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1
Stevens, Jonathan. "The deserving poor : aspects of the old age pension movement in South Australia and the Commonwealth /." Title page, contents and preface only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars8443.pdf.
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Sejanamane, Nkhahle Daniel. "Challenges in distribution of old age pensions in Lesotho." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20477.
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The research set out to explore the nature of challenges in distribution of old age pensions in Lesotho. Poor institutional capacity failed the implementing agency, the Department of Pensions; to set up competent administrative structures to run run the pensions effectively and efficiently. A number of challenges have been identified, some of which were: inadequate supervision of the paying officers, fraud by workers and community agents, missing funds, insufficient resources, inadequate administrative capacity, overworked employees, faulty targeting, soft and discriminatory approach to non-compliance with rules and multiple use of identity documents by recipients. On the other hand, a number of opportunities have been identified to counteract the challenges. The main recommendation of the study was the engagement of mobile phone-based money transfer facilities to transfer the old age pensions from the government to the recipients. The Department of Pensions should make use of baseline database like information from civil registration agency like the Ministry of Home Affairs to confirm the validity of the pension recipients. Other recommendations included moving the division of old age pensions from the Pensions Department to the Ministry of Social Development which is the controlling body for other forms of social grants in Lesotho. The Ministry of Social Development is regarded as well equipped with qualified staff and facilities to deal with vulnerable people like the elderly.
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Cardoso, Pedro Daniel Martins Lucas. "The future of old-age pensions its explosion and implosion /." [Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Thela Thesis] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/76523.
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Bartkus, Algirdas. "The analysis of financial sustainability of old-age pensions and sickness benefits." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090312_091029-84342.
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Purpose of this study is to identify and to evaluate the main trends in the development of old-age pensions and sickness benefits schemes (by designing social insurance system models) and to determine the possible ways how to increase the efficiency in consumption smoothing policy and how to increase the financial sustainability of the old-age and sickness insurance schemes.
This study searches for answers to the questions: how to maintain the consumption opportunities of beneficiaries, how to maintain a balance between the contributions paid and benefits received (the balance between the price paid and goods received), how to reduce the risk of budget deficit explosion and how to maintain the consumption opportunities of beneficiaries and insured. Consumption smoothing analysis focuses on the identity between the contributions paid and benefits received, on the analysis of replacement rates, on the analysis of pensioners to insured ratio (and on the possibilities of interpretation the analysis provide).
The study determined the cycles of Lithuanian social insurance system development, examined and evaluated three different pensions' indexation policies, examined and evaluated the utility and performance of second pillar pension funds and carried out the study of possibilities of raising the efficiency in Lithuanian sickness benefits scheme. This study helps to deeper the understanding of how population aging affects the economy and provides the materials for future... [to full text]<br>Disertacijos tikslas – sudarant socialinio draudimo sistemos modelius, nustatyti ir išanalizuoti svarbiausias senatvės pensijų ir laikinojo nedarbingumo išmokų raidos tendencijas, atsižvelgiant į jas, pagrįsti efektyvumo ir tvarumo didinimo galimybes senatvės ir laikinojo nedarbingumo socialinio draudimo išmokų programose (srityse). Disertacijoje ieškoma atsakymų į klausimus: kaip palaikyti išmokų gavėjų vartojimo galimybes, kaip išlaikyti pusiausvyrą tarp sumokėtų įmokų ir gautų išmokų (pusiausvyra tarp sumokėtos kainos ir gautos prekių apimties), kaip sumažinti socialinio draudimo biudžeto deficito atsiradimo riziką ir palaikyti dirbančių asmenų ir išmokų gavėjų vartojimo galimybes. Vartojimo galimybių palaikymo efektyvumo įvertinimas apima tapatumo tarp sumokėtų įmokų ir gautų išmokų analizę, pakeitimo normos analizę, išmokų gavėjų ir dirbančių asmenų santykio analizę, šių rodiklių ir sąryšių interpretacijos atskleidžiamas galimybes. Disertacijoje nustatyti Lietuvos socialinio draudimo sistemos raidos ciklai, išnagrinėti ir įvertinti trys išmokų indeksavimo variantai, įvertintos antros pakopos kaupiamųjų pensijų fondų sistemos galimybės ir veiklos rezultatai, atliktas laikinojo nedarbingumo išmokų sistemos efektyvumo didinimo tyrimas. Šis darbas padeda geriau suprasti visuomenės senėjimo padarinius ir numatyti priemones būsimų procesų reguliavimui.
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Vidler, Sacha. "Pension reform: an analysis of the economic foundations of private pensions." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/577.
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The dissertation investigates support by economists for the global policy shift away from unfunded public pension schemes towards funded private pension schemes. Influential economists and institutions, including the World Bank, present a suite of economic arguments that suggest that this shift will have positive effects on national economies, particularly in the context of aging. The arguments may be categorised according to their relation to the operation of three sets of institutions: capital markets, labour markets and political systems. In capital markets, the transition is purported to increase private and national saving, increase the quantity and quality of investment, and provide more efficient private administration. In labour markets, it is claimed that the shift will reduce labour market distortions associated with public pensions, which inhibit competitiveness, produce unemployment and encourage early retirement. According to the World Bank, public pensions systems cause these distortions without achieving their stated objective of reducing inequality. In the political sphere, the shift is purported to insulate the pension system from political pressures, which otherwise inevitably lead to crisis. The thesis provides evidence which refutes these claims. The best research, including studies by orthodox economists, indicate that the shift does not increase savings or investment, or improve the quality of financial investment. The main effect of tax concessions associated with private pension systems is to divert to private pension funds savings that would occur in any case via other mechanisms. The tax concessions are also regressive, even in systems with compulsory elements. Private administration of pensions, particularly in a plural consumer market setting, is highly inefficient, with customers at a disadvantage in dealing with providers due to the complexity and opacity of products and pricing. A negative relationship is found between public pension spending and levels of elderly poverty, suggesting that reducing public pension spending increases levels of elderly inequality. Public pensions are found not to explain differences in economic growth between regions. Elements of system design which distort labour markets, such as by encouraging early retirement, can easily be adjusted. However, such elements are explicit government policy in several countries. A review of public and private pensions finds that examples of public system crisis are associated with instances of economic and political collapse, rather than system design. Private funded systems are found to be more vulnerable, not less, to the same external influences. Relatively generous universal public pension systems are found to be financially sustainable despite demographic change, assuming modest levels of economic growth.
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Vidler, Sacha. "Pension reform an analysis of the economic foundations of private pensions /." University of Sydney. Political Economy, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/577.
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The dissertation investigates support by economists for the global policy shift away from unfunded public pension schemes towards funded private pension schemes. Influential economists and institutions, including the World Bank, present a suite of economic arguments that suggest that this shift will have positive effects on national economies, particularly in the context of aging. The arguments may be categorised according to their relation to the operation of three sets of institutions: capital markets, labour markets and political systems. In capital markets, the transition is purported to increase private and national saving, increase the quantity and quality of investment, and provide more efficient private administration. In labour markets, it is claimed that the shift will reduce labour market distortions associated with public pensions, which inhibit competitiveness, produce unemployment and encourage early retirement. According to the World Bank, public pensions systems cause these distortions without achieving their stated objective of reducing inequality. In the political sphere, the shift is purported to insulate the pension system from political pressures, which otherwise inevitably lead to crisis. The thesis provides evidence which refutes these claims. The best research, including studies by orthodox economists, indicate that the shift does not increase savings or investment, or improve the quality of financial investment. The main effect of tax concessions associated with private pension systems is to divert to private pension funds savings that would occur in any case via other mechanisms. The tax concessions are also regressive, even in systems with compulsory elements. Private administration of pensions, particularly in a plural consumer market setting, is highly inefficient, with customers at a disadvantage in dealing with providers due to the complexity and opacity of products and pricing. A negative relationship is found between public pension spending and levels of elderly poverty, suggesting that reducing public pension spending increases levels of elderly inequality. Public pensions are found not to explain differences in economic growth between regions. Elements of system design which distort labour markets, such as by encouraging early retirement, can easily be adjusted. However, such elements are explicit government policy in several countries. A review of public and private pensions finds that examples of public system crisis are associated with instances of economic and political collapse, rather than system design. Private funded systems are found to be more vulnerable, not less, to the same external influences. Relatively generous universal public pension systems are found to be financially sustainable despite demographic change, assuming modest levels of economic growth.
7
Li, Tao. "Retirement protection in Hong Kong : a study of the policy-making process 1991-95 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18597312.
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Gash, Alexander, and n/a. "Anticipatory Budgeting: A Long-Term Analysis of Old Age Pensions in Australia, Canada and Sweden." Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061109.103403.
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The impact of population ageing on the social budgets of the future is a phenomenon confronting many of the world's wealthiest and most advanced nations. The impending retirement of the 'baby boomers' has raised concerns about the inadequacy of budgetary frameworks (both conceptual and real) to fulfil the financial commitments of demographically sensitive programs, namely old age pensions. Pension schemes represent, by far, the largest social welfare commitment of first world nations. Old age pensions are also demographically sensitive. Furthermore, pension systems play a crucial role in alleviating poverty, in recognising the previous contribution of an individual and in maintaining of the social and economic wellbeing of democratic polities. The financial stability of pension schemes and the ability of governments to meet future commitments will become significant issues of public policy as the pressures from population ageing intensify. Yet, committing resources, or budgeting, for longer-term pressures is an inherently problematic exercise both from an intellectual and a practical perspective. For long-term resourcing to be successful it requires perfect foresight and a level of political commitment that typically eludes most politicians and governments. Longer or medium-term budgetary pressures are often ignored or avoided until they impact on the immediate chances of either fiscal or electoral success. As such, societies face the prospect of looming financial burdens, but only have a box of short-term tools at their disposal and a limited body of scholarship to guide them through this ticking political 'time bomb'. This research tackles a significant omission in the existing literature on budgeting, public policy and social welfare, by proposing a conceptual framework for the anticipation, conceptualisation and analysis of future budget pressures. In doing so, it brings together analytical frameworks of government budgeting and social policy from a number of disciplinary areas and weaves them into a conceptual framework that allows for diagnostic and prescriptive analysis of budgetary pressures within a particular policy/spending area. The framework is also compatible with existing budgetary frameworks and decision-making processes. Through the analysis of the old age pension systems in Australia, Canada and Sweden this thesis makes an important contribution to the understanding of how demographic transition will impact on the future stability of pension schemes. The thesis contends that ageing populations will place significant pressure on each pillar of the pension system to meet its future financial commitments. This pressure will, in turn, have important implications for national budgetary processes and old age pension policy over the coming decades. In particular, governments will be required to implement a range of techniques that sit both within and beyond the traditional bounds of most budget processes. It will be imperative for researchers to explore the complexities and political possibilities of budget reform and to search for ways in which the longer-term needs of society can be adequately satisfied through the budget process.
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Kasere, Gayle Farai. "Cash transfers and poverty reduction in South Africa: a case study of old age pensions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003109.
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Social assistance in the form of cash grants is a large and fiscally costly component of anti-poverty policy in South Africa. A critical question arises: Are the grants effective tools for reducing poverty in South Africa and, moreover, how significant is their impact on poverty? As a measure of reducing poverty, the government has expanded the social grants system since the advent of the new democracy in 1994. The country's social grant system is quite comprehensive and it is intended to cover vulnerable individuals over their life course from childhood to adulthood and into old age. Policy discourse surrounding the grants centres on the sustainability of the system and its implications for socio-economic development and poverty alleviation. It is therefore important that the significance of grants is identified and assessed particularly in relation to very poor households. This dissertation focuses specifically on one particular grant, namely, the old age pension. It does so in the context of the sustainable livelihoods conceptual framework and the history of the social grant system in South Africa. Statistical data collected by the South African government as well as more localised evidence gathered in the Eastern Cape town of Grahamstown is used to ascertain the significance of old age pensions for poverty reduction. While there is some evidence to suggest that pensions contribute to poverty reduction, this does not translate into poverty alleviation. In fact, there is some unevenness in the impact of pensions on poverty. In this regard, the decision-making structures in poor households regularly influence the way pension money is allocated and used within households. Grant money is normally shared in extended households, such that the pension does not simply benefit the recipient but the recipient's household as a whole. Although there is cause for concern regarding the propensity of social grants to affect people's behaviour negatively, there is a case to be made for retaining grants as an important, though not the only, form of anti-poverty strategy. This highlights the need for continued research on the social grant system and pensions more specifically.
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Gash, Alexander. "Anticipatory Budgeting: A Long-Term Analysis of Old Age Pensions in Australia, Canada and Sweden." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365858.
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The impact of population ageing on the social budgets of the future is a phenomenon confronting many of the world's wealthiest and most advanced nations. The impending retirement of the 'baby boomers' has raised concerns about the inadequacy of budgetary frameworks (both conceptual and real) to fulfil the financial commitments of demographically sensitive programs, namely old age pensions. Pension schemes represent, by far, the largest social welfare commitment of first world nations. Old age pensions are also demographically sensitive. Furthermore, pension systems play a crucial role in alleviating poverty, in recognising the previous contribution of an individual and in maintaining of the social and economic wellbeing of democratic polities. The financial stability of pension schemes and the ability of governments to meet future commitments will become significant issues of public policy as the pressures from population ageing intensify. Yet, committing resources, or budgeting, for longer-term pressures is an inherently problematic exercise both from an intellectual and a practical perspective. For long-term resourcing to be successful it requires perfect foresight and a level of political commitment that typically eludes most politicians and governments. Longer or medium-term budgetary pressures are often ignored or avoided until they impact on the immediate chances of either fiscal or electoral success. As such, societies face the prospect of looming financial burdens, but only have a box of short-term tools at their disposal and a limited body of scholarship to guide them through this ticking political 'time bomb'. This research tackles a significant omission in the existing literature on budgeting, public policy and social welfare, by proposing a conceptual framework for the anticipation, conceptualisation and analysis of future budget pressures. In doing so, it brings together analytical frameworks of government budgeting and social policy from a number of disciplinary areas and weaves them into a conceptual framework that allows for diagnostic and prescriptive analysis of budgetary pressures within a particular policy/spending area. The framework is also compatible with existing budgetary frameworks and decision-making processes. Through the analysis of the old age pension systems in Australia, Canada and Sweden this thesis makes an important contribution to the understanding of how demographic transition will impact on the future stability of pension schemes. The thesis contends that ageing populations will place significant pressure on each pillar of the pension system to meet its future financial commitments. This pressure will, in turn, have important implications for national budgetary processes and old age pension policy over the coming decades. In particular, governments will be required to implement a range of techniques that sit both within and beyond the traditional bounds of most budget processes. It will be imperative for researchers to explore the complexities and political possibilities of budget reform and to search for ways in which the longer-term needs of society can be adequately satisfied through the budget process.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Business School<br>Griffith Business School<br>Full Text
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Cheung, Ching-wan Sharon. "An institutional analysis of legislative politics and policy making in Hong Kong : the case of retirement protection policy /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20716898.
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Widjaja, Muliadi. "Designing pension programs to strengthen formal labor markets in developing countries the case of Indonesia /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11292007-165439/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.<br>Title from file title page. James R. Alm, committee chair; Sally Wallace, Erdal Tekin, David P. Richardson, Jorge L. Martinez-Vazquez, committee members. Electronic text (144 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 11, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-143).
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周燁 and Ye Zhou. "The pension insurance system in China: towards a western or East Asian welfare model." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31228136.
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Lau, Cheung-yun Lily. "Mandatory provident fund as a replacement for civil service pension in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2218871X.
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Han, Hoon. "The social security earnings test and the response by the elderly /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7492.
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Silva, Gabriela Miriam Kinnunen da. "Recent social security reforms and its impact on old age pensions : a simulation analysis for Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13297.
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Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais<br>Em Portugal, o financiamento do sistema público de pensões de velhice é baseado no método de repartição em que as contribuições dos trabalhadores pagam as pensões dos atuais reformados. Ao longo dos anos, muitas alterações foram efetuadas na legislação do sistema da Segurança Social, nomeadamente no que se refere às pensões de reforma. Assim sendo, as reformas mais recentes levaram ao aumento da idade normal de reforma e adicionaram alguns fatores ao cálculo do benefício da pensão de reforma.
Neste relatório, iremos analisar o impacto dessas reformas no valor das pensões de reforma no âmbito do sistema de Segurança Social e no valor atual das responsabilidades dos fundos de pensões privados. Assim, iremos considerar as principais características quer do sistema público de pensões quer dos planos de pensões privados complementares, oferecidos pelos bancos aos seus colaboradores.<br>In Portugal, the public old age pension system funding is based on the pay as you go method where workers' contributions pay the pensions of current pensioners. Throughout the years, many changes have been done in the Social Security system legislation, namely regarding retirement pensions. The most recent reform caused an increase in the normal retirement age and added some factors to the calculation of the retirement benefit.
In this report we analyze the impact of those reforms on the old age pension benefit under the Social Security system and on the present value of private pension funds responsibilities. Therefore, we consider the main features of both the public old age pension system and the complementary private pension plans, offered by banks to their employees.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Phaahla, Letuku Elias. "Social forces, state pensions, and welfare state-building in South Africa and Mauritius." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97063.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study traces the development of the welfare state in Mauritius and South Africa from the early 1900s until the present, with specific reference made to the non-contributory old-age pension scheme. It seeks to understand the intersections between big capital, the state and broad-based social forces in heralding different welfare outcomes in the two countries. Mauritius has retained its long-standing traditions as a social democratic welfare state stretching back to the late 1950s. In contrast, the current welfare model of South Africa continues to be the embodiment of the liberal welfare state, similar to that of the ancien regime set up in 1928, even though it has maintained a generous social grants system since the advent of democracy in 1994.
As a result it is important to unravel patterns of historical evolution that are responsible for different welfare outcomes in seemingly identical socio-political contexts. Similarly, it is important to scratch below the surface of these historical patterns of evolution to account for these disparate welfare frameworks which, nonetheless, exhibit identical outcomes in the social security sector in terms of their unfaltering commitment to old-age pensions. To this end the dissertation employs the comparative historical analysis approach in a bid to draw cross-national parallels between the social processes that unfolded and consequently underpinned development paradigms over time.
This study suggests that accounting for the divergent policy outcomes is the disproportionate powers being wielded by neoliberal market forces within the main arteries of the South African economy, which hindered the state from defining the policy direction of its welfare framework to dovetail with expansive social reforms. This restraint was compounded by the left as a 'labour aristocracy', whose alliance with the political ruling class compromised their ability to champion the pro-poor agenda with as much vigour as they would have if they had pursued an independent course. This is a far cry from the welfare trajectory of Mauritius, in which a mutual understanding between the state, cross-class movements and capitalist market forces bridged contesting class interests by reconciling market economics with social fundamentals.
Unlike in South Africa, the independence of the working classes in Mauritius – whose mobilising traditions cut across the class spectrum – has added special impetus to the social reform movement, having served as the bulwark against welfare retrenchments and/or less egalitarian reforms in the past. That the universal pension scheme and the state’s commitment to the pro-poor cause remain intact in Mauritius is a result of these pro-active class contestations. On the other hand, the absence of the balance of power struck between social actors and the economic élite in South Africa propelled a class compromise that allowed for the dominance of pensions to come at the cost of extensive social reforms. Such outcomes would not have come into effect in South Africa had the playing field for all relevant stakeholders been level, as in Mauritius.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie volg die ontwikkeling van die welsynstaat in Mauritius en in Suid-Afrika vanaf die vroeë 1900’s tot op hede, met spesifieke verwysing na die nie-bydraende ouderdomspensioenskema. Dit poog om die snypunte tussen groot kapitaal, die staat en breë-basis maatskaplike kragte wat gelei het tot verskillende welsynuitkomstes in die twee lande te begryp. Mauritius het sy langdurige tradisie as ’n sosiale demokratiese welsynstaat, wat sedert die 1950’s bestaan, behou. In kontras gaan die huidige welsynmodel in Suid-Afrika voort as die beliggaming van die liberale welsynstaat, soortgelyk aan die ancien regime wat in 1928 ingestel is, selfs al het dit ’n vrygewige stelsel van maatskaplike toelae sedert die vestiging van demokrasie in 1994 onderhou.
As gevolg hiervan is dit belangrik om die patrone van historiese evolusie te ontsyfer wat verantwoordelik is vir verskillende welsynuitkomstes in blykbaar identiese sosiaal-politiese kontekste. Eweneens is dit belangrik om onder die oppervlak van hierdie historiese patrone van evolusie te krap om hierdie uiteenlopende welsynraamwerke te verklaar wat nietemin identiese uitkomstes in die maatskaplike sekuriteitsektor vertoon in terme van hulle onwrikbare verbondenheid tot ouderdomspensioene. Ten einde dit te bereik gebruik hierdie proefskrif die benadering van vergelykende historiese analise in ’n poging om dwarsliggende nasionale ooreenstemmings te vind tussen die maatskaplike prosesse wat gelei het tot die skep van ontwikkelingsparadigmas oor tyd en hulle gevolglik onderskraag het.
Hierdie studie stel voor dat die verklaring vir die uiteenlopende beleidsuitkomstes berus in die ongelyke magte wat binne die belangrikste kanale van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie deur neoliberale markkragte beheer word, wat die staat daarvan weerhou het om ’n beleidsrigting vir sy welsynraamwerk te definieer wat by die breedvoerige maatskaplike hervormings pas. Hierdie remming word vererger deur die linkersy as ’n ‘arbeidsadelstand’, wie se alliansie met die politieke regerende klas hulle vermoë gekompromitteer het om die pro-arm agenda met soveel lewenskrag voor te staan as wat dit moontlik sou gewees het as hulle ’n onafhanklike koers ingeslaan het. Hierdie verskil hemelsbreed van die welsyntrajek in Mauritius, waar ’n wedersydse begrip tussen die staat, bewegings wat klas oorskry, en kapitalistiese markkragte kompeterende klasbelange oorbrug het deur die markekonomie met maatskaplike grondbeginsels te rekonsilieer. Anders as in Suid-Afrika het die onafhanklikheid van die werkersklas in Mauritius – wat se mobiliserende tradisies oor die klasspektrum heen sny – besondere impetus gevoeg by die maatskaplike hervormingsbeweging, aangesien dit gedien het as verskansing teen welsyninkortings en/of minder gelykmakende hervormings in die verlede. Dat die universele pensioenskema en die staat se verbondenheid tot die pro-arm saak in Mauritius onaangetas bly, is as gevolg van hierdie proaktiewe klasstryd. Andersins het die afwesigheid van ’n magsbalans tussen maatskaplike akteurs en die ekonomiese elite in Suid-Afrika gelei tot ’n klaskompromis, wat toegelaat het dat die oorheersing van pensioene gekom het ten koste van breedvoerige maatskaplike hervormings. Sulke uitkomstes sou nie in Suid-Afrika ingetree het nie as die speelveld vir al die relevante belanghebbers gelyk was, soos in Mauritius.
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Huang, Yi Hua Eva. "Fiscal Considerations for Sustainable Public Funding of Urban Old-Age Pensions in the People’s Republic of China." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16034.
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China has well-established Old-age Pensions policies for the different segments of its population, both as part of the current welfare policies framework as well as continuing a long established tradition of care for the elderly. Urban Old-Age Pensions policies play an increasingly important role in the increasingly urbanised economy of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The PRC government continued with tradition in the policies that led to the enactment of the Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China[1], and promised to fully fund Urban Old-Age Pensions. A common theme reported in the prevailing literature is that the PRC government does not have the ability to sustainably fund Urban Old-Age Pensions, citing both substantive and administrative causes of the short fall, and calling for changes to the Social Insurance Contributions policies to make the Urban Old-age Pension schemes more sustainable. The prevailing literature, however, neglected the Chinese tradition that includes government policies to look after the elderly, and misconstrued the Social Insurance Contributions as insurance premiums. This thesis investigated whether changes to funding policies are needed in order to meet the stated obligation of fully funding Urban Old-Age Pensions. The thesis investigated the sources of funding by collating all sources of fiscal revenue and then calculating whether this sum collected would successfully fund the required level of disbursed Urban Old-Age Pensions. This thesis concludes that at current Urban Old-age Pension replacement rates[2], the PRC’s fiscal structure can adequately fund Urban Old-Age Pensions at present benefit levels. Current studies on the sustainability of funding need to consider the data gathered and arguments made in this thesis and to incorporate all sources of funding before stating that short falls in funding and lack of funding sustainability exist, or suggesting reform proposals. [1] Above note 2. [2] The Old-age Pension replacement rate is taken to be the rate Old-age Pensions is paid at as a percentage of National Average Wages Levels.
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Cozort, Larry A. "The effect of accrued pension benefit preservation on worker mobility in muliemployer plans." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54746.
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The relationship between mobility of vested plan participants and the use of reciprocity agreements in multiemployer plans was investigated. The assumption that pension benefit forfeiture retards worker mobility was considered. The assumption that worker mobility is enhanced by benefit preservation is one of the justifications for tax incentives provided retirement plans.
Several variables were considered in addition to the use or nonuse of reciprocity agreements; however, none of the variables were found to be significantly related to the turnover rate for vested plan participants in multiemployer plans. The primary conclusion of the research was that the hypothesis that benefit preservation through the use of reciprocity agreements in multiemployer plans is ineffective in increasing turnover for vested plan participants could not be rejected.<br>Ph. D.
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Cheung, Ching-wan Sharon, and 張靜雲. "An institutional analysis of legislative politics and policy making inHong Kong: the case of retirement protectionpolicy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220551.
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Hon, Tsz-lai, and 韓子麗. "An analysis of retirement protection policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50255174.
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Chen, Taichang. "Intergenerational transfers and well-being in old age in contemporary urban and rural China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:01361609-ce26-4d15-a6b2-ffd310eea8b1.
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China is entering a new historical era that has as its demographic hallmark an ageing population. The fact that China is ageing before it becomes a modernised, wealthy country, presents serious challenges, one of the most direct and important of which relates to support for older members of society. This thesis concerns the way in which different factors affect intergenerational transfers from adult children to their old parents, with particular focus on living arrangements and parental income. The core question this thesis aims to address is: If public transfers increase, would this crowd out private transfers? The results of the estimated association between living arrangements and intergenerational transfers are also used to improve the robustness of the test of crowding-out effect. This study is based on empirical analyses of two waves of nationally representative datasets, covering adult individuals aged 60 and over from 20 provinces in urban and rural China. Living arrangements are vital to intergenerational transfers and welfare in old age, especially in China where the family-based support mechanism by which the young cared for the old was traditionally through coresidence. The descriptive statistics show that though coresidence is still the predominant living arrangement in rural areas, older Chinese people are increasingly less likely to co-reside with children. Such changes in living arrangements, however, do not leave older people isolated over time. Investigation of the determinants of older people’s coresidence decisions shows that older people with more financial or instrumental needs are more likely to live with children. Analysis of the determinants of parents’ living distance from children finds that in urban areas, old parents with higher pensions are more likely to live far away from children, although insignificant effects are found for rural samples. Finally, this study finds weak evidence that parents living far from children receive more intergenerational transfers. Overall, it has been found that family support, including intergenerational monetary transfers, is still prevalent in China; particularly in rural areas. Although a pattern of declining intergenerational transfers began to emerge during the period between 2000 and 2006, the family unit, and traditional family support, appear likely to remain an essential pillar of security in old age. Through the use of a variety of quantitative methodologies this thesis is able to provide robust estimates of how the increase in public programmes is influencing private transfers in China. Analysis of the factors that determine the incidence of receipt of transfers from children suggests that intergenerational transfers in China tend to target old parents that are in greater financial need. Moreover, the analysis of determinants of the size of transfer suggests that although altruism and exchange motives co-exist, the exchange motive dominates inter-generational transfers in urban China. This study does not find statistically significant estimates of transfer derivatives for older people in rural areas. The emerging pattern of support for older people indicates the pursuit of a new balance between formal and informal support. This thesis argues that a gradual increase in public transfers will not crowd out private transfers, and, in cities, may actually strengthen private transfers.
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Solé, Truyols Montserrat. "Pension rights as fundamental rights: a comparative analysis of the old age pensions prospects in Norway and Spain on grounds of collective labour conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456477.
Full textAbstract:
The link between pensions and work is established at human rights
level through social security contributions. The extent to which this
link is strengthen is set in the national designs of social security
systems that on their turn reflect the values to which each society
adheres as well as the institutional contexts in which the systems are
embedded.
The project compares Norwegian and Spanish collective bargaining
models from this institutional perspective and critically analyses
their respective ability to secure appropriate working conditions that
can ensure the financing of the systems and the return of adequate
pension benefits at old age. The study is complemented with the
transversal analysis of the EU’s law and policies impact in each
institutional framework and ultimately on the collective bargaining
model.<br>La relació entre pensions i treball, establerta a nivell de drets
humans per mitjà de les contribucions a la seguretat social es
materialitza en el disseny dels respectius sistemes a nivell nacional.
Aquests reflecteixen d’una banda els valors amb els quals la societat
s’identifica i de l’altra, el context institucional en el que es troben
inserits.
El projecte compara els models de negociació col·lectiva des
d’aquesta perspectiva institucional i n’analitza de manera crítica la
capacitat respectiva per respondre amb unes condicions de treball
aptes per garantir el finançament del sistema i el nivell adequat de
beneficis de les pensions. L’estudi es completa amb l’anàlisi
transversal dels efectes que les polítiques i el marc legal de la EU,
tenen sobre els diferents contexts institucionals i per tant sobre la
negociació col·lectiva.
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Palme, Joakim. "Pension rights in welfare capitalism the development of old-age pensions in 18 OECD countries 1930 to 1986 /." Stockholm : Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26763202.html.
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Tenbrock, Klaus. "Die betriebliche Altersversorgung im Betriebsübergang bei konkurrierenden Versorgungszusagen /." Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Lang, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014841670&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Whiting, Marcus. "Low pay and pensions : planning for old age in a real world of insecurity, financial constraint and competing demands." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2006. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7977/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a study of current pension policy and its likelihood of providing a decent retirement income that guarantees a quality of life for the low paid, namely a retirement above subsistence level and one that offers them dignity and personal autonomy. The low paid often experience financial difficulties during their working lives and owing to competing financial demands not only do they struggle to make ends meet but find it difficult to put aside savings for their futures. This research was a social investigation and examined current government thinking and its approach to redress these problems. It used a multi-methodological approach underpinned by four components: a literature review; a comprehensive analysis of research reports that focused on individuals' saving habits; semi structured interviews with the low paid to explain their real life experiences; and an analysis of contemporary proposals. The literature review highlighted that since the 1950s there has been a shift from socialisation of risk, where risk is shared by the state employer and employee, to an individualisation of risk in pension policy and 'New' Labour has continued along this route. Moreover, low pay remains a prominent issue today just as much as it did at the beginning of the 20th century. It is this combination of continued low paid and increased risk on the employee that has exacerbated the plight for many in low pay employment. The current solution supported by government relies on using means testing to protect the poorest whilst expecting others to be 'responsible' citizens and provide for their retirement under the rhetoric of 'rights' and 'responsibility'. Yet as this research established many in the latter category are considered low paid by the Low Pay Unit. It is this problem of definition that has led policy makers to fail to understand that the low paid are in fact unable to make money purchase pension schemes viable. This has now been recognised by other organisations, political parties and academics. Now even the pro-market right have acknowledged the failure of the private sector to bridge the gap vacated by the state under twenty years of neo-liberal policy and argue that means testing, once favoured by the Conservative Party, acts as a disincentive to save towards a second-tier private pension. Key findings in this thesis include: first that the low paid do in fact have a positive attitude towards saving but it is their lack of ability and real opportunity that prevents them from saving towards a decent second-tier pension. Thus there is a contradiction in policy that seeks to improve attitude and awareness of the low paid to improve their situation. Second, that the government presides over a low paid economy and this is a political choice that favours pro-business labour market policies. Third, current government attitude continues to ignore the warnings from both pro-state left and pro-market right sources that a continuation of a pension policy relying on means testing in fact acts as a poverty trap. And finally, the plight of the low paid remains bleak and will worsen in the future if neo-liberal policy continues without increased state intervention.
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Nunes, Bernardo F. "Three essays on retirement and savings behaviour." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24516.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation presents three essays on retirement and savings behaviour. It relies on secondary data from British national surveys to empirically address how workers prepare and adapt to the economic circumstances of later life. Chapter 1 analyses the effectiveness of providing workers with the opportunity to join workplace pension schemes to stimulate pension savings. It estimates the potential opt-in rate among employees who haven’t been offered a pension plan by an employer, had they been offered the opportunity to join a scheme. Governmental policies enforcing pension plan provision at every workplace could generate a major impact on aggregate participation rates. This potential success does not seem to be conditional on the existence of mechanisms imposed by law concerning the way workers are enrolled. Chapter 2 examines the effect of workplace pension schemes provision and participation on other individual financial savings, such as personal pension plans and financial assets. It exploits the variability in workplace pension scheme provision and membership induced by the employer’s payroll size as an identification strategy. No evidence is found that providing employees with access to workplace pension schemes would make them less likely to save through non-pension financial instruments. These results support the enforcement of the universal provision of workplace pension schemes as a national policy to improve financial preparation for retirement. Chapter 3 builds on the literature of the economic role of home production of goods and services at retirement. The literature usually restricts the explanation of retirees’ heterogeneous attitudes towards home production to gender differences or social norms related to couples’ division of labour. The present study provides novel evidence that non-cognitive skills in the form of personality traits explain the heterogeneous reallocation of time and consumption that occurs during a transition from the labour market to retirement.
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Guo, Yu, and 郭瑜. "Public old-age pension provisions for rural migrant workers in China: an analysis of the policy making process." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48329617.
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Acknowledging the population aging trend, the urbanization process, and also the old-age security challenges facing rural migrant workers, this study sets out to explore and make theoretical sense of the pension policy process for rural migrant workers, through a case study in Beijing. Applying the stage model of the policymaking process, and an equitable-effective-efficient evaluative framework, an inquiry frame is constructed to formulate research questions theoretically and to facilitate the whole study.
Mixed methods integrating quantitative and qualitative research were adopted to achieve the stated purpose. The secondary data yielded by a random sampling survey (N=3,024) were employed to provide a contextual base, and to examine what factors are influencing rural migrant worker choices and participation in pension schemes, through a multivariate Probit regression method. The effect of pension program on consumption smoothing and income redistribution, reflected by pension replacement rates, are explored through actuarial models. Based on the findings of a quantitative study, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were carried out with 22 rural migrant workers, 6 governmental officials, 5 scholars and 5 human resource managers in Beijing. Through prolonged immersion in the research site, qualitative research further addresses the mechanisms and factors functioning within the policymaking process.
Merging mixed methods utilizing the stages model of policy process, this study has been able to make discoveries not reported in previous studies. This study is of considerable significance, as it contributes novel insights and concepts into understanding the dynamics of the policy process in the case study of rural migrant worker pension provision in China.
First, in response to the inquiry frame, it establishes an analytical framework to uncover the underlying policymaking process, as well as the mechanisms and factors functioning within each stage. In the agenda setting stage, it is the central government which can initiate the agenda setting process for rural migrant workers. At the same time, however, local governments are driven by their own interests and compelled by the central government’s desire to get pension issues on the agenda. It is indicated that decentralization, centralization and incrementalism are functioning together in policy formulation and adoption. From both the micro and macro perspectives, this study identifies what factors are contributing to the gap between policy design and implementation. Guided by a preset three-Es framework, the whole policy process and its (potential) impacts are evaluated.
Second, throughout the whole study, an interest is displayed through its analysis in rural migrant workers' situations, needs and opinions. It is found that governments are playing an overwhelmingly decisive role in policy making, that rural migrant workers' voices are largely unheard, and that powers are concentrated in unrepresentative hands. Policy suggestions on moving toward a democratic policy process are then discussed.
Finally, this study further proposes a package of concrete policy implications to systematically address these practical policy issues. This package mainly covers the household registration system, the sandwich generation, preservation of pension rights, policy transparency and publicity, policies being moderately mandated, and particular social welfare programs.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Social Work and Social Administration<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Yan, Lap-tak. "A discourse analysis of the welfare ideology in Hong Kong : a case study of the legislative councillors' argumentation upon the administration's proposal of setting up a retirement protection system /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1399136X.
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Lomax, Kevin Clay. "COMPARATIVE PENSION POLICY OUTCOMES IN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC NATIONS: THE CASE OF FINLAND." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2002. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukygero2002d00038/KCLDISS.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2002.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 142 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-139).
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Sommer, Jörg. "Das Politikfeld Alterssicherung im europäischen Mehrebenensystem : Handlungsspielräume und Einflussmöglichkeiten der Europäischen Kommission bei der "Europäisierung" der Alterssicherung in der historischen Entwicklung /." Wien ; Zürich Berlin Münster : Lit, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3067792&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Philipov, Dimiter, Anne Goujon, and Giulio Paola Di. "Ageing dynamics of a human-capital-specific population: A demographic perspective." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.44.
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Background: Research on how rising human capital affects the consequences of population ageing rarely considers the fact that the human capital of the elderly population is composed in a specific way that is shaped by their earlier schooling and work experience. For an elderly population of a fixed size and age-sex composition, this entails that the higher its human capital, the greater the total amount of public pensions to be paid.
Objective: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the link between human capital and retiree benefits and its effect on population ageing from a demographic viewpoint.
Methods: We construct an old age dependency ratio (OADR), in which each person, whether in the numerator or the denominator, is assigned the number of units corresponding to his/her level of human capital. Based on data for Italy, we study the dynamics of this human-capital-specific OADR with the help of multistate population projections to 2107.
Results: Our results show that under specific conditions a constant or moderately growing human capital may aggravate the consequences of population ageing rather than alleviate them.
Conclusions: With those findings, the authors would like to stimulate the debate on the search for demographic and/or socio-economic solutions to the challenges posed by population ageing.
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Kalula, Mpiana. "Investigating the Socio-Economic Impact of the Old Age Pension in the Pensioner Household within Selected Areas of the Eastern Cape." Thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2009. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=td_cput.
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Lau, Cheung-yun Lily, and 劉章欣. "Mandatory provident fund as a replacement for civil service pension inHong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196624X.
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Wolter, Marc Ingo. "Altersvorsorgesysteme und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung : die Erweiterung des makroökonometrischen Modells INFORGE um die Rentenversicherung /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/352933526.pdf.
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Dowman, Charles Sydney. "Investigating social grant payment methods for old age grant recipients in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86633.
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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research focuses on social assistance within the context of the
developmental state. In South Africa, the Social Assistance Act, 2004 (Act No.13
of 2004) makes provision for the administration of social assistance and the
payment of social grants. The Act provides for the payment of eight grant types
including the payment of the Old Age Grant (OAG). The research focuses on the
OAG and the payment methods exercised by OAG beneficiaries. The South
African Social Security Agency is established in terms of the South African Social
Security Agency Act, 2004 (Act No. 9 of 2004) and the payment of social
assistance has been transferred to the Agency.
The literature review revealed that African countries in particular have followed a
different path to the rest of the development world with regard to social security.
There is a strong reliance on community management involvement of social
protection programmes in middle Africa. The South African system is more
advanced and is legislated. South Africa’s social security system is a system of
targeted social grants. It makes access to social security a basic human right, as
it is contained in the Bill of Rights. The rise of the developmental state after
World War 11 was championed by Japan, in particular, and this rise gave effect
to the Asian Miracle. A comparison of different systems in the developing context
is undertaken in the study. One of the criteria from the comparison of systems is
that developmental decisions should be informed by a country’s vision or longterm
strategy. The research is being undertaken at a pinnacle point in the history of South
Africa, in particular of the Agency responsible for the administration and payment
of these grants. The SASSA introduced the SASSA debit card (Appendix I) in
2012. Beneficiaries can use this card at any store with a point of sale device to
make purchases and withdraw money at selected vendors published in the
SASSA merchant list on the website of the Agency. The implementation of this
decentralised system is however not without disagreement about the ideal path – questions about the advantages of electronic versus cash payments; and SASSA
as ‘Paymaster’ versus the use of external service providers, is still being
debated. This research attempts to assist in this debate through an investigation
of alternative methods to disburse social grants, with specific focus on the old
age grant recipients.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing fokus op maatskaplike ondersteuning in die konteks van die
ontwikkeling-gerigte staat. In Suid-Afrika, maak die Wet op Maatskaplike
Bystand, 2004 (Wet No.13 van 2004) voorsiening vir die administrasie van
maatskaplike bystand en die betaling van maatskaplike toelae. Die wet maak
voorsiening vir die betaling van agt soorte toelae, insluitend die betaling van die
ouderdomstoelaag . Hierdie navorsing was gerig op die ouderdomstoelaag en
die betalingsmetodes wat vir ouderdomstoelaag begunstigdes beskikbaar is. Die
Suid-Afrikaanse Maatskaplike Sekerheidsagentskap is in terme van die Suid-
Afrikaanse Sosiale Sekerheidswet, 2004 (Wet No. 9 van 2004) ingestel en die
betaling van maatskaplike bystand is aan hierdie agentskap oorgedra.
Die literatuurstudie het getoon dat lande, veral in Afrika, ‘n ander pad as die res
van die ontwikkelende wêreld ten opsigte van maatskaplike sekerheid gevolg
het. Daar is ‘n groot afhanklikheid van gemeenskapsbestuur betrokkenheid by
die ontwikkeling van sosiale programme in middel Afrika. Die Suid-Afrikaanse
maatskaplike sekerheidstelsel is meer gevorderd en word deur wetgewing
onderbou. Dit maak toegang tot maatskaplike sekerheid ‘n menslike reg, deur dit
in die Handves van Menseregte te onderskryf. Die bevordering van die
ontwikkeling-gerigte staat na die Tweede Wêreld Oorlog is veral deur Japan
aangevoer, en die aanneem hiervan het die Asiatiese Wonderwerk bewerkstellig.
‘n Vergelyking van die verskillende stelsels in die ontwikkeling konteks word
onderneem in die studie. Een van die kriteria met betrekking tot die vergelyking
van die verskillende stelsels is dat die ontwikkelingsbesluite ondersteun moet
word deur middel van ‘n visie of lang termyn strategie. Die navorsing vind plaas op ‘n kritieke tyd in die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika,
veral ten opsigte van die agentskap wat vir die administrasie en uitbetaling van
hierdie toelae verantwoordelik is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Maatskaplike Sekerheids
agentskap het die SASSA debietkaart in 2012 uitgereik. Begunstigdes kan die kaart by enige winkel met ‘n verkooppunttoestel, soos op die lys van uitgesoekte
handelaars op SASSA se webtuiste bekendgestel is, gebruik om aankope te
doen of geld te onttrek. Die inwerkstelling van die gedesentraliseerde stelsel is
ongetwyfeld nie bepalend en gesprekke rondom die ideale stelsel is steeds
onderweg – vra rondom die voordele van ‘n elektroniese stelsel teenoor ‘n
kontantstelsel; sowel as vrae om SASSA as die ‘betaalmeester’ teenoor die
gebruik van eksterne diensverskaffers, duur steeds voort. Die navorsing
onderneem om hierdie debat te bevorder deur ‘n ondersoek na alternatiewe
betaal metodes om sosiale toelaes te versprei, met spesifieke fokus op die
betaling van die begunstigdes van die ouderdomstoelaag.
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Camós, Victoria Ignasi. "La configuración de la prestación de jubilación en el régimen contributivo de la Seguridad Social." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7672.
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La tesi té per objecte l'estudi dels elements configuradors de la prestació de jubilació en la seva modalitat contributiva, és a dir, l'edat pensionable (o edat d'accés a la pensió de jubilació) i el cessament voluntari de l'activitat professional, posant-se de manifest com les diferents reformes aprovades sobre el sistema de Seguretat Social i, en especial, sobre el sistema de jubilació a partir de la dècada dels anys 80 han anat desconfigurant aquesta prestació.<br/><br/>En aquest sentit en la Tesi es fa una crítica àmpliament fonamentada i raonada de l'ús abusiu que s'ha fet i que es fa de les diferents modalitats de jubilació anticipada, ja que no solament no han servit per a facilitar l'anomenat "relleu intergeneracional", sinó que, al contrari, són un seriós obstacle per a fer front al fenomen de l'envelliment demogràfic, la manifestació més directa del qual constitueix el canvi en l'estructura de la població per edats derivat de l'important descens de les taxes de natalitat i fertilitat conjuntament amb el corresponent augment dels índexs de longevitat, fenomen aquest que està provocant una profunda transformació de la piràmide demogràfica.<br/><br/>Així, es realitza un anàlisi crític de l'ús de la jubilació com si es tractés d'una mesura de política d'ocupació, ja que es produeix una important fallida de la voluntarietat com a element característic del cessament, mitjançant, entre d'altres mesures, la jubilació forçosa i molt especialment, per que està donant lloc a una expulsió anticipada del mercat de treball a nombrosos treballadors encara aptes pel treball que ateses les importants dificultats d'ocupació de les persones de edat avançada es veuen obligades a mantenir-se com a inactives durant molt de temps, en la majoria dels casos en contra del que és la seva voluntat.<br/><br/>En front a aquest panorama en la Tesi es proposa reforçar aquests dos elements configuradors de la prestació de jubilació, restringint al màxim l'ús de la jubilació anticipada, efectuant majors controls de la mateixa per a que només sigui utilitzada per empreses que realment ho necessiten, de forma limitada en el temps, i dotant de major flexibilitat a l'edat de jubilació mitjançant el reforçament del seu caràcter de dret al descans i atribuint-ne una major eficàcia a la voluntarietat de aquest dret del treballador.<br/><br/>També s'aborda l'examen d'altres qüestions, entre d'altres, referides al funcionament intern de aquesta prestació; el tractament diferenciat establert en els diferents règims de Seguretat Social; el seu càlcul; així com un examen de les fonts estatals e internacionals de regulació de aquesta matèria amb una significativa incidència respecte a la necessitat de realitzar una lectura conjunta dels arts. 41 i 50 de la Constitució espanyola de 1978 i a la complexa aplicació del Reglament de la Unió Europea, Reglament CEE/ 1408/1971 pel reconeixement i càlcul de la prestació de jubilació en el cas de cotitzacions a diversos Estats de la Unió Europea.
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Siklóssy, Patrick. "Vergleich der Durchführungswege der betrieblichen Altersversorgung aus Eigentümer- und Arbeitnehmersicht /." Frankfurt, M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017592249&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Govender, Thashlin. "The health status of the elderly receiving an old age pension in urban communities in the City of Cape Town." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71774.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In developing countries the increasing number of the aged are often viewed as a problem. In particular, the indigent elderly residing in poor urban areas are at risk of becoming marginalised and underserved. The Western Cape has the third largest elderly population in proportion to the total population in the country. Social assistance in the form of a monthly pension is paid out to all elderly who pass a national means test carried out by South African Social Security Agency (SASSA).
An assessment of the characteristics and health status of the elderly collecting old age pensions living in low-income urban poor communities in the City of Cape Town was carried out at pension pay points across four communities, i.e. Gugulethu, Khayelitsha, Mitchells Plain and Bonteheuwel.
In community health surveys, choices regarding the methodology have to be made that can have profound effects on the study design and study outcomes. The milieu of the present study is one of urban poverty and specifically those urban elderly who qualify for non-contributory pensions (also called social cash transfers or government grants). The paucity of existing community-based studies on old-age pensioners in the City of Cape Town meant that a cross-sectional survey with wide-ranging coverage of demographic, social and health factors was the most logical design to employ in order to determine the extent of present needs and generate hypotheses for further controlled studies.
A systematic random sample of 703 elderly was drawn at nine pension pay-out points in Cape Town Metropole. No pensioners refused to participate in the study. Structured interviews were carried out covering demographics, number of dependents, living conditions, socioeconomic circumstances, health status and needs and utilisation of health services. A reported 43% of participants lived in shacks and 88% reported regularly eating less than 3 meals a day. Eighty-seven percent of respondents reported waiting 3 hours or longer for medication at a clinic while 90% reported being dissatisfied with the service at their clinic. Fifty-eight percent of pensioners reported not being able to see well while 83% did not know where to get their eyes tested. Almost 70% of pensioners said that they have been ill-treated by a family member and 64% scored as severely depressed on the geriatric depression scale. In this study, 266 pensioners solely supported 471 children of which 65 (14%) were disabled children. In 95% of cases the pensioner does not receive any support from the child's parents.
The study found that the elderly on a state grant had considerable unmet health needs and required assistance with activities of daily living. The indigent pensioners in this study bore a huge duty of care for minor children as custodial grandparents while not receiving a high level of health support themselves.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toenemende aantal bejaardes word dikwels in ontwikkelende lande as 'n probleem gesien. In die besonder loop die bejaardes wat in lae-inkomste stedelike gebiede woon die risiko om gemarginaliseer te word en swak dienslewering te ondervind. Die Wes-Kaap het die derde grootste populasie van bejaardes in verhouding tot die totale bevolking in die provinsie. Sosiale bystand in die vorm van 'n maandelikse pensioen word betaal aan alle bejaardes wat die inkomstetoets slaag wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Agentskap vir Maatskaplike Sekerheid (SAAMS) uitgevoer word.
'n Ondersoek na die eienskappe en gesondheidstatus van bejaardes wat hulle ouderdomspensioene in lae-inkomste stedelike gemeenskappe in die Stad Kaapstad kom afhaal is uitgevoer. Die studie is gedoen by pensioen-uitbetaalpunte in vier gemeenskappe, naamlik Gugulethu, Khayelitsha, Mitchells Plein and Bonteheuwel.
In gemeenskapsgesondheid-opnames moet keuses gemaak word ten opsigte van die metodologie wat diepgaande gevolge vir die studieontwerp en -uitkomste kan inhou. Die milieu van die huidige studie in dié van stedelike armoede en spesifiek die leefruimte van stedelike bejaardes wat kwalifiseer vir nie-bydraende pensioene (ook genoem sosiale kontantoordragte of staatstoelaes). Die gebrek aan bestaande studies van ouderdomspensioenarisse in Kaapstad het beteken dat 'n dwarsdeursnit-opname van die demografie, sosiale en gesondheidsfaktore die mees logiese ontwerp was om uit te voer. Dit is gedoen om die omvang van huidige behoeftes te bepaal en verdere hipoteses te genereer wat deur vergelykende studies ondersoek behoort te word.
'n Stelselmatige ewekansige steekproef van 703 bejaardes is getrek by nege betaalpunte in die Kaapse stadsgebied. Geen proefpersone het geweier om deel te neem nie. Gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer wat die volgende aspekte gedek het: demografiese eienskappe, aantal afhanklikes, gesondheidstatus en benutting van gesondheidsdienste. Van die deelnemers het 43% in informele behuising ("shacks") gewoon en 88% het gerapporteer dat hulle gereeld minder as 3 daaglikse maaltye eet. Daar het 87% gerapporteer dat hulle 3 uur of langer gewag het om medikasie by hulle plaaslike kliniek te ontvang terwyl 90% ontevrede was met die diens wat hulle by die kliniek ontvang het. Daar het 58% van die bejaardes gerapporteer dat hulle nie goed kan sien nie terwyl 83% van hulle nie geweet het waar hulle hulle oë kan laat toets nie. Omtrent 70% van bejaardes het gesê dat hulle deur 'n familielid mishandel word en 64% kon as ernstig depressief geklassifiseer word op die geriatriese depressieskaal. In hierdie studie was 266 pensioenarisse die enigste sorg en voog van 471 kinders van wie 65 (14%) gestremd was. In 95% van gevalle het die pensionaris geen geldelike of ander bydraes van die kind(ers) se ouers ontvang nie. Die studie het bevind dat bejaardes wat 'n staatstoelaag ontvang aansienlike onvervulde gesondheidsbehoeftes het en hulp benodig met aktiwiteite van daaglikse bestaan. Die behoeftige pensioenarisse in hierdie studie het 'n groot las gedra aan die versorging van minderjarige kinders as toesighoudende grootouers ("custodial grandparents") terwyl hulleself nie 'n hoë vlak van ondersteuning geniet nie.
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Li, Tao, and 李濤. "Retirement protection in Hong Kong: a study of the policy-making process 1991-95." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965337.
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Raab, Roman. "Pension Reform and Retirement Incentives: Evidence from Austria." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07312008-120625/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.<br>Title from file title page. Sally Wallace, committee chair; Bruce A. Seaman, Klara S. Peter, Stephen J. Kay, committee members. Electronic text (116 p. : col. ill. ) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Sept. 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-115).
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Mendonça, Anabela Valente de Pinho. "A reforma das pensões e a garantia de rendimento mínimo para os idosos : as experiências de oito países Europeus no período 2000-2016." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14358.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas<br>O objetivo desta dissertação consiste na análise da natureza das reformas das pensões não contributivas realizadas em oito Estados-membros, bem como, na discussão do seu potencial efeito na pobreza dos idosos, no período 2000-2016. O estudo empírico compreende a análise das alterações legislativas subjacentes às referidas reformas, e a caraterização das medidas de reforma no sentido de identificar a maior ou menor restrição na elegibilidade, assim como, a maior ou menor generosidade das pensões. Os resultados permitem concluir que as medidas das reformas das pensões de velhice não contributivas não parecem ter tido um potencial efeito na redução da pobreza dos idosos, apesar dos objetivos subjacentes ao princípio da adequação terem sido concretizados na generalidade.<br>The main goal of this thesis to analyze the nature of the non-contributory pension reforms carried out in eight Member States, as well as to discuss their potential effect on the elderly's poverty during the period 2000-2016. The empirical study includes analyzing the legislative changes underlying these reforms, and characterizing the reform measures in order to identify the greater or lesser restriction on eligibility, as well as the greater or lesser generosity of pensionas. The resultes lead to the conclusion that the non-contributory old-age pension reform measures do not appear to have had a potential effect on the reduction of old-age poverty, although the underlying objectives of the adequacy principle were generally achieved.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Estrelinha, Milton Hugo Mafra. "Reformas da proteção à velhice no período 2000-2020 : avaliação à luz do princípio da adequação." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20987.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas<br>A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a análise dos efeitos das reformas realizadas no sistema público de pensões de Portugal, à luz do princípio da adequação, no período entre 2000-2020.Entre as medidas avaliadas encontram-se, nomeadamente, as alterações às regras de cálculo nas pensões contributivas, a introdução do fator de sustentabilidade, o aumento da idade legal de reforma, a mudança de referencial para o cálculo de algumas prestações sociais e as novas regras de revalorização. O estudo empírico consiste na realização de duas simulações, com e sem medidas, para um conjunto de 34 indivíduos-tipo. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as alterações legislativas realizadas originam quebras nas taxas brutas de substituição e o aumento da incidência e intensidade da pobreza.<br>This dissertation aims to analyse the effects of the reforms to the public pensions system in Portugal, under the principle of adequacy, between 2000-2020. Among the assessed measures, one finds the changes to calculation of contributory pensions; the adoption of a sustainability factor; the increase of the legal retirement age; the change in referential for calculating some social endowments; and new revaluation rules. The empirical study consisted on doing two simulations - with and without measures - for a set of 34 typical individuals. Results support the conclusion that the changes in legislation lead to drops in the gross replacement rates, and to increases in incidence and intensity of poverty.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Carvalho, Thaís Araujo de Oliveira Pereira de. "Trabalhadores frente a perspectiva da aposentadoria." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21290.
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Previous issue date: 2018-06-04<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>How have the Brazilian private-sector worker been preparing for retirement? This was the main question of this research, which started from the assumption that the entrance to the end of the career is in a place of unpreparedness, and consequently it entails damages to the old age, that now happens to be of a longer period. In order to understand this behavior, the following objectives were proposed: a) outline the sociodemographic profile of a group; b) identify if the interviewees had any planning for retirement - be it financial, leisure, study or other; c) understand their perception of concerning their old age and the project of life for their extended time, and d) contribute with inputs for the formulation of educational policies of planning for the post-work world. To respond to this problem, it was decided through a semi-structured analysis in a group of 40 private-sector workers, of the transformation business in São Paulo state, covering men and women over 41 years of age. Answers expressing surprise, high centrality at work, lack of knowledge and fear of facing the issue led to a scenario of interviewees, who were classified into three groups, according to the level of perception and behavior for retirement: those who are very unprepared, those semi prepared and those who deny or reject retirement. It was also identified that the old age has extremes meanings: negative and positive. The results indicates that the subject is not yet adequately addressed and has a lack of preparation in several spheres, denouncing not only a cultural issue, but also an impending public social problem for which we are rapidly moving towards in Brazil<br>Como o trabalhador brasileiro do setor privado tem se preparado para a aposentadoria? Esta foi a pergunta guia desta pesquisa que partiu do pressuposto de que a entrada no final de carreira versa em um lugar de despreparo, e que como consequência acarreta prejuízos para a velhice, que atualmente passa a ser de uma existência mais longa. No intuito de entender este comportamento foram propostos os seguintes objetivos: a) traçar o perfil sociodemográfico do grupo; b) identificar se os entrevistados possuíam algum planejamento para a aposentadoria – seja de natureza financeira, de lazer, de estudo ou outros; c) compreender a percepção destes referentes às suas velhices e o projeto de vida para o seu tempo dilatado, e d) contribuir com insumos para a formulação de políticas educacionais de planejamento para o mundo pós-trabalho. Para responder ao problema proposto nesta pesquisa, decidiu-se por entrevistas semi-estruturadas (questionário composto por 61 questões, sendo 19 abertas) em um grupo com 40 trabalhadores de uma empresa privada do setor de transformação, no Estado de São Paulo, abrangendo homens e mulheres com idade superior a 41 anos. Respostas expressando surpresa, alta centralidade no trabalho, desconhecimento e medo de enfrentar o assunto trouxe à tona o cenário dos entrevistados, que foram classificados em três grupos, de acordo com o nível de percepção e comportamento quanto à aposentadoria: aqueles que se encontram totalmente despreparados, os que estão semipreparados e os que negam ou rejeitam a aposentadoria. Para este grupo também foi identificado que a velhice orbita em dois polos extremos: concepção positiva e negativa. Estes resultados demonstram o quanto o assunto ainda não é tratado devidamente e reflete a falta de preparo em diversas esferas, denunciando não somente uma questão cultural, mas também um iminente problema social público para o qual caminhamos rapidamente no Brasil
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Pais, Artur Luís Viegas Soares. "A protecção social pública na velhice em Portugal: evolução histórica de 1919 a 2008." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3197.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Análise de Política Social<br>Esta dissertação procura analisar o percurso histórico da protecção social pública à velhice em Portugal desde o início do século XX até aos nossos dias. O método de análise seguiu uma abordagem documental, com particular relevância para o corpo legislativo. Dado o extenso horizonte temporal em análise, definiram-se três grandes fases do processo de construção da cobertura social a esta eventualidade, atendendo à presença de determinadas características delimitativas em cada uma delas. Na parte conceptual são referidos os elementos mais importantes das duas concepções de cobertura à velhice, cuja convergência e posteriores combinações deram origem aos sistemas europeus actualmente existentes e que se podem distinguir pela sua dominância Bismarckiana ou Beveridgiana conforme é bem patente nos três sistemas nacionais de Segurança Social apresentados: França, Itália e Alemanha. Foram também abordados os diversos tipos de prestações e as instituições prestadoras cuja diversidade justificou, em 1994, uma ordenação das Nações Unidas distribuindo-as por três pilares, sendo mais recentemente divididos em fileiras de protecção. O carácter público ou privado, a natureza obrigatória ou voluntária e o regime de gestão financeira (repartição ou capitalização) são alguns dos elementos mais importantes que identificam claramente o pilar e eventualmente a fileira em que se integra cada tipo de prestação. Seguidamente, passou-se à divisão da cobertura da eventualidade em Portugal dividindo-a em três fases bem delimitada: a fase assistencial até à promulgação da primeira legislação relativa aos seguros sociais; a fase do Seguro social iniciada em 1919 e que se prolongou até 1974, incluindo a instituição do Sistema de Previdência Social e suas reformas; a fase do Direito Social iniciada após 1974, com a introdução do Sistema de Segurança Social e prestações de natureza não contributiva, e que é delimitada pela ultima reforma realizada em 2007. A descrição e interpretação dos normativos produzidos e a sua relação com os acontecimentos políticos, sociais e económicos da altura mostram bem as vicissitudes por que passou a cobertura desta eventualidade até assumir os contornos actuais.<br>This dissertation seeks to analyse the historical development of public social protection for old age in Portugal from the beginning of the 20th century up to the present day. The analytical method followed a documental approach, with particular importance given to the body of legislation. Given the breadth of the temporal horizon of the analysis, three major phases were defined for the process of construction of social coverage for this type of risk, taking into account the presence of specific delimiting characteristics for each of them. In the conceptual part, the most important elements of the two concepts of old age coverage are discussed, as are their convergence and later combinations, which gave rise to present day European systems. The two streams are identified as being predominantly Bismarckian or Beveridgean, clearly manifest in the three national social security systems presented: France, Italy and Germany. There were also examined the various types of payments and of paying institutions, whose diversity justified, in 1994, a United Nations order distributing them in three pillars, being more recently divided into levels of protection. The public or private character, the compulsory or voluntary nature and the financing regime (repartition or capitalisation) are some of the most important elements which clearly classify the pillar and, as appropriate, the level which includes each kind of payment. There then follows the division of coverage of types of risk in Portugal, divided into three well delineated phases: the assistential phase up to the coming into effect of the first social security legislation; the phase of social insurance beginning in 1919 and continuing up to 1974, including the institution of the Social Welfare System and its reforms; the phase of Social Rights initiated after 1974, with the introduction of the Social Security System and payments of a non-contributory nature, and ending with the latest reform carried out in 2007. The description and interpretation of the resulting legal provisions and their relationship with economic, political and social events of the time demonstrate well the vicissitudes which the coverage of this type of risk has faced until reaching the current position.
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Trigo, Catarina Soares. "Flexibilização do mercado de trabalho e pensões de velhice : que futuro para trabalhadores com carreiras fragmentadas?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17645.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas<br>Alterações ao sistema previdencial de pensões, tendo por objetivos o controlo da despesa pública e a sua sustentabilidade financeira, bem como combater o risco moral, resultam na intensificação do princípio de equivalência entre contribuição e benefício. O mercado de trabalho, contudo, parece garantir cada vez menos segurança e estabilidade laboral que correspondam a carreiras contributivas completas e contínuas. A fórmula de cálculo de pensões de velhice que incidirá sobre inscritos no sistema após 2002, em conjugação com a presença e proliferação de modalidades de trabalho não-padrão pode resultar, assim, na desadequação das pensões no futuro, particularmente para trabalhadores nessas situações. A escolha entre um sistema mais ou menos capaz de mitigar as desigualdades entre beneficiários dependerá sempre de opções normativas que remetem para critérios de justiça distributiva intra e inter-geracional.<br>Portuguese public pensions scheme reforms aiming the financial sustainability of the system and the control of public expenses, have led to an increase of the benefit-contribution principle. Labour market and its flexibilization trends, however, do not seem to guarantee a stable and continuous career anymore. The new rules for pension calculation, which will apply to workers who started their career after 2002, along with a significant and increasing presence of non-standard forms of employment, may lead to inadequate pensions in the future, especially for workers under these circumstances. Public policies regarding a more or less extended universal system, aiming or not to reduce inequalities among pension beneficiaries, would necessarily refer to distributive justice principles.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
47
Barceló, Fernández Jesús. "El retraso en la edad de jubilación y las políticas para la prolongación de la actividad laboral más allá de la edad legal de jubilación." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/369042.
Full textAbstract:
Aunque el fenómeno del envejecimiento no es nuevo y, que desde los años 80 ya se hayan adoptado instrumentos concretos para compensar sus efectos no deseados, ha sido con la reciente crisis económica que ha aumentado la preocupación sobre la sostenibilidad de los sistemas públicos de pensiones, debido al aumento de las pensiones de jubilación junto a la caída de las tasa de ocupación, que han llevado a plantear reformas en la regulación de la pensión de jubilación, endureciendo los requisitos, reduciendo el importe inicial, controlando la revalorización o incrementando la edad de jubilación.
La hipótesis de este estudio es que aplicar como principal medida de Seguridad Social el incremento de la edad ordinaria de jubilación en relación a la esperanza de vida y la promoción de la prolongación de la vida laboral, sin aplicar otras medidas que supongan la reducción de la pensión media, mantendría constante el coste de las pensiones en relación al aumento de esperanza de vida, asegurando la necesaria sostenibilidad financiera y garantizando el bienestar de los pensionistas; aunque deberán adoptarse algunas medidas para hacerlo posible.<br>Encara que el fenomen de l'envelliment no és nou i, que des dels anys 80 ja s'hagin adoptat instruments concrets per compensar els seus efectes no desitjats, ha estat amb la recent crisi econòmica que ha augmentat la preocupació sobre la sostenibilitat dels sistemes públics de pensions, a causa de l'augment de les pensions de jubilació y de la caiguda de les taxa d'ocupació, que han portat a plantejar reformes en la regulació de la pensió de jubilació, endurint els requisits, reduint l'import inicial, controlant la revaloració o incrementant l'edat de jubilació.
La hipòtesi d'aquest estudi és que aplicar com a principal mesura de seguretat social l'increment de l'edat ordinària de jubilació en relació a l'esperança de vida i la promoció de la prolongació de la vida laboral, sense aplicar altres mesures que suposin la reducció de la pensió mitjana, mantindria constant el cost de les pensions en relació a l'augment d'esperança de vida, assegurant la necessària sostenibilitat financera i garantint el benestar dels pensionistes; encara que s'han d'adoptar algunes mesures per fer-ho possible.<br>Although the aging phenomenon is not new and, that have been adopted specific instruments to offset their unwanted effects from the 80s, has been with the recent economic crisis that it has increased the preoccupation about the sustainability of public pension systems, due to the retirement pensions increase and falling employment rate, which they have led to propose reforms in the regulation the retirement pensions, to hardening requirements, to reducing the initial amount, controlling the revaluation or to increasing the retirement age.
The hypothesis of this study is to apply as the main measure of Social Security the increased of the ordinary retirement age in relation to life expectancy and promoting the extension of working life, without applying other measures involving the reduction of the average pension, would maintain constantly the cost of pensions in relation to the increase in life expectancy, while ensuring the necessary financial sustainability and ensuring welfare pensioners; although some measures to make this possible should be adopted.
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Bredenkamp, Caryn. "Falling through the cracks : income security and the South African social security system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52269.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the extent to which the South African social security system
succeeds in providing protection in the vulnerable periods of the life-cycle and against
the major contingencies of unemployment, disability and disease. Through a detailed
examination of the different social insurance and assistance programmes, it isolates
which particular population segments (by occupation, income quintile and race group)
"fall through the cracks" in the provision of income security. It does not look only at the
articulation between different social insurance and social assistance programmes, but also
acknowledges how social security complements other governmental interventions, such
as social services, and non-state sources of income security, such as those provided by the
private insurance market and the family and community.
Part One of the thesis is devoted to an examination of social insurance in South Africa, in
other words, to those programmes that seek to compensate for a loss of income in the
event of particular contingencies and that are funded by contributions from employers
and employees. In addition, theoretical perspectives on social security, and social
insurance in particular, are provided, with a discussion of the various economic
arguments in favour of and against the provision of social security.
Part Two of the thesis examines the range of non-contributory social assistance - cash
benefits paid form general revenue - that are available to South Africans who qualify in
terms of the means tests. Each chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which the
social assistance programme under analysis provides a safety net for the relevant category of vulnerable people. It does this by examining the appropriateness of the programme
structure, take-up rates and the fiscal sustainability of the programmes. In addition, the
budgetary process by which revenue is allocated to social assistance programmes and
expenditure trends are examined.
The thesis concludes that although the South African social security system has achieved
a fairly advanced level of development and covers a fairly wide range of risks, there are a
number of constraints facing its further expansion. Social insurance schemes provide
generous benefits, but their membership is restricted to the employed. Expanding
coverage by social insurance would require substantial growth in remunerative
employment which, given prevailing labour market conditions, seems unlikely. The
provision of more generous social assistance programmes catering for a broader range of
contingencies is severely curtailed by already high fiscal expenditure on welfare and
macroeconomic constraints. Moreover, changing demography, household structures and
dependency burdens, especially as the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads, seem likely to
increase demands on social assistance programmes. Consequently, until employment can
be expanded so that more people can contribute to their own income security, the
informal social security provided by the family and/or community will remain the first
line of support for many.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word gefokus op die mate waartoe die Suid-Afrikaanse
bestaansbeveiligingstelsel daarin slaag om ondersteuning tydens kwesbare periodes in die
lewensiklus en beskerming teen groot gebeurlikhede soos werkloosheid, ongeskiktheid of
langdurige siekte te bied. Daardie bevolkingsegmente (volgens beroep, inkomstegroep of
ras) wat nie volledig toegang tot inkomstesekuriteit het nie, word uitgesonder deur 'n
gedetaileerde ondersoek van die verskillende maatskaplike versekerings- en
bystandsprogramme. Daar word ook gekyk na die artikulasie tussen die verskillende
programme sowel as na hoe ander regeringsintervensies (bv. verskaffing van
maatskaplike dienste) en private bronne van inkomstesekuriteit - verskaf deur die privaat
versekeringsmark, die gemeenskap en die familie - deur maatskaplike bystand aangevul
word.
Deel Een word gewyaan 'n ondersoek van maatskaplike versekering in Suid-Afrika -
daardie programme wat vir inkomsteverlies weens spesifieke gebeurlikhede probeer
kompenseer en wat tipies deur bydraes van werkgewers en werknemers befonds word.
Teoretiese perspektiewe op bestaansbeveiliging in die algemeen en maatskaplike
versekering in besonder word ook verskaf en argumente vir en teen die verskaffing van
bestaansbeveiliging word bespreek. Deel Twee ondersoek die reeks nie-bydraende bestaansbeveiligingsprogramme wat uit
algemene owerheidsinkomste befonds word, asook bestedingstendense in maatskaplike
bystand.
Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiliging
'n redelik gevorderde vlak van ontwikkeling bereik het en 'n wye reeks risiko's dek, daar
'n aantal beperkinge op verdere uitbreiding is. Maatskaplike versekeringskemas bied
uitgebreide voordele, maar lidmaatskap is tot indiensgeneemdes beperk. Uitbreiding van
dekking vereis beduidende groei in formele indiensneming, wat onwaarskynlik lyk,
gegewe huidige arbeidsmarktendense. Die verskaffing van gunstiger maatskaplike
bystandsprogramme gemik op meer gebeurlikhede word ernstig deur reeds hoë fiskale
uitgawes op welsyn en deur makroekonomiese oorweginge beperk. Verder sal
veranderende demografiese strukture, huishoudingstrukture en afhanklikheidslaste, veral
teen die agtergrond van die toename in HIVNIGS, aansprake op maatskaplike
bystandsprogramme vergroot. Gevolglik sal die informele inkomstesekuriteit gebied deur
die familie en/of gemeenskap die eerste of enigste ondersteuning vir groot dele van die
bevolking bly, totdat indiensneming genoeg uitgebrei kan word sodat meer mense tot hul
eie inkomstesekuriteit kan bydra.
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Quelhas, Ana Paula do Canto Lopes Pires Santos. "Longevidade e investimento: reflexão em torno dos fundos de pensões em Portugal." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Portucalense, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1372.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em Gestão<br>O presente trabalho envolve dois objetivos principais: o de aprofundar o
conhecimento do sector dos fundos de pensões em Portugal e o de examinar o conceito
de risco de longevidade nas suas várias vertentes, particularmente no modo como o
mesmo afeta as decisões de investimento no contexto dos fundos de pensões.
Primeiramente, sustentando-nos, essencialmente, numa metodologia descritiva e
de revisão da literatura, procurou-se avaliar o modo de interação entre o sistema público
e os fundos de pensões nacionais em matéria de provisão de pensões de velhice. A
pesquisa conduzida permitiu evidenciar as particularidades subjacentes ao caso
nacional, entre as quais destacamos: o caráter tardio da maturação do sistema público de
pensões, bem como a relativa generosidade que, em tempo, terá marcado o sistema de
proteção social português; o aparente paradoxo que carateriza a transferência dos ativos
de alguns dos fundos de pensões para a esfera da segurança social – tal como a
responsabilidade de pagamento das pensões que os mesmos visavam financiar –
operação esta que parece ter ocorrido ao arrepio da tendência anteriormente observada,
mormente no conteúdo do texto das sucessivas Leis de Bases da Segurança Social de
2000, de 2002 e de 2007, onde se encorajava o recurso a esquemas privados de
previdência; a fraca transversalidade dos fundos de pensões nacionais, com o total de
ativos a representar, em 2013, cerca de 9% do PIB e com o sector bancário a deter cerca
de 73% dos fundos profissionais; a relevância do risco de longevidade, o qual não
constitui um atributo exclusivo dos sistemas públicos de pensões, mas que se torna
particularmente visível no âmbito dos fundos fechados, impondo pressões consideráveis
nos níveis de financiamento dos respetivos planos.
Seguidamente, tomando a composição do investimento de 56 fundos nacionais
destinados ao financiamento de planos de benefício definido, entre 2011 e 2013, por
intermédio de análise bivariada, testaram-se algumas hipóteses de investigação,
exercício este que permitiu evidenciar a aparente desconexão entre a dimensão dos
fundos e a cobertura das responsabilidades afins, bem como a antiguidade e o montante
das responsabilidades associadas a cada fundo. Para além disso, explorou-se a eventual
existência de «comportamentos de manada» ao nível da composição do investimento
dos mesmos fundos, a qual revelou, contudo, ser pouco significativa, o que se poderá
dever à reduzida dimensão da amostra. Os resultados obtidos sugerem alguma
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atipicidade dos fundos de pensões nacionais, os quais parecem ter uma dimensão
redutora enquanto meros produtos de investimento, esvaziando-se a sua vertente
previdencial. Uma vez sublinhada a relevância do risco de longevidade no contexto dos
fundos de pensões, percorrem-se algumas das possibilidades de cobertura, desde os
denominados instrumentos tradicionais até aos instrumentos do life-market, ou seja, os
longevity-linked assets. Porém, um dos contributos mais relevantes do presente trabalho
é o que resulta do desenvolvimento de um modelo multiperíodo, que permite a
otimização da taxa de contribuição a realizar, ao longo de T períodos de tempo, para um
plano de benefício definido e que se afigura como uma alternativa aos tradicionais
modelos de valoração.<br>This work is committed with two main goals: to improve the knowledge
concerning Portuguese pension plans and pension funds, and to examine the concept of
longevity risk, taking into consideration its multiple features, mainly the way how it
affects the investment process in the context of pension funds.
First, based on descriptive and literature review methodologies, the interaction
between the state action and the pension funds action in the context of old-age pension
provision is scrutinized. This research allowed us to highlight the peculiarities
underlying the Portuguese case, such as: the late maturation of the Portuguese pension
system, and also the relative generosity that, at a certain point, have marked the
Portuguese social protection system; the possible paradox that involves the transfer of
the some pension funds’ assets to the sphere of social security – at the responsibility to
pay the relates pensions as well – which operation seems to be contradictory with the
tendency previously observed, taking into consideration the text of the successive Basic
Laws of Social Security in 2000, 2002 and 2007, within which the use of private
pension schemes was encouraged; the weak representativeness of national pension
funds, with total assets corresponding, in 2013, roughly to 9% of GDP, and with the
banking sector holding about 73% of professional pension funds; the relevance of
longevity risk, which undermines not only the public pension system, becoming
particularly visible within the closed funds, and imposing huge pressure on the own
plans funding levels.
Afterwards, taking into consideration 56 national pension plans’ investment
composition, from 2011 to 2013, using bivariate analysis, some research hypotheses are
tested. This exercise highlighted the apparent disconnect between the funds’ size and
coverage of related responsibilities, and also between the matureness and the amount of
liabilities associated with each fund. Furthermore, the possible existence of herd
behaviour between these funds at the level of their investment composition is also
explored. This possibility did not reveal to be significant, may be due to the sample
dimension. These results suggest some atypicality of national pension funds, which
seem to only have a financial dimension, disregarding their welfare features. As long
the relevance of longevity risk in the context of pension funds has been emphasized,
some of hedging possibilities are discussed, from the usually named traditional
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instruments to the life-market instruments, the so-called longevity-linked assets.
However, one of the most relevant contributions of this work is the development of a
multi-period model, which allows us to optimize the contribution rate, over T periods of
time, for a defined benefit plan and may be seen as an alternative approach to traditional
valuation models.<br>Orientação: Prof. Doutor Luís Miguel da Mata Artur Dias Pacheco
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Aguiar, Emílio Júnior Ribeiro. "Early retirement reductions covered by a DC pension plan : case study analysis for Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21065.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Actuarial Science<br>Em Portugal, o envelhecimento da população desafia a sustentabilidade financeira do sistema de Segurança Social. Ao longo dos anos, muitas emendas legislativas foram introduzidas no sistema de Previdência Social com o objetivo de torná-lo auto-sustentável, todavia existe uma dificuldade para entregá-lo sem restringir os benefícios de aposentadoria devido a evolução demográfica. Inevitavelmente, isso leva a impactos negativos nas pensões de aposentadoria por idade. As administrações anteriores combinaram essas reformas com medidas que reforçam o estabelecimento de esquemas privados de fundos de pensões, dando-lhe um papel mais preponderante, de forma a diversificar as fontes de renda de aposentadoria.
No contexto de aumento da responsabilidade individual pela adequação da renda de aposentadoria. Esta dissertação analisa a pensão de velhice com especial enfoque nas reformas antecipadas, dada a forte penalização que existe. Além disso, verifica-se a possibilidade de um plano de contribuição definida para mitigar totalmente essas reduções. Portanto, são descritos os dois sistemas, o público e o complementar.<br>In Portugal, population ageing is challenging the financial sustainability of the Social Security system. Throughout the years many legislative amendments have been introduced in the Social Security system, with the goal to make it self-sustainable, but it is struggling to deliver it without restricting old-age benefits due to the increase of the elderly population. Inevitably, this leads to negative impacts in the old-age retirement pensions. Past administrations have combined these reforms with measures to reinforce the establishment of the funded private pension sector, giving it a more prominent role, so as to diversify the sources of retirement income.
In the context of increasing the individual responsibility for the adequacy of retirement income. This paper analyses the old-age benefits with special focus in the early retirement option, given the heavy penalties inherent to this option. Also, examines the possibility of fund a DC pension plan to fully mitigate those penalties.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion