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Journal articles on the topic 'Old towns'
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1
Dijokienė, Dalia. "ISTORINIAI PRIEMIESČIAI SENAMIESČIŲ STRUKTŪROJE." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2009.33.92-99.
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Attention is drawn to the fact that the borders of majority of protected old towns in Lithuania are juridical rather than structural. This complicates protection of these territories. The following concepts are defined: historic town, old town, historic kernel of town, historic suburb. Urban characteristics (plan, buildup, size-and-space composition) of the historic suburbs of Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda and Kėdainiai that are within the borders of the old towns are described in a summarized way. The components of the old towns (historic town’s kernel and historic suburbs) are distinguished in the illustrating material. Santrauka Atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad daugumos saugomų Lietuvos senamiesčių ribos yra juridinės, o ne struktūrinės – tai sukelia nemažai problemų realizuojant šių teritorijų apsaugą. Apibrėžiamos sąvokos: istorinis miestas, senamiestis, istorinis miesto branduolys, istorinis priemiestis. Apibendrintai aptariami Vilniaus, Kauno, Klaipėdos ir Kėdainių istorinių priemiesčių, esančių senamiesčiuose, urbanistiniai ypatumai – plano, užstatymo ir tūrinės erdvinės kompozicijos savitumai. Iliustracijose grafiškai išskiriamos senamiesčių sudėtinės dalys – istorinis miesto branduolys ir istoriniai priemiesčiai.
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Corfield, Penelope J. "New Approaches for Old Towns?" Journal of Urban History 23, no. 1 (November 1996): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429602300104.
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Musiaka, Łukasz, Paweł Sudra, and Tomasz Spórna. "Spatial Chaos as a Result of War Damage and Post-War Transformations. Example of the Small Town of Węgorzewo." Land 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050541.
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World War II’s military activities and the post-war devastation period destroyed many European cities and towns. One of the areas that was struck the most was former East Prussia, currently located in Poland and the Kaliningrad Region (the Russian Federation). In addition to the destruction of cities, which are strategically and economically important, small towns have also suffered. An example of such a town is Węgorzewo, where the scale of destruction of the pre-war urban tissue exceeded 80%, and the old town’s built-up area practically ceased to exist. This town magnifies most of the processes and spatial problems characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe’s towns of the “metamorphic” type. Post-war zoning during the Polish People’s Republic period, in the spirit of constructing a socialist town and bypassing the original spatial arrangement, brought about irreversible changes in the urban tissue. This was reflected in the break with the town’s original layout and the creation of modernist buildings. The changes were solidified or even deepened during the economic and political transition of the 1990s in Poland. Today, decades after the end of World War II, despite taking corrective measures, the town is still facing the problem of spatial chaos. Its morphological and physiognomic manifestations in the lack of a central public space, the loss of its historic character, the disharmonization of the urban landscape, and the dispersed development are the main subjects of this article’s analysis. This study uses a diverse methodological apparatus consisting of an analysis of the town’s morphological transformations, an analysis of the physiognomy of the urban landscape and architecture, in situ studies, and an analysis of municipal documents and expert interviews. In the discussion, the study results are embedded in the context of the cases of other European cities and towns. The conclusions indicate the risks to the formation of spatial order in Węgorzewo and possible paths of action.
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Jia, Yuan Yuan, and Jian Yu. "Current Preservation and Development State of Traditional Changzhen (Old Towns)’ Landscape Features." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.310.
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Old towns is like living fossil which has accumulated rich historical connotations; the one carrying the history of a region’ political, economic, cultural and ecological changes as well as the formative art created by collective labors and wisdoms of generations. The preservation of ancient Chinese dwellings and old towns began late; many historical architectures and traditional country fairs are forcibly removed during the transformation of old cities and towns, thus ancient towns with their original historical looks are becoming less and less. In comparison, the preservation and development of old western towns started earlier than china, with rich experience, they offer good examples for china, especially the successful developing way: eco-tourism. By comparing the preservation and development of traditional Chinese towns’ landscape features to that of western ones, this paper points out that the future development of old towns rely on proper handling of the relation between preserving and the feasibility of renewing, so as to maintain the landscape features of old towns in the course of sustainable development.
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황계화 and 정강화. "Comparison Study on Street Furniture guideline between New Towns and Old Towns." Journal of Digital Design 10, no. 2 (April 2010): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17280/jdd.2010.10.2.027.
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Dijokiene, Dalia. "Evaluation of the transformation potential of urbanised landscape (Vilnius case)." Landscape architecture and art 13 (December 10, 2018): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2018.13.03.
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The article analyzes the evaluation of the transformation potential of valuable urbanised landscape. Many of the old towns formed as valuable urbanised landscapes. However, the transformation of urban structures of viable cities, which also entails transformation of urbanised landscapes, is inevitable. Basically, there are only two ways of transformation – either it happens in its own way or it can be professionally controlled. In this article the problem of urbanised landscape transformation is illustrated by the analytical work carried out for the eastern part of the Old Town of Vilnius (UNESCO heritage site). In the eastern part of the Old Town of Vilnius there are two architectural ensembles that form the characteristic panoramas and silhouettes of the Old Town. In this part of the city, various new built-up initiatives have been active since 2007. The article discusses the urban research, the purpose of which was to answer the question about the potential height of the newly designed built up in a former historic suburb of Vilnius. The potential impact of new buildings on the panoramas, silhouettes, dominant elements, and perspectives as well as nominal spaces of that concrete street of the historical suburb is assessed based on the analysis of the towns cape seen from typical external and internal viewing points of the Old Town. The article describes an integrated method of assessing visual effect on the urbanised landscape.
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Gritsenko, V. V., L. V. Ostapenko, and I. A. Subbotina. "The Importance of Civil, Ethnic and Regional Identity for Residents from Small Russian Towns and its Determinants." Social Psychology and Society 11, no. 4 (2020): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110412.
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Objective. The objective of the study is to analyze the subjective significance attached by residents of small towns to civil, ethnic and regional identities and to identify its determinants. Background. The growth of uncertainty and social and economic instability in society actualize the processes in the social identification of the person. Under these conditions the study of civic, ethnic and regional identities of residents from provincial towns in the Russian Federation as an important resource for group solidarity is of particular importance. Study design. The authors rely on H. Tajfel and J. Turner’s theory of social identity. We conducted a survey among residents in the town Belev, Tula region, and the town Staritsa, Tver region, characterized by mono-ethnicity, negative demographic dynamics, remoteness from the capital and its regional centers. Participants. The study involved 600 ethnic Russians (50.8% women). The quota sample in both towns included three age groups: 16—29 years old, 30—49 years old, 50 and older, each group included 100 people. Measurements. The questionnaire was developed and tested at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. The questions are aimed at determining the identification degree of respondents with various social groups, as well as assessing satisfaction with various aspects of life and confidence in their own future and the future of their town. For data processing we used methods of descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, multiple regression analysis, SPSS 18.0. Results. We have found high rates of subjective significance of civic, ethnic and regional identities for respondents. Moreover residents of small towns identify themselves more with representatives of their folk, less with residents of their town/region and even less with citizens of their country. The determinants of the subjective significance in the investigated types of identity for old people are satisfaction with various aspects of life, while residents in town Belev have unlimited love for their native town, pride and faith in its future prosperity. Conclusions. The study showed that residents of small towns are looking for reliance, support and protection, primarily in identification with their ethnic group. The resource for maintaining positive self-determination is also regional identity. Moreover regional identity in this case plays an important consolidating role acting as a mechanism for the social integration of civil society.
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Kusenbach, Margarethe. "Newcomers to Old Towns: Suburbanization of the Heartland." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 5 (September 2004): 570–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300538.
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Craig, Verdie A. "Newcomers to Old Towns: Suburbanization of the Heartland." Journal of Rural Studies 20, no. 4 (October 2004): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2004.01.001.
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BARLETT, PEGGY F. "Newcomers to Old Towns: Suburbanization of the Heartland." American Anthropologist 106, no. 4 (December 2004): 776–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2004.106.4.776.
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Zienty, Daniel J. "Tight Budgets Strap Small Towns With Old Tanks." Opflow 32, no. 6 (June 2006): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2006.tb01869.x.
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Ewert, Eric C. "Searching for the “Old West” in the Theme Towns of the New American West." Review of Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i1.8.
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<div align="center"><p>The Western Anachronism: thanks to western novels and Hollywood, the general public and a great many foreign visitors believe that the “Real West” is, or should be, the mythic West of cowboys and Indians, pickax miners, mountain trappers, and Oregon Trail pioneers. And for a great many busted resource towns, Real West tourism seems to be the boom waiting to replace moribund mining, logging, ranching, and agriculture. So, in many places, towns have rushed to re-create the past in order to attract visitors and new residents. Tourists want to see 19th century saloons and bordellos, old-style signs, Main Street gunfights, blacksmith shops, and hitching posts, not irrigated agriculture, sprawling suburbs, interstate highways, franchise America, and retirement communities. To meet these expectations, towns have reinvented themselves as “museums” of the Old West. For some, historic preservation and resurrection of past landscapes have sufficed, but for others, the “old” look is completely contrived. In both cases, this “Old West” iconography has become emblematic of the rapidly growing modern “New West.” It appears as Victorian, Bavarian, Mining, Wild West, Alpine, Old West, Southwest, Frontier, and other themes. Indeed, one can hardly visit a rural western town without seeing half-timbers or false fronts or board sidewalks or adobe bricks or tile roofs or some other representative adornment or period bric-a-brac. Furthermore, the activities of tourism and outdoor recreation seem most at home when rooted in these “themed” landscapes. The only problem is this: while many theme towns have enjoyed sustained economic success, the costs and tradeoffs have often rendered them no more real or stable than a western movie-set façade.</p></div>
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Ni, Hao, Peng Gong, and Xuecao Li. "Extraction of Old Towns in Hangzhou (2000–2018) from Landsat Time Series Image Stacks." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132438.
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With rapid urbanization in recent decades, more and more urban renewal has taken place in China. Meanwhile, the early developed areas without change have become old towns, which need special attention in future city planning. However, other than field surveys, there is no specific method to identify old towns. To fill this gap, we used time-series image stacks established from Landsat Surface Reflectance Tier 1 data on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, facilitated by Global Urban Boundary (GUB), Essential Urban Land Use Categories (EULUC) and Global Artificial Impervious Area (GAIA) data. The LandTrendr change detection algorithm was applied to extract detailed information from 14 band/index trajectories. These features were then used as inputs to two methods of old town identification: statistical thresholding and random forest classification. We assessed these two methods in a rapidly developing large city, Hangzhou, and subsequently obtained overall accuracies of 81.33% and 90.67%, respectively. Red band, NIR band and related indices show higher importance in random forest classification, and the magnitude feature plays an outstanding role. The final map of Hangzhou during the 2000–2018 period shows that the old towns were concentrated in the downtown region near West Lake within the urban boundaries in 2000, and far fewer than the renewed areas. The results could serve as references in the provincial and national planning of future urban developments.
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Mohmad Shukri, Sharyzee, Golnoosh Manteghi, Mohammad Hussaini Wahab, Rohayah Che Amat, and Wong Hick Ming. "Preserving and Conserving Malay Royal Towns Identity in Malaysia." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI6 (December 25, 2018): 852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi6.852.860.
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Malay Royal towns in Malaysia are the best evolution examples of Malay towns dating from the 16th century which have a strong related history of old Malay Kingdom that are worthy of preservation. This paper aims to discover the significance of the royal towns so as to ensure its preservation. This research managed to identify the townscape characteristics that shaped the identity of Malay Royal towns in Malaysia. Based on the historical and physical evidences that are still exist, five (5) royal towns that gazated will be selected as study area namely; Anak Bukit (Alor Setar), Klang, Sri Menanti, Kuala Terengganu and Kota Bharu. This study utilized a series of qualitative approaches that included literature reviews of scholarly articles, historical map overlay, semi-structured interviews and site observations. The findings from this research expose that Malay Royal towns have a great significant in the development of Malay towns in Malaysia. These towns also reveal a few of townscape characteristics that are associate as an urban heritage, rich with identity, cultural and architectural significance. The paper concludes that a conventional conservation approach it seems insufficient to preserve and maintain the whole ideas of a Malay Royal town identity. A new comprehensive method of preservation and conservation will be generate in order to sustain the identity of the Malay Royal towns that represents the local and national identity.
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Nasr, Tahereh. "A Comparative Study of How to Renovate Historical Fabrics in the UK, France, the USA and Iran (Shiraz)." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 6 (November 30, 2016): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n6p168.
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<p>Restoration and renovation of the historical fabric of towns is one of the methods of intervention in towns with historical fabrics and old buildings that means continuous and conscious act for modernization, prevention from erosion and wear, longevity of historical buildings and fabrics of the towns, which are carried out aiming at a new function as appropriate to the needs of the daily life.</p><p>The record of restoration of the historical fabric of the towns in advanced counties is about two countries old, but the restoration and improvement of the historical fabric of towns separately and independent from historical buildings as a live, dynamic urban element was never paid attention by congresses and scientific centers before the Second World War. After the Second World War, restoration and reconstruction was paid attention again and was discussed in academic centers. That was while construction operations were under way in most European towns rapidly and intensively and no enough time was there for their study. The present article, while reviewing the world laws and enactments on urban restoration, has a look on different kinds of renovation in urban fabrics. What is important is the economic feasibility of renovation in the areas under study.</p><p>The present article is an effort towards review of the literature on restoration and innovation of historical urban fabrics based on the universal activities.</p><p>The purpose of this study is explanation of the components being paid attention in renovation of the old urban fabrics.</p><p>An analytical – comparative review of the experience gained in developed countries, on the one hand, and developing countries, on the other hand, could provide a guide toward development of effective solutions for renovation of historical spaces in towns. Analysis and examination of the process of the influence of modern western architectural, urban development and urban restoration on the modern Iranian architecture and urban development are among the achievements of such a study.</p><p>The research methodology, considering exploration of the form of the Iranian town is descriptive – analytical and the method of collecting data is field work and documentation</p><p>"The content structure of the study" is supported by the process of determination and introduction of efficient policies and strategies in traditional and historical fabrics. Strategies such as creation of new economic demands, environmental improvements, preservation and safeguarding of the historical nature of the quarter with physical restoration, development of criteria for functional design and renovation are among other notable subjects in this project.</p><p>The findings of the study show that, the historical neighborhoods of towns usually serve as autonomous functional areas, and, therefore, paying attention to them must be made in the context and the general fabric of the town and the relevant districts. Renovation, which is nothing but returning vitality and activity to the areas, is a dynamic, powerful process. Considering the above- mentioned items, one could say that the process has had different degrees in different areas. A successful renovation must show itself, in physical, economic and social aspects as well.</p>The results show the physical improvement of the town by paying attention to the physical components of the urban indentify. Also, one should attend to creation of cognitive and aesthetic values aiming at providing the readability and upgrading the mental image of the town when innovating the old fabrics.
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Szczepańska, Agnieszka, and Katarzyna Pietrzyk. "A multidimensional analysis of spatial order in public spaces: a case study of the town Morąg, Poland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 44, no. 44 (June 5, 2019): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0020.
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AbstractCentrally located public spaces, such as old towns, are an important feature of historic towns. They are often the most characteristic and representative element of a town that brings together members of the local community, plays various sociological and social roles and promotes direct interactions between the users of space. Only high-quality public spaces can effectively fulfil their role. The aim of this study was to analyse spatial order in public spaces on the example of the Old Town district of Morąg in North-Eastern Poland. The quality of public spaces was analysed with the use of a self-designed method, a field inventory and a questionnaire survey involving 100 members of the local community who were asked to evaluate the quality of public spaces in the town. The results of the comparison were used to identify public spaces that require revitalisation. The study demonstrates that spatial order directly influences the quality of public spaces. Our findings indicate that multidimensional analyses of spatial order and opinion surveys provide valuable inputs and should be included in studies evaluating the quality of public spaces.
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Gwosdz, Krzysztof, Bolesław Domański, and Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka. "Localised capabilities as an intermediating factor in the transition from an old to a new development path: The case of post-socialist industrial towns." Moravian Geographical Reports 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0010.
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AbstractThere are debates in the research literature about the mechanisms responsible for the formation of local development trajectories. What is emphasised, as particularly scarce, are longitudinal studies which show how historical, social and institutional structures are reproduced and/or transformed into new paths of development in the case of industrial towns. This paper aims to capture the role of various social, cultural and institutional features that constitute localised capabilities, in the process of transition from an old to a new developmental path for older industrial towns. The authors use case studies of three medium-sized industrial centres in Poland: Dzierżoniów, Starachowice and Mielec, to illustrate how localised capabilities are shaped by the interplay of earlier economic activity and the characteristics of local firms, on the one hand, and the evolving social, cultural and institutional attributes of the particular town and its region on the other. As a result, industrial towns may differ significantly in their ability to absorb exogenous impulses, as well as their capacity to transform and recombine them into a new development pathway that is more resilient than the old one.
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He, Y., and Y. He. "URBAN SHANTY TOWN RECOGNITION BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGES AND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL MONITORING FEATURES – A CASE STUDY OF NANNING CITY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-517-2018.
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Urban shanty towns are communities that has contiguous old and dilapidated houses with more than 2000 square meters built-up area or more than 50 households. This study makes attempts to extract shanty towns in Nanning City using the product of Census and TripleSat satellite images. With 0.8-meter high-resolution remote sensing images, five texture characteristics (energy, contrast, maximum probability, and inverse difference moment) of shanty towns are trained and analyzed through GLCM. In this study, samples of shanty town are well classified with 98.2&thinsp;% producer accuracy of unsupervised classification and 73.2&thinsp;% supervised classification correctness. Low-rise and mid-rise residential blocks in Nanning City are classified into 4 different types by using k-means clustering and nearest neighbour classification respectively. This study initially establish texture feature descriptions of different types of residential areas, especially low-rise and mid-rise buildings, which would help city administrator evaluate residential blocks and reconstruction shanty towns.
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Wee Lim Hew, William, David Yoon Kin Tong, and Gerald Guan Gan Goh. "Revitalisation of the Old Township of Ipoh, Malaysia." Journal of Place Management and Development 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-05-2013-0015.
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Purpose – This paper aims to propose a direction for rejuvenating the declining Ipoh Old Town through a conservation-based approach. Design/methodology/approach – Recommendations for revitalisation are based on comparison between the local government's development proposals and historical study of revitalisation initiatives undertaken in neighbouring countries. Findings – The review has found that the revitalisation of Ipoh should be more towards servicing the needs of its residents than to gain from tourism development. Practical implications – Findings of the review have blurred the distinction between purist and ameliorist stances of conservation and suggest that the policy development should be a partnership of all stakeholders, vested with powers to implement. Originality/value – This paper provides an insight into urban regeneration for smaller, more local-dependent historic towns.
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Glasze, Georg, and Abdallah Alkhayyal. "Gated Housing Estates in the Arab World: Case Studies in Lebanon and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 3 (June 2002): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12825t.
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The authors analyze the cultural, economic, and political background of new gated housing estates in the Arab world with the aid of case studies in Lebanon and Riyadh. Their question is to what extent these developments represent a reappearance of the fragmented settlement patterns in many of the old towns. On the one hand, new compounds of several villas and common facilities housing extended families in Riyadh may be interpreted as a revival of certain sociospatial settings in the old town, in which extended families often shared a common courtyard. The compounds for Western foreigners in Saudi Arabia follow the principle of spatial seclusion of social groups with different cultural and religious backgrounds—a principle of the sociospatial organization of many old towns in the Arab world. The emergence of gated housing estates in Lebanon, on the other hand, has obvious and specific sociopolitical origins in the 20th century. The failure of public regimentation and provision created a gap, which was partially filled by the private sector. For their mostly wealthy clientele, gated housing estates offer private small-scale solutions to nationwide problems.
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Białuński, Grzegorz. "„Dla powszechnego rozwoju, podniesienia i poprawy naszego księstwa”. Lokacje miast mazurskich w Prusach Książęcych (1525-1701)." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 69, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2017.2.2.
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The article presents the process of creation of new towns in the Duchy of Prussia (1525-1701), which later became Masuria. More specifically, the paper describes how a hamlet received a location privilege. The establishment of towns described here (Olecko, Gołdap, Węgorzewo, Giżycko,Pisz and Ełk) was initiated by Albert, the Duke of Prussia (1525-1568). He was motivated by the idea partially formulated in the location privilege: “For the general growth, elevation and betterment of our duchy”. The duke personally granted the location privilege only to Olecko, which was the sole town established on previously unsettled land. In the remaining cases, he only gave a verbal promise. This did not guarantee a rapid grant of thelocation privilege as the promise was fulfilled by the duke’s successors in the remaining cases. It happened first in case of Gołdap and Węgorzewo, just several years after the promise had been made. It took a little longer in case of Giżycko (after several decades), while Pisz and Ełk had to wait the longest (almost or more than 100 years). Each town had its own different origins. Gołdap was created quickly (1565-1570) on an area which used to be a duke’s grange. Węgorzewo, Giżycko, Pisz and Ełk waited for several hundred years for a legally binding location privilege. It is important to note that each of the aforementioned towns was established near a former castle of the Teutonic Order. Moreover, the hamlets which developed near the former castles had a different status but they all performed a market or craft function. With time, this function served as a basis for applying for the town privilege. The market function was originally carried out by the peasant hamlets in Węgrorzewo and Giżycko, even though the towns were createdon the tenant farmer villages. Furthermore, the old peasant hamlets still functioned but as the contemporary out-of-town jurydykas (German Schloβfreiheit). Pisz was established on the basis of an old peasant hamlet and it never was a tenant farmer village. In case of Ełk it was the exact opposite, there never was a separate peasant hamlet. The tenant farmervillage located there evolved into a town. Only two towns were founded due to the inhabitants’ initiative, namely Olecko and Gołdap. The remaining ones were established collectively by the whole community. Most frequently, it took place with the participation of the inhabitants of the former hamlets (Giżycko, Pisz, and Ełk). The former inhabitants did not participate in the process of town building only in the case of Węgorzewo and Gołdap.Generally speaking, each location privilege described here gave the towns the so-called town privilege (German Stadtrecht). It described in detail the area of land and the type of the town privilege which was granted (Culm law in each case). Moreover, it allowed the creation of town authorities (mayor, council and bench) and granted them the option to issue documents and statutes (German Willkür) as well as allowed them to possess a seal. Furthermore, it allowed the towns to organize markets and fairs on certainfixed dates as well as regulated the rights and obligations of the townsmen. Even though the location privilege formally meant the end of the town creation process as far the law was concerned, it did not mean that it was the end of its formation. Further steps had to be made to constitute the authorities and the bench, to write statutes (German Willkür), guild regulations, etc.
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Hed Jacobsson, Anna. "Towns, Plots, Crafts and Fertility - Traces of a Power Ideology." Current Swedish Archaeology 7, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1999.04.
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Change is always related to past experience. In this article it is argued that the spatial organization of the earliest towns in Scandinavia, in spite of their novelty, reflected old concepts and beliefs. The hypothesis is that the placing of buildings, the parcelling out of plots etc. in a Viking Age town such as Birka, referred to still vital concepts of fertility, creativity and wealth —and the power over these things. One aspect of the argument is that there existed a metaphorical relationship between the fertile field in the countryside and the productive town plot, where skilful smiths created valuable things.
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Giuffrida, Salvatore, Maria Rosa Trovato, Chiara Circo, Vittoria Ventura, Margherita Giuffrè, and Valentina Macca. "Seismic Vulnerability and Old Towns. A Cost-Based Programming Model." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100427.
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Vulnerability is a big issue for small inland urban centres, which are exposed to the risk of depopulation. In the climate of the centre-northern part of Italy, and in the context of the recent concentration of a high number of earthquakes in that area, seismic vulnerability can become the determinant cause of the final abandonment of a small town. In some Italian regions, as well as in Emilia Romagna, municipalities are implementing seismic vulnerability reduction policies based on the Emergency Limit Condition, which has become a basic point of reference for ordinary land planning. This study proposes an approach to seismic vulnerability reduction based on valuation planning for implementation within the general planning framework of the Faentina Union, a group of five small towns located in the southwestern part of the Province of Ravenna, Italy. This approach consists of three main stages: knowledge—the typological, constructive, and technological descriptions of the buildings, specifically concerning their degree of vulnerability; interpretation—analysis with the aim of outlining a range of hypotheses with respect to damage in case of a prospective earthquake; and planning—the identification of the courses of action intended to meaningfully reduce the vulnerability of buildings. This stage includes a cost modelling tool aimed at defining the trade-off between the extension and the intensity of the vulnerability reduction works, given the budget.
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Zagroba, Marek, and Dorota Gawryluk. "Revitalisation as a Method of Planning Sustainable Development of Old Town Complexes in Historic Towns." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 95 (December 2017): 052002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/5/052002.
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Zin, Barbara. "Protection of old forges in Sułkowice – symbol of the local crafts-manship." Budownictwo i Architektura 14, no. 3 (September 8, 2015): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1624.
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Wooden structures linked to agriculture are disappearing from the image of the Polish countryside, villages and small towns at the beginning of the 21st century. It is worthy to start the discussion on the fate of desolate, deteriorating forges, sawmills, carpentries, or water mills which are relics of the traditional technology. Sułkowice, a small town in the Małopolskie voivodeship, has been known for ages as a prominent centre of blacksmiths and their craft. Even today one feels the specific character of the landscape; in the mid-19th century circa 1000 blacksmiths worked there. Tradition lived until the times after the Second World War – when artisans in Sułkowice forged, among others, artful fittings for the MS ‘Batory’ [famed Polish liner]. Inventories, surveys and measurements of old forges, elaborated by the authoress within the framework of the research grant “Image of villages and small towns in Poland of the last decade of the 20th century” (led by Prof. Wiktor Zin) led to gathering of the documentation of circa 20 structures hailing from the close of the 19th century. After 20 years that elapsed since the research there are only a few left, and their days are numbered. Local Programme of Revitalisation of the Town from the year 2007 which is a strategic plan for enterprises aiming at amelioration of the area, does not mention the protection of the last witnesses of the local crafts’s tradition. Whereby the activisation of the local community, deriving from the tradition of the place, should be the aim of such a programme. Thus maybe there should be reconstruction and later ‘cyclical rebuilding’ of the structures which have no chance to exist with their primary function? “Old-new” wooden structures shall be a reminder of the blacksmiths’ tradition.
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Nomura, Rie, Siyuan Shan, and Suguru Mori. "Analyzing Spatial Structure of Traditional Houses in Old Towns with Tourism Development and Its Transformation toward Sustainable Development of Residential Environments in Hexia Old Town, in China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 3809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103809.
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This study elucidates the spatial structure of traditional houses, and its transformation toward sustainable development of residential environments in old towns that are currently the focus of tourism development initiatives. Hexia old town in Huai’an District, China, was chosen for this study involving a field survey, questionnaire survey, and interviews. Data analysis identified three periods of residential transformation and three patterns of the residential transformation process. In all cases, there was low awareness of building conservation measures and lack of tourism development by the government, which has translated into ongoing residential transformations according to the demands of daily life. However, in the interests of tourism development, some businesses have started making use of vacant residences and traditional homes, and the relative proximity to work and home imply sustainability of residents’ lifestyles under these conditions. An improvement plan for an old town requires a thorough understanding of the circumstances surrounding residential modifications executed by residents, the problems faced in the living environment, as well as efforts to increase the residents’ awareness of the issue of sustainable living in that old town.
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Gao, Nan, Wenguo Weng, Wei Ma, Shunjiang Ni, Quanyi Huang, and Hongyong Yuan. "Fire spread model for old towns based on cellular automaton." Tsinghua Science and Technology 13, no. 5 (October 2008): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-0214(08)70094-4.
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Kolbek, Jiří, Milan Valachovič, and Katarína Mišíková. "Wall Vegetation in Old Royal Mining Towns in Central Slovakia." Hacquetia 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2015-0007.
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Abstract During May, 2013, the vegetation on city walls has been studied in five old royal mining towns of Central Slovakia (Banská Belá, Banská Štiavnica, Kremnica, Nová Baňa, and Pukanec). In the four last-named towns, phytocoenological material was recorded according to the Braun-Blanquet method, providing 41 relevés. Analysis of data (Twinspan , DCA) grouped the relevés into four clusters: ass. Cymbalarietum muralis, Corydalidetum luteae, Asplenietum rutae-murarie-trichomanis, and the most hemerobic community dominated by Chelidonium majus. All communities are generally rather heterogeneous, with a large range of number of species and with frequent participation of accessory plants. In the observed localities, 22 epilithic mosses and 2 liverworts were recorded: the most common species appears Encalypta streptocarpa, Homalothecium sericeum, Tortula muralis, Hypnum cupressiforme, Schistidium apocarpum agg., and Bryum caespiticium.
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Levin, Molly. "On Partnering and Tourism: A Comparison of Two Small Towns in Western North Carolina." Practicing Anthropology 27, no. 4 (September 1, 2005): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.27.4.rj76j731073671m1.
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Many community development organizations seek to involve their clients in projects through partnerships. This paper addresses the partnership model of the North Carolina-based organization HandMade in America and its Small Towns Revitalization Program. Ethnography plays an important role in this investigation. I spent the summer of 2004 as an intern at HandMade in America (HandMade), collecting ethnographic data in order to create a survey measuring the impact that the Small Towns program is having on the quality of residents' lives. While sitting in numerous living rooms and kitchens talking with men and women, old and young, local and newcomer, it became clear that while there are similarities across the region, each town has its own resources and problems that dictate the concerns of its residents.
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Kalic, Jovanka. "Episcopal towns of medieval Serbia." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 50-1 (2013): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1350433k.
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This paper is part of a study devoted to the role of the so-called old bishoprics in the medieval history of Serbia. Most of the towns functioning as epsicopal sees grew on early Christian sites and traditions, and were renovated in the Byzantine period. The goal of the research, focused on two towns, Ras and Nis, with the findings cross-checked against Prizren and Belgrade, is to examine the attitude of the Serbian rulers towards the pre-existing ecclesiastical organization. The research also addresses the issue of the capital city of the medieval Serbian state.
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Bajracharya, Rijina. "Spatial transformation in the urban periphery - a study of Lubhu, Lalitpur." Journal of Science and Engineering 4 (April 3, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v4i0.22374.
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Cities are in a constant state of transformation. With the growing urbanization, spatial structures are developed or replaced by the new one with respect to time. The towns located at the urban periphery of such city centers have always been the foremost target space to cater the increasing urban growth. Thus the settlement pattern, spatial structures and cultural integrity of those towns are exposed to an inevitable process of transformation along with modernization. However, the issues of transformation may vary depending on the context. Thus the aim of the research (which is based on the household survey of 2010 A.D.) is to understand the spatial transformation and identify the issues in this transformation process in Lubhu, one of the traditional towns in Kathmandu Valley, located in the close proximity of urban boundary of Lalitpur. Since the town has two major aspects of spatial layout, the first being the traditional old settlement confined within the town gates at four cardinal directions and next the agricultural land beyond the traditional boundary, the research makes an attempt to analyze transformations namely an intensive (within the existing settlement) and an extensive (in peripheral agricultural land) transformation with some exemplary illustrations. The theoretical framework derived after the literature review facilitates the analysis of the spatial transformations happening in Lubhu.
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Fang, De Wei. "Study on the Reconstruction Implementation Barriers of Urban Shanty Towns of Harbin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.65.
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Solving the housing problem for urban low-income people is one of important issues of the housing policy and urban planning in China. Shanty towns which were left from old days are now the main housing source for low-income populations; therefore, shanty town reconstruction has been taken as a resolution for solving housing problems for low-income people. However, the current land policy, real estate development policy, urban planning laws and regulations are insufficient in solving the shanty town reconstruction difficulties and more likely become barriers of it. A number of indicators such as building density, per capita living space, land prices and floor area ratio are used to determine how successful the shanty town reconstruction being implemented. In this article, a flexible solution on political and regulatory basis for solving shanty town reconstruction difficulties will be proposed by systematically analyzing various economical and technical indicators.
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Dorius, Shaw. "Newcomers to Old Towns: Suburbanization of the Heartland , by Sonya Salamon." Rural Sociology 69, no. 1 (March 2004): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1526/003601104322920278.
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Governa, Francesca, and Angelo Sampieri. "Urbanisation processes and new towns in contemporary China: A critical understanding from a decentred view." Urban Studies 57, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019860807.
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The article discusses the results of research on Chinese new towns focusing on three places: Tongzhou New Town, located in the eastern suburban expansion of Beijing; Zhaoqing New Area, currently being built approximately 20 km from the old city of Zhaoqing (Guandong Province); and Zhengdong New District, located near Zhengzhou (inland Henan Province). Tongzhou, Zhaoqing and Zhengdong have absolutely nothing in common: location, size, spaces, economies, inhabitants, or when and how they were built. However, studying these places allowed us to identify two issues that still seem to be in need of investigation both empirically and theoretically: the spatial features and regional scaling-up of the Chinese urbanisation processes. While presenting these issues, on the one hand, the article emphasises their specificity in the investigated contexts and, on the other, it transcends these specific cases in order to question urban studies beyond the (alleged) exceptionality of Chinese urbanisation. By adopting this approach, Chinese new towns become an object of study as well as a specific viewpoint from which to examine contemporary urbanisation and radically re-discuss old categories, conceptualisations and even the epistemology of the urban.
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Steinführer, Annett, and Katrin Grossmann. "Small towns (re)growing old. Hidden dynamics of old-age migration in shrinking regions in Germany." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 103, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2021.1944817.
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RAVEN, NEIL. "Chelmsford during the industrial revolution, c.1790–1840." Urban History 30, no. 1 (May 2003): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926803001032.
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Were England's old shire towns marginalized from the process of economic change during the period of the classical Industrial Revolution? A number of contributors to The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. II make this claim, others emphasize the continued relevance of these towns in the emerging industrial age. With few investigations undertaken into the county towns of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, detailed case study analysis is needed. Using trade directories to profile Chelmsford's business community, this article presents evidence of a dynamic and prosperous urban economy.
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Gu, Lijuan, Yang Cheng, David Phillips, and Mark Rosenberg. "Understanding the Wellbeing of the Oldest-Old in China: A Study of Socio-Economic and Geographical Variations Based on CLHLS Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040601.
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Empirical studies of the socio-economic determinants of the wellbeing of the oldest-old in China including the role of geography and spatial factors are rare. This paper applies binary logistic regression analysis to data on the oldest-old aged 80 years old and higher from the 2011 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS). Socioeconomic determinants of the self-reported quality of life (QoL) and self-reported health (SRH) of the oldest-old population are explored, with special attention paid to the role of residence and region. The results indicate that, after controlling for individual demographic and health behavior variables, both economic status and social welfare have a significant effect on self-reported QoL and SRH. There are also significant differences in self-reported QoL among cities, towns and rural areas, with the oldest-old respondents living in Central rural, Western town and Western rural areas being significantly less likely to report good QoL, compared to the oldest-old living in Eastern cities. Significant differences in SRH exist among Eastern China, Western China and Northeastern China, with the oldest-old from Western towns being significantly less likely to report good health, and the oldest-old from Northeastern cities being significantly more likely to report good health than those from Eastern cities. The results of this study indicate that socioeconomic factors that explain self-reported QoL and SRH of the older population are in general factors that explain the self-reported QoL and SRH of the oldest-old cohorts. The interaction effect of residence and region matters more than each of the individual factors, in providing us with more detailed information on the role of geography in explaining QoL and health of the oldest-old. At a time when the oldest-old cohorts in China are at the beginning of their projected growth, these findings are vital for providing policy makers with more information on the urgency of making more geographically targeted policy to improve more effectively the self-reported QoL and SRH of the oldest-old population.
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Hoshko, T. "REPRESENTATION OF THE OLD AGE IN THE TOWNS OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN TIMES." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 136 (2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.136.1.04.
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From ancient times, philosophical treatises divided human life into separate periods. The most extreme of them were childhood and old age. If the first of these stages is relatively well represented both in legal literature and documentary sources, the second one is paid much less attention. There was no clear dating of the beginning of old age. The attitude towards older people was ambivalent, which was dictated by both Christian views and the practice of life. These views were widespread in the towns of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries. The town law to some extent protected older people, but in most cases, they did not act as subjects of law. The important groups of sources for the history of old age are the codes of law and burghers’ testaments.
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Zhu, Xiao Lin, Juan Liu, and Hong Lei Ju. "History’s Continuity and Regeneration of Fangzi, a Modern Town along Jiaoji Railway." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 2310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.2310.
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Fangzi, a century town, born because of Jiaoji Railway , still retains the old style, showing unique town layout and the historical and cultural landscape as a modern industrial town along the Jiaoji Railway, preserved basic integrity of the modern German-style architecture. In recent years, as urban development, adjustment planning of urban industrial layout, Fangzi, as the representative of industrial and mining town is facing a crucial decision. This paper through the understanding of the process of formation and development of Fangzi, urban pattern and architectural style, from the angle of science, history, art, culture to made the value research, and finally to identify strategies to protect and re-use, in the meantime, provide reference for the same type towns.
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Borcz, Zuzanna, and Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak. "FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF MARKET SQUARES IN SMALL TOWNS OF LOWER SILESIA/MAŽŲ ŽEMUTINĖS SILEZIJOS MIESTELIŲ FORMOS IR FUNKCIJŲ TYRIMAS." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 32, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2008.32.41-47.
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In the paper market squares in small towns of Lower Silesia region are presented, their area does not exceed 1 ha. For the present work 15 localities were selected: 10 towns and 5 villages which formerly had civic rights. The variety of shapes of market squares mainly resulted from the fact that the towns were founded in a different way. Most of them were formed as completely new settlements, the so-called settlements “on a rough root”, the other ones developed from boroughs or commercial villages. It should be pointed out that the function of a market square is its crucial feature. In the course of time the market square in many towns underwent transformations of its function along with the loss of importance as the central place of a town. Today market places for wholesale as well as for retail trade are designed at other points of a town. An old market square remains till now as an imposing place, although it may also be used as a car park. Concluding, it may be established that market squares played in the past and still play an important role in a town. Santrauka Pateikiami Žemutinės Silezijos miestelių istorinių turgaus aikščių raidos ir šiandieninės situacijos tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimui buvo parinkti charakteringiausi 1 ha ploto neviršijančių 10 miestelių ir 5 kaimo gyvenviečių, anksčiau turėjusių civilinių teisių, pavyzdžiai. Šio tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti aikščių, praradusių prekybos paskirtį, raidos tendencijas šiandieninės miestų kultūros ir urbanistinės plėtros kontekste. Autorės nagrinėja miestelių turgaus aikščių atsiradimo ir formavimosi urbanistines ir socialines prielaidas, atskleidžia funkcinio konteksto poveikį istoriniam aikštės plano pavidalui ir orientavimui erdvėje, jos architektūrinei kompozicijai. Išryškinami nagrinėjamų aikščių kompoziciniai ryšiai su kitomis svarbiomis visuomeninėmis erdvėmis ir architektūrinėmis dominantėmis. Aprašoma turgaus aikščių funkcinė transformacija, vykusi XX a. daroma išvada, kad buvusių turgaus aikščių lokalizacija miestelio centre ir jų meninė kompozicinė, taip pat ir istorinė vertė nulėmė tai, kad aikštės ir šiandien tebėra svarbios visuomeninės erdvės.
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Wang, Zhong Qing, Xian Liao, and Jun Yong. "Study on the Vernacular Dwellings’ Characteristic and Preservation in Ancient Towns of West Sichuan Plain." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2638.
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On the basis of the field survey of ancient towns in West Sichuan Plain, this paper studied the traditional vernacular dwelling’ architecture characteristics, as houses pattern, structure, door and window etc. And according to the preservation status, it also suggests not only finding balance between the rebuilding and keeping the old face of the ancient buildings, but adding the culture features into the development of the ancient towns.
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Brown‐Saracino, Japonica. "Social Preservationists and the Quest for Authentic Community." City & Community 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00073.x.
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In contemporary urban and rural America there is a social process separate and distinct from gentrification: social preservation. Social preservation is the culturally motivated choice of certain people, who tend to be highly educated and residentially mobile, to live in the central city or small town in order to live in authentic social space, embodied by the sustained presence of old‐timers. Social preservationists view old‐timers as indispensable to preserving a pristine “social wilderness” and as arbiters of authentic community. For this reason, they engage in efforts to limit the displacement of those original residents they deem to be truly authentic. Ethnographic data from two Chicago neighborhoods and two small Massachusetts towns describes and analyzes the ethic and practice of social preservation.
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Gnera, Volodimir A. "Advantage of using quadrocopters, for aero photo ancient of Old Rus towns." Gardarika 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/gard.2015.5.133.
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Lazenby, J. Mark, and Jodi Olshvevski. "Place of Death among Botswana'S Oldest Old." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 65, no. 3 (November 2012): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.65.3.a.
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Botswana, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, has been in the midst of an HIV/AIDs pandemic that has halted its previously lengthening life expectancy trend. However, one group to escape immediate effects on falling life span is the oldest old age group (> 80 years). Their roles in the community due to the pandemic, however, have changed. Place of death is an important consideration in end-of-life care for older adults, and one which has been well studied in the Global North. The purpose of this article is to determine where Botswana's oldest old die (home or hospital), and to see whether cause of death, gender, or residence in a city, town, or rural area is associated with place of death. We use death certificate data from 2005 and 2006 to describe where the oldest old Batswana (the name for the people of Botswana) died, home or hospital. Two-thirds died at home. The mean age at death was 88.46 (± 6.21) years; more were female (56.9%); and of known causes of death, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause (16.8%). Most stated causes of death (62.4%) were listed as “unknown.” Most oldest-old Batswana died in rural areas (70.1%), and in rural areas, proportionally more oldest old died at home compared to cities and towns. On multivariate analysis, being a woman > 80 years of age at death predicted home death. Future longitudinal study needs to determine preferences of place of death and the quality of death of Batswana > 80 years, especially women.
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Farinelli, Marcel. "Cittŕ nuove, colonizzazione e impero. Il caso di Fertilia." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 88 (February 2013): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2013-088004.
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Examines the reclamation project of a marsh area in the north-west of Sardinia, a plain called Nurra, near the city of Alghero, that was planned during the fascist regime. The project included the building of a new town, Fertilia, and the colonization of the entire area exclusively by peasants from the province of Ferrara. The marsh area was under the administration of the Alghero city administration, the nearest urban centre, that was also the only Catalan speaking minority in Sardinia and Italy. Analyzing the case study of the new town centre (Fertilia) created in opposition to the old town (Alghero), the author argues that the phenomenon of the new towns in Italy during the fascist regime was a way to definitively italianize the population of peripheral areas.
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Ivanenko, Оleksandr. "Some excerptions of the Tauric Peninsula toponymy. Perekop – Armyansk." Ukrainska mova, no. 4 (2020): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.04.072.
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Abstract: The main aim of the proposal article is to put in order the data of two indissolubly tied towns – Perekop and Armyansk (both in Krasnoperekopsky district). those towns history is closely tied and reflecting in their names, needing renewed and detailed commentaries. Primarily, Perekop was known as the Tάφρος, Taphræ since the І b.c. and since XVIII A.D. as Or, Or–Аgzy, Or–Каpі, Ferrah–Kerman. This fortress was the only one terrestrial way to the Crimea. But after the main part of Greek and Armenian people resettlement to the situated in five miles trade point in the thirties of the XVIII century, this point (Armyansk town nowadays) obtaines two new names Yeni / Novy–Bazar and Armyansky Bazar (which repels both new townsfolk natonality and those main line of work). at the same time, much of these oiconyms (besides Ferrah–Kerman) demonstrates extreme semantic firmness: at various times and in different languages these ones has been the ‘ditch’ meaning saving: Gr. τάφρος, Lat. Fossa, Old-Ukr., Old-Russ. Перекопъ(ь), Pol. Przekop, Prsecop, Tat. Or / Ор (Or–Аgzy and Or–Каpі), Russ. Rov. There such semantic typology examples in the Crimean oiconymy (and in toponymy in general) are frequent and forming one of the main Tauric toponymy features, reflecting an active centuries-old lingual interaction process. There Armyansk, Yeni / Novy–Bazar and Armyansky Bazar oiconyms have not any features of the typological continuity and reflects the new settlement rising circumstances. Keywords: history, onomatology, oiconymy, semantic reconstruction, historical linguistics.
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Vickery, A. J. "Town histories and Victorian plaudits: some examples from Preston." Urban History 15 (May 1988): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800013924.
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Charles Dickens visited Preston in January 1854 to report on the cotton lock-out of that year. What he saw contributed to his vision of the archetypal northern, urban industrial centre, Coketown:It was a town of red brick or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever and never got uncoiled.Three years later a rather different topographical account appeared in Charles Hardwick's history of the borough:Notwithstanding the occasional carpings of a few splenetic travellers, Preston is generally and deservedly recognized as one of the cleanest and most pleasantly situated manufacturing towns in England. The cotton factories are chiefly erected to the north and east of the old aristocratic borough …. and do not as yet materially interfere with the more ‘fashionable’ or picturesque sections of the district.The contrast illuminates the shortcomings of the town history both as literature and historical geography; but indicates the tenor of Prestonian self-justification. It is precisely this prosaic subjectivity which makes the histories a rich source. As Peter Clark asserts, ‘even fifth-rate urban historians sometimes have an important story to tell.’Unlike many other towns with long-established traditions of urban chronicling, history writing in Preston did not blossom until the nineteenth century.
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Taylor, Sarah. "Growing Up in a Steel Town: Early-Life Pollution Exposure and Later-Life Mortality." Social Science History 44, no. 1 (2020): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.45.
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ABSTRACTAn important hypothesis about the disease burden of air pollution is that high levels of exposure in childhood can result in a lifetime of health problems, leading to increased mortality rates at older ages. I evaluate this hypothesis using a proprietary data set—Medicare records matched to Social Security records that identify birthplace. I analyze old-age mortality among 390,000 individuals born in small cities and towns in Pennsylvania during the years 1916 through 1927. Some of these individuals were born in places with steel production, and thus likely had exposure to high levels of air pollution in childhood. These individuals have significantly higher rates of mortality post–age 65 than those born in comparable towns that did not have steel production facilities. There are three notable features of the excess mortality among those born in steel towns: (1) the relationship holds for comparisons within counties, (2) the excess mortality is higher in towns that had relatively higher levels of steel production, and (3) old-age mortality is especially high for individuals born in locations with relatively high levels of steel production and relatively low elevation—a finding consistent with the possibility that low-elevation locations were subject to atmospheric inversions that trapped air pollution. By matching the SSA/Medicare data with death certificate data, I am able to establish that the excess mortality associated with childhood exposure to air pollution is due primarily to elevated levels of cancer.
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Błachnio, Aleksandra. "DIFFERENCES OF THE HEALTH- RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE SENIOR CITIZENS." Acta Neuropsychologica 18, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1358.
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The aim of the study was to examine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the elderly in Poland. Researcher investigated if differences between gender groups were influenced by other variables such as period of ageing („young-old” vr „old-old”) and place of residence (big city, small town, village). The study sample comprised 2565 elderly who were at least 60 years of age. The average age for men was 72,76 and for women 72,39. The health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Polish adaptation WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Respondents rated both quality of life and general health well. Nevertheless the health-related quality of life domains’ rating decreases with age. Women are commonly less satisfied with the WHOQOL-BREF domains. Men living in little towns declared not only a high level of quality of life, but their estimates in the early and late old age are similar. The diversity of health-related quality of life needs further investigation along with a number of more subjective indicators of individual experiencing one’s old age (e.g. sense of one’s time of life or the awareness of age-related changes).
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Adamska, Monika. "New Chances for Old Towns. 21st Century Revitalization in Historic Centres of Silesia." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 (February 24, 2019): 092052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/9/092052.
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