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Journal articles on the topic 'Old norse language – england'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gunn, Nikolas. "Translating the Gospel in Viking Age England: The Evidence from Two Old Norse Loan Translations from Old English." Anglia 137, no. 4 (2019): 527–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0052.

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Abstract A recent resurgence of interest in Old Norse linguistic borrowings in Old English has greatly expanded our knowledge of the contact situation between these two speech communities in the early medieval period and beyond. However, there are a significant number of words that have been considered borrowings in the “other” direction, i. e. from Old English to Old Norse, which have not attracted the same amount of attention in current scholarship. Much of this material requires reassessment and this paper provides a case study of two parallel compound formations in both languages – OE bærs

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2

Bech, Kristin, and George Walkden. "English is (still) a West Germanic language." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 1 (2015): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586515000219.

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In their recent book,English: The Language of the Vikings, Joseph Embley Emonds and Jan Terje Faarlund attempt to make the case that from its Middle period onwards, English is a North Germanic language, descended from the Norse varieties spoken in Medieval England, rather than a West Germanic language, as traditionally assumed. In this review article we critique Emonds & Faarlund's proposal, focusing particularly on the syntactic evidence that forms the basis of their argumentation. A closer look at a number of constructions for which the authors suggest a Norse origin reveals that the sit

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3

Spiteri, Shane, and Antoinette Schapper. "Language and History in Viking Age England: Linguistic Relations between Speaker of Old Norse and Old English (review)." Parergon 21, no. 1 (2004): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2004.0056.

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4

Badawi, Wisam Shaher. "The French Phonetic Impact on English." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, no. 3, 2 (2023): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.3.2.2.

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The Normandy conquest to England represented a shift in power from the Anglo-Saxon into French or Norman possession. It sheds great effects on people’s life. This shift undoubtedly made a great influence or impact on English in considering that languages are channels for the interaction of cultures and habits. Hence, English was influenced by Latin descendants which reflected by Old French, Old Norse and later the Anglo-Norman variety. This paper tackles French phonetic impact on English which made crucial changes in each spelling and pronunciation by which English shifted from old to middle e

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5

Rasmussen, Tarald. "Ambiguous Memories of the Reformation: The Case of Norway." Journal of Early Modern Christianity 7, no. 2 (2020): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2020-2024.

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AbstractThe Reformation came to Norway along with Danish annexation of political and ecclesiastical power. For this reason, Norwegian history writing seldom appreciated the history of the Norwegian Reformation, and preferred to look further back to the history of the Middle Ages in search of national, as well as religious, roots of Norwegian Christianity. This was already the case in late sixteenth and early seventeenth century Norwegian historical writing. In nineteenth century historical research, the strategy was underpinned by focussing on the medieval period of Christianization: Norwegian

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6

Fekete, Tamás. "Anglo-Scandinavian code-mixing in English place-names." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 50, no. 4 (2015): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2015-0018.

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Abstract With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyses this code-mixing in the frame-work of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), that existed from the 8th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually an

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7

Tarsi, Matteo. "Lat. scrībere in Germanic." NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution 72, no. 1 (2019): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00019.tar.

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Abstract The present article deals with the reflexes of Lat. scrībere in Germanic. It is proposed that the word was borrowed into Germanic at quite an early stage (1st century AD) as a result of contacts between West-Germanic-speaking populations and the Romans. Special stress is put on the importance of the Roman military in introducing the practice of writing among those that served in the army. Special attention is given to the North Germanic reflexes of Lat. scrībere in order to tentatively explain the morphological difference found in that branch of Germanic, where the verb is found both

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8

Neidorf, Leonard, and Rafael J. Pascual. "Old Norse Influence on the Language of Beowulf: A Reassessment." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 3 (2019): 298–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542718000144.

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This article undertakes the first systematic examination of Frank’s (1979, 1981, 1987, 1990, 2007b, 2008) claim that Old Norse influence is discernible in the language of Beowulf. It tests this hypothesis first by scrutinizing each of the alleged Nordicisms in Beowulf, then by discussing various theoretical considerations bearing on its plausibility. We demonstrate that the syntactic, morphological, lexical, and semantic peculiarities that Frank would explain as manifestations of Old Norse influence are more economically and holistically explained as consequences of archaic composition. We the

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9

McWhorter, John. "Too Good to be True." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 1 (2016): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601008.

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10

Lauridsen, Freja Bang. "From SOV to SVO." Leviathan: Interdisciplinary Journal in English, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/lev.v0i6.118859.

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The change in constituent order in English is one of the most thoroughly investigated changes in the history of the English language. Even so, there is still disagreement among scholars as to what caused the change. The aim of this article is to argue that it was the influence of the Scandinavians and their language, Old Norse, that caused English to abandon the SOV constituent order and instead adopt SVO constituent order. Because of the intense language contact between the two cultures, several linguistic features of Old Norse found their way into the English language. Numerous morphological

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11

Trosterud, Trond. "Gender assignment in Old Norse." Lingua 116, no. 9 (2006): 1441–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2004.06.015.

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12

Crisma, Paola, and Susan Pintzuk. "The noun phrase and the ‘Viking Hypothesis’." Language Variation and Change 31, no. 2 (2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394519000127.

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ABSTRACTIn this article we use the syntax of the noun phrase to evaluate two competing hypotheses: the traditional account, that Middle English is a West Germanic language with Old English as its immediate ancestor, and Emonds and Faarlund's (2014) proposal, that Middle English is a North Germanic language, the direct descendant of Old Norse. The development of nominal syntax shows that the Middle English noun phrase can be derived only from Old English, not from Old Norse. We examine six nominal characteristics; in each case, we find in Middle English exactly the construction that one would e

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13

Coates, Richard. "The Syntax of Old Norse." Journal of Pragmatics 39, no. 11 (2007): 2093–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.08.004.

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14

Stewart, Thomas W. "Lexical imposition." Diachronica 21, no. 2 (2004): 393–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.2.06ste.

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A population of Norse settlers in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland eventually shifted from Old Norse to the contemporary Gaelic of the established community. Although little direct evidence of the sociolinguistic conditions of the contact situation exists, an unusual sound pattern found among the words transferred from Old Norse into Scottish Gaelic suggests that an unexpectedly large number of words beginning with /s/+[stop] clusters were transferred under Norse-speaker agency (viaimposition) rather than under Gaelic-speaker agency (viaborrowing).

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15

Faulkes, Anthony, and Ian J. Kirby. "Bible Translation in Old Norse." Modern Language Review 83, no. 3 (1988): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731407.

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16

Quispel, Gilles, and Ian J. Kirby. "Bible Translation in Old Norse." Vigiliae Christianae 43, no. 1 (1989): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1584448.

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17

Mcarthur, Holly. "Masculinities in Old Norse Literature." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 122, no. 4 (2023): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/1945662x.122.4.12.

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18

Merkelbach, Rebecca. "Discourse in Old Norse Literature." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 122, no. 2 (2023): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/1945662x.122.2.11.

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19

Lutz, Angelika. "The Use of Norse Loanwords in Late Old English Historical Poems." Anglia 140, no. 2 (2022): 190–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2022-0018.

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Abstract The use of Norse loanwords in Old English poetry seems to be restricted to historical poems in praise of prominent contemporaries. It is demonstrated that the few Norse loans in these poems neither contribute to the laudatory character of such texts nor serve as new, additional means of stylistic enrichment. Instead, the Norse loans in these late Old English historical poems can be shown to have been used to add factual plausibility to such poems as historical texts. This contrasts with the use of Norse loanwords in Middle English poems.

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20

Heltoft, Lars. "The typology of Old Norse revisited." Historical Germanic morphosyntax 74, no. 2 (2021): 242–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00058.hel.

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Abstract Typologically, the Old and Middle Scandinavian languages preserve features lost in Modern Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish), especially zero arguments and inactive constructions. Both phenomena present difficulties for the analysis of the Old and Middle Scandinavian languages as configurational, and generative linguists often choose a reductionist strategy, claiming that at the level of deep structure, configurational structure persists. Based on Middle Danish, my claim will be that zero arguments are semantically different from – and therefore cannot be reduced to – pronou

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21

Krisch, Thomas. "PRESUPPOSITION IN OLD NORSE COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS." Transactions of the Philological Society 86, no. 1 (1988): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1988.tb00392.x.

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22

Holmberg, Anders. "Norse against Old English: 20-0." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 1 (2016): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601004.

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The conclusion seems inescapable, if the facts in Emonds & Faarlund are more or less right: Middle English would be the outcome of a shift from West Germanic grammar to an eccentric form of North Germanic grammar.

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23

Van Epps, Briana, Gerd Carling, and Yair Sapir. "Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33, no. 3 (2021): 264–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542720000173.

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This study addresses gender assignment in six North Scandinavian varieties with a three-gender system: Old Norse, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Old Swedish, Nysvenska, Jamtlandic, and Elfdalian. Focusing on gender variation and change, we investigate the role of various factors in gender change. Using the contemporary Swedish varieties Jamtlandic and Elfdalian as a basis, we compare gender assignment in other North Scandinavian languages, tracing the evolution back to Old Norse. The data consist of 1,300 concepts from all six languages coded for cognacy, gender, and morphological and semantic variation

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24

Peterson, Paul R. "Old Norse Nicknames: Origins and Terminology." Names 67, no. 2 (2018): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00277738.2018.1452886.

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25

van Gelderen, Elly. "Split Infinitives in Early Middle English." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 1 (2016): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601003.

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The split infinitive is one of seven syntactic properties that English is said to share with Old Norse, and I will show that, on the basis of the area and date of its first occurrence, Norse origin is unlikely.

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26

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. "Why English is not dead: A rejoinder to Emonds and Faarlund." Folia Linguistica 37, no. 1 (2016): 239–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2016-0008.

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AbstractThis article argues against the claim by Emonds and Faarlund (2014,English: The language of the vikings. Palacký University: Olomouc) that English died out after the Norman Conquest, and was replaced by a North Germanic variety referred to as “Anglicised Norse”, which had been formed in the Danelaw area in a concerted effort by the Norse and Anglo-Saxon populations, presumably to overthrow the ruling French elite. Emonds and Faarlund base their claim on the existence of some 20–25 linguistic features which are said to have been absent from Old English, but which are present in Present-

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27

Bourns. "The Language of Birds in Old Norse Tradition." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 120, no. 2 (2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jenglgermphil.120.2.0209.

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28

Lombardi, Maria Cristina. "Old Norse Poetry and the Language of Magic." Il Segno e le Lettere 9788879169967 (September 2022): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7359/996-2022-lomb.

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29

Braithwaite-Westoby, Manu. "Sigurðr, Þórr and Ragnarök and their Christian Counterparts." Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association 15 (2019): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2019.1.4.

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Few scholars would deny that some Old Norse myths have Christian counterparts, a phenomenon first noticed by nineteenth-century archaeologists and antiquarians in their observations of Anglo-Scandinavian stone sculpture in northern England. It is strange, therefore, that despite this long tradition, there is no systematic study on the topic. While this ambition is unfortunately outside the scope of this article, it does seek to address a number of Old Norse myths/legends and place them in conjunction with their Christian counterparts. One of the most important myths for Anglo-Scandinavian craf

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30

Larrington, Carolyne, and Margaret Clunies Ross. "Old Norse Myths, Literature and Society." Modern Language Review 99, no. 4 (2004): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738601.

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31

Sayers, William. "The Norns in Old Norse Mythology." Scandinavian Studies 84, no. 2 (2012): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23343117.

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32

Endresen, Rolf Theil. "Norwegian og and å – a Cognitive View." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, no. 2 (1995): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500000160.

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Written Norwegian has two words, the co-ordinating conjunction og and the infinitive marker å, both of which are pronounced [o] in Spoken Norwegian. In this paper, an attempt is made to show that [o] in Spoken Norwegian constitutes a single polysemous word. Furthermore, it is argued that Spoken Norwegian [o], in all its usages and meanings, is a descendant of Old Norse ok “and”, while the Old Norse infinitive marker at has not survived in Spoken Norwegian.

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33

Burrows, Hannah. "Riddles and Kennings." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 51, no. 1 (2021): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2020-2017.

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Abstract The skaldic kenning is frequently described as ‘riddling’ or ‘riddle-like’. Valuable work has been done (e. g. Lindow1975) in establishing the structural, linguistic, and cognitive similarities between kennings and riddles, but this has usually been done in terms of the broad modern English sense(s) of the word ‘riddle’ or ‘riddling’. This paper, more specifically, explores the comparison by examining Old Norse riddles, namely items described as gátur in their textual setting, and Old Norse kennings, in the context of each other. In doing so it highlights Old Norse poetic techniques o

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34

Knutsson, Pétur. "Intertextual quanta in formula and translation." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 4, no. 2 (1995): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709500400202.

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Halldora B. Bjornsson's Icelandic translation of Beowulf (Bjömsson 1983) shares with other examples of textual transmission between closely related languages a tendency to transcend the exigencies of formal cognation by exploiting non-cognate correspondences which echo the forms of the original (cf. Kndtsson 1995). This article examines examples of this phenomenon in Bjdmsson's translation, treating them as intertextual connections between source and translation which cannot be adequately defined without invoking known formulaic relationships with other Anglo- Saxon and Old Norse poems. Bj6mss

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35

Trudgill, Peter. "Norsified English or Anglicized Norse?" Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 1 (2016): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601011.

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Emonds & Faarlund have brilliantly demonstrated that the syntax of English owes a great deal to the syntax of Old Norse, and more than has generally been thought. This is genuinely significant. But, from a variationist perspective, the difference of nomenclature—“North Germanic” rather than “West Germanic”—is not.

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36

Frog. "Rhyme in dróttkvætt, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology II: Rhyme as an Inherited Device of Old Germanic Verse." Studia Metrica et Poetica 10, no. 2 (2023): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/smp.2023.10.2.02.

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This paper is the second in a three-part series on the distinctive type of rhyme in the Old Norse dróttkvætt meter, argued to have emerged through the metricalization of uses of rhyme within a short line found across Old Germanic poetries. Whereas the first paper outlined the argument and its background, this paper explores uses of rhyme in Old Germanic poetries other than Old Norse. Rhyme involving the stressed syllable or word stem irrespective of subsequent syllables is shown to be a device of these poetic systems. Especially in Old English, such rhyme is used to support and reinforce the b

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37

Blaxter, Tam. "Gender and language change in Old Norse sentential negatives." Language Variation and Change 27, no. 3 (2015): 349–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394515000125.

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AbstractOne consistent finding across sociolinguistic studies is the tendency for female speakers to lead in ongoing change. Different explanations have been proposed for this and a key method of testing these explanations is to identify whether the pattern occurs in the languages of a wider range of societies than have been studied thus far. Historical societies are relatively understudied in this regard, but undertaking variationist research into gender in historical varieties presents many challenges. One way to overcome these is to examine variation internal to fiction data. This paper pre

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38

Grant, Tom. "Beow in Scandinavia." Anglo-Saxon England 48 (December 2019): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675122000023.

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AbstractThis article offers a new appraisal of the Scandinavian evidence relating to Beow – a figure who surfaces in a range of Anglo-Saxon sources as a member of the famous Scylding dynasty. The well-known appearances of Beow in Old Norse genealogical material and in the composition known as Kálfsvísa are first reviewed, along with their evolving status in the critical history of Beowulf. New evidence is then adduced from the text known as Bjarkarímur, which attests to a more extensive Scandinavian tradition surrounding Beow than has previously been acknowledged. The expanded dossier of Old N

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39

Frog. "Rhyme in dróttkvætt, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology I: Overview and Argument." Studia Metrica et Poetica 10, no. 1 (2023): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/smp.2023.10.1.01.

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This paper is the first in a three-part series or tryptic that argues for the Old Germanic origins of rhyme in the Old Norse dróttkvætt meter. This meter requires rhymes on the stressed syllables of two words within a six-position line, irrespective of the syllables that follow. This first instalment introduces both the Old Germanic poetic form and the dróttkvætt meter. It outlines the background of the discussion and presents the basic argument. The second instalment presents a portrait of rhyme in Old Germanic meters outside of Old Norse, providing foundations for viewing rhyme as an inherit

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40

Jochens, Jenny. "Old Norse Women’s Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds. Translated from the Old Norse. Library of Medieval Women." Scandinavian Studies 83, no. 3 (2011): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23075485.

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41

Liberman, Anatoly. "Poetic Style and Innovation in Old English, Old Norse, and Old Saxon." Scandinavian Studies 94, no. 1 (2022): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21638195.94.1.08.

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42

Hobson, Jacob. "An Old Norse Courtly Analogue to Beowulf." Neophilologus 103, no. 4 (2019): 577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11061-019-09601-0.

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Larrington. "Learning to Feel in the Old Norse Camelot?" Scandinavian Studies 87, no. 1 (2015): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.87.1.0074.

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Lauren Poyer and Kirsten Wolf. "North American Doctoral Dissertations on Old Norse-Icelandic." Scandinavian Studies 89, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.89.1.0001.

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45

Hermann. "Memory, Imagery, and Visuality in Old Norse Literature." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 114, no. 3 (2015): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jenglgermphil.114.3.0317.

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46

Wolf, Kirsten. "The Color Grey in Old Norse-Icelandic Literature." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 108, no. 2 (2009): 222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20722722.

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47

Poole, Russell. "A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 106, no. 3 (2007): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27712665.

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48

Kalinke, Marianne. "A Critical Companion to Old Norse Literary Genre." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 122, no. 1 (2023): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/1945662x.122.1.06.

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49

Lander, Eric T., and Liliane Haegeman. "Old Norse as an NP Language: With Observations on the Common Norse and Northwest Germanic Runic Inscriptions." Transactions of the Philological Society 112, no. 3 (2013): 279–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.12022.

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50

Oberlin, Adam. "Dario Bullitta, Niðrstigningar saga: Sources, Transmission, and Theology of the Old Norse “Descent into Hell”. Toronto Old Norse and Icelandic Series, 11. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017, pp. XIX, 203." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (2018): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_394.

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Alongside the source and contextual study promised by the title, this volume also delivers an edition and the first English translation of the two primary redactions of the Old Norse version of the Descensus Christi or Harrowing of Hell translated from the medieval tradition of the Evangelium Nicodemi or Acta Pilati (for a modern Norwegian translation and parallel normalized edition of the Old Icelandic text see Odd Einar Haugen, Norrøne tekster i utval, 2nd ed., Oslo: Gyldendal, 2001 [1st ed. 1994], pp. 250–65). While the texts themselves are short and have attracted relatively little attenti

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