning for retirement; ii.) rationalized life and financial approach to old age; iii.) population aging and its micro and macroeconomic impacts, and; iv.) generational demarcation and disputes in organizations. Economic logic was dominant, reflecting in more or less explicit proposals of a financial model to frame life.
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Lin, Ge. "Regional Variation in Family Support for the Elderly in China: A Geodevelopmental Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 9 (September 2002): 1617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3523.
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The author examines the impact of rapid social change and economic development on family support for older parents in contemporary urban China. Based on the 1992 Survey on China's Support Systems for the Elderly, the author uses three levels of economic development as proxies for developmental stages in a study carried out from a geodevelopmental perspective. It is found that intergenerational support in urban China is persistent as far as instrumental support is concerned, and that the level of support follows a U-shaped pattern along the axis of economic development. It is in the mid-developed urban areas that intergenerational support seems the weakest. If the pattern from the less-developed to the developed urban areas reflects a time path, then the suggested trajectory will not lead to a convergence with the old-age support system found in the West. The author concludes that, although some aspects of economic support for the elderly will likely be consistent with modernization theory, the old-age support system in China is, on the whole, likely to diverge from the path seen in the West.
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Arshad, Muhammad, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "A Gender Based Study Of Socio-Economic Impact Of Pension Systems." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v9i1.243.
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Respect for the elderly has always been a prevalent social norm in Pakistani society. Retired People in Pakistan have recently become visible due to changing social values. Karachi is the mega city of Sindh province. It is occupied with peculiar issues that need to be addressed at local, provincial and federal level. The aim of this study is to highlight the salient features on the life of the retired personnel in Pakistan. Retirement is often the first major transition faced by the older people. The objective of this study is to explore different aspects of retired people. Two hundred retired persons both male and female are interviewed by questionnaire method. The results were tabulated and analyzed by simple frequency and chi-square method. Results show that Pakistan is one of such countries where retired ageing people are becoming apparent. The old age affects males and females differently in terms of social adjustment at this stage of life. In old age, they are more likely to suffer from disabilities and multiple health problems. Family structure and living conditions influence the lives of elderly people. The present situation for elderly women is also quite poor. There is needed to make gender specific policies and programmes that can encourage and facilitate the elderly to have more involvement in activities of life through greater social and economic participation.
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Kochan, Izabela. "The effects of economic migration of Poles for functioning of the family-selected aspects." Studia z Teorii Wychowania X, no. 3 (28) (November 30, 2019): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6778.
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About one billion people around the world move abroad or outside their birthplace seeking better earning possibilities. Economic migration has been accepted by many families as a strategy aiming improvement of their functioning. In a long-term prospect it affects the family’s well-being among others through investing in education and health. The mobility of one or several family members colours the leaving and those who remain at home both in positive and negative way depending individual conditions. Although postal orders are potentially an important way to mitigate the limits of the family budget, the weakest family members who need attention, repeatedly bear high cost of migration decisions. The individualistic effect of the economic migration of the Poles for functioning of their families is migrational orpanhood of the children and older people which is the main theme of intellectualizing in the present article. Special attention should be drawn to people in grand old age whose proportion in our country is still rising. In the context of relevant issues, it is necessary to take steps aiming to mitigate the costs of migration born by families, offering support recouping the losses coming from the mobility.
10
Mashika, H. V. "Economic and geographical aspects of research into the economic potential of the Carpathian region." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 3 (October 5, 2019): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111943.
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The article clarifies that during the administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine an important role is played by the capacity of the territory and the efficiency of the economic -managerial operations, in the assessment of which the most significant indicator is the availability of economic potential of the territory. Regarding the natural and geographical aspects of the research of the territorial structure of the economic complex of the Carpathian region, this region has a substantial natural capacity for the development of economic potential. Therefore, this region has all the preconditions to become one of the most developed regions of Ukraine . There are different classifications of the resources which make up and form the natural potential of the region. One of them is the allocation of resources according to the production spheres and industries where they can be applied, such as agricultural; non-productive; industrial. When it comes to the economic aspects of the research on the territorial structure of the economic complex of the Carpathian region, their dynamics are determined by the demographic situation of the region. Their dynamics are characterized by decrease in the rural population, cutback of the growth rate of the rural population, its ageing (individuals over 70 years old take up the largest share in the general age structure of the population), and emigration of young people, which is observed alongside some positive tendencies in birth rate increase. Accordingly, the processes of labour force ageing negatively affect the informational enhancement of all spheres of economy functioning throughout the region. This is connected with the failure of the region to embrace the state-of-the-art technologies. Such a demographic situation has influenced the structure of the labour market, the formation of which is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of labour resources and the deterioration of the situation in occupation and employment. At the same time, the freeing up of border crossing has contributed to the mass emigration of villagers to neighbouring countries seeking for employment. This has happened as a consequence of the economic processes that have taken place in the region, which are: high unemployment, prevalence of part-time jobs, and low wages. When we take into account the available and favourable natural, economic, scientific and technical factors in the development of the economic complex in the region, its historical and geographical inheritance, it is clear that strategic goals should include reasonable use of natural, material and technical, labour and intellectual capacities, and creation of an effective economic system. Such a system has to be able to provide material needs of various industries of the territorial economy and increase the level of environmental safety in the region. Herewith, based on the received data on the socio-economic and ecological status, we have identified are some main priorities for developing the Carpathian region. These priorities are as follows: development of tourist and recreational, agricultural and industrial, and forestry complexes; development of the non-productive sphere (especially in the area of mountainous territories); increase of the economic development of the Carpathian region; protecting the environment and raising the responsibility for the irrational use of natural resources and large amounts of pollutant emissions into the environment; taking measures to restore the historical and cultural traditions of the Carpathian region.
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Higgs, Paul, and Chris Gilleard. "The ideology of ageism versus the social imaginary of the fourth age: two differing approaches to the negative contexts of old age." Ageing and Society 40, no. 8 (March 6, 2019): 1617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000096.
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AbstractThe development of social gerontology has led to the emergence of its own terminology and conceptual armoury. ‘Ageism’ has been a key concept in articulating the mission of gerontology and was deliberately intended to act as an equivalent to the concepts of racism and sexism. As a term, it has established itself as a lodestone for thinking about the de-valued and residualised social status of older people in contemporary society. Given this background, ageism has often been used to describe an overarching ideology that operates in society to the detriment of older people and which in large part explains their economic, social and cultural marginality. This paper critiques this approach and suggests an alternative based upon the idea of the social imaginary of the fourth age. It argues that not only is the idea of ageism too totalising and contradictory but that it fails to address key aspects of the corporeality of old age. Adopting the idea of a social imaginary offers a more nuanced theoretical approach to the tensions that are present in later life without reducing them to a single external cause or explanation. In so doing, this leaves the term free to serve, in a purely descriptive manner, as a marker of prejudice.
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Sedhai, Gopal Prasad. "The Impact of Old Age Allowance on Elderly People’s Socio-Economic Life: A Study of Kumal Community in Lamjung." Prithvi Journal of Research and Innovation 2 (December 16, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pjri.v2i0.29892.
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This study focuses on the response of elderly people on the old age allowance and its impact on socio-economic issues. The allowance is the cash provided by the government of Nepal as a social security allowance to the people of age 70 years and above. Both qualitative and quantitative data has been used in this study from complete enumeration. The information was collected from three municipalities: Sundar Bazar Municipality, Maddhye Nepal Municipality, and Rainas Municipality of Lamjung District. A face-to-face interview method was applied to collect information regarding social and economic aspects from all 51 elderlies of Kumal respondents who received allowance. Chi-square test was applied to find out the factors associated with satisfaction of elderly people. Most of the respondents felt that the allowance is negligible and administrative difficulties like error in date of birth in citizenship, delay in receiving, inaccessibility to bank due to ageing, etc. in receiving the allowance. People who were satisfied with this allowance reported that it was a privilege from the government and they can use this money on their own. This finding is based on a single ethnic group of small area and cannot be generalized to whole population but explored some idea how the allowance is perceived in Nepal. The allowance establishes the right of older people and essential for poor people to fulfil their daily needs. The government should take some initiatives for better management of the allowance with other processes rather than cash distribution and take more initiation for very poor older people who have no other income sources.
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PICKARD, SUSAN. "Age War as the New Class War? Contemporary Representations of Intergenerational Inequity." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000521.
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AbstractThis paper examines intergenerational justice discourses that feature prominently in both the contemporary UK media and beyond, arguing that these constitute both a continuation of previous debates about the economic and social burden of the dependent ‘fourth age’ and a newer and more prominent denigration of the ‘third age’, both of which possess deep cultural and psychological roots. Both themes are subsumed in the trope of the old as in some ways stealing the future of the nation, represented by youth. Analysing media depictions of intergenerational injustice across several themes, the paper suggests that, whilst justifying welfare retrenchment and other aspects of neoliberalism, the portrayal of social problems in terms of generational war emerges from age ideology and an age system that, among other things, intersects with and naturalises other forms of stratification. This partly accounts for the fact that the attack on the ‘third age’ is particularly prevalent in left of centre, or progressive, media on both sides of the Atlantic. That the age system has been overlooked and underplayed in sociological terms is an important oversight since the former materially and ideologically facilitates the ever-growing socio-economic inequality that is a feature of our times.
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Štifanić, Mirko. "Društveni aspekti starenja i obolijevanja." Diacovensia 26, no. 3 (2018): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31823/d.26.3.8.
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With the help of relevant literature the paper analyses social aspects of ageing and getting ill. The author concludes that none of the scientific theories by themselves hold the solution for studying these complex processes and the position of old people in the modern society, and that the interdisciplinary approach is the best. To accomplish the set goal, the article discusses: a) theories that help us understand old age and ageing, and allow us to define social and healthcare policies in everyday conditions, which directly affects the attitude of individuals, families and the society towards the constantly growing group of old and ill people, and b) the understanding of old age and ageing through history and the present which helps affirming those behavior patterns and activities that are an alternative to the one-sided, stigmatizing and at times segregating attitude towards people over 65 years of age. This may help institutional reforms of social and health care systems to allow for a different quality, and in some segments an entirely different attitude towards old people so they would not feel redundant and forsaken by families and the society in the otherwise difficult conditions of transition, as well as to find answers to increasingly more complex and important social, healthcare, legal, economic and ethical questions, in our parts, that are: a) current, b) insufficiently discussed, c) lacking a systematic and comprehensive representation.
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PHILLIPSON, CHRIS. "The ‘elected’ and the ‘excluded’: sociological perspectives on the experience of place and community in old age." Ageing and Society 27, no. 3 (March 27, 2007): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005629.
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This article explores various issues concerned with belonging and identity in the context of community change and residential location. It examines the changing nature of community attachments in later life, and their impacts on the quality of old age lives. It also notes the increased importance of environmental perspectives within gerontology, not least because environments are being transformed through the diverse social, cultural and economic changes associated with globalisation. The argument is developed that globalisation offers a new approach to thinking about community and environmental relationships in later life, and that the impact of global change at a local level has become an important dimension of sociological aspects of community change. It is argued that it is especially important to apply these perspectives to older people, given that many have resided in the same locality for long periods. At the same time, globalisation also gives rise to new types of movement in old age, and is constructing an expanding mix of spaces, communities and lifestyle settings. A key argument of the article, however, is that global processes are generating new social divisions, as between those able to choose residential locations consistent with their biographies and life histories, and those who experience rejection or marginalisation from their locality.
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Maula, Bani Syarif. "Perlindungan Perempuan dalam Hukum Perkawinan di Indonesia." Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender dan Anak 14, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 14–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v14i1.2825.
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The Indonesian Constitutional Court granted part of the claim for the judicial review lawsuit on Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage for Article 7 Paragraph 1 related to the age of marriage. The article is considered discriminatory against women and is considered legalizing child marriages because the lowest age limit for women can be married is 16 years old, different from the lowest age limit for men, 19 years old. The global consensus on the need to abolish early marriage, forced marriage, and child marriage is actually made and agreed upon by UN member countries, including Indonesia. There are a number of adverse effects that can arise in child marriage, such as impacts related to health, education and economic aspects, including violations of children's rights. This paper examines the age limit of marriage in the perspective of Islamic law, which can then become state policy. Marriage is a legal act that requires the doers to meet the criteria of legal competency. Marriage also requires the responsibility of the parties to fulfill their rights and obligations, so that the aspect of maturity in marriage is a must.
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Khaskheli, Asad Ali. "A review on several important aspects of the camels." Aceh Journal of Animal Science 5, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/ajas.5.2.17580.
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The present study was conducted to gather the information regarding habitat, population, management, production and economic analysis of the camels worldwide. The main findings of review showed camel population around 25.89 million worldwide in almost 47 countries. Majority of camel herders were reported un-educated. Researchers further indicated that camels generally are reared under sedentary (50%), transhumant (25%), nomadic (15%) and household (10%) management systems. Age of camel famers ranges from 25 to 50 years. The female ratio markedly remains higher than males and young ones because the females are generally used for milk production. However the males are mostly used to carry the luggage, carrying load pulling cart etc. It was also stated by scientists that camels are mostly allowed for open grazing of natural vagetations. Breeding is practiced by natural method and the camel spend 20 to 30 minutes for matting. The female camels reach at the puberty age in 3-5 years, while male at 3.5 to 5.5 years. The duration of estrus cycle in camels vary from 16 to 22 days. Breeding period of camels remain between November and March. The average hair production of camels is 1.63 kg, average daily milk production 6.40 liter. Male have carrying capacity of 553 kg. In conclusion the husbandry practices of camel farming worldwide are based on old traditional methods, however the scientific farming rarely exits. There is no extension services available for the herders to motivate, educate and aware them modern management practices. Market infrastructure, as per study review, is not well established. Mostly the camel herder sale out their animals to middlemen due to long market distances.
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Leech, Tamara GJ, Sarah Jacobs, and Dennis Watson. "Factors Associated with Binge Drinking during the Transition into Adulthood: Exploring Associations Within Two Distinct Young Adult Age Ranges." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 14 (January 2020): 117822182095178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221820951781.
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Background: Binge drinking among young adults aged 18-21 years has declined over the past decade, but binge drinking rates among people 22-25 years old have remained largely the same. This steady trend in later years represents a departure from the traditional course of maturing out of risky alcohol use, perhaps because young adults are delaying the transition into adulthood. Aims: This paper explores the relationship between binge drinking and aspects of the transition into adulthood that could inform interventions targeting these two distinct groups of young adults. Methods: We use survey data on 1,081 young adults aged 18-25 living in 10 Indiana counties. Our dataset is unique because it contains both college-attending and non-college attending young adults. We ran weighted logistic regressions to determine the association between college enrollment, living situation, roles common in adulthood, and stressors common during the transition to adulthood (e.g., relationships, economic conditions, job stability) and binge drinking. Results: Our data indicate that different factors are associated with binge drinking based on whether subjects who are in the earlier (18-21 years old) or later (22-25 years old) years of young adulthood. For example, within the 18-21 years old group, college enrollment is associated with higher rates of binge drinking, but it is not associated with increased binge drinking in the older age group. The type of stress related to binge drinking also varies by age group. Conclusion: Our results emphasize the need to disaggregate “young adulthood” into two separate periods when defining target populations and settings for binge drinking interventions.
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Aprilidia, Nike, Dominicus Husada, and Juniastuti Juniastuti. "THE IMPACT OF MALNUTRITION ON GROSS MOTORIC GROWTH OF THE CHILDREN WHOSE AGE BETWEEN 3 MONTHS AND 2 YEARS OLD." Indonesian Midwifery and Health Sciences Journal 4, no. 1 (September 19, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/imhsj.v4i1.2020.8-17.
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AbstractBackground: Malnutrition was one of the health problems that ware a challenge for developing countries. This problem had an impact on all aspects including economic, social, and health status of the nation. From these impacts, other health problems can occur, namely child development disorders, including impaired gross motor development and fine motor. The purposeof this research is to determine the malnutrition against motor development Method: This study was a case control study. The amount of the sample was 106 children, their age were around 3 months till 2 years old in Pakis Surabaya Health Centre. Simple random sampling was the technic which researcher used to take the case sample and purposive sampling was for the control ones. The independent variable was children’s malnutrition and the dependent variable were gross and fine motoric growth of the children. Data collecting was done by observing the children with KPSP questioner. Researcher used Chi-square to analyze the data. Result: Malnutrition didn’t affect children’s gross motoric growth (p= 0.34) and fine motoric growth (0.26). Conclusion: In Pakis primary health center there were 33% children with malnutrition, 28.3% children with gross motoric growth disorder and 35.8% children with fine motoric growth disorder. There wasn’t any association between children’s malnutrition with gross and fine motoric growth of the children.
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Farmer, Paul, and Nicole Gastineau. "Rethinking Health and Human Rights: Time for a Paradigm Shift." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00433.x.
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Medicine and its allied health sciences have for too long been peripherally involved in work on human rights. Fifty years ago, the door to greater involvement was opened by Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which underlined social and economic rights: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.”
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Monteverde, Malena, Alberto Palloni, Montserrat Guillén, and Silvia Tomas. "Early Poverty and Future Life Expectancy with Disability among the Elderly in Argentina." Revista Latinoamericana de Población 14, no. 26 (December 19, 2019): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31406/relap2020.v14.i1.n26.1.
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Two aspects of the aging process in Latin America should be specially taken into account in order to evaluate future perspectives of morbidity among the elderly in the region: 1) Cohorts who will compose the bulk of the elderly population in the 21st century in Latin America survived to old age largely because of improvements in medicine and to a much lesser extent to amelioration of living standards, as it is the case in high income countries, and 2) a high proportion of the Latin American population still live in poor economic conditions and even these vulnerable individuals continue to experience gains in (adult and older adult) survival. We aim to evaluate to what an extent recent levels of poverty and indigence among young children in Argentina could impact future levels of disability and demands for long-term care of older people. Our results show that given the levels of poverty and indigence in childhood observed between 1988 and 1994, the relationship between poor early conditions, and the risk of being disabled among the elderly in Argentina, life expectancy with disability at age 60 years old would increase substantially between 2000 and 2040, both in absolute and relative terms.
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Козлов, Владимир, Vladimir Kozlov, Ольга Лебедько, Olga Lebedko, Галина Евсеева, Galina Evseeva, Стефания Супрун, and Stefaniya Suprun. "REGIONAL ASPECTS OF INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY IN THE FAR EAST." Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration 1, no. 71 (March 25, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c89a4b8c5b7d6.60314177.
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The article presents the results of long-term observations of the authors to assess the health of pregnant women, children and adolescents of the Far-Eastern Federal District. In the dynamics of the observation there is an improvement in indicators characterizing the health status of women and children: the reduction of morbidity, infant and child mortality. However, these data are much higher than in European countries. Thus, the infant mortality rate on average in the Far Eastern Federal District decreased from 11.0‰ in 2013 to 5.7‰ in 2017 (on average in Russia it was 5.5‰). At the same time, in the “new” countries of the European Union (EU) that are the closest in socio-economic condition to Russia (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia), this figure in 2016 amounted to 3.9‰, and in the “old” countries of the EU it was 3.3‰. The child mortality rate (1-17 years old) in some regions of the Far Eastern Federal District ranges from 73.0 in the Khabarovsk territory (per 100 thousand of the corresponding age) to 101.1 in the Jewish Autonomous Region and on average in Russia in 2016 it was 70.9. And in the EU countries, this figure was significantly lower and amounted to 37.6 in the “new” countries and 31.4 in the “old” countries. In the analysis of risk factors affecting health, infant and child mortality, the following biological factors were noted: maternal health, complicated pregnancy, genetic factors, living conditions and, above all, economic and biogeochemical environmental factors. In areas with a tense and critical assessment of the environmental situation, the proportion of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature, congenital malformations is much higher. In the formation of pathology in children, the deficiency or imbalance of essential, i.e. vital trace elements, the nature of nutrition, nutrient deficiency, and the formation of energy deficiency of immunocompetent blood cells can influence a lot. All these environmental factors, in fact, are etiological and determine different variants of pathology, the formation of metabolic imprinting, the manifestation of fetal programming and the birth of immature offspring. Disturbance of embryogenesis under the influence of these factors leads to the development of various pathologies of newborns, long-term consequences in the form of reproductive dysfunction, pathology of immune reactions, mental dysfunction, and reduced adaptability. As a result, we have an increased morbidity, sick offspring, and a decrease in life expectancy. In order to develop specific measures to reduce morbidity, infant and child mortality, it is necessary to solve a number of medical and organizational measures, strengthen the preventive orientation of medical care for pregnant women, and timely correct the deficit conditions. It is necessary to organize the system of active health follow-up (examination based on automated control systems) of pregnant women, a system of data banks for the examination, treatment and rehabilitation of women with a burdened obstetric history and from the risk group for the development of perinatal pathology at the stage of planning pregnancy (the best option) or in the early stages of pregnancy.
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Michalski, Michał A. "The ageing of society in the context of dominant assumptions of contemporary economics and culture." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.02.
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Current demographic trends indicate that the process of ageing is more and more advanced in Western societies. While the available literature addressing this issue concentrates most often on developing effective tools for socio-economic policy, this paper aims at exploring the dominating assumptions of economics and culture to find how they may influence the demographic process that was mentioned. The purpose of the analysis undertaken here is to verify the thesis which claims that basic anthropological assumptions present in neoclassical economics and modern culture somehow ignore or underestimate such essential aspects of human life as old age and the helplessness or weakness connected with it. The conclusions of the paper indicate that there is a need for intergenerational balance within society, which, e.g., facilitates socio-economic development. Some of the most important factors influencing this may or may not be present within the economic theory and culture it is based on. It means that without the adequate vision of man and the phases of human life, the process of building a mentally healthy and vibrant society where everyone has his or her place is hardly possible.
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Pramod, Maya. "As a Dalit Women." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v1i1.69.
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It is awfully significant to enquire how the lower casts Dalit women have read about socio-economic and cultural aspects of Dalit colony life, that have changed our life and society. I argue that the colonies serve as an index of their inferior social status. It serves more of their ghettoisation than for their empowerment. It further distances them from society and helps to appropriate their labour. This is the continuation of the age-old practice of caste discrimination and deprivation that kept them away from the mainstream while appropriating their labour for the general development of society. This paper focuses on the rereading of social norms which evolved through my probing of the social history of ‘caste colony’ as part of my research, especially in Dalit women.
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Savchenko, I. "FEATURES RESEARCH EXPERTISE IN CASES CONCERNING THE DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF THE ACTUAL EXPENDITURES OF THE PENSION FUND FOR THE PAYMENT AND DELIVERY OF OLD-AGE PENSIONS ASSIGNED ON PREFERENTIAL BASIS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.30.
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This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the features of forensic-economic examinations related to documentary evidence of calculations of the actual costs of the Pension Fund for the payment and delivery of preferential pensions. One of the important issues related to the indicated studies is the validity of calculating the costs of reimbursing pension payments and including in this calculation surcharges, allowances and increases that are intended in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine and are paid from other sources than the funds of the Pension Fund.
The article analyzes the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine, which regulate the procedure for reimbursement by the Pension Fund body of the actual costs of payment and delivery of old-age pensions assigned on preferential terms. The categories that are entitled to the granting of old-age pensions on preferential terms are determined, the differences in the calculation of preferential length of service are indicated. including during the period of work in elected posts, during the passage of military service and study for a specialty that gives the right to a pension. It was clarified which of the costs incurred by the Pension Fund of Ukraine are not refundable and indicated the need to determine the monthly amount of the pension, which is refundable. It is noted that the calculation includes the actual expenses incurred by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund for which these pensions were assigned.
The theoretical and practical aspects of conducting such forensic examinations presented in the article can be used in expert practice in order to optimize expert research.
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WALKER, ALAN. "Extending Quality Life: Policy Prescriptions from the Growing Older Programme." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 3 (June 26, 2006): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940600986x.
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This article provides a policy-oriented overview of the five-year ESRC Growing Older Programme of research on quality of life in old age: the largest UK social sciences research endeavour to date in the field of ageing. By way of an introduction to the Growing Older Programme, its main objectives are stated and some of its unique contributions to knowledge and research methods are summarised. Then the bulk of the article focuses on the relationship between research and policy: first in general terms and then specifically with regard to the operation of and outputs from the Programme. The particular methods used by the Programme to engage with the policy process are described, within a broad enlightenment framework. This is followed by an outline of the key elements of a multi-dimensional approach to extending the quality of later life. The five priority elements of this skeletal strategy – inequalities in old age, environments of ageing, economic and family roles, participation and involvement, and frailty and identity – are derived from the Growing Older Programme's comprehensive evidence base. In each case the policy implications of the research evidence are illustrated. Finally, the role of older people in living their own lives of quality is discussed, and the results of the Programme are used to show how aspects of both structure and agency combine to determine the quality of later life.
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Sturesson, Linda, Andreas Heiding, Daniel Olsson, and Terese Stenfors. "‘Did I pass the licensing exam?’ aspects influencing migrant physicians’ results: a mixed methods study." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e038670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038670.
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ObjectivesMigrant physicians (MPs) who wish to practise their profession in a new country often must undergo a recertification process, including a licensing exam. In many cases, this is the same licensing exam used for peers educated within the country; however, the pass rate of MPs is usually lower. This study aimed to explore MPs exam results, focusing on MPs that had participated in a complementary programme (CPP) for physicians with a medical degree from outside the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA), and aspects that may influence these.MethodsMixed methods were applied. The data consisted of 2013 to 2019 licensing exam results of 564 physicians in Sweden that were educated outside of the EU. The data was analysed using linear and logistic regression analysis. Further, 14 interviews with MPs were conducted and thematically analysed.ResultsAn interaction between age and CPP participation was found for both the total score in per cent (p=0.01) and for the proportion failing their first attempt (p=0.04). Age was found to be a very strong predictor for failing on the first attempt, with those 45 and older failing on the first attempt in 72 and 82 per cent for CPP and non-CPP participants, respectively. Interview data was categorised into two themes: preparations and biographical aspects, and the exam and exam situation.ConclusionsAge seems to be an important predictor for failing the first attempt. MPs have had less time to familiarise themselves with the exam type and the language used on the exam. To improve exam results, MPs used different strategies and tools, that is, studying with nationally trained physicians, and using old exams and a web-based study tool consisting of common exam subjects. At the same time, these strategies and tools have also become mediators in the socialisation of MPs into the exam context.
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Yolas Pendra, Edy Mawardi and Asmak, Abdullah M. Bamualim, Fuad Madarisa,. "THE CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION INNOVATION USING PALM OIL BY-PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN WEST SUMATRA." International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ijasc.1.1.66-74.2015.
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A study has been conducted on the crop-livestock integration innovation using palm oil by-products technology to support beef cattle production in 2014. The collected data consisted of (i) Socio-economic aspects, (ii) The body weight gain of cattle, and (iii) Palm oil production. These data were taken from Sri Langgeng farmers group (13 respondents) in Dharmasraya district and Tanjung Keramat farmers group (10 respondents) in West Pasaman district. The results of the socio economic aspects showed; the average age of farmers was 39 years old, owned palm oil plantation of 2,2 and, 4,1 ha, and owned of 4.2 and 6.2 head of cattle in Tanjung Keramat and Sri Langgeng respectively. The average monthly income was Rp 1.63 million and about Rp 1.05 million derived from livestock contribution in Tanjung Keramat, and Rp 1.65 million and about Rp 1.71 million derived from livestock contribution in Sri Langgeng. Feeding a supplement of palm oil by-products increased cattle growth by about 0.14 and 0.09 kg/head/day at Sri Langgeng and Tanjung Keramat respectively. In contrast, the animals in a control treatment experienced body weight losses of -0.17 and -0.11 kg/head/day. The application of organic fertilizer from cattle manure, above the inorganic fertilizer, increased the palm oil fruit by 39.4% and 48.4%. The research proved that there is an opportunity to accelerate the adoption process of crop-livestock integration in palm oil plantation areas in West Sumatra.
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Sheng and Lin. "Evolutionary Assessment of the Ecological Governance under the Metropolitan Background: Evidence from Chongming Eco-Island, Shanghai, China." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195327.
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Just as its general theoretical foundation does, the quantitative evaluation of ecological governance does not have a sound research compilation. This study aims to construct the ecological governance evaluation model and determine the indicator weights, premised on quantitative methods. The evaluation model is expected to embody the new features of the contemporary ecological governance, especially the metropolitan background and regional functions. Given the previous studies and conceptualizations, it is proposed based on (1) fundamental socio-economic development, (2) ecological environment quality, (3) ecological governance and innovation, and (4) regional interconnected functions. The model covers multiple index layers and various indicators, and the entropy weight method is applied to obtain the weights. The results of the specific case in Chongming show the indicator of the number of beds for old-age nursing homes in urban and rural areas, the area of real afforestation, the number of approvals in the project environmental assessment and the freight volume have the biggest weights in each of the four aspects respectively. The level of ecological governance in Chongming Island has been continuously improving, especially in 2015 and 2016, with increases doubling or tripling those of the previous two years. The index values of the four aspects generally showed an upward trend. The comprehensive social economic level and the regional interconnected level continue to grow. The levels of ecological environment quality and the ecological governance and innovation fluctuated in 2013 and 2014, but returned to growth in 2015, and increased significantly in 2016.
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Green, William A. "The New World and the Rise of European Capitalist Hegemony: Some Historiographical Perspectives." Itinerario 10, no. 2 (July 1986): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007543.
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The Columbian legacy also involved catastrophic demographic collapse and brutal exploitation. Within fifty years of Spanish occupation, native populations of the Caribbean archipelago verged on extinction; after eighty years, demographic decline in Mexico and Central America may have reached ninety percent. Although epidemiological transfers devastated American Indians, other aspects of inter-hemispheric biological exchange substantially enhanced the world's capacity to support human life. Eurasian grazing stock (goats, cattle, pigs, sheep) as well as animals of burden (horses and oxen) were introduced to the Americas while native American plants — not least, the potato, maize, tomato, various beans, and squash — were transferred to the Eastern Hemisphere. Precious metals were also conveyed to the Old World with effects that continue to be debated upon European economic growth, the distribution of wealth, the organization of power, and the conduct of war. Africa's portion of the Columbian legacy was to supply 5/6ths of the human migrants from the Eastern to the Western Hemisphere between 1492 and 1775 and to experience the domestic transformations dictated by the Atlantic slave trade. Taken together, the convergence of continents in the age of discovery would appear to have shaped the modern world, as Abbe Raynal implied. But did it? From Raynal's time to our own, how have historians related these developments to the advent of modernity or to the establishment of Europe's global economic paramountcy? Did the development of the Old World hinge upon the discovery of the New?
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Yoon, Hyunsook. "Factors Affecting Quality of Life of the Korean Aged Stroke Patients." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 44, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8d0g-4paw-qh4r-wxu4.
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Among the most prevalent disabling diseases of old age, stroke is the leading chronic condition in Korea. The physical and psychosocial complications of a stroke can result in serious limitations on all aspects of one's life that affect overall quality of life. This study examines the relative importance of and interactions among factors which affect the quality of life of 119 stroke patients aged sixty-five and older in Korea. The model uses family support, personality (specifically hardiness), economic status, and physical functioning as independent variables, and quality of life as a dependent variable. The results of this study suggest that physical functioning and physical care by the family are important factors influencing quality of life of the aged stroke patients. Hardy personality is negatively associated with financial support and physical care by the family. These findings have several implications for policy development, clinical practice, and future research in this area.
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V K Singhal, Shalini Ray, Priyanka Sachdeva, and Vishesh Yadav. "A Study on Gender Preferences and its Sociocultural aspects among Married Women (18-45years) in Rural Gurugram." International Healthcare Research Journal 3, no. 5 (August 24, 2019): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0305.08270.
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INTRODUCTION: Declining sex ratio is a major concern worldwide, especially in a developing country like India. The role of sociocultural factors in gender preference is known since ages. The skewed sex ratio in India is attributed to selective female feticides and misuse of technological advancements. This also has a strong influence on contraceptive acceptance among couples.
OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to explore the contraceptive use, gender preferences and its determinants among married women in rural Gurgaon.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among married women (18-45years) residing in the rural field practice area of SGT medical college and hospital, Gurugram. The sample size was found to be 400. Systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. Pre- tested, pre-designed questionnaire was used for data collection.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Among 400 married women, current contraceptive usage among study population was found to be 58.25%. The most common method of contraception used by the study subjects was intrauterine contraceptive device. The preference for male child was found among 49.5% women. The reasons cited for such preference were propagation of family name (48.2%), financial dependability in the old age (34%), social responsibilities are carried out by males (25.3%) and males are lesser economic liability (31%). Lower age group of mother, nulliparity, Hindu religion, lower educational status and lower socioeconomic status were found to be the determinants of male child preference in the present study.
CONCLUSION: There is need of awareness and education amongst women and both the genders deserve equal respect without any preferences.
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Marsh, Nigel V., and James W. Webb. "Neuropsychosocial Functioning of Children with Hydrocephalus." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 2, no. 1 (1996): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200001812.
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Recent studies on the rehabilitation of children with hydrocephalus have demonstrated the need for those planning such rehabilitation programmes to have a clear understanding of the neuropsychological and psychosocial aspects of this disorder. In an attempt to provide such information, the neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning of a group of 17 children with hydrocephalus between the ages of eight and fourteen years old was investigated. Performance by the sample with hydrocephalus was compared to that of a ‘normal’ control sample. Participants with hydrocephalus and control participants were matched on the variables of sex, age, years of education, and socio-economic status. Relative to control participants, the participants with hydrocephalus were impaired on measures of intellectual, attention, verbal and visual memory, and visuo-spatial abilities. Language alone was relatively preserved. The children with hydrocephalus also exhibited poorer self-esteem, fewer adaptive competencies, and more problem behaviours than the ‘normal’ controls. For the children with hydrocephalus, the relationship between their impaired intellectual abilities and their psychosocial functioning was investigated.
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Lipniewicz, Rafał. "Międzynarodowe opodatkowanie emerytur — ujęcie modelowe." Ekonomia 23, no. 3 (February 20, 2018): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.23.3.11.
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International taxation of pensions — a model conceptAlong with the changing demographic structure of many countries, especially developed ones, one of the significant social groups are people who receive benefits from old-age security. One aspect of this phenomenon is the issue of taxation of financial benefits received by pensioners in cross-border situations, in particular when during retirement pensions are paid out of afund located in the territory of a different country from the one in which the beneficiary resides tax residence. The taxpayer’s right to tax such pensions is subject to negotiations between states that intend to conclude adouble tax treaty, in which they will allocate tax power in this matter. These agreements are modeled on model conventions developed by the OECD and the UN. The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal, economic and administrative aspects resulting from modeled in the model conventions ways of allocating tax rights between the source of pension payment and the residential country of such a benefit.
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Antes, Danielle Ledur, Daniela Furuzawa Ribeiro, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Tânia Rosane Bertoldo Benedetti, and Eleonora d'Orsi. "Socioeconomic profile of the elderly in Florianópolis: Comparative analysis studies Perfil do Idoso 2002 and EpiFloripa Idoso 2009." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-790x201400010015eng.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the socioeconomic profile of the population aged 60 or older living in Florianópolis in 2002 and 2009. METHODS: Data were obtained through the studies Perfil do Idoso 2002 and EpiFloripa Idoso 2009 based on household surveys. RESULTS: There was a predominance of aged 60 to 69 years old, married and living with spouse and children. There was a significant improvement in the level of education and, on the economic aspects, retirement remains the main source of income, increasing the number of families receiving no more than three minimum wages and reducing those with monthly income above 10 minimum wages. The number of older adults who considers their current financial situation better than age 50 increased as the proportion of subjects with fair/poor self-perception health. It was also highlighted greater purchasing private health insurance. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the two studies presented here can support the actions of managers in order to bring effective results to the population.
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Wanji, Samuel, Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo, Kebede Deribe, Ayok M. Tembei, Abdel Jelil Njouendou, Dizzel Bita Tayong, David D. Sofeu-Feugaing, et al. "Study of lymphoedema of non-filarial origin in the northwest region of Cameroon: spatial distribution, profiling of cases and socio-economic aspects of podoconiosis." International Health 10, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihy028.
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Abstract Background Although podoconiosis is endemic in Cameroon, little is known about its epidemiology and spatial distribution. Methods This cross-sectional, population-based study enrolled all adults (≥15 y) residing in the districts of the northwest region of Cameroon for 10 or more years. Participants were interviewed and had a physical examination. The study outcomes were prevalence estimates of lymphoedema and podoconiosis. House-to-house screening was conducted by Community Health Implementers (CHIs). CHIs registered all individuals with lymphoedema and collected additional individual and household-related information. A panel of experts re-examined and validated all lymphoedema cases registered by CHIs. Results Of the 439 781 individuals registered, 214 195 were adults (≥15 y old) and had lived in the districts of the region for more than 10 y. A total of 2143 lymphoedema cases were identified by CHIs, giving a prevalence of lymphoedema of 1.0% (2143/214 195; 95% CI, 0.96–1.04). After review by experts, podoconiosis prevalence in the study area was 0.48% (1049/214 195; 95% CI, 0.46–0.52). The prevalence of podoconiosis varied by health district, from 0.16% in Oku to 1.92% in Bafut (p<0.05). A total of 374 patients were recruited by stratified random sampling from the validated CHIs’ register to assess the clinical features and socio-economic aspects of the disease. Patients reportedly were said to have first noticed swelling at an average age of 41.9±19.1 (range: 6–90 y). Most patients (86.1%; 315/366) complained of their legs suddenly becoming hot, red and painful. The majority (96.5%; 361/374) of the interviewees said they had worn shoes occasionally at some point in their life. The reported mean age at first shoe wearing was 14.2±10.1 (±SD,range 1–77 y). A high proportion (82.8%; 309/374) of the participants wore shoes at the time of interview. Of those wearing shoes, only 21.7% (67/309) were wearing protective shoes. Conclusion This study provides an insight into the geographical distribution and epidemiology of podoconiosis in the North West region of Cameroon, yet management is limited. Evidence-informed targeted interventions are needed to manage people with lymphoedema.
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Belmonte-Grau, Marta, and Paula Marticorena-Álvarez. "Ocular trauma in an urban Spanish population: epidemiology and visual outcome." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.09.06.
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AIM: To describe epidemiological aspects, clinical findings, and visual results in eye trauma patients requiring urgent surgery at a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Retrospective review of adult patients requiring urgent surgery for trauma to the eyeball from January 2010 and April 2020. Data was collected relative to age, gender, mechanism of the injury, type of wound, initial and final visual acuity, number and type of surgeries carried out. Injuries were classed according to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) and the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) categories. RESULTS: The survey included 92 eyes. Mean age was 54.76±22.18y. The most frequent cause was domestic accidents (44.6%), followed by aggression (22.80%) and occupational accidents (17.4%). Trauma from aggression was more frequent in men (P=0.006) and accidents in the home more common in women (P=0.011). Patients over 65y presented an odds ratio (OR) of 10.71 for suffering a domestic accident. Patients between 15-45 and 46-65y were at higher risk of trauma from aggression (OR=17.52 and OR=10.94, respectively). As for the type of injury, 63.04% were open-globe lesions, Zone II being the most frequently affected (27.2%). In Logistic regression analysis, old age (P=0.05) and retinal involvement (P=0.001) were found to be associated with higher rate of unfavourable visual outcome. CONCLUSION: The epidemiological aspects of eye trauma are highly dependent on the area of population studied. Domestic accidents are more relevant than workplace accidents in older urban areas with high socio-economic status. A better knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics is useful for implementing specific prevention measures and appropriate treatment strategies.
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Gurieva, Svetlana, Kristi Kõiv, and Olga Tararukhina. "Migration and Adaptation as Indicators of Social Mobility Migrants." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10010030.
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The economic and social changes in modern society have resulted in intensive and extensive migrant activity. The article contains a review of social, psychological, and gender aspects of migration from three countries of Central Asia (former Soviet republic)—Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—in Russia (St. Petersburg). The main objective of our study was to identify socio-psychological mechanisms of migration from Central Asia—the general and specific peculiarities of the acculturation process of migrant workers. Participants in the study were labor migrants from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The research was conducted in St. Petersburg. In total, 98 people aged from 19 to 42 years old took part in the research (median age = 32.26, SD = 3.44), among them, women made up 44% and men made up 56%. Three ethnic groups were represented in the sample: Kyrgyz people (34 persons), Tajik people (32 persons), and Uzbek people (32 persons). The research found both general and specific features related to certain ethnic groups. The research results showed that there were significant differences between the migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan by the following acculturation indicators: number of social contacts (friends) among representatives of their own ethnicity and among the Russian-speaking population, type of acculturation strategy, degree of life satisfaction, cultural and economic safety, and anxiety level.
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SOBIESZCZYK, TERESA, JOHN KNODEL, and NAPAPORN CHAYOVAN. "Gender and wellbeing among older people: evidence from Thailand." Ageing and Society 23, no. 6 (October 29, 2003): 701–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001429.
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Researchers and international organisations frequently suggest that older women are disadvantaged in comparison with older men. This analysis of census and survey data from Thailand, however, indicates a far more complex association between gender and various aspects of ageing. Through an examination of various demographic, economic, psychosocial and health variables, it is found that older Thai women do face certain disadvantages compared to their male counterparts, including lower education and literacy, far higher levels of widowhood and living alone, and a lower likelihood of receiving formal retirement benefits. Older Thai men, however, also face relative disadvantages, including worse survivorship, a lower likelihood of receiving money from adult children, a greater probability of debt and other financial problems, and lower satisfaction with their financial situation. Many other demographic, psychosocial and economic measures are not significantly associated with gender. Our analysis provides some support for a lifecourse perspective, that relates gender differences in old age to differences in earlier life experiences, roles and reward structures, particularly access to retirement pensions and the type of support older men and women provide for their co-resident children. Marital status often mediates gender differences in wellbeing among older people. The study concludes with research and policy recommendations.
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Giri, Gede Bagus Subha Jana, Marini Ayu Purnama, and I. Putu Bhayu Wiratma. "Relationship of Some Internal Factors with Open Defecation (OD) Behavior in Dusun Kandangan Tarik District Sidoarjo." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 6, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v6i2.56.
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OD or open defecation is one of activity that influenced many aspects, it can pollute the source of drinking water, contaminate the crops , and the one that causes many diseases that are related to GI (Gastrointestinal) tract infectious diseases. Even though in Subdistrict of Tarik many household already had latrines, but not make the society become open defecation free, as in Kandangan hamlet which the percentage of OD is 35% at 2014 . The main purpose of this study is to evidently expose several internal factors that influence OD behavior in Kandangan Hamlet,village of Banjarwungu, subdistrict of Tarik,Sidoarjo regency. This analytic study used cross sectional approach, with chi square to test the hypothesis. The population consisted of 1003 people that come from Kandangan Hamlet, ,with sample size 91 people determined through simple random sampling method, focused between 15-65 years old. Variable of this research consists of age, gender, level of education, and economic status, those variable considered as the Independent variables and OD behavior as the dependent variable. The result of this study shows that age, level of education, and economic statu respectively influenced OD behavior in Kandangan Hamlet, (p<0,05). While gender and habit were not influence the behavior of OD(p>0,05). Suggestion for this problem can be made through improvingt of promotion program regarding OD issues emphasizing the importance of latrines, recruiting health cadres that can giving understanding about the importance of latriney, helding latrine community gathering and giving credit system for building latrines as hope for improving level of ODF in the society.
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Sánchez-Escobedo, Pedro, and Luz M. Viera-Castro. "Using the Language of Wellbeing in the Care of the Elderly in Mexico." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 26, no. 51 (October 25, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v26i51.97434.
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The language we use with others derives from hidden assumptions about them and commands expectations and outcomes. That is why the constructs and language used in health services provided to the elderly are a worthwhile object of study.This paper addresses the language used in the services provided to the elderly population in Mexico and many other Latin-American countries. The psychological, linguistic and practical aspects of the wellbeing language paradigm are discussed. The linguistic analysis of the discourse used by health care providers conveys important implications to the kind, quality and purpose of intervention.It is argued that by using the language of wellness, health professionals are in a better position to listen and assess the degree of satisfaction and happiness, to explore for conditions that may promote or hinder quality of life, and also, they are in a better position for planning services to the elderly that reach beyond physical health and economic indicators.It is posited that quality of life in old age is incomplete without a sense of the patient’s wellbeing.
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Diakovych, Lina. "Problematic aspects of the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 2(92) (March 3, 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.02.071.
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Introduction. In order to further move towards the European Economic Area, Ukraine needs to take pension reform measures. Pension provision in Ukraine has to be profoundly reformed in terms of regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine. What is of particular importance is improving Ukraine’s laws and methods for calculation and pension payments to citizens. Another important focus of the reform agenda is to define categories of people eligible for old-age pensions, disability pensions, and long- service pensions. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to interpret the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine; to describe changes in pension payments before and after the reform was implemented; to highlight ways of improving pension payments in terms of regulations and legislation. Methods. The research methods used in the article include: analysis; comparison; historical method to consider the legislative framework for calculating pensions at different periods of time. Results. The regulatory and legal framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine is a complex system comprising the Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine, the Labour Code of Ukraine, decrees, Presidential decrees, International agreements and laws of the USSR. Some of these regulations and legislation need to be revised and amended in order to bring them in line with contemporary practices and modern standards. It is claimed that since 2017, Ukraine’s government has been implementing the pension reform aimed at relieving the pressure on the working-age population and improving living standards for retired people. In particular, the retirement age has been raised, eligibility criteria for preferential pensions have been revised, and methods for calculating pensions have been changed. The Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine argues that the new pension reform is expected to enhance social, labour and post-retirement relations, to increase tax revenues through reporting real salaries, to develop a framework of social justice when calculating pensions. The author points out that the regulatory and legislative framework for calculating pensions is outdated at this stage and it requires changes. The considered changes are as follows: the establishment of a working group for entitlement of preferential pensions; the introduction of wage differentials by industries and occupations; the increase of pensions in line with inflation and age; the implementation of notional defined contribution pension system; the introduction of the new Labour Code and Pension Code, which are expected to regulate labour and post-retirement relations and meet modern standards. It is also indicated that continued employment should be enforced by legislation and a system of granting advantages and social security benefits to those who retire later needs to be developed. In terms of legislation, sufficient regard should be given to non-state pension schemes, defined contribution pension systems, and the principle of fairness when it comes to pension entitlements. It is also crucial to adjust pension amounts and retirement age to align with the sustainability ratio and the average life expectancy. Discussion. Further research of regulatory and legal framework for calculating pensions in Ukraine should be focused on the development of the Pension Code and improvement of the existing laws relative to pension calculation and payment. The author also suggests differentiating minimum wages by industries and regions and countering the illicit labour market and campaigning against payments ‘in envelope’, because official wages are the basis for calculating pensions.
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Kechyna, E. A., and L. V. Filinskaya. "The quality of life of the older generation in Belarus." RUDN Journal of Sociology 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-1-30-49.
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The demographic aging of population typical for many countries requires much more financial and material resources to meet the needs of the post-working-age population. For the Republic of Belarus, the problem of population aging is highly relevant for the share of the elderly grows annually. The article focuses on the social-demographic characteristics and quality of life of the older generation in Belarus. The article is based on the data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus and the results of the sociological research “Belarus: Family, Stability of Family Relations, and Birth Rate in the Changing Social-Economic Conditions” conducted within the international research program “Generation and Gender”. The authors present a sociological-statistical approach to the analysis of the key characteristics of the elderly’s life in contemporary Belarus, which combines the information resources of sociology and statistics. The authors consider the general statistical data on the population aging and the elderly’s features and the sociological indicators revealing the perception of life at the older age. The assessment of the older generation’s life is presented as a set of indicators of the quality of life, which includes both objective statistical data and estimates of the older people’s satisfaction with various aspects of their life. For the first time in Belarus the quality of life of the 60-69- and 70-79-year-old cohorts is studied not only through statistical data but also taking into account their own assessments of various aspects of their lives, which allows to identify the most relevant issues for the social programs aimed at meeting the needs of the older generation.
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Токарева, Ю., Yu Tokareva, Т. Коваленко, T. Kavalenko, Т. Гафурова, and T. Gafurova. "Gender-Based Specifics of Intellectual Characteristics of Top Managers." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 6, no. 4 (September 27, 2017): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59a543bc5aa2d4.01183506.
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and female managers. The study included methods traditionally used for intelligence diagnostics, and proved significant differences between general mental
capacities, intellectual and mnemic manifestations of male and female managers that eventually affected their management strategy and dynamics. Both men
and women over 50 years old were marked with the passivity of thinking and poor attention switch capability. Such persons hardly adapt to any changes of their
working practice, are not prone to change the stream of their thought, or switch from one type of activity to another. Their intellectual processes are sluggish,
Human resources practices give scientific credence for differentiation of management approaches, styles and behavioral patterns of male and female managers. It is proved that there are differences in social, psychological, and economic aspects of the management process for male and female managers. Although some gender studies are available, the question of comparison of intellectual characteristics of top managers still remains open. Such authors as T.I. Zaslavskaya, E.S. Balabanova, T.M. Dadaeva, I.A. Kovaleva and others insisted on mandatory consideration of management capabilities and skills of men and women.
The objective of our research was to identify gender-based specifics of intellectual characteristics of top managers, to determine intellectual resources of maleand the pace of work is slowed.
The emotional components of thinking and distractibility are mostly indicative to women at the age of 45 to 50 years old, which means poor commitment to the task. Perception speed and accuracy, attention distribution and concentration are indicative to male managers at the age of 40 to 45 years old which lets us make a suggestion about having an ability to work with various materials under pressure of time, to highlight the main contents, to compare symbols, numeric characters, etc. Knowing about gender-based specifics of the intelligence will ensure a psychological aspect of personnel management and promotion.
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Thompson, Jonathan R., K. Norman Johnson, Marie Lennette, Thomas A. Spies, and Pete Bettinger. "Historical disturbance regimes as a reference for forest policy in a multiowner province: a simulation experiment." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-247.
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Using a landscape simulation model, we examined ecological and economic implications of forest policies designed to emulate the historical fire regime across the 2 × 106 ha Oregon Coast Range. Simulated policies included two variants of the current policy and three policies reflecting aspects of the historical fire regime. Policy development was guided by the management intentions of four owner groups: forest industry, nonindustrial private, state, and federal. Fire severity was emulated with green-tree retention standards; fire frequency was emulated with annual harvestable area restrictions; and fire extent was emulated with harvest-unit size regulations. Simulated disturbance-based policies produced age-class distributions closer to the estimated historical range than those created by the current policy. Within 100 years, proportions of younger forests were within the historical range, while older forests moved closer to, but remained below, historical conditions. In the near term, disturbance-based policies produced annual harvest volumes 20%60% lower than those produced by the current policy. However, relative costs of disturbance-based policies diminished over time. Our results suggest that if expediting a return to historical age-class distributions at a provincial-scale was a goal, then public lands would be needed to provide large patches of old forest. In addition, this experiment illustrated that distributing costs and benefits of conservation policies equitably across multiple private landowners is a significant challenge.
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Noble, J. C., W. J. Müller, N. D. MacLeod, Z. Bodulovic, P. Jones, and J. T. Wood. "Integrated shrub management in semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia: ground and aerial application of defoliant to shrubs regenerating after disturbance." Rangeland Journal 27, no. 2 (2005): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05010.
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This paper describes experiments undertaken at several sites in semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia to determine if chemicals applied either on the ground or from the air reduce the density of shrubs regenerating after disturbance. Ground-spraying of Roundup® in the autumn was more effective than spring application in defoliating shrubs, especially 2-year-old coppice growth. Spraying of Roundup with a hand-held boom at 0.5 up to 2.5 kg glyphosate/ha identified rates to be used for boom spraying. Aerial spraying experiments were then undertaken across several sites and involved several target species. The location of sufficiently large areas where shrub regeneration was of an optimum age (i.e. about 2–3 years) proved to be extremely difficult due to prevailing drought conditions precluding the use of prescribed fire as a preliminary treatment. Nonetheless in one experiment, young (1-year-old) regrowth of firebush (Senna pleurocarpa) exhibited increased sensitivity to Roundup with significant shoot mortality recorded after it had been applied at 0.5 kg glyphosate/ha. Aerial spraying based on an ultra-low volume application of 10 L/ha further enhanced cost-effectiveness on this occasion. Economic analyses structured around 20-year partial budgeting and determination of net present value (NPV) suggested a profitable return could be expected where treatment was based on Roundup applied at this threshold rate 2 years after a prescribed fire, especially when the rehabilitation costs were spread over an entire paddock that had been only partially sprayed. Finally, operational aspects involving aerial spraying in these semi-arid woodlands are also discussed.
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Gritsenko, V. V., L. V. Ostapenko, and I. A. Subbotina. "The Importance of Civil, Ethnic and Regional Identity for Residents from Small Russian Towns and its Determinants." Social Psychology and Society 11, no. 4 (2020): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110412.
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Objective. The objective of the study is to analyze the subjective significance attached by residents of small towns to civil, ethnic and regional identities and to identify its determinants. Background. The growth of uncertainty and social and economic instability in society actualize the processes in the social identification of the person. Under these conditions the study of civic, ethnic and regional identities of residents from provincial towns in the Russian Federation as an important resource for group solidarity is of particular importance. Study design. The authors rely on H. Tajfel and J. Turner’s theory of social identity. We conducted a survey among residents in the town Belev, Tula region, and the town Staritsa, Tver region, characterized by mono-ethnicity, negative demographic dynamics, remoteness from the capital and its regional centers. Participants. The study involved 600 ethnic Russians (50.8% women). The quota sample in both towns included three age groups: 16—29 years old, 30—49 years old, 50 and older, each group included 100 people. Measurements. The questionnaire was developed and tested at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. The questions are aimed at determining the identification degree of respondents with various social groups, as well as assessing satisfaction with various aspects of life and confidence in their own future and the future of their town. For data processing we used methods of descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, multiple regression analysis, SPSS 18.0. Results. We have found high rates of subjective significance of civic, ethnic and regional identities for respondents. Moreover residents of small towns identify themselves more with representatives of their folk, less with residents of their town/region and even less with citizens of their country. The determinants of the subjective significance in the investigated types of identity for old people are satisfaction with various aspects of life, while residents in town Belev have unlimited love for their native town, pride and faith in its future prosperity. Conclusions. The study showed that residents of small towns are looking for reliance, support and protection, primarily in identification with their ethnic group. The resource for maintaining positive self-determination is also regional identity. Moreover regional identity in this case plays an important consolidating role acting as a mechanism for the social integration of civil society.
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Sadeghi Gandomani, Hamidreza, Mahshid Ghoncheh, and Hamid Salehiniya. "The senility tsunami in Iran." Biomedical Research and Therapy 4, no. 08 (August 26, 2017): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4i08.235.
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One of the achievements of the 21st century is the aging population (Angus and Reeve, 2006). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), senility is passing the 60th birthday (Bengtson and Allen, 2009). According to forecasts, by 2050, the population of the world 65-year-old age group will reach over 1.4 billion people from 550 million. It means that the world's aging index, rising from 24 people in 1950 to 33 people in 2000, will increase to 101 people in 2050 (Christensen et al., 2009). Currently, due to lower birth rates, increased life expectancy, health promotion, and disease detection, Iran is also in the age structure transition phase of the population from youth to senility (Noroozian, 2012). Therefore, elderly people are considered as the largest population group in Iran. According to the census conducted in 2016, the ratio of the elderly of Iran reached 6.1% in the past five years from 5.7% (Yearbook, 2017). It is anticipated that by 2050, the Iran’s elderly population will reach 31.5% of the total population of the country (Yearbook, 2013, 2017). Due to the WHO, the world's elderly population will reach 21.5% in 2050 and 24% in Asia (Organization, 2009), according to which the population of the elderly people in Iran will be higher than the whole world average and the Asia average till 4 years (Yearbook, 2017). This demographic crisis in Iran can be called the senility tsunami, which can be debatable in various aspects including social, economic, health, medical, and political, in developing countries like Iran.
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Phillips, Jim, and Bradley Miller. "“Too Many Courts and Too Much Law”: The Politics of Judicial Reform in Nova Scotia, 1830–1841." Law and History Review 30, no. 1 (February 2012): 89–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248011000605.
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The 1830s was Nova Scotia's “Age of Reform.” Although historians have documented the growing tensions between elected Assembly and appointed lieutenant governor and Council, the concomitant attacks on the established economic elite, and the rise of a distinct party in colonial politics, little attention has been paid to the role played by the colony's courts and judges in this crucial decade. This lacuna is surprising, because reformers were convinced that the judges of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court (NSSC) were bulwarks of the old order and barriers to progress, and as their movement gained influence in the 1830s it brought the judges and the court system to the fore. This period saw numerous proposals for reform to the colony's laws and legal system, some effected and others not. Here we examine those aspects of the reform platform that were most hotly contested precisely because they exemplified the ways in which controversies about the legal system both reflected and exacerbated broader political and social change. The most important issues were judicial fees and the role of the chief justice as head of the Tory-dominated lieutenant governor's Council. We also examine two other matters in which the judicial system was directly linked to reformers' general demands for a system of government more responsive to the needs of ordinary Nova Scotians: judicial salaries and the role of the lower civil courts.
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Kannykin, Stanislav Vladimirovich. "Running in everyday life and festive culture of the Renaissance and the Modern Age." Человек и культура, no. 3 (March 2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.3.33028.
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The subject of this research is determination of the peculiarities of running as a type of activity in the sociocultural situation of the Renaissance and the Modern Age of the Old and New World. The relevance of studying the socially important aspects of running in everyday life and festive, carnival culture of the XV – XIX centuries is substantiated by the fact that namely this period marks the onset of mental requests and revival of physical practices, which in 1896 would become the heart of the First Olympic Games, the beginning and culmination of which were the athletic competitions. The ancient ideal of kalokagathia at this time is instilled with the ideas of self-sufficiency and self-projectivity of a person, whose creative aspirations equally captivate the spirit and the body. Running develops physical and mental qualities that broaden human capabilities, being that instrument for existential growth through overcoming the boundaries of physical and spiritual “normality”, conditioned by the stereotypes and norms of everyday life. The author views running from the perspective of culturological concepts of “everyday life”, “festivity”, “carnival”, as well as the binary opposition sacred/profane. The fields of application of the acquired results include social philosophy, philosophical anthropology, and philosophy of sports. The novelty of this research consists in the interpretation of endurance running as an existential measurement of everyday life, the method of communication between different types of communities and population groups, and formation of the prototype of a “cultural body” of that time. Running is examined as a type of activity that is characteristic mostly to the lower, marginal social classes. Participation in the city festival in the format of a “carnival” running was a way to integrate into society, a manifestation of collective solidarity. Their buffoonery running distracted the audience from the everyday routine, becoming its counterpoint. The author also determines the contribution of the upper social classes to the development of running practices d: economic (funding of professional runners and material reward for the non-professional winners of the city festivals); practical (amateur running or other athletic practices as a component of a gentleman's everyday life); ideological (Renaissance humanists assumed that physical activity is a non-religious way to overcome time through maintaining physical well-being).