Academic literature on the topic 'Old economy'

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Journal articles on the topic "Old economy"

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Tyson, Laura D'Andrea. "Old Economic Logic in the New Economy." California Management Review 41, no. 4 (July 1999): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166006.

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Warren, Lorna. "Moral Economy and Old Age." Ageing and Society 13, no. 1 (March 1993): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00000684.

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Berk, Jan Marc. "New Economy, Old Central Banks?" Economic Notes 32, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0391-5026.2003.00101.x.

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Smith, Anne, and Bryan Temple. "Growing and Developing Old Economy Firms." Journal of International Business and Economy 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2007.1.10.

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This paper paints a textual picture of two old economy firms in Scotland over a five-year period. It offers a longitudinal qualitative analysis into the processes and functions of the firms. The study draws on business development and knowledge transfer literature to provide research frameworks and underpin the analysis. The fundamental aim of the study was to understand how these businesses operate. The results give a narrow but essentially deep insight into important current issues affecting the development of such firms. Small and medium-sized, “old economy” firms, mainly family-owned, represent the vast majority of business organizations in the UK and are particularly vulnerable to economic events, political decisions, policy change and natural disasters. Their ability to adapt and transform will hold the key to economic growth and competitiveness. This paper shows clearly the challenges facing the small or medium-sized “old economy” firms, which are restructuring for growth and development in the 21st Century.
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Stathopoulos, Konstantinos, Susanne Espenlaub, and Martin Walker. "U.K. Executive Compensation Practices: New Economy versus Old Economy." Journal of Management Accounting Research 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 57–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2004.16.1.57.

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This paper examines the executive compensation practices of listed U.K. retailing companies. We compare “New Economy” retailers (e-commerce/dot-coms) to more traditional retailers operating in the “Old Economy.” We also discriminate between recently floated retailers and their more seasoned counterparts. Using a sample of remuneration contracts for 549 directors in 72 listed U.K. companies in the New and Old Economies, we investigate the structure and level of executive (and nonexecutive) compensation defined as the sum of salary, annual bonus, and the values of executive stock options and long-term incentive plans (LTIPs). We investigate the extent to which the contract features are determined by firm characteristics, economic sector, and governance/ownership factors. In contrast to the U.S., where almost all executive stock options are issued at the money, there is a greater variety of practice in the U.K. with some options being granted substantially in the money. We therefore pay special attention to this U.K. institutional feature by producing a model designed to explain the crosssectional variation in the moneyness of stock options at the date of issue. We also examine the determinants of a number of other contract features. These are: the time to maturity of the executive stock options, the leverage of the compensation package, the ratio of long-term pay relative to short-term pay, and pay performance sensitivity. We find that differences in compensation arrangements can be explained to a significant extent by differences in firm size, growth/growth opportunities, firm financial policy, ownership characteristics, and governance arrangements. We also find some systematic differences between the compensation arrangements of CEOs and other executives.
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DANIELS, P. W. "Reflections on the "Old" Economy, "New" Economy, and Services." Growth and Change 35, no. 2 (March 2004): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0017-4815.2004.00242.x.

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Naím, Moisés, and Moises Naim. "Missing Links: New Economy, Old Politics." Foreign Policy, no. 122 (January 2001): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3183246.

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Brannan, Matthew J. "Book Reviews: The New Old Economy." Sociological Review 55, no. 1 (February 2007): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2007.00687_5.x.

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Xu, Zhun. "Book Review: Old China’s New Economy." Review of Radical Political Economics 45, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613412447065.

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Cox, Andrew. "Modern political economy: old topics, new directions." International Affairs 72, no. 4 (October 1996): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624168.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Old economy"

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Ramanujam, Nandini. "Price mechanism in Russia : its role in the old planning and new markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320928.

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Murphy, Sheilagh C. "Valuing traditional activities in the northern native economy : the case of Old Crow, Yukon Territory." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26575.

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The purpose of the research is to develop a widely acceptable and more holistic method for valuing traditional activities in a northern native community. It does this by extending contemporary valuation methods to include native categories and perceptions of natural resources, both past and present. The community of Old Crow, Yukon Territory is used as the field site because it is a relatively stable community, closely linked to the land, and one for which historical material is available. Any assessment of a contemporary native community, its people, and their relationships to the land and its bounty would not be complete without an examination of their history. Thus, the thesis recounts the history of the Kutchin Indians of Old Crow. By reviewing past situations, traditions and cultural beliefs, the present day place of the land and its resources in the lives of the Old Crow people is revealed. Contemporary valuation methods are defined as those which emphasize valuing resources numerically using a specific type of quantitative information. The more holistic method, on the other hand, includes the examination of the 'value'1 assigned traditional activities by the people themselves as exemplified through past and present situations. The ultimate goal of this work is to show that static quantitative analyses must be balanced with research into the more social side of native activities if their true value is to be found. The thesis shows that contemporary valuation methods continually underestimate the 'value' of production from the land because they are usually limited in time and scope, and fail to deal with the non-market 'values' the land and its bountry hold for native northerners. It is discovered that comparing data collected at different points in time is a very effective means of precipitating out those 'values' which influence native people in making choices about the pursuit of traditional activities in the north. Using this method the land and its resources as perceived by the Old Crow people are shown to still hold a paramount place in their day to day lives. As with other northern native groups, even though material opportunities and hunting strategies have changed, the people continue to value their traditional land and life for a variety of reasons. While the thesis identifies the various 'values' associated with productive activities in Old Crow, it does not develop a scheme that quantifies or ranks the relative worth of these 'values'. It discusses the merit of the concept in the context of valuing activities in the traditional economy of the north, and concludes that much research is still required in this area.
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Golda, Kamilla Anna. "The impacts of new and old economy stock market valuations on private investment in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5790.

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Slobodchikoff, Tatyana G. "The Slavic Dual: Morphosyntactic Feature Economy as a Factor in Language Change." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297021.

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Dual number marked on personal pronouns and verbal agreement suffixes disappeared in the majority of Slavic languages except for three - Slovenian, Upper Sorbian, and Lower Sorbian. Previous studies do not provide a principled account why (i) the monomorphemic dual was reanalyzed as bimorphemic in Slovenian, Upper, and Lower Sorbian, and why (ii) it was replaced by the plural in the majority of Slavic languages including Russian and Kashubian. In this dissertation, I investigate diachronic changes in the morphosyntactic category of the Slavic dual which occurred in the 11th-15th centuries. In this dissertation, I present new diachronic data obtained through digital corpora of Old Slavic manuscripts. Within the framework of Distributed Morphology, I propose a new principle of Morphosyntactic Feature Economy which explains these two different patterns of diachronic change in the Slavic dual pronouns and verbal agreement. I argue that the principle of Morphosyntactic Feature Economy is one of the factors which drives diachronic change in the category of number in Slavic languages. Morphosyntactic Feature Economy is a principle of efficient computation. It plays an essential role in restructuring of the morphosyntactic category of the Slavic dual. Morphosyntactic restructuring of the Slavic dual, triggered by its morphosyntactic and semantic markedness, results in a morphosyntactically 'simpler' category of number. As a consequence of the application of the principle of Morphosyntactic Feature Economy, the language learner acquires a featurally restructuctured category of number, which is simpler and more computationally efficient.
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BERGMANN, WILLIAM H. "COMMERCE AND ARMS: THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, NATIVE AMERICANS, AND THE ECONOMY OF THE OLD NORTHWEST, 1783-1807." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1111608712.

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Bergmann, William H. "Commerce and arms the federal government, Native Americans, and the economy of the old northwest, 1783-1807 /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1111608712.

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Imologome, Folashayo Olateju. "Bridging the gap between an old economy culture and a new economy culture to create a high performance organisation : a critical analysis of the organisational performance of an indigenous company in a developing economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97396.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTACT: The research seeks to investigate the progress of an indigenous group of companies in the advertising industry in Nigeria, in its bid to transform from unsustainable organisational practices to more sustainable and progressive practices that promote increased operational efficiency and organisational performance. The study made use of the Beehive Survey of High Performance Organisation TM and the Evolution to Excellence Framework (EEF), tools that were used by permission of the owners, The Village of Leaders Consulting, as well as interviews with staff of the company. The research objectives were firstly, to identify positive and negative influences on organisational culture change, secondly, to assist the subject company in identifying necessary steps to take in its bid to become world class and finally, to test the questionnaire model, the Beehive Survey, in an environment other than South Africa where it had been extensively used. The research further aimed to identify how far Nigerian companies had been able to achieve their bid to become truly world class with sustainable organisational practices, what type of leadership and cultural challenges they might face and what they needed to do to overcome these challenges. The major findings of the research were that indigenous companies need to reduce authoritative hierarchy and control, increase participation and interaction at all levels, increase transparency and information dissemination and clearly define the organisational vision and get the buy-in of all stakeholders.
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Evenhuis, Emil. "The political economy of adaptation and resilience in old industrial regions : a comparative study of South Saarland and Teesside." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3285.

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This project aims to make a conceptual, methodological and empirical contribution to the burgeoning field of Evolutionary Perspectives in Economic Geography. To date, Evolutionary Perspectives have tended to underplay the role of the state and macro-institutions, and how notions of agency, power, and scale feature in the evolution of a regional economy. This thesis draws upon Geographical Political Economy to develop an Evolutionary Perspective that is more sensitive to these concerns. In particular, I have focussed on aspects of policy and governance in the long-term adaptation and resilience of old industrial regions coping with disruptive structural change. Based on the Path Dependency perspective – which within Evolutionary Perspectives seems best suited to theorise aspects of policy and governance - I have developed an analytical framework and detailed a methodology of ‘deep contextualisation’, to understand (1) how policies and institutions evolve over time, (2) what role they play in long-term adaptation and resilience, and (3) how this may be shaped by the wider institutional environment. This framework and methodology (with these three distinct levels of analysis) was subsequently used to study and compare two cases: the old steel regions of South Saarland in Germany, and Teesside in the United Kingdom. These regions both experienced a crisis in their economies in the 1970s and 1980s. South Saarland has been able to adapt successfully, whereas Teesside continues to struggle. The study presents compelling evidence that this has to a considerable extent been a result of (1) different priorities and consistency in the policies implemented, (2) the more robust governance arrangements present in South Saarland compared to Teesside, and (3) the federal government structure and more cooperative form of capitalism in Germany, which appears to have been more conducive for long-term resilience than the centralist structure and more liberal model in the United Kingdom.
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Wang, Shihui. "Promoting a Circular Economy in the Mobile Phone Product System in China." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276998.

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The concept of the circular economy has been introduced to China and encouraged to be implemented in manufacturing industries by the government in recent years. The implementation of a circular economy in the mobile phone product system can potentially serve as a solution to reducing a significant amount of waste mobile phones. However, the development of a circular economy in China is still at the beginning phase. To help with the promotion of a circular economy, this thesis was proposed. The aim is to explore the possibility to promote a circular economy in the mobile phone product system in China and the main target group is mobile phone producers. The main methodology of this thesis was system dynamics modeling. A system dynamic model was developed to analyze the potential sustainability profits and economic profits. A questionnaire and a literature review were conducted to collect relevant data for the model. The study proposed three strategies (old-for-new, eco-design, and product service system) for producers to promote a circular economy. The profitability of the three scenarios was evaluated and then a sensitivity analysis of the parameters in the model was conducted. According to the model results, the old-for-new strategy was the most profitable and the strategy of the product- service system could not bring additional profit to producers if only economic profits were considered. The general suggestion for producers on maximizing the profitability was propagandizing the significance of mobile phone collection and recycling to increase consumers’ awareness.
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Lam, Sunny. "Retrofitting old industrial areas for the new economy, a case study of the leaside industrial district, borough of east York, Metropolitan Toronto." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23374.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Old economy"

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Unit, Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Economic Analytical. India: New economy, old economy. Barton, ACT: Economic Analytical Unit, Dept. of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2001.

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Reibel, Daniel B. Old Economy Village: Pennsylvania trail of history guide. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books, 2002.

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Read, Warburg Dillon. Diversified mining: Oversold growth in the "old economy". London: Warburg Dillon Read, 2000.

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D2D: Dinosaur to dynamo ; how 20 old economy companies are winning in the new economy. Oxford: Capstone, 2001.

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Old China's new economy: The conquest of a billion paupers. New Delhi: SAGE, 2008.

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Müller, Katharina. The political economy of pension reform in Central-Eastern Europe. Cheltenham [England]: E. Elgar, 1999.

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Old Dominion, industrial commonwealth: Coal, politics, and economy in antebellum America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.

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Huber, Evelyne. The political economy of pension reform: Latin America in comparative perspective. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2000.

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Bengtsson, Tommy. Old and New Perspectives on Mortality Forecasting. Cham: Springer Nature, 2019.

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Myles, John. Old age in the welfare state: The political economy of public pensions. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Old economy"

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Bahra, Nicholas. "The Old Economy." In Competitive Knowledge Management, 7–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230554610_2.

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Walter, Norbert. "New Economy in Old Europe?" In E-Business — Wer geht? Wer bleibt? Wer kommt?, 115–30. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99813-3_6.

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Dinger, Hans. "New Economy vs. Old Economy — Wettbewerb oder Evolution?" In Herausforderungen an das Management, 15–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55971-6_2.

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Landau, Alice. "Regionalization: Old Blends and New Incarnation." In Redrawing the Global Economy, 185–214. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511361_9.

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Campbell, William F. "The Old Art of Political Economy." In Pre-Classical Economic Thought, 31–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3255-5_3.

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Neto, Alcino Ferreira Câmara, and Matías Vernengo. "Lula’s Social Policies: New Wine in Old Bottles?" In Political Economy of Brazil, 73–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230390102_6.

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Scheer, August-Wilhelm, Dipl Kfm Ralf Angeli, Dipl Kffr Stephanie Hans, and Dipl Kffr Katja Herrmann. "Economy: Old, New, One, Real, True, Next…?" In Die etransformation beginnt!, 3–49. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57550-1_1.

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van Witteloostuijn, Arjen. "The ‘New’ Versus The ‘Old’ Economy Debate." In Coordination and Growth, 131–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1549-4_8.

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Bhalla, A. S. "The Old and the New Political Economy." In Market or Government Failures?, 1–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230629202_1.

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Di Stefano, Enrica. "Demographic Trends and Sustainability of the Old-Age Security System in China." In The Chinese Economy, 83–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28638-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Old economy"

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Derbier, G. "Agile development in the old economy." In Proceedings of the Agile Development Conference, 2003. ADC 2003. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/adc.2003.1231462.

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Ehlig-Economides, Christine, and Dimitrios G. Hatzignatiou. "Blue Hydrogen Economy - A New Look at an Old Idea." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206282-ms.

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Abstract Previous efforts to promote hydrogen as an energy carrier described a Utopian world in which renewable resources provided all energy for heating, electricity, transportation, and industrial needs. The elegance of this vision overlooked the cost and the footprint represented by the renewable energy resources required to generate so much electricity, and the additional cost required to employ electrolysis to generate hydrogen for energy storage not possible for electricity. Today an abundance of natural gas offers an option for hydrogen generation from methane that can include capturing and storing CO2 produced from the generation process. This results in blue hydrogen, effectively as ecologically attractive as the green hydrogen from electrolysis, and considerably less expensive. This paper evaluates a New Hydrogen Economy employing blue hydrogen as a bridge to net zero greenhouse gas emissions. Of particular interest is the observation that depleted natural gas reservoirs offer pore space sufficient to store about 1.5 times the CO2 coming from hydrogen generation from the produced natural gas. The implication of this observation is that blue hydrogen generation need not rely on saline aquifer storage or on CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery. We find that blue hydrogen cost is comparable to the cost of current crude oil-based transportation fuels. Further, electricity generated using blue hydrogen is less expensive than decarbonized electricity generated from natural gas with post combustion CO2 capture and storage. The infrastructure required for this energy transition can leverage existing natural gas transport and storage and existing petroleum industry skills. Energy companies committed to net zero emissions need not rely only on renewable energy sources or nuclear power. Further, switching to blue hydrogen reduces or eliminates combustion related pollution including nitrogen and sulfur oxides. Finally, the Blue Hydrogen Economy makes efficient and cost effective use of petroleum engineering core skills, as well as the core skills championed by the petroleum industry.
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Weichao, Liu, Cheng Di, and Yi Yongbin. "Feasibility Analysis of Rural Cooperatives Participating in Internet Economy in Old Revolutionary Base Areas." In Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssed-19.2019.119.

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Shpeka, K. A. "The Problem of Interaction Between the Old and the New When Digitalizing Education." In 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200502.146.

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Jin, Yi. "Research on the Renovation of Old Industrial Buildings in China --Take Haoke Industrial Park (Baoding, China) as an Example." In 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemet-16.2016.403.

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Mitrofanova, Inna, Ekaterina Rodionova, Altynay Adzhikova, Rashid Kantserov, and Elena Timacheva. "Old Industrial Regions: Identification, Kinds and Perspectives of “New Industrialization”." In Proceedings of the Volgograd State University International Scientific Conference "Competitive, Sustainable and Safe Development of the Regional Economy" (CSSDRE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cssdre-19.2019.15.

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Yu, Huiling. "Study on Linkage Development of Revitalization of the Old Industrial Base in Northeast China and Exploitation of Russian Far East Area." In 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemet-16.2016.30.

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Sihombing, Herdiana br. "Comparison of Lament Songs in the Old Testament and the Andung Andung in the Toba Batak Culture." In 1st International Conference on Education, Society, Economy, Humanity and Environment (ICESHE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200311.034.

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KIENON-KABORE, Timpoko Hélène. "ANCIENT TECHNIQUES AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA : THE CASE OF FORGES OF OLD METALLURGY OF IRON." In EAI International Conference on Technology, R&D, Education and Economy for Africa. EAI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-3-2018.2275665.

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Meng, Tao. "Formation and Innovation of Industrial Networks under the Transitional Economy: The Cases from Chinese Old Industrial Regions." In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2008.1412.

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Reports on the topic "Old economy"

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Terzyan, Aram. New President, Old Problems: The Challenges of Post-Nazarbayev State-Building in Kazakhstan. Eurasia Institutes, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/psprp-5-2020.

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This paper explores post-Nazarbayev state-building in Kazakhstan, focusing on domestic and foreign policy implications of the power transition. After thirty years of incumbency, President Nursultan Nazarbayev stepped down in 2019, smoothly transferring the power to his nominee, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, and thus plunged the country into a sensitive phase of power transition. This study suggests that the power transition in Kazakhstan has not led to significant improvements in terms of human rights and political freedoms protection, leaving the state of the weak opposition and constrained civil society intact. Kazakhstan keeps maintaining the core features of oil-rich countries, with hydrocarbon-based economy and regime stability stemming from an “authoritarian bargain” between the state and society. Besides, there has been continuity in foreign policy, with Kazakhstan further pursuing a multi-vectoral foreign policy agenda.
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Nishiyama, Shinichi, and Kent Smetters. Consumption Taxes and Economic Efficiency in a Stochastic OLG Economy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9492.

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Kawamoto, Bondon. How Old Regimes Help New Economic Growth. Portland State University Library, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.25.

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Zarnowitz, Victor. The Old and the New in U.S. Economic Expansion of the 1990s. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7721.

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DeAnna, Dixon, and Hodo Wayne. Finite element analysis of quoin block deterioration and load transfer mechanisms in miter gates : pintle and pintle connections. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40842.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) currently operates and maintains approximately 193 commercially active lock sites with 239 locks and dams spanning nearly 12,000 miles. These networks of water channels are used to transport 600 million tons of domestic cargo, generating $405 billion in revenue annually. Nearly 60% of these structures in operation are over 50 years old and have reached design life. A failure of the miter gates could result in a major negative impact on the economy and on the ability to maintain flood control. Administrators need recommendations to better prioritize maintenance and repair of the USACE miter gates. This work investigated the influence of miter gate’s quoin block degradation on load transfer to the pintle and/or pintle connections. Results of finite element analysis are reported for the quoin block degradation simulated levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. The parametric study shows the overstressed regions are the pintle neck and bolt-hole regions. To improve pintle designs so they may better mitigate detrimental environmental based deterioration effects, this work recommends (1) increasing the thickness of the bolt-hole connection region and (2) adding ribbing reinforcement around the neck area of the pintle.
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Raish, Carol, and Alice M. McSweeney. Economic, social, and cultural aspects of livestock ranching on the Española and Canjilon Ranger Districts of the Santa Fe and Carson National Forests: a pilot study. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-113.

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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan José Ospina, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, Adolfo León Cobo-Serna, Edgar Caicedo-García, Juan Pablo Cote-Barón, Nicolás Martínez-Cortés, et al. Informe de Política Monetaria - Julio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3.-2021.

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1.1 Resumen macroeconómico En el segundo trimestre la economía enfrentó varios choques, principalmente de oferta y de costos, la mayoría de los cuales no fueron anticipados, o los previstos fueron más persistentes de lo esperado, y que en conjunto interrumpieron la recuperación de la actividad económica observada a comienzos de año y llevaron la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta. La inflación básica (sin alimentos ni regulados: SAR) aumentó, pero se mantuvo baja y acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico. A comienzos de abril se inició una tercera ola de pandemia, más acentuada y prolongada que la anterior, con un elevado costo en vidas humanas y algún impacto negativo en la recuperación económica. Entre mayo y mediados de junio los bloqueos de las carreteras y los problemas de orden público tuvieron un fuerte efecto negativo sobre la actividad económica y la inflación. Se estima que la magnitud de estos dos choques combinados habría generado una caída en niveles en el producto interno bruto (PIB) con respecto al primer trimestre del año. Adicionalmente, los bloqueos causaron un aumento significativo de los precios de los alimentos. A estos choques se sumaron los efectos acumulados de la disrupción global en algunas cadenas de valor y el incremento en los fletes internacionales que desde finales de 2020 vienen generando restricciones de oferta y aumentos de costos. Todos estos factores, que afectaron principalmente el índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) de bienes y de alimentos, explicaron la mayor parte del error de pronóstico del equipo técnico y el aumento de la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta del 3 %. El incremento en la inflación básica y de los precios de los regulados fue acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico, y se explica principalmente por la eliminación de varios alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. A todo esto se suma la mayor percepción de riesgo soberano y las presiones al alza que esto implica sobre el costo de financiamiento externo y la tasa de cambio. A pesar de los fuertes choques negativos, el crecimiento económico esperado para la primera mitad del año (9,1%), es significativamente mayor que lo proyectado en el informe de abril (7,1%), signo de una economía más dinámica que se recuperaría más rápido de lo previsto. Desde finales de 2020 las diferentes cifras de actividad económica han mostrado un crecimiento mayor que el esperado. Esto sugiere que los efectos negativos sobre el producto de las recurrentes olas de contagio estarían siendo cada vez menos fuertes y duraderos. No obstante, la tercera ola de contagio del Covid-19, y en mayor medida los bloqueos a las vías y los problemas de orden público, habrían generado una caída del PIB durante el segundo trimestre, frente al primero. Pese a lo anterior, los datos del índice de seguimiento a la economía (ISE) de abril y mayo han resultado mayores que lo esperado, y las nuevas cifras de actividad económica sectoriales sugieren que el impacto negativo de la pandemia sobre el producto se sigue moderando, en un entorno de menores restricciones a la movilidad y de mayor avance en el ritmo de vacunación. Los registros de transporte de carga (junio) y la demanda de energía no regulada (julio), entre otros, indican una recuperación importante después de los bloqueos en mayo. Con todo lo anterior, el incremento anual del PIB del segundo trimestre se habría situado alrededor del 17,3 % (antes 15,8 %), explicado en gran parte por una base baja de comparación. Para todo 2021 el equipo técnico incrementó su proyección de crecimiento desde un 6 % hasta el 7,5 %. Este pronóstico, que está rodeado de una incertidumbre inusualmente elevada, supone que no se presentarán problemas de orden público y que posibles nuevas olas de contagio del Covid-19 no tendrán efectos negativos adicionales sobre la actividad económica. Frente al pronóstico del informe pasado, la recuperación de la demanda externa, los niveles de precios de algunos bienes básicos que exporta el país y la dinámica de las remesas de trabajadores han sido mejores que las esperadas y seguirían impulsando la recuperación del ingreso nacional en lo que resta del año. A esto se sumaría la aún amplia liquidez internacional, la aceleración en el proceso de vacunación y las bajas tasas de interés, factores que continuarían favoreciendo la actividad económica. La mejor dinámica del primer semestre, que llevó a una revisión al alza en el crecimiento de todos los componentes del gasto, continuaría hacia adelante y, antes de lo esperado en abril, la economía recuperaría los niveles de producción de 2019 a finales de 2021. El pronóstico continúa incluyendo efectos de corto plazo sobre la demanda agregada de una reforma tributaria de magnitud similar a la proyectada por el Gobierno. Con todo eso, en el escenario central de este informe, el pronóstico de crecimiento para 2021 es del 7,5 % y para 2022 del 3,1 %. A pesar de esto, el nivel de la actividad económica seguiría siendo inferior a su potencial. La mejora en estas proyecciones, sin embargo, está rodeada de una alta incertidumbre. En junio la inflación anual (3,63 %) aumentó más de lo esperado debido al comportamiento del grupo de alimentos, mientras que la inflación básica (1,87 %) fue similar a la proyectada. En lo que resta del año el mayor nivel del IPC de alimentos persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta. A finales de 2022 la inflación total y básica retornarían a tasas cercanas al 3 %, en un entorno de desaceleración del IPC de alimentos y de menores excesos de capacidad productiva. En los meses recientes el aumento en los precios internacionales de los fletes y de los bienes agrícolas, y las mayores exportaciones de carne y el ciclo ganadero han ejercido presiones al alza sobre el precio de los alimentos, principalmente de los procesados. A estas fuerzas persistentes se sumaron los bloqueos de las vías nacionales y los problemas de orden público en varias ciudades registrados en mayo y parte de junio, los cuales se reflejaron en una fuerte restricción en la oferta y en un aumento anual no esperado del IPC de alimentos (8,52 %). El grupo de regulados (5,93 %) también se aceleró, debido a la baja base de comparación en los precios de la gasolina y a la disolución de parte de los alivios a las tarifas de servicios públicos otorgados en 2020. Como se proyectaba, la inflación SAR repuntó al 1,87 %, debido a la reactivación de los impuestos indirectos de algunos bienes y servicios eliminados un año atrás, y por las presiones al alza que ejercieron los alimentos sobre las comidas fuera del hogar (CFH), entre otros. En lo que resta del año se espera que el aumento en los alimentos perecederos se revierta, siempre y cuando no se registren nuevos bloqueos duraderos a las vías nacionales. El mayor nivel de precios de los alimentos procesados persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta a finales de año. La inflación SAR continuaría con una tendencia creciente, en la medida en que los excesos de capacidad productiva se sigan cerrando y registraría un aumento transitorio en marzo de 2022, debido principalmente al restablecimiento del impuesto al consumo en las CFH. Con todo esto, para finales de 2021 y 2022 se estima una inflación total del 4,1 % y 3,1 %, y una inflación básica del 2,6 % y 3,2 %, respectivamente. El comportamiento conjunto de los precios del IPC SAR, junto con continuas sorpresas al alza en la actividad económica, son interpretados por el equipo técnico como señales de amplios excesos de capacidad productiva de la economía. Estos persistirían en los siguientes dos años, al final de los cuales la brecha del producto se cerraría. El mayor crecimiento económico sugiere una brecha del producto menos negativa que la estimada hace un trimestre. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de la inflación básica, especialmente en servicios, indica que el PIB potencial se ha recuperado de forma sorpresiva y que los excesos de capacidad siguen siendo amplios, con una demanda agregada afectada de forma persistente. Esta interpretación encuentra soporte en el mercado laboral, en donde persiste un desempleo alto y la recuperación de los empleos perdidos se estancó. Adicionalmente, los aumentos en la inflación en buena medida están explicados por choques de oferta y de costos y por la disolución de algunos alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. Los pronósticos de crecimiento y de inflación descritos son coherentes con una brecha del producto que se cierra más rápido y es menos negativa en todo el horizonte de pronóstico con respecto al informe de abril. No obstante, la incertidumbre sobre los excesos de capacidad es muy alta y es un riesgo sobre el pronóstico. Las perspectivas de las cuentas fiscales de Colombia se deterioraron, Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (S&P) y Fitch Ratings (Fitch) redujeron su calificación crediticia, los bloqueos y problemas de orden público afectaron el producto y el país enfrentó una nueva ola de contagios de Covid-19 más acentuada y prolongada que las pasadas. Todo lo anterior se ha reflejado en un aumento de las primas de riesgo y en una depreciación del peso frente al dólar. Esto ha ocurrido en un entorno favorable de ingresos externos. Los precios internacionales del petróleo, del café y de otros bienes básicos que exporta el país aumentaron y han contribuido a la recuperación de los términos de intercambio y del ingreso nacional, y han mitigado las presiones al alza sobre las primas de riesgo y la tasa de cambio. En el presente informe se incrementó el precio esperado del petróleo para 2021 a USD 68 por barril (antes USD 61 bl) y para 2022 a USD 66 bl (antes USD 60 bl). Esta mayor senda presenta una convergencia hacia precios menores que los observados recientemente, como resultado de una mayor oferta mundial esperada de petróleo, la cual más que compensaría el incremento en la demanda de este bien básico. Por ende, se supone que el aumento reciente de los precios tiene un carácter transitorio. En el escenario macroeconómico actual se espera que las condiciones financieras internacionales sean algo menos favorables, a pesar de la mejora en los ingresos externos por cuenta de una mayor demanda y unos precios del petróleo y de otros productos de exportación más altos. Frente al informe de abril el crecimiento de la demanda externa fue mejor que el esperado, y las proyecciones para 2021 y 2022 aumentaron del 5,2 % al 6,0 % y del 3,4 % al 3,5 %, respectivamente. En lo corrido del año las cifras de actividad económica muestran una demanda externa más dinámica de la esperada. En los Estados Unidos y China la recuperación del producto ha sido más rápida que la registrada en los países de la región. En estos últimos la reactivación económica ha estado limitada por los rebrotes del Covid-19, las limitaciones en la oferta de vacunas y el poco espacio fiscal para enfrentar la pandemia, entre otros factores. La buena dinámica en el comercio externo de bienes se ha dado en un entorno de deterioro en las cadenas de valor y de un aumento importante en los precios de las materias primas y en el costo de los fletes. En los Estados Unidos la inflación sorprendió al alza y su valor observado y esperado se mantiene por encima de la meta, al tiempo que se incrementó la proyección de crecimiento económico. Con esto, el inicio de la normalización de la política monetaria en ese país se daría antes de lo proyectado. En este informe se estima que el primer incremento en la tasa de interés de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos se dé a finales de 2022 (antes del primer trimestre de 2023). Para Colombia se supone una mayor prima de riesgo frente al informe de abril y se sigue esperando que presente una tendencia creciente, dada la acumulación de deuda pública y externa del país. Todo esto contribuiría a un incremento en el costo del financiamiento externo en el horizonte de pronóstico. La postura expansiva de la política monetaria sigue soportando unas condiciones financieras internas favorables. En el segundo trimestre la tasa de interés interbancaria y el índice bancario de referencia (IBR) se han mantenido acordes con la tasa de interés de política. Las tasas de interés promedio de captación y crédito continuaron históricamente bajas, a pesar de algunos incrementos observados a finales de junio. La cartera en moneda nacional detuvo su desaceleración anual y, entre marzo y junio, el crédito a los hogares se aceleró, principalmente para compra de vivienda. La recuperación de la cartera comercial y de los desembolsos a ese sector fue importante, y se alcanzó de nuevo el elevado saldo observado un año atrás, cuando las empresas requirieron niveles significativos de liquidez para enfrentar los efectos económicos de la pandemia. El riesgo de crédito aumentó, las provisiones se mantienes altas y algunos bancos han retirado de su balance una parte de su cartera vencida. No obstante, las utilidades del sistema financiero se han recuperado y sus niveles de liquidez y solvencia se mantienen por encima del mínimo regulatorio. A partir de este informe se implementará una nueva metodología para cuantificar y comunicar la incertidumbre que rodea los pronósticos del escenario macroeconómico central, en un entorno de política monetaria activa. Esta metodología se conoce como densidades predictivas (DP) y se explica en detalle en el Recuadro 1. Partiendo del balance de riesgos que contiene los principales factores que, de acuerdo con el juicio del equipo técnico, podrían afectar a la economía en el horizonte de pronóstico, la metodología DP produce distribuciones de probabilidad sobre el pronóstico de las principales variables (v. g.: crecimiento, inflación). Estas distribuciones reflejan el resultado de los posibles choques (a variables externas, precios y actividad económica) que podría recibir la economía y su transmisión, considerando la estructura económica y la respuesta de política monetaria en el futuro. En este sentido, permiten cuantificar la incertidumbre alrededor del pronóstico y su sesgo. El ejercicio DP muestra un sesgo a la baja en el crecimiento económico y en la brecha del producto, y al alza en la inflación. El balance de riesgos indica que las disyuntivas para la política monetaria serán potencialmente más complejas que lo contemplado en el pasado. Por el lado de las condiciones de financiamiento externo, se considera que el mayor riesgo es que se tornen un poco menos favorables, en un escenario en el cual la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos incremente con mayor prontitud su tasa de interés. Esto último, ante un crecimiento económico y del empleo mayor que el esperado en los Estados Unidos que genere presiones significativas sobre la inflación de ese país. A esto se suma la incertidumbre sobre el panorama fiscal en Colombia y sus efectos sobre la prima de riesgo y el costo del financiamiento externo. En el caso del crecimiento, la mayoría de los riesgos son a la baja, destacándose los efectos de la incertidumbre política y fiscal sobre las decisiones de consumo e inversión, la aparición de nuevas olas de contagio de la pandemia del Covid-19 y sus impactos sobre la actividad económica. En el caso de la inflación, se incorporó el riesgo de una mayor persistencia de los choques asociados con la disrupción de las cadenas de valor, mayores precios internacionales de las materias primas y de los alimentos, y una recuperación más lenta que la esperada de la cadena agrícola nacional afectada por los pasados bloqueos a las vías. Estos riesgos presionarían al alza principalmente los precios de los alimentos y de los bienes. Como principal riesgo a la baja se incluyó un alza de los arriendos menor que el esperado en el escenario central, explicada por una demanda débil y por una mayor oferta en 2022 dadas las altas ventas de vivienda observadas en el presente año. Con todo, el crecimiento económico presenta un sesgo a la baja y, con el 90 % de confianza, se encontraría entre un 6,1 % y 9,1 % para 2021 y entre el 0,5 % y 4,1 % para 2022. La brecha del producto tendría un sesgo a la baja, principalmente en 2022. El sesgo de la inflación es al alza, y se encontraría entre el 3,7 % y 4,9 % en 2021, y el 2,2 % y 4,7 % en 2022, con un 90 % de probabilidad. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria En las reuniones de junio y julio la JDBR decidió mantener la tasa de política monetaria inalterada en 1,75 %.
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The Challenges of Population Aging in the People's Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf210280-2.

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The population in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is aging rapidly, as the proportion of people aged 60 and above is expected to increase to 35% by 2050. While aging poses economic challenges, if managed well, it can generate new employment opportunities with the emergence of new professions related to elderly care. However, capturing these benefits require labor market reforms, higher public spending to finance long-term care and pensions, and policy support. This note presents policy recommendations to address identified socioeconomic implications of rapid population aging in the PRC, focusing on labor market changes, effective long-term elderly care, and measures to address the increasing old-age dependency ratio.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Hungary. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrhu.2020.12.

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In Hungary, NEET Youth are faced with many problems: social exclusion; lack of opportunities (e.g., education, health, infrastructure, public transport, labour market conditions); low so-cio-economic status; and, a lack of relationships outside the enclosed settlements. In Hungary, the most frequent risk factors are: a socio-economically disadvantageous envi-ronment; low levels of education and schooling problems; lack of proper housing; financial problems; learning difficulties; dissatisfaction with the school; socio-emotional disorders; delinquency; health problems; homelessness; and, drug or alcohol abuse. NEET Youth are fa-cing with this multi-dimensional difficulties, regional disparities and a lack of proper services.The general employment statistics have been improving in Hungary since 2010. The emplo-yment rate of the 15-39-year-old population has increased from 53.0% to 62.5% between 2009 - 2019. The employment rate improved in every type of settlement/area. The improve-ment can be attributed to the community work in the marginalised regions micro-regions and settlements. The NEET rate shows a considerable improvement of nearly 40% between 2009 and 2019 in the urban environment for all age groups. A slight improvement can be detected in the towns and urban environment, which amounts to 25% for all age groups between 2009 and 2019. However special services and targeted programmes are required to make a diffe-rence for NEET Youth.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Spain. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nres.2020.12.

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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Spain. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.In the last ten years (2009 - 2019) a significant portion of the Spanish youth population has migrated from rural areas to cities and towns. This migration trend could be explained by the economic crisis which impacted upon Spain from 2008 onwards. Data shown in this report makes visible the vulnerability of rural NEET youth to these downturns from 2009 to 2013. In line with this, Early-school leaving (ESLET) and unemployment rates in rural areas were more pronounced in 2013 and the following years for rural youth in comparison with youth living in urban areas and towns. However, in the last two years (2017-2019) there has been a sharp decrease in these indicators placing youth living rural areas, on average, in line with the rest (i.e., an average NEET youth rate in Spain 15% versus 16% for rural areas).
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