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Journal articles on the topic 'Older marriages'
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1
Hsieh, Ning, and Louise Hawkley. "Loneliness in the older adult marriage." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 10 (June 8, 2017): 1319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517712480.
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Marriage protects against loneliness, but not all marriages are equally protective. While marriage is a highly interdependent relationship, loneliness in marital dyads has received very little research attention. Unlike most studies proposing that positive and negative marital qualities independently affect loneliness at the individual level, we used a contextual approach to characterize each partner’s ratings of the marriage as supportive (high support, low strain), ambivalent (high support, high strain), indifferent (low support, low strain), or aversive (low support, high strain) and examined how these qualities associate with own and partner’s loneliness. Using couple data from the Wave II National Social Life, Health and Aging Project ( N = 953 couples), we found that more than half of the older adults live in an ambivalent, indifferent, or aversive marriage. Actor–partner interdependence models showed that positive and negative marital qualities synergistically predict couple loneliness. Spouses in aversive marriages are lonelier than their supportively married counterparts (actor effect), and that marital aversion increases the loneliness of their partners (partner effect). In addition, wives (but not husbands) in indifferent marriages are lonelier than their supportively married counterparts. These effects of poor marital quality on loneliness were not ameliorated by good relationships with friends and relatives. Results highlight the prominent role of the marriage relationship for imbuing a sense of connectedness among older adults and underscore the need for additional research to identify strategies to help older adults optimize their marital relationship.
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Wolinsky, Mary Ann. "Marital Therapy with Older Couples." Social Casework 67, no. 8 (October 1986): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438948606700804.
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The developmental tasks of the mature-stage marriage are described and a therapy model designed for these issues is presented. The model melds developmental stage theory with psychodynamic theory and postulates that retirement and physical decline have a significant impact on the marriages of older couples.
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Islam, M. Mazharul, Faisal M. Ababneh, and MD Hasinur Rahaman Khan. "CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN JORDAN: AN UPDATE." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 4 (August 10, 2017): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000372.
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SummaryThis study examined the recent level, trends and determinants of consanguineous marriage in Jordan using time-series data from the Jordan Population and Family Health Surveys (JPFHSs). According to the 2012 JPFHS, 35% of all marriages were consanguineous in Jordan in 2012. There has been a declining trend in consanguinity in the country, with the rate decreasing from a level of 57% in 1990. Most consanguineous marriage in 2012 were first cousin marriages, constituting 23% of all marriages and 66% of all consanguineous marriages. The data show that women with a lower age at marriage, older marriage cohort, larger family size, less than secondary level of education, rural place of residence, no employment, no exposure to mass media, a monogamous marriage, a husband with less than higher level of education and lower economic status, and those from the Badia region, were more likely to have a consanguineous marriage. Increasing age at marriage, level of education, urbanization and knowledge about the health consequences of consanguinity, and the ongoing socioeconomic and demographic transition in the country, will be the driving forces for further decline in consanguinity in Jordan.
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Gianfortoni, Emily Wells. "Marriage Customs in Lar: The Role of Women's Networks in Tradition and Change." Iran and the Caucasus 13, no. 2 (2009): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12625876281181.
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AbstractOne reason many traditional Lari customs celebrating life cycle events, such as births, marriages, and pilgrimages were preserved well into the 1970s is that women, particularly the older women, have been the keepers of this knowledge. They maintained the practice of these customs and passed on the knowledge to their daughters and younger members of their social networks. This paper examines Lari marriage practices in the 1970s and contrasts them with earlier customs as reported by older women. It discusses also the role of social networks in maintaining, changing, and passing on marriage customs.
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Saenz, Joseph L., and Sunshine Rote. "Marital power and depressive symptoms among older Mexican adults." Ageing and Society 39, no. 11 (June 27, 2018): 2520–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000612.
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AbstractAn extensive body of research documents marital status differences in health among older adults. However, few studies have investigated the heterogeneity in depressive symptomatology among older married adults living in developing countries. Our study investigates the interplay of gender and marital power dynamics for mental health among older Mexican adults. Our sample includes older married couples in the 2015 Wave of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (N = 3,621 dyads). We use seemingly unrelated regression to model the association between self-reported distributions of decision-making power within marriages and depressive symptoms for husbands and wives. For approximately 41 per cent of couples, the husband and wife both reported an equal distribution of power in the marriage. Compared to those who reported an equal power distribution, husbands and wives who reported an imbalance of power (having more power or less power than their spouse) reported more depressive symptoms. Levels of depressive symptoms were higher in marriages characterised by power inequality. The relationship between equality in power and depressive symptoms is not explained by health-care needs or living arrangements. Marital quality is an important factor for understanding depressive symptoms among older Mexican adults.
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Liversage, Anika. "Remarriage among older immigrants and their host country peers – a countrywide study." Migration Letters 18, no. 3 (May 16, 2021): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i3.1224.
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With immigrants across Europe ageing in increasing numbers, this article uses Danish administrative data to map the unexplored remarriage patterns among three groups of older immigrants and compare them to their Danish host country peers. Results show that remarriage late in life is uncommon. When it occurs, men remarry more often than women, with the gender difference many times larger among immigrants. For choice of spouse, most marriages are endogamous, with immigrants predominantly finding spouses transnationally. The data also reveal a distinct age pattern in all groups, with wives substantially younger when marriages are transnational, i.e. when wives arrive as marriage migrants. In addition to extending the literature on remarriage in old age to include immigrant groups, this study also documents both the centrality of older immigrants finding spouses transnationally and the existence of substantial age differences in transnational remarriages, regardless of whether husbands are immigrants or not.
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Gershoni, Naomi, and Corinne Low. "Older Yet Fairer: How Extended Reproductive Time Horizons Reshaped Marriage Patterns in Israel." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 198–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180780.
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Israel’s 1994 adoption of free in vitro fertilization (IVF) provides a natural experiment for how fertility time horizons impact women’s marriage timing and other outcomes. We find a substantial increase in average age at first marriage following the policy change, using both men and Arab-Israeli women as comparison groups. This shift appears to be driven by both increased marriages by older women and younger women delaying marriage. Age at first birth also increased. Placebo and robustness checks help pinpoint IVF as the source of the change. Our findings suggest age-limited fertility materially impacts women’s life timing and outcomes relative to men. (JEL J12, J13, J16)
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Fertig, Georg. "Beyond the Niche Hypothesis. Property, Marriage, and the Onset of Familial Reproduction in Rural Northwest Germany, 1820–1866." Historical Life Course Studies 8 (December 20, 2019): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9308.
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The study applies event history analysis to nominative data of three contrasting localities to explore the relationship between property transmission and family formation. This allows testing several hypotheses concerning demographic regulation and family dynamics in preindustrial Europe, including but not limited to the niche hypothesis. The analysis finds evidence for four mechanisms of family formation. Firstly, the death of one or both parents promoted marriage of their children. For farmholders, niche inheritance was an important contribution; but parental death also leads to an increase of nuptiality among those who did not own landed property. Beyond ownership, the importance of familial labour roles, particularly of older and younger women, can explain this observation. Second, marriages resulted from the accumulation of an appropriate marriage fund, as indicated by the results that purchases of land and favorable relative prices contributed to the conclusion of marriages. Third, there was an independent role for family dynamics in the sense that property transmission to one child promoted marriage of siblings. The fourth mechanism relates to autonomous family formation through marriages resulting from sexual encounters (indicated by premarital pregnancy). The relative weight of these four mechanisms is remarkably stable across social class and ecotype.
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Kuhn, Daniel R., Darby J. Morhardt, and Geraldine Monbrod-Framburg. "Late-Life Marriages, Older Stepfamilies, and Alzheimer's Disease." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 74, no. 3 (March 1993): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949307400303.
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Little attention has been focused on remarriage among older persons and on the effects of chronic illness on late-life marriages and kinship relations. The authors examine the developmental tasks of older stepfamilies and the impact of a dementing illness on family members. Case examples are provided and recommendations offered to enable older stepfamilies to cope with anticipated problems.
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Syed, Sumaiyah U., and Joan K. Monin. "ATTACHMENT SECURITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN OLDER-ADULT MARRIAGES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3368.
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Abstract Attachment theory emphasizes attachment security, providing and receiving communication of safety and emotional support, as one of the most fundamental needs in close relationships across the lifespan. Having an insecure attachment style, anxious or avoidant attachment, has been related to depressive symptoms in mostly young adult marriages. This study examined the interpersonal associations between attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and depressive symptoms in 98 older adult couples, using self-report measures. The Actor Partner Interdependence model was used to analyze the data. Results show that one partner’s anxious attachment was significantly positively associated with their own greater depressive symptoms (β=2.10, p=0.000). This effect was stronger for husbands than for wives (β=1.13, p=0.002). Results remained when controlling for age, physical functioning, marital length, and socio-demographics. There were no significant cross-partner associations. Findings suggest that attachment anxiety may be particularly impactful for depressive symptoms in husbands.
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Henry, Ryan G., Richard B. Miller, and Roseann Giarrusso. "Difficulties, Disagreements, and Disappointments in Late-Life Marriages." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 61, no. 3 (October 2005): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ef1g-pnxf-j1vq-6m72.
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Although research has examined marital satisfaction in later life, little is known about the specific relationship challenges that older couples experience. Thus, the objective of the study was to explore the challenges older couples face. Data came from the USC Longitudinal Study of Generations. Qualitative analysis was conducted on 105 older couples, with an average age of 69, who responded in 1997 to an open-ended question about difficulties, disagreements, and disappointments in their marriage. Ten themes emerged from the data. In order of frequency, they were leisure activities, intimacy, finances, no problems, personality, intergenerational relations, household concerns, personal habits, health issues, and work/retirement. Comparisons in responses were made for age, gender, marital quality, length of marriage, and health. In addition, the dyadic data were examined for patterns within the relationship.
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FORNASIN, ALESSIO. "DETERMINANTS OF TERRITORIAL EXOGAMY IN FRIULI (NORTH-EAST ITALY) IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 4 (April 19, 2011): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000186.
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SummaryThe aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of individuals who formed exogamic marriages in the Friuli region (north-east Italy) during the second half of the 19th century. Logistic regression models were devised to measure the influence of the determinants of exogamic marriage, taking into account not only variables related to context but also spouses' economic, social and cultural characteristics. The determinants of exogamic marriage differ for men and women, and also vary by region due to differences in geographical mobility and size of the marriage market. The majority of exogamic spouses belong to one of two categories: either older individuals, often, especially in the case of men, with a previous marriage; or the upper social classes.
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Kendall, Jacob, and Philip Anglewicz. "Characteristics Associated With Migration Among Older Women and Men in Rural Malawi." Illness, Crisis & Loss 25, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054137317723102.
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The older population in sub-Saharan Africa is growing rapidly, but little is known about the migration patterns of older individuals in this setting. In this article, we identify the determinants of migration for older individuals in a rural African setting. To do so, we use rare longitudinal data with information for older individuals both before and after migration. We first identify premigration factors associated with moving in the future and then identify differences in characteristics between migrants and nonmigrants after migration. In addition to basic sociodemographic information, we examine differences between migrants and nonmigrants in land ownership, number of lifetime marriages, number of living offspring, previous migration experience, household size, social and religious participation, and religious affiliation. Results show that (a) migration in older age is related to marriage, health and HIV status, household size, and religion; (b) older women who are HIV-positive are more likely to move, and older men with better physical health are more likely to move; (c) older female migrants have worse postmigration physical health; and (d) the relationship between health and migration for older men disappears after migration.
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Matsuo, Hideko, and Koen Matthijs. "The Role of Secularization on Marriage and Conception Seasonality Patterns." Journal of Family History 43, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018798745.
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The period comprising the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century in Belgium has been described as one of rapid societal transformation including industrialization, urbanization, and, also in some extent, secularization. This is the historical period in which first mortality and later fertility also declined, facilitated by socio-economic (structural) and cultural changes, and resulting in the first demographic transition. One of the characteristics of the secularization marking this period is considered to be the reduced compliance with religious rules concerning the timing of marriages and sexual intercourse (i.e., conceptions). Against this background, the purpose of this article is twofold. It first assesses the initial extent and evolution of church control in the rapidly developing port city of Antwerp, Flanders (Belgium), in the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This will be studied through a so-called daily Lent and Advent marriage and conception index. By daily, we mean that we exactly measure the timing of Advent and Lent. We secondly try to explain the determinants of the occurrence of these marriages and conceptions through individual socio-economic, cultural, and life-course factors. We use data from the unique multisource COR* historical sample, containing individual information from population registers and civil registration records (1845–1913). We find clear signs of decreasing compliance with religious rules and therefore secularization but different patterns for marriages and conceptions. Even though compliance overall decreases for both events, rules are better complied with for marriages, and in particular, first marriages. Marriages are more influenced by social control than for sexual intercourse (i.e., conceptions). The influence of stronger compliance with marriage seasonality is observed through better adherence with first conceptions, although this is in much less extent for higher-order conceptions. The occurrence of these events, in particular marriages, is determined by a number of structural, cultural, and life-course factors. Noncompliances are found more in an urban setting, older women, and later historical periods, whereas compliance is found in high social class of men. For conceptions, relatively few (significant) effects are observed, although noncompliance for maternal literacy status and compliance for paternal social class is also found indicating gender differential effects.
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Dykstra, Pearl A., and Jenny de Jong Gierveld. "Gender and Marital-History Differences in Emotional and Social Loneliness among Dutch Older Adults." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 23, no. 2 (2004): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2004.0018.
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ABSTRACTIn this study, Weiss's (1973) theorizing about the sources of emotional and social loneliness is elaborated – with notions about the asymmetric gratifications derived from marriage, about the conflicting loyalties that result from remarriage, and about selection into marriage – in order to reach an understanding of gender differences in loneliness, both in and outside of marriage. First and subsequent marriages are considered, as well as marital disruptions and never marrying. The data (N = 3737) are from the 1992 Dutch survey on older adults' living arrangements and social networks (NESTOR-LSN). Marital-history differences emerge, not only for emotional loneliness, but also (and contrary to Weiss's theoretical conceptualizations) for social loneliness. The marital-history differences in emotional and social loneliness are greater among men than women. For men, the marriage bond appears not only to be more central to emotional well-being than is the case for women but also to play a pivotal role in their involvement with others. Marital history offers the best explanation for differences in emotional loneliness among men, but social embeddedness characteristics also account for differences in emotional loneliness among women. Apparently, whereas men are more likely to find an intimate attachment in marriage, women also find protection from emotional loneliness in other close ties. The marital-history differences in social loneliness are largely mediated by social embeddedness characteristics, partly in different ways for men and women. Involvement in activities outside the home serves as the context for sociability for men, whereas parenthood plays a more important role in women's social engagements.
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Curl, Angela, Jennifer Bulanda, and Amy Restorick Roberts. "Older Couples’ Marital Quality and Health Behaviors." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1118.
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Abstract Health benefits of marriage may stem in part from spouses discouraging unhealthy behavior and encouraging healthy practices. Although studies show spousal effects on health behaviors, few have assessed whether spousal effects vary by the quality of the marital relationship. Spouses in low-quality marriages may be less likely to engage in joint activities that promote health (e.g., shared exercise), make fewer attempts at monitoring their spouse’s health behaviors, and be less successful in their attempts to intervene. Those in unhappy relationships may also use unhealthy behaviors as maladaptive coping strategies to deal with marital stress. We use dyadic data from couples over age 50 in the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine how both spouses’ ratings of positive and negative dimensions of marital quality are associated with their own and their spouses’ exercise and smoking (n=3,498 couples). Using HLM software, we estimated actor-partner interdependence models (APIM). Results indicate that both own and husbands’ ratings of positive marital quality are significantly associated with wives’ odds of smoking. Own perceptions of negative marital quality and wives’ perceptions of both positive and negative marital quality are associated with husbands’ odds of smoking. For wives, neither own nor spousal marital quality is significantly related to exercise. For husbands, however, wives’ higher positive marital quality and lower negative marital quality are associated with increased exercise. Strategies to improve marital quality may promote healthy behaviors among older adults, particularly for husbands.
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Choi, Susanne Y. P., and Adam Ka-Lok Cheung. "Dissimilar and Disadvantaged: Age Discrepancy, Financial Stress, and Marital Conflict in Cross-Border Marriages." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 18 (June 5, 2016): 2521–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16653436.
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The failure of cross-border marriages has often been attributed to the large age discrepancy between husband and wife, while disadvantage resulted from the selectivity of husbands from low socioeconomic backgrounds has received less attention. Analyzing couple-level household survey data ( N = 871) in Hong Kong, this study compares marital conflict in local and cross-border couples by examining the mediating factors such as age discrepancy and socioeconomic disadvantages. Our analysis suggests that cross-border marriages are subject to significantly more frequent marital conflict than local marriages. It also showed that an age discrepancy from 6 to 9 years (older husband) significantly increased the frequency of marital conflict. However, our analysis showed that counter to common assumptions, socioeconomic disadvantages—particularly the couple’s financial stress—instead of nonnormative age hypergamy explained the higher frequency of marital conflict in cross-border marriages.
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Rabin, Claire, and Giora Rahav. "Difference and similarities between younger and older marriages across cultures: A comparison of american and israeli retired nondistressed marriages." American Journal of Family Therapy 23, no. 3 (September 1995): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189508251354.
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Birditt, Kira, Angela Turkelson, Courtney Polenick, James Cranford, and Frederic Blow. "Alcohol Consumption and Blood Pressure Among Older Couples: Negative Implications of Drinking Concordance." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2235.
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Abstract Couples who are similar in their drinking behaviors (i.e., concordance) often report better quality and longer marriages. These patterns of drinking may have negative implications for blood pressure, however, as individuals age. The present study examined the effects of alcohol use on blood pressure among couples and whether the associations varied by age. Participants included 2311 married/cohabiting couples (4487 individuals; aged 52 to 92) followed from 2006 to 2014 in the Health and Retirement Study who reported their average drinks per week and had their blood pressure measured. Multilevel models revealed older men (aged 60+) who drank more had higher blood pressure irrespective of wives drinking whereas for younger men the link between their own drinking and increased blood pressure was greater when wives drank more. Although concordance may be beneficial for marriage, there may be a downside to drinking concordance for health especially among middle aged men. Part of a symposium sponsored by Dyadic Research on Health and Illness Across the Adult Lifespan Interest Group.
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Veevers, Jean E. "The “Real” Marriage Squeeze." Sociological Perspectives 31, no. 2 (April 1988): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389081.
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Among persons in midlife, about one in five is unmarried. The sex ratio in this group is about 80, which is markedly unbalanced. Although changes in fertility and in mortality are contributing factors, the “real” squeeze is due largely to the ubiquitous norm that husbands should be older than their wives. This mating gradient is the most significant determinant of the competition for mates as it is experienced by older unmarried women compared with older unmarried men. The nature and magnitude of this marriage squeeze are demonstrated using Canadian vital statistics and census data. Age differentials of brides and grooms in all marriages registered in 1981 are used to create “availability indices” that estimate the number of unmarried persons of the opposite sex that are potentially available for every 100 unmarried persons. For men, availability indices are low in the 20s, and they increase with advancing age to about one-to-one in the 50s. For women, access to potential grooms is highest in the 20s and decreases with advancing age until, in the 50s, there are only 50 potential grooms per 100 unmarried women. The implications of unbalanced sex ratios are discussed with reference to changes in marriage and the family. Markedly skewed sex ratios may shift the balance of power between the sexes and produce a demographic reaffirmation of the double standard.
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Sandberg, J. G., and J. M. Harper. "In search of a marital distress model of depression in older marriages." Aging & Mental Health 4, no. 3 (August 2000): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713649929.
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Watson, Wendy K., Charlie Stelle, and Nancy Bell. "Older Women in New Romantic Relationships." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 85, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016680067.
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Although research has found that sexual activity declines with age, most of this literature examines people in long-term marriages. Little is known about the initiation of new sexual relationships in later life. In-depth interviews with 14 women aged 64 to 77 years were conducted to examine their personal and collective narratives regarding sexuality in later life. In contrast to common perceptions, none of the participants felt that aging had negatively impacted their own sexuality. For many, this was a time in their lives when they were experiencing renewed sexual desire and enjoyment. Even though sex might not have held the same priority as when they were younger, it held a place of importance in their romantic relationships. The discussion focuses on understanding women’s sexual relationships and behaviors within the context of their cohort and lives.
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Liu, Jianghua. "COHORT MARRIAGE KINETICS IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION, WITH A CASE STUDY OF JAPAN, 1920–1940." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 5 (December 28, 2015): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000437.
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SummaryThe concept of marriage squeeze expects a positive association between marriage formation and the availability of preferred mates. Previous research to test the hypothesis has had mixed results owing to inconsistent marriage measures, inconsistent age focuses and insufficient attention to migration. This study derives kinetics equations of marriage formation to link cohort age-specific mate availability to migration-adjusted marriage rate/incidence, a measure in contrast to nominal marriage rate. On testing the equations with Japanese census data for 1920–1940, it is found that, in female cohorts, mate availability impacts first marriage rate at the life-course stage from 15–19 to 20–24 years, but not at later stages. Among young females, the decline in mate availability accounted for about 21% of the decline in first marriage rate over the period 1920–1940, when there was a trend towards later but not less marriage in Japan. The study suggests that the flexibility of mate/spouse choice in females varies along the marriageable life course and is more manifest at older ages. At young ages, however, the marriage squeeze hypothesis could hold, presumably because young women are evolutionarily shaped to be choosier, perhaps postponing their marriages when preferred mates are in short supply.
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Dillender, Marcus. "Social Security and Divorce." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 931–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0168.
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Abstract This paper studies how the likelihood and timing of divorce are influenced by Social Security’s 10-year rule, which provides spousal benefits to divorced people if their marriages lasted at least 10 years. Bunching analysis indicates that approximately 2 % of divorces occurring in the 6 months after 10-year anniversaries would have occurred earlier if not for Social Security’s 10-year rule. For older couples, who are likely more focused on retirement and have greater earning disparities, divorces are approximately 9 % higher in the 2 years after 10-year anniversaries than would be predicted without the abrupt change in Social Security benefits. The increase in divorces after 10 years of marriage appears to come from couples with disparate earning records.
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Kenrick, Douglas T., and Richard C. Keefe. "Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 1992): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00067595.
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AbstractThe finding that women are attracted to men older than themselves whereas men are attracted to relatively younger women has been explained by social psychologists in terms of economic exchange rooted in traditional sex-role norms. An alternative evolutionary model suggests that males and females follow different reproductive strategies, and predicts a more complex relationship between gender and age preferences. In particular, males' preferences for relatively younger females should be minimal during early mating years, but should become more pronounced as the male gets older. Young females are expected to prefer somewhat older males during their early years and to change less as they age. We briefly review relevant theory and present results of six studies testing this prediction. Study 1 finds support for this gender-differentiated prediction in age preferences expressed in personal advertisements. Study 2 supports the prediction with marriage statistics from two U.S. cities. Study 3 examines the cross-generational robustness of the phenomenon, and finds the same pattern in marriage statistics from 1923. Study 4 replicates Study 1 using matrimonial advertisements from two European countries, and from India. Study 5 finds a consistent pattern in marriages recorded from 1913 through 1939 on a small island in the Philippines. Study 6 reveals the same pattern in singles advertisements placed by financially successful American women and men. We consider the limitations of previous normative and evolutionary explanations of age preferences and discuss the advantages of expanding previous models to include the life history perspective.
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Stokes, Jeffrey E. "Do “His” and “Her” Marriages Influence One Another? Contagion in Personal Assessments of Marital Quality among Older Spouses over a Four-Year Span." Social Psychology Quarterly 80, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272517701701.
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Husbands and wives differ in their evaluations of marital quality, with “his” marriage typically proving better than “her” marriage. However, spouses’ perceptions of marital quality tend to be significantly correlated with one another. Prior research has addressed the existence and implications of gender differences in marital quality but has focused less on spouses’ similarities in their perceptions. In particular, prior studies have not examined the extent to which spouses’ assessments of marital quality may be reciprocally related. In short, do his and her marriages influence one another? This study analyzes longitudinal dyadic data from 209 older married couples who participated in the first two waves of the Disability and Use of Time supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (2009–2013). Two-wave lagged models tested emotional and social contagion theory by examining whether husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality at baseline predicted both spouses’ marital quality after four years. Results indicated that (a) husbands reported better marital quality than their wives in both 2009 and 2013; (b) for both husbands and wives, baseline marital quality was significantly related with one’s own and one’s partner’s marital quality four years later; and (c) there were no differences in effects according to gender. These findings offer support for the framework of his and her marriage as well as emotional and social contagion theory.
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Warner, David F., and Heidi A. Lyons. "Older married couples’ sexual expression: A dyadic latent class analysis." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, no. 12 (September 2, 2020): 3139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520953623.
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Many older adults continue to engage in sexual behavior, most often in the context of long-term marriages. Prior studies have tended to examine older adults’ sexual behavior, desires and motivations separately. Thus, there remain considerable gaps in our understanding of the multifaceted-nature of older couples’ sexual expression. Using dyadic latent class analysis and data on 953 heterosexual couples in long-term marriages from Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), we describe configurations of couples’ sexual expression. Four latent classes were identified. Within each latent class, couples were largely in agreement about their sexual behaviors, but husbands consistently expressed greater desire and motivation than their wives. In the highest engagement class, couples reported more frequent and wide-ranging activities (vaginal sex, oral sex, intimate touching), more frequent thinking about sex, greater satisfaction with their amount of sexual activity, and placed more importance on sex as part of their lives. In the lowest engagement class, both spouses indicated no sexual activity in the past year, but neither spouse was content with this situation even as both agreed sex was not an important part of life. Demographic, relational, and health factors were associated with membership in different classes. Health factors—especially sexual difficulties—were most predictive, with husbands’ health more associated with latent class membership than wives’ health. Given the complex and multifaceted nature of sexual expression among older married couples, geriatricians and other health practitioners should provide care that recognizes a wider array of activities and the potential for unmet need. Sexual expression is an important component of older adults’ health and well-being.
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Lewin, Alisa C. "Health and Relationship Quality Later in Life: A Comparison of Living Apart Together (LAT), First Marriages, Remarriages, and Cohabitation." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 12 (May 13, 2016): 1754–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16647982.
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This study compares happiness in the relationship, support, and strain in LAT (living apart together, i.e., noncohabiting) relationships with first marriages, remarriages, and cohabitation among older adults in the United States. The study also asks whether partner’s health affects relationship quality differently in different relationship types. This study draws on the first wave of the National Social Life Health & Aging Project 2005-2006, ( n = 1992). Partner’s physical and mental health are good predictors of relationship quality and their effects do not differ by relationship type. Men are more likely to be very happy in their relationship and to receive high support than women, but they also report more strain. LAT relationships are less likely to be very happy and to have high support than marriage and remarriage, but they also have lower strain. Different interpretations of “strain” are discussed.
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Mahboub, Samira M., Alanoud A. Alsaqabi, Noura A. Allwimi, Dana N. Aleissa, and Basmah A. Al-Mubarak. "Knowledge and attitude towards consanguineous marriage among educated adults in Riyadh." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185223.
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Background: In Saudi Arabia there is still a high prevalence of consanguineous marriage in spite of increased educational level. This may be attributed to the fact that this practice is more influenced by attitude towards this type of marriage rather than educational level. The Aim of this study was to determine knowledge and attitude towards consanguineous marriages among educated Saudi adults.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire. A total of 680 educated Saudi adults living in Riyadh were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics, their knowledge and attitude towards consanguineous marriage.Results: Most of participants had poor knowledge and negative attitude (53.31% and 57.21% respectively). One third of participants had no idea about the possibility that consanguineous couples may have diseased offspring more than non-consanguineous couples. Those who had significantly higher attitude score towards consanguineous marriage were older age group, males, those who are married to their relatives, people who have frequent family history of consanguineous marriage and participants with parental consanguinity. Attitude towards consanguineous marriage can be predicted by age and knowledge.Conclusions: Changing the attitude can be done by changing level of knowledge. So, educational programs are recommended and should be directed to groups with higher attitude score.
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CLEGG, E. J. "PROBABILITIES OF MARRIAGE IN TWO OUTER HEBRIDEAN ISLANDS, 1861–1990." Journal of Biosocial Science 31, no. 2 (April 1999): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932099001674.
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A study has been made of the probabilities of marriage of females and males aged 15–49 (either as a whole or in 5-year age groups) in two Outer Hebridean islands, Harris and Barra. The results were compared with ages of marriage and with the frequencies of permanent celibacy. The marriages took place between 1861 and 1990.Median ages of marriage rose to maxima in the 1930s and 1940s, then fell steeply, levelling out latterly. Permanent celibacy was consistently high among females, but rose from much lower levels in males to maxima in the 1970s and 1980s. It is concluded that in these populations age at marriage and the extent of permanent celibacy are largely independent of one another.In both islands the overall probabilities of females marrying fell until the 1920s, and then rose. The last decades showed stability (Barra) and a fall (Harris). Males showed only slight falls to about 1910; data were absent for between 1911 and 1960, but subsequently there was little rise in probability.These overall changes seemed to be associated with reciprocal variations in probabilities in the younger and older age groups. Declining overall probabilities were associated with declines in younger and increases in older age-group probabilities, and vice versa.Non-parametric correlations between median ages of marriage and probability of marriage were negative and generally significant for the 15–19 age group. Among the older age groups coefficients were generally positive.There was some evidence of an association between probability of marriage and sex ratio in any group of potential mates. The effect appeared more marked among 15- to 19-year-old females.Local factors which might explain at least part of the decline in nuptiality for the greater part of the period under study include the decline in the fishing industry and the ‘land hunger’ which existed until the late 1920s. This decline is interpreted as a ‘Malthusian’ response to economic and social conditions, but it coexisted with a ‘neo-Malthusian’ strategy, in the shape of declining marital fertility. The ‘Malthusian’strategy seems to have been largely abandoned around the 1950s, but it may have reappeared during the 1980s.
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Stokes, Jeffrey E. "Marital quality and loneliness in later life." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 34, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407515626309.
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Loneliness is not merely an unpleasant experience but is harmful for older adults’ health and well-being as well. While marriage buffers against loneliness in later life, even married adults experience loneliness, and aspects of adults’ marriages may either protect against or actually foster loneliness among spouses. The current study analyzed dyadic data from 1,114 opposite-sex married Irish couples who participated in the initial wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (2009–2011) in order to extend findings of two prior dyadic studies of marital quality and loneliness in the U.S. to older married couples in Ireland and to directly compare two theoretical and methodological frameworks used by these studies to explain associations between husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality and loneliness in later life. Results revealed that both spouses’ perceptions of positive and negative marital quality were significantly related with husbands’ and wives’ loneliness and that spouses’ reports of loneliness were significantly related with one another. Findings also indicated that associations between marital quality and loneliness were similar for Irish and American couples in later life. Comparison of differing modeling strategies suggested that emotional contagion may serve as a pathway for dyadic partner effects.
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Abeyasekera, Asha L. "“Living for others”: Narrating agency in the context of failed marriages and singleness in urban Sri Lanka." Feminism & Psychology 27, no. 4 (July 5, 2017): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353517716951.
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Marriage is a cultural imperative in Sri Lanka and is constructed as the principal source of personal fulfilment for women. This paper critically examines through two case studies – a never-married woman and a woman in a “failed” marriage – how women from older generations narrate their life histories using culturally coherent repertoires. By deconstructing the subject positions of the “long-suffering wife”, the “devoted mother”, and the “selfless woman”, I reveal the spaces for manoeuvre these women create to experience well-being and exercise agency outside of the culture’s “hegemonic narrative” of successful marriage and maternity. Using the life history narratives I challenge the tendency to imagine older women’s lives as more constrained and illustrate the ways in which equivocal narratives about independence and self-sacrifice, about freedom and suffering simultaneously conceal agency while allowing non-normative ways of being.
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Zhang, Zhenmei, and I.-Fen Lin. "Intergenerational support among widowed older adults in China." International Journal of Population Studies 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.2017.01.003.
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With the rapid aging of the Chinese population, growing attention has been given to old-age support. Widowed older adults constitute a particularly vulnerable population because the loss of a spouse can lead to financial hardships and emotional distress. We used data from the 2002 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to examine multiple dimensions of old-age support among a nationwide sample of widowed old adults ages 65 and older (N = 10,511). The results show that Chinese widows and widowers rely heavily on their adult children, particularly sons and daughters-in-law, for financial, instrumental, and emotional support. Widowed older adults’ needs and the number of children are the most significant predictors of old-age support. Widowed older adults with multiple marriages have a lower likelihood of receiving financial assistance, sick care, and emotional support from their children compared to their counterparts who have married only once. There appears to be same-gender preference in adult children’s care for their widowed parents with disabilities.
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Sung, Nakil, Bun Song Lee, and Donghyuk Jo. "WHO MARRIES A YOUNGER MAN? Marriages between older women and younger men in Korea." Asian Population Studies 11, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2015.1049798.
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Cohen, Orna, Yael Geron, and Alva Farchi. "Marital Quality and Global Well-Being Among Older Adult Israeli Couples in Enduring Marriages." American Journal of Family Therapy 37, no. 4 (June 23, 2009): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926180802405968.
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Basavarajappa, K. G., M. J. Norris, and S. S. Halli. "Spouse selection in Canada, 1921–78: an examination by age, sex and religion." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 2 (April 1988): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017442.
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SummaryThis paper presents time series data on spouse selection in Canada for the period 1921–78. Homogamous and endogamous trends are examined by age, sex and religion. There is considerable variation in the level of endogamy amongst religious groups. With respect to age, marriages were increasingly homogamous up to 1971 and thereafter less so. Younger males increasingly tended to select brides of their own age group until the 1960s, while older males have been increasingly heterogamous since World War II. Females under 20 years of age tend to select older grooms; other brides show no clear trend in their spouse selection by age.
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Margulies, Sam. "Winter/Summer Divorce." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 26, no. 1 (March 1998): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539802600104.
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Marriages between an older man and a younger woman frequently end in divorce because the couple is unable to negotiate a critical change in the relationship. Such marriages are often based on an implicit contract in which the wife achieves rapid economic and professional advancement by marrying a successful and wealthier man while the husband gets an adoring and submissive wife who accepts his domination. This works only until the wife matures and demands a more equal relationship. This demand is often experienced by the husband as a breach of their contract and a betrayal of the marital agreement. An inability on his part to renegotiate the relationship is generally the precursor to divorce. This article explores the psychodynamics of such relationships as well as the counseling and legal issues raised by these divorces.
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Cavanaugh, Raymond. "Léon Bonvin." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 1 (January 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141879.
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Born in the outskirts of Paris in 1834, Léon Bonvin was the son of a policeman and a seamstress. There were numerous siblings from multiple marriages, and money was scarce. Léon's strongest bond was with his older brother François. They shared a desire to draw and a precocious aesthetic sensibility. Apprenticed to a printer in his adolescence, François would give the younger Léon artistic advice for the remainder of his life.
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Goodman, Marcene, Helen K. Black, and Robert L. Rubinstein. "Paternal Bereavement in Older Men." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 33, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ggxb-1ret-4ljb-cd1q.
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Styles of coping with the death of an adult child were explored in a study that examined the behavioral and affective aftermath of loss in older men. Twenty-five fathers aged sixty to eighty-eight who had lost an adult child were studied through ethnographic interviews based on life history review. Three general styles of adjustment to loss were identified. Men who described themselves and their careers in superlative terms appeared most likely to adjust well to the loss. These men tended to “conquer” the loss by intellectualizing it, psychologically relegating the loss to the periphery of daily life, or capitalizing on their self-esteem to reestablish control over life. A second group of men used avoidance, denial, or a dependence on others as primary agents of adjustment. While this latter group presented as only slightly less self-complacent than the above, they were less able to diffuse or appease accompanying feelings of helplessness through self-aggrandizement. For them, recovery from the death of a child seemed more tied to external than to self-affirming mechanisms. Immersion in second marriages, bereavement support groups, or religion became outlets for relief and sources of regeneration. Two men who candidly described their lives with regret and disappointment, constituted a third group. Lacking the conviction of self-worth that lead other men in the sample to triumph over the loss, they displayed no determination to rescue themselves or be rescued from grief. For both men, mourning was a continuing process that seemed to relate to the futility of unrealized self-potential as well as the loss of a child. Results suggest that, for men, narcissism may be a potent antidote for loss that can buffer, neutralize, and even erase the pain of losing a child.
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Neff, Lisa, Courtney Walsh, and Jennifer Beer. "THE IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL CAPITAL ACROSS THE LIFESPAN: WHY THE LITTLE MOMENTS IN MARRIAGE MATTER." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1048.
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Abstract Throughout a marriage, couples will share countless ordinary moments together, such as laughing together or engaging in leisure activities. Although these moments may seem trivial in isolation, research suggests that accumulating small positive moments together helps couples build emotional capital, which serves as an essential resource for protecting marriages from the harmful consequences of relationship challenges. This study explored whether emotional capital may buffer couples not only from the negative effects of relational stressors, but also from the negative effects of life stressors encountered outside the relationship in a sample of younger (age 30-45) and older (age 60+) married couples. Drawing from theories of socioemotional expertise, we also examined whether the buffering effects of emotional capital may be stronger for older adults. One hundred forty-five couples completed a 21-day daily diary task assessing shared positive experiences with the partner, negative partner behaviors, marital satisfaction, life stress, and mood. Spouses who generally accrued more shared positive moments with their partner across the diary days maintained greater marital satisfaction on days of greater partner negativity compared to spouses who accrued fewer positive moments. Moreover, spouses who generally accrued more shared positive moments with their partner across the diary days also reported lower levels of negative mood on days in which they experienced more life stress compared to spouses who accrued fewer shared positive moments; in both cases, the buffering role of emotional capital was significantly stronger for older adults. All results held when adjusting for relationship length and general marital happiness.
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Broese van Groenou, Marjolein, Saskia te Riele, and Jenny de Jong Gierveld. "Receiving Support and Care in Older Age: Comparing LAT Relationships With First Marriages, Remarriages, and Cohabitation." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 13 (May 7, 2019): 1786–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19846179.
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Living apart together (LAT) combines intimacy with autonomy and flexibility but, possibly, with lower commitment to exchanging support and care compared with first marriages, remarriages, and cohabitation of older adults. Data from 50- to 79-year-old respondents in the Family and Fertility Survey 2013 (Statistics Netherlands; N = 4,108) showed that older LAT partners are most often involved in exchanging emotional support. No differences were found in the receipt of daily care. Multivariate analyses showed that receiving support and care from the partner was associated with more health problems, higher quality of the partner relationship, and a broader support network. When in poor health, LAT partners were less likely to receive daily care, but not emotional support, from their partner compared with the other types. Partner relationships in later life are well equipped to provide emotional support, but partner care is facilitated largely by help from others.
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Imaizumi, Yoko. "Parental consanguinity in two generations in Japan." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 2 (April 1988): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017466.
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SummaryA survey of consanguineous marriages in Japan in couples and their parents was conducted in 1983 through questionnaires. The total number of couples studied was 9225; they were chosen from six widely different areas of the country. The kinship coefficient between parents did not decrease with the year of birth. Thus, the recent decline in the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Japan seems to be largely a post-World War II phenomenon. The kinship decreases with marital distance in the parental generation, and socioeconomic class (level of education and occupation) effects are small by comparison with those of the present generation. The rate of consanguinity is significantly higher in the older generation for almost all areas. The kinship between spouses is less than a half of that in parents for the whole of Japan. Geographical variation in the rate of consanguinity is more remarkable in spouses than parental couples.
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Michalowski, Victoria I., Christiane A. Hoppmann, and Denis Gerstorf. "Associations Between Perceived Support in Older Adult Marriages and Dyadic Covariations in Momentary Affect and Aches." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 71, no. 3 (October 30, 2014): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu151.
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Peterson, Candida C., and James L. Peterson. "Older Men's and Women's Relationships with Adult Kin: How Equitable are they?" International Journal of Aging and Human Development 27, no. 3 (October 1988): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/27f4-at50-gg3v-3mmd.
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Recent research has shown that satisfying casual relationships and short-term intimacies among young adults tend to be characterized by mutual perceptions of global equity or a proportional subjective balance between each partner's overall inputs and gains. The present study extended the measurement of global equity perceptions to sixty-two elderly men's and women's relationships with their frequently-contacted spouses, adult children, and aged parents. A comparison group of forty younger adults likewise rated the equity of their marriages and relationships with elderly parents and grandparents. Results showed that the majority of both generations' involvements with all categories of immediate adult kin were seen as globally equitable. In addition, most departures from strict equity involved respondents feeling subjectively overbenefited rather than underbenefited. Theories of kinship exchange in longstanding and elderly relationships were considered. The possibilities either of subjective biases in longstanding intimates' perceptions and/or of a link between social disengagement and underbenefit during old age enabled reconciliation of the present findings with theoretical predictions.
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Cantrell, Peggy J., Daniel I. MacIntyre, Kevin J. Sharkey, and Vincent Thompson. "Violence in the Marital Dyad as a Predictor of Violence in the Peer Relationships of Older Adolescents/Young Adults." Violence and Victims 10, no. 1 (January 1995): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.1.35.
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This study used self-report of older adolescent/young adult children from a general college population to examine if violent parental conflict tactics predict the use of similarly violent tactics in the same-sex and opposite-sex peer relationships of offspring. Conflict Tactics Scale data from 256 subjects indicate that parental violence within the marital dyad is predictive of violence in both same-sex and opposite-sex peer relationships. Surprisingly high frequencies of violence were reported within parents’ marriages and by subjects in their current peer relationships. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Amirkhanova, A. K. "MARRIAGE INITIATIVES OF MODERN URBAN YOUTH OF DAGESTAN." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch134109-114.
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Modern marriages in the towns of Dagestan are based primarily on mutual sympathy of young people or are a kind of agreement between parents and children. Young people try not to ignore the role of older relatives in this matter. And even if young people marry with respect to the choice of their parents or religious norms, older relatives tend to acquaint the young people and find out their sympathy towards each other. That is, they try to take into account the opinion of the young people entering into marriage. Modern young people have more opportunities to get acquainted and know each another than it was in the past. Most often young people get acquainted in universities, at work, meet via mutual friends or relatives, etc. Like it was in the past, the main motive of premarital meetings and courtship is the intention to marry, to create a family. In modern youth’s opinion, the basis for marriage is love or mutual sympathy, respect, social status and religious beliefs. The initiative mainly comes from the young man or from his relatives. But it sometimes happens that a certain girl is offered to the young man’s family. If the man or his relatives are not satisfied with the proposed candidate, they try to refuse tactfully. According to the obligations of etiquette, the girl should also tactfully reject the candidate she dislikes. As before, household skills, accuracy and cleanliness, femininity, respect for elders, chastity are valued in the future bride nowadays, people pay attention to her modesty, manners and, of course, beauty. Such requirements as discipline, restraint, respectful attitude towards elders, absence of bad habits, neat appearance, ability to behave in the society, responsibility, efficiency, etc. are often applied to the young man.
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Yoon, Sukyung. "The Impact of Relationship Satisfaction With Adult Children on Depression Among Older Adults With Abusive Spouses." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.154.
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Abstract Adults (65 and older) comprised about 15% of the 2019 South Korean population (hereafter Korea), but are estimated to be 20% in 2025 and 40% in 2050 (StatisticsKorea, 2019). Good relationships with spouses impact mental health during later life (Santini et al., 2015) but 10.2% of women and 7.6% men 65 and older reported they experienced spousal violence (The Domestic Violence Survey, 2016) Moreover, violent behavior in baby-boomer marriages was significantly higher than their counterparts (Suh, 2015). Previous research investigated how relationships with adult-children impacted older Koreans’ mental health(Kim & Ko, 2013) but few examined the influence on older-adults with abusive spouses. This study investigates depression among older-adults with abusive spouses, and the impact of relationship-satisfaction with their adult-children on depression. This study utilizes the 13th wave of the nationally representative Korea Welfare Panel (2018). The sample consisted of 353 older adults 65 and older with abusive spouses over the past year. The dependent variable was depression, measured using the CES-D-11. The relationship-satisfaction with adult-children was measured on a seven-point Likert scale. Education, health, religion, sex, and age were included, and multiple regression analysis was conducted. The relationship-satisfaction with adult-children and good health status were significantly reduced depression among the population. Health care professionals and practitioners should screen for elder abuse and depression. Additionally, programs are needed to help older - adults develop good relationships with family members are needed.
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Tiit, Ene-Margit. "Households and families in Estonian population." Papers on Anthropology 29, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2020.29.1.07.
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The statistical distribution of households and families by their size and structure can be received from population and household censuses, but it is also important to know this information between the censuses, as changes during the ten-year period can be quite remarkable. It is demonstrated that, since the last census in Estonia in 2011, the share of older age-groups has increased and the rate of children – decreased. The age at first marriage has increased for men and women respectively by 3 and 4 months per year. Consequently, the share of young people living without a partner has increased, but the process is different in men and women. The number of divorces has dropped, but this seems to be caused by the decline of marriages during the last decades. The age of women giving birth has also increased. During the last years, the number of third children has increased, but the number of first children has decreased. The distribution of households by their types was also studied and is presented in Table 1. It is evident that about one-sixth of the population lives alone; single-person households form the most numerous household type in present-day Estonia. From all households containing a couple, somewhat more than two-thirds are households with a married couple, others are households with a cohabiting couple. In average, the first ones are much older than the second ones. The number of households where two or more generations live together is marginal.
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Cheung, Adam Ka-Lok, and Erin Hye-Won Kim. "Domestic Labor, Attitudes, and Women’s Marital Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study in Korea." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 16 (September 21, 2018): 3931–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18800813.
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This study examines how gender and family attitudes moderate the relationship between domestic labor and marital satisfaction in Korea, where the heavy and unequal burden of domestic labor on women intersects with traditional familism and gender ideology. We analyze panel data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families ( n = 11,488). Our individual fixed-effect regressions reveal that women’s time spent on domestic labor is negatively associated with the marital satisfaction of younger wives (in their 20s and 30s) when they do not hold traditional family attitudes. However, younger women’s satisfaction is positively associated with their husbands’ share of domestic labor regardless of the women’s gender-role attitudes. For older women (in their 40s or older), we find no evidence for either interaction effect. With the continued erosion of traditional familism in Korea, the burden of domestic labor may become more problematic for younger women’s marriages.
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Pyke, Karen, and Michele Adams. "What’s Age Got to Do With It? A Case Study Analysis of Power and Gender in Husband-Older Marriages." Journal of Family Issues 31, no. 6 (January 28, 2010): 748–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09357897.
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