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Journal articles on the topic 'Old CHinese Language'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Nohara, Masaki. "Old Chinese ‘egg’." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 24, no. 2 (2023): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00133.noh.

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Abstract This paper attempts to reconstruct the onset of the word for ‘egg’ in Old Chinese (OC). Based solely on Middle Chinese (MC), *rˤonʔ would be the default OC reconstruction. However, philological evidence such as a phonetic relationship (also called Xiéshēng connections), annotations, and variant characters show the relationship between the word for ‘egg’ and words with the velar onset in MC. (Interestingly, most of them belong to the so-called Division-II rhyme in MC.) In addition, comparative data from Proto-Min (*lh-), Proto-Hmong-Mien (*qr-), and Proto-Tai (*qr-) indicate the poss

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Baxter, William H., and Laurent Sagart. "Old Chinese reconstruction." Diachronica 34, no. 4 (2017): 559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17003.sag.

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Schuessler, Axel. "New Old Chinese." Diachronica 32, no. 4 (2015): 571–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.32.4.04sch.

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Nohara, Masaki. "Old Chinese “west”: *snˤər". Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 19, № 4 (2018): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00021.noh.

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Abstract This article aims to reconstruct the word “west” in Old Chinese phonology. In previous studies, since there was no sufficient evidence besides Chinese dialects, phonetic compounds, and phonetic loans, most scholars reconstructed its onset as *s-. One of the oldest dictionaries, Shuōwén jiězì 說文解字, includes two other written forms of 西 xī “west,” 卥 (Gǔwén 古文) and 卤 (Zhòuwén 籀文). This paper re-examines the reconstruction of the word 西 xī “west” and investigates the word 訊 xùn “to interrogate” seen in excavated documents. According to the Shuōwén, 訊 xùn also had another wri

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Behr, Wolfgang. "Morphological notes on the Old Chinese counterfactual." Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung 30 (Special issue, W. Behr & H. Roetz eds., Sprache und Denken in China und Japan [Language and thought in China and Japan]) (January 1, 2006): 55–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1404769.

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The claim that Chinese had neither unambiguous, nor obligatory syntactic or morphological markers of counterfactuality, which has loomed large with philosophers of language, sinologists, and cognitive psychologists during the better part of the 20th century, is reviewed here from a diachronic and typological perspective, focussing on Old Chinese (OC). In contradistinction from the cross-linguistically widespread use of past-tense morphology or, less commonly, of dissociative spatial markers, the predominant strategy to mark counterfactuals in OC was ‘direct’ assertion in the protas

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Jianhui, Yuan, and Jiang Shaoyu. "Denominal verbs in Old Chinese." Lingua 201 (January 2018): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2017.08.005.

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Hill, Nathan W. "Old Chinese *sm- and the Old Tibetan Word for ‘Fire’." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 42, no. 1 (2013): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-0421p0004.

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Several sinologists have compared Chinese 𤈦 xjwɨjX ‘burn’ or 火 xwaX ‘fire’ to an Old Tibetan word smye ‘fire’. No such Old Tibetan word exists. Instead, mye is the Old Tibetan word for fire and smye, also spelled dmeḥ, means ‘stain, impurity, sin’. Tibetan evidence in this case does not support a reconstruction *sm- in Old Chinese. Plusieurs sinologues ont tenté de rapprocher les formes 𤈦 xjwɨjX «brûler» et 火 xwaX «feu» du chinois de la forme smye du tibétain ancien. Il s’avère que cette dernière forme en tibétain n’a pas le sens de «feu». En effet, le mot en tibétain ancien pour «feu» est mye

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Rubio, Gonzalo. "The Roots of Old Chinese (review)." Language 77, no. 4 (2001): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0238.

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LI, Wenchao. "A Comparison of Event Framing in Old Japanese and Old Chinese." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 1, no. 3 (2012): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.1.3.57-72.

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This paper brings data on Old Chinese and Old Japanese together in order to conduct an investigation into event-framing strategies. Old Chinese consists of a monosyllabic root with five constituents that express the path: (a) particle, (b) incorporated noun, (c) preverb, (d) verb root, and (e) complement.Verb framing,satellite framing, andequipollent framingare all found in the data. Crucially, before the birth of disyllabic word roots and verb compounding in the Late Han Dynasty,verb framingseems to have been the main pattern. Throughout the transformation of the Chinese language, the use of

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Tan, Tony Xing, and Yi Yang. "Language development of Chinese adoptees 18–35 months old." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 20, no. 1 (2005): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2005.01.004.

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11

Hill, Nathan W. "Cognates of Old Chinese *-n, *-r, and *-j in Tibetan and Burmese." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 43, no. 2 (2014): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-00432p02.

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Following a suggestion of Starostin (1989), Baxter & Sagart (2011) reconstruct *-n, *-j, and *-r as distinct finals in Old Chinese. These three finals have regular correspondences in Tibetan and Burmese. The Trans-Himalayan proto-language distinguished *-n, *-j, *-r, *-l, and *-rl. Burmese loses *-r and generally loses *-l, except after -u-, where it changes to -y. Tibetan loses *-y and changes *-rl to -l. Chinese changes *-rl to *-r. Because Burmese shows different reflexes for *aj (-ay) and *əj (> -i), the merger of *ə and *a in Tibetan and Burmese are independent innovations; and thi

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12

Li, Su. "Language Contacts as a Source of Borrowing." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 3 (2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(3).256-264.

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Borrowings are the evidence of cultural contacts. They play a positive role in political, economic, cultural and linguistic contacts. Then closer the contacts between countries, then more borrowings mutually penetrate in the language system. Territorial proximity always facilitates the penetration of linguistic units and their elements into the lexicology. Today, a large number of borrowings comes from the eastern side of Russia, including China. A new wave of Chinese-Russian relations has actively introduced lexemes in both languages that have no analogue. The article analyzes groups of borro

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SAGART, Laurent, William H. BAXTER, Laurent SAGART, and William BAXTER. "Reconstructing Old Chinese uvulars in the Baxter-Sagart system (Version 0.99)'." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 38, no. 2 (2009): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602809x00027.

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This paper discusses the reconstruction of uvular and labio-uvular stops in Old Chinese, originally proposed by Pan Wuyun. The following two improvements are proposed: (1) the Old Chinese non labialized voiced uvular stop evolved to Middle Chinese y- (???) rather than hj- (???) in Pan's theory (which implies that Middle Chinese y- has two sources in Old Chinese: *1- and *G-); (2) uvulars and labio-uvulars evolve to MC velars when preceded by a minor syllable. This explains why velars and uvulars frequently alternate in phonetic series. The article also explores the evolution of (labio)uvulars

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Aldridge, Edith. "Cliticization and Old Chinese word order." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.486.

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This paper addresses the controversial question of whether Old Chinese was an OV or VO language. Evidence frequently cited for the OV analysis is the fact that objects sometimes surface in preverbal position. In this paper, I argue that basic word order in Old Chinese was uniformly VO. Preverbal objects achieved their position via movement. This is unsurprising, given that preverbal objects were typically wh-words and pronominal clitics. The primary evidence for the movement analysis, however, comes from the demonstration that it accounts for constraints on pronoun positioning which would be m

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HU, PETER. "Adapting English into Chinese." English Today 20, no. 2 (2004): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078404002068.

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WHY IS English a global language? Although the reasons are manifold – historical, geographical, economic, political, social, cultural – the key reason, it seems to me, is linguistic: its morphology is simple, many of its words are short and pithy, and among the key world languages it has the largest vocabulary. These features have helped it become the most widely used language in the world: a situation that makes Uncle French and Grandpa German envious. English has been open-minded since childhood. In the long process of exchange, English words lost most of their inflections and words of diffe

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Schuessler, Axel. "Sino-Tibetan *w in Tibetan and Old Chinese." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 25, no. 1 (2024): 80–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00150.sch.

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Abstract From the perspective of Baxter’s (1992) Old Chinese (OC, which is generally followed by Schuessler 2009), the fate of a putative Sino-Tibetan (ST) *w in Tibetan and Old Chinese is quite straight-forward: In Tibetan *w was deleted everywhere in all environments; in word-initial position loss of *w‑ resulted in (smooth) vocalic onset, it is argued here that this feature is represented by the letter ’a-chung, e.g. ’oŋ ‘come’ from *waŋ; some such words have developed a new, or alternative, y-initial (e.g. yoŋ beside ’oŋ). Vocalic onset (with ’a-chung) is also the outcome of loss of other

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17

Sagart, Laurent. "New Views on Old Chinese Phonology." Diachronica 10, no. 2 (1993): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.10.2.06sag.

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SAGART, Laurent. "A candidate for a Tibeto-Burman innovation." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 46, no. 1 (2017): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-04601004.

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Based on a survey of 21 languages chosen to represent the diversity of Sino-Tibetan, this paper proposes that all Sino-Tibetan languages except Chinese have lost a phonological distinction between two Proto-Sino-Tibetan codas, *-q (Old Chinese *-ʔ, dialectally *-k) and *-k (Old Chinese *-k): the two codas merged as *-k in Proto-Tibeto-Burman. It is shown that the Proto-Sino-Tibetan *-q/*-k distinction as reflected in Old Chinese is correlated with the same distinction in Proto-Austronesian.

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Behr, Wolfgang. "Xià: Etymologisches zur Herkunft des ältesten chinesischen Staatsnamens." Asiatische Studien 61, no. 3 (2007): 727–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1404586.

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Against the background of recent developments in the reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology and morphology, this paper reviews etymologies for the the alleged first Chinese dynastic name xià proposed in the literature so far, and looks into the history of its representation in writing. Six possible ethnonymic derivations are discussed and compared to typological parallels in genealogically unrelated language families. Proposals for an identification of xià in the oracle bone inscriptions are rejected. Finally, it is argued that – despite being fraught with uncertainties an

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Vollmann, Ralf, and Tek Wooi Soon. "Language change and convergence in multilingual Malaysian Chinese." Global Chinese 6, no. 1 (2020): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2020-0002.

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AbstractBackgroundIn the multilingual situation of Malaysia, standard languages and spoken vernaculars are interacting in intricate ways whereby various spoken languages share a pool of words from Malay, English and Mandarin. Structurally, all languages converge and influence the spoken varieties of the standard languages.Material and methodThis contribution observes the situation from the viewpoint of Hakka speakers. In an analysis of the communicative practices in an extended Hakka family and their non-Hakka friends, the interactions of the various languages in borrowing and code-switching h

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SAGART, Laurent, and Kun MA. "A 250-item list of Old Chinese vocabulary in the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 49, no. 1 (2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-bja10002.

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Abstract A 250-concept list was established for the purposes of an ongoing lexically-based study of Sino-Tibetan. This paper supplies the Old Chinese version of the list, in the Old Chinese reconstruction of Baxter and Sagart 2014. Chinese words attested in pre-Han times were selected based on their meaning as given in major lexica such as the Hànyǔ Dà Zìdiǎn. At times more than one OC item was found to match a concept in the list without it being clear which of the terms was the oldest. In such cases all the candidates were retained. As a result, the Old Chinese version of the list contains 3

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Kapitonova, Nina S., Margarita N. Sadovnikova, and Anastasia Y. Rudometova. "ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE «NADSAT» IN THE RUSSIAN, FRENCH AND CHINESE LANGUAGES." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 15, no. 4 (2023): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2023-15-4-63-73.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of the translation of the artificial language «nadsat» in the novel A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess. A sci-fi novel written in 1962 and set in a near-dystopian future, A Clockwork Orange revolves around a violent youth subculture and, in particular, 15-year-old delinquent Alex and his friends. Based on the predilection of young people for the creation and use of informal words and slang, the author of the novel, British linguist and writer A. Burgess, uses fictitious vocabulary, i.e., the artificial language «nadsat». The relevance of the study is

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23

Chen, Jidong, Bhuvana Narasimhan, Angel Chan, Wenchun Yang, and Shu Yang. "Information Structure and Word Order Preference in Child and Adult Speech of Mandarin Chinese." Languages 5, no. 2 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5020014.

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The acquisition of appropriate linguistic markers of information structure (IS), e.g., word order and specific lexical and syntactic constructions, is a rather late development. This study revisits the debate on language-general preferred word order in IS and examines the use of language-specific means to encode IS in Mandarin Chinese. An elicited production study of conjunct noun phrases (NPs) of new and old referents was conducted with native Mandarin-speaking children (N = 24, mean age 4;6) and adults (N = 25, mean age 26). (The age of children is conventionally notated as years;months). Th

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Barov, Sergey A., and Maia A. Egorova. "CANTONESE DIALECT IN MODERN CHINA: THE PROBLEM OF CONSERVATION." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 1 (2019): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-1-152-166.

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The artice is devoted to the problem of preserving the Cantonese dialect (language) in modern China, where for several decades the government persistently pursued a policy of disseminating of the nation-wide Chinese language (“pǔtōnghuà”). Cantonese is the largest language by speakers among all Chinese languages and it is native to most residents of Guangdong and Hong Kong, however, unlike the languages of the national minorities of China, it is not fully protected by law and is consistently ousted from the education system and out of business communication. In the article the authors carefull

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Zavyalova, Olga I. "Alphabets in the History of the Chinese Language." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 4 (2021): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.409.

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Various phonographic variants of script, both for Chinese and for the neighboring languages using Chinese characters, had been created long before contacts with the West and the appearance of any Romanization systems in the region. Two official alphabets, the ʼPhags-pa and the Yìsītìfēi (Istīfā) scripts, and likely the nonofficial Arabographic Xi ˇа ojī ng writing system were introduced for the Chinese language already in the period of the Mongol Yuan dynasty. A syllabic character-based ‘women’s script’ Nǚshū was invented for the Southern Hunan Tǔhuà dialects at the turn of the Ming period or

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Sagart, Laurent. "Proto-Austronesian and Old Chinese Evidence for Sino-Austronesian." Oceanic Linguistics 33, no. 2 (1994): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623130.

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Sims, Nathaniel. "Workshop on recent advancements in Old Chinese historical phonology." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 39, no. 1 (2016): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.39.1.08sim.

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Niu, Zhengkai, Zilong Li, Yunxiao Ma, Keke Yu, and Ruiming Wang. "Language Distance Moderates the Effect of a Mixed-Language Environment on New-Word Learning for 4-Year-Old Children." Brain Sciences 14, no. 5 (2024): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050411.

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As bilingual families increase, the phenomenon of language mixing among children in mixed-language environments has gradually attracted academic attention. This study aims to explore the impact of language mixing on vocabulary acquisition in bilingual children and whether language distance moderates this impact. We recruited two groups of bilingual children, Chinese–English bilinguals and Chinese–Japanese bilinguals, to learn two first-language new words in a monolingual environment and a mixed-language environment, respectively. The results showed that the participants could successfully reco

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Handel, Zev. "Rethinking the Medials of Old Chinese: Where are the r's?" Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 31, no. 1 (2002): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000097.

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This paper re-examines the traditional reconstruction of Old Chinese medial *-r- from the viewpoint of Tibeto-Burman comparison. It concludes that it is more natural from a typological perspective and more compelling from a comparative perspective to reconstruct *r- as a prefix rather than a medial before acute consonants, and perhaps in some cases before grave consonants as well. Such a revision has important implications for our understanding of Old Chinese syllable structure and derivational morphology.

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Valihura, O., and I. Kostanda. "PHONETIC CODIFICATION: CODIFIERS IN THE CONTEXT OF OLD CHINESE LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 1, no. 50 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2021.50-1.8.

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Lee, Wai-Sum, and Eric Zee. "Standard Chinese (Beijing)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33, no. 1 (2003): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100303001208.

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Song, Chenqing. "Stop codas in Old Chinese and Proto Sino-Tibetan." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, no. 1 (2014): 96–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.1.1.04son.

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Reconstruction studies of Old Chinese (OC hereafter) and Proto Sino-Tibetan (PST hereafter) have yielded numerous significant discoveries related to the phonological histories of these two ancient languages. Despite recent advancements into OC and PST phonological histories, a few mysteries remain yet unsolved. One such mystery, the ‘stop coda’ problem, is as hotly debated now as it was when it was first raised seventy years ago. This long-running debate focuses on the existence and identity of the ‘stop codas’ in OC and in its parent language, PST. One reason why this debate has failed to rea

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Hakim, M. Dzikrul. "EKSISTENSI BAHASA ARAB KONTEMPORER." DINAMIKA : Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan dan Keislaman 3, no. 2 (2018): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/dinamika.v3i2.314.

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In the present day, it can be seen that the existence Arabic is decreasing, because most peopleprefer to learn languages like English, Korean, Chinese, Japanese and others in part. It isregarded as an International Language that is already popular in the world. It is rare to learnArabic. Nowadays Arabic is considered only an old language that has not been polished inthe eyes of the general public and is seen as a religious language. In fact, Arabic is thelanguage that pioneered the Science

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Long, Haiping, and Pengfei Kuang. "Modern Chinese confirmative shi." Functions of Language 24, no. 3 (2017): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.15018.lon.

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Abstract Modern Chinese confirmative shi (as in mei cuo, wo shi yao dusi ni (沒錯，我是要毒死你) ‘that’s right. I really wanted to poison you to death’) is not an auxiliary but an adverb. It derives from the adjective shi ‘true, real’ in Old Chinese (Yan zhi yan shi ye (偃之言是也) ‘what Yan said was true’). The grammaticalization pathway of the Modern Chinese confirmative shi is different from that of the copula shi (Laozhang shi huoche siji (老張是貨車司機) ‘Laozhang is a truck driver’) or the auxiliary shi (Laozhang shi kai huoche, wo shi kai keche (老張是開貨車，我是開客車) ‘Laozhang drives a truck and I drive a coach car

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Lee, Yoonsuk. "On Creating a List of Hangul Old Novel for Writing Literary History." Modern Bibiography Review Society 28 (December 31, 2023): 427–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56640/mbr.2023.28.427.

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Since characters capable of recording the Korean language were created only in the mid-15th century, there was no choice but to borrow Chinese characters to record the language before the creation of Hunminjeongeum. Moreover, since the official script used in Korea until the end of the 19th century was Chinese characters, the remaining materials written in Chinese characters are much more numerous than those written in Korean characters. Due to these circumstances, the history of Korean literature is centered on literary works written in Chinese characters rather than those written in Korean.

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Wong, Simon. "Digitization of Bibles in Greater China (1661–1960)." Bible Translator 72, no. 2 (2021): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20516770211013079.

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Bible translations in (or for) Greater China may be classified into three categories: Chinese, Han dialects, and indigenous languages. All these language groups witness translation activities by Protestant missionaries. However, in its earliest history, Bible translation was pioneered by missionaries of Eastern Christianity in the seventh century or even earlier, whereas from the Catholic side, clear historical narrative has recorded Bible translation work in the thirteenth century by John of Montecorvino (1247–1328) into a Tatar language. Sadly, this work was not preserved. The earliest extan

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Behr, Wolfgang. "Der gegenwärtige Forschungsstand zur Etymologie von rén 仁 im Überblick". Auf Augenhöhe. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Heiner Roetz, special issue of Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung 38 (1 січня 2015): 199–224. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1404759.

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Der gegenwärtige Forschungsstand zur Etymologie von rén 仁 im Überblick in: W. Behr, Licia di Giacinto, Ole Döring, Christine Moll-Murata, eds., Auf Augenhöhe. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Heiner Roetz, special issue of Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung 38, 2015, 199–224.   The paper summarizes current knowledge on the paleographical evidence for rén 仁 and its earliest variants. It is argued that no reliable attestations of the character exist prior to the mid-Warring States period. The variants recently discovered in the Guōdi&

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Kadyrbaev, Alexander Sh. "Chinese Language and Confucianism as an Instrument of Mongolian Adaptation in China during Yuan Epoch (13th–14th Centuries)." Oriental Courier, no. 1-2 (2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310015768-2.

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The article is devoted to the topic of the acculturation of the Mongol conquerors in China after the conquest by the first heirs of Genghis Khan and the creation of the Yuan Empire — the Mongol state in China. The history of China in the 13th-14th centuries, when the country was conquered by its neighbors, is a vivid example of the relationship between a nomadic and a centuries-old sedentary ethnos. At that time, the Chinese language and the teachings of Confucius became instruments for the acculturation of the Mongols. Having conquered China, the Mongol rulers were forced to master the Chines

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Li, Xiao Liang. "Learning Chinese Characters: Academic vs Dynamic Approach." KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities 29, no. 2 (2022): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/kajh2022.29.2.7.

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This study aims to study the comparative results of the application of the classical academic and modern dynamic types of studying Chinese writing in its pragmatic aspect. Chinese language and writing are among the most difficult to learn as a second language, requiring advanced teaching methods with wider use of elements of the digital environment and the student’s independent active use of web services for active language learning. This aspect is also important when using more and more mass distance learning. The study involved 90 students aged 23 years old to 35 years old, who were equally

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Sun, Shengzi. "Relationship Between Bilingual Verbal Working Memory and Language Dominance." Communications in Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (2023): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/2022398.

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The purpose of the study is to explore how language dominance impacts bilingual individuals verbal working memory. The study recruited 36 participants who are bilingual in both English and Chinese Mandarin age between 18 to 25 years old. In 90-minute experimental sessions, participants verbal working memory capacities both English and Chinese were measured by Following Instruction. And their language proficiencies in both English and Chinese were measured by Elicited Imitation Test. The result shows that Chinese dominant bilingual participants verbal working memory capacity were significantly

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Handel, Zev. "Rethinking the medials of Old Chinese : where are the r's ?" Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 31, no. 1 (2002): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.2002.1601.

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Ke, Sihui (Echo), Yuyan Xia, and Jing Zhang. "What Really Matters in Early Bilingual and Biliteracy Acquisition?" Researching and Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language 4, no. 1 (2023): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/rtcfl.24922.

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Home language and literacy input (HLLI) is critical for linguistic and literacy development in bilingual children. This exploratory study investigated home oral, and print input for Chinese heritage language learners between four and six years old in the United States and aimed to identify salient types of input associated with speaking and reading abilities in the heritage language (Chinese) and the societal language (English). Fifty-three parents completed a HLLI questionnaire and rated the speaking and reading competencies in Chinese and English of their children. The relationships between

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Widiantana, I. Kadek, and Ida Bagus Putrayasa. "TELAAH DIAKRONIK BAHASA BALI." Linguistik Indonesia 41, no. 1 (2023): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v41i1.433.

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This study aims to describe the development of the Balinese language from the Old Balinese period to the present as a diachronic study of language. The source of the data is obtained through a literature study, namely looking for references that are considered relevant to the problem under study. The theoretical approach used is a historical linguistic approach through diachronic language studies and the methodological approach uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of this study show that Balinese vocabulary is influenced by various languages including Sanskrit, Old Javanese, Du

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KWOK, Bit-Chee. "Multiple origins of Southeastern Sinitic tsh- corresponding to Middle Chinese s- or sr-." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 51, no. 2 (2022): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-bja10023.

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Abstract There are nearly 20 words with Middle Chinese onsets s- or sr- whose reflexes in modern Southeastern Sinitic (Mǐn, Southern Wú, Hakka, and Gàn) are aspirated affricates. Examples of such words include sī 撕 ‘to tear,’ sù 粟 ‘grain,’ xiān 鮮 ‘fresh,’ and xīng 星 ‘star.’ This paper reveals that there are at least four origins for these correspondence sets, three of which can be connected with Old Chinese. The remaining is a self-innovation of the ancestor of the Southeastern Sinitic group. In this sense, the reflexes of modern Southeastern Sinitic can be taken as an important additional mat

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Zee, Eric. "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21, no. 1 (1991): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300006058.

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The style of speech illustrated is that typical of the educated younger generation in Hong Kong. The recording is that of a 22-year-old female university student who has lived all her life in Hong Kong.

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Behr, Wolfgang. "Three sound-correlated text-structuring devices in pre-Qín philosophical prose." Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung 29 (January 1, 2005): 15–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1404774.

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The description of sound correlated figures of speech in early Chinese prose − where it was attempted since Jiāng Yŏugàos (d. 1851) trailblazing work on prose rhyming at all − typically did not go beyond the analysis of prosodic phenomena occuring in phrase or sentence edge positions, which  are moreover subject to relatively strict conditions of adjacency. After a short initial discussion of the problem of how to classify artfully crafted argumentative pre-imperial prose texts, the validity of approaching recurrences within Early Chinese prose in reconstructions, rathe

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Setiawan, Budi. "The Optimal Age of the Second-First Language Acquisition: The Relationship of Language and Physical-Motor Development." Lingua Cultura 13, no. 1 (2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v13i1.5324.

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This research highlighted the language and physical-motor relationship and aimed to find the optimal age for the beginning of the second-first language (2L1) acquisition. The respondents of this research were 50 millennial generations of Chinese families whose children were 0-5 years old. Some children could communicate in Chinese and Indonesian language. Chinese-Indonesian families were chosen by considering their bilingual. This research employed qualitative data which were collected from observations and questionnaires given to parents. The collected data were analyzed by classifying the da

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Granhemat, Mehdi, and Ain Nadzimah Abdullah. "Gender, Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity, and Language Choices of Malaysian Youths: the Case of the Family Domain." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 2 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.26.

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This study examined the relationships between gender, ethnicity, ethnic identity, and language choices of Malaysian multilingual youths in the family domain of language use. Five hundred undergraduate students who belonged to different Malaysian ethnic groups were selected as participants of the study. The participant aged between 17 to 25 years old. To select the participants, a random proportional stratified sampling strategy was developed. A self administered questionnaire survey comprising three sections was used for gathering information about participants’ demographic profiles, their lan

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Chang, Jung-Im. "The origin and the development of 焉 yān in Old Chinese". Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 23, № 4 (2022): 601–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00117.cha.

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Abstract The Old Chinese function word 焉 yān is frequently interpreted as a fusion of [於 (‘at/on/in’) + 此 (near demonstrative pronoun)] in terms of its meaning. Ever since Kennedy (1940a, b; 1953) argued that 焉 is a fusion of [於 + *an (third-person pronoun)], it has been controversial as to exactly which third-person pronoun/demonstrative pronoun *an corresponds to in Old Chinese. There is no third-person pronoun/demonstrative pronoun that is appropriate for this reconstruction. This paper illustrates how 焉 *Ɂan is a fusion of 於 *Ɂa and *niɁ; *nih or *nɔɁ; *nɔh, which means ‘this’ in Proto-Aus

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Lee, Wai-Sum, and Eric Zee. "Hakka Chinese." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39, no. 1 (2009): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100308003599.

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Hakka Chinese is also known in China as Kejia dialect. The present study is based on phonetic data collected from native speakers of Hakka Chinese, male and female, aged between 18 and 22, during our field trips to Hakka-speaking Meixian County in the northeastern part of Guangdong Province in southeastern China in 2007. The speakers have lived all their life in Meijiang District of the county, speaking Meijiang variety which is considered representative of Meixian Hakka. The style of speech illustrated here is that typical of the educated younger generation and the recording is that of a 22-y

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