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1
Leigh, Victoria, and Sarah MacLean. "Silent deaths: a commentary on new mortality data relating to volatile substance abuse in Great Britain." Drugs and Alcohol Today 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-08-2018-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on new information from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on deaths caused by volatile substance abuse (VSA) in Great Britain which occurred between 2001 and 2016. Design/methodology/approach Comparing the new study with previous mortality data, the authors consider the strengths and some limitations of the analysis provided by ONS. Findings By utilising a broader range of codes and collating additional information from death certificates, the new report provides a more comprehensive measure of VSA mortality than was previously available, showing increasing prevalence of deaths. The age profile of people dying is older than in previous studies. Most deaths were associated with inhalation of gases and almost three-quarters of deaths involved volatile substances alone. Practical implications Understanding VSA mortality is essential for service planning. It is important that we identify why so many people whose deaths are associated with VSA are not accessing treatment, with particular concern about treatment access for those who only use volatiles. Training to support drug and alcohol and other health service staff to respond to VSA is essential. In future reports, data to identify socioeconomic correlations of VSA deaths would enable targeted responses. Additionally, information on whether deaths occur in long term rather than episodic or one-off users could enable risk reduction education. Originality/value This paper shows how data on VSA deaths may inform for policy and service planning.
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Victor, Christina R., and Ann Bowling. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Loneliness Among Older People in Great Britain." Journal of Psychology 146, no. 3 (May 2012): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.609572.
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Sin, Chih, Nina Mguni, Chloe Cook, Natasha Comber, and Annie Hedges. "Targeted violence, harassment and abuse against people with learning disabilities in Great Britain." Tizard Learning Disability Review 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/tldr.2010.0026.
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Olszowski, Patrick, and Anna Boaden. "Targeted violence, harassment and abuse against people with learning disabilities in Great Britain." Tizard Learning Disability Review 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/tldr.2010.0027.
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Patel, Avanish Bhai, and Anindya J. Mishra. "An empirical study of elder abuse in the state of Uttar Pradesh of India." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 19, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-08-2017-0033.
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Purpose Elder abuse is the matter of grave concern in recent times in India. Today, older people are facing the abusive behaviour such as maltreatment, mental and physical torture and heedless ignominy from the family and the society. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of elder abuse in Indian socio-cultural context and also focuses on the causes of elder abuse and abusers. Design/methodology/approach Mixed method design has been applied in this paper. The study has been conducted from October 2012-January 2013 on a sample of 220 older people living in both rural and urban areas of Lucknow, India. The data have been analysed through descriptive and narrative analysis. Findings The study finds that the emotional abuse is more common among the older people, which raises the feeling of insecurity, depression and isolation. The study also points out that the respect, honour, status and authority which were enjoyed by the elderly in the traditional society, have gradually started declining. Moreover, the study finds that the family members, do not provide proper food, clothing and medical facilities in rural areas. Research limitations/implications Since the sample of older respondents was small and focused on those living in a particular area of one state, the authors cannot generalise from this study to include the great diversity of experience and difference in perceptions among the older people even within a particular state. However, widespread and diverse types of accounts of elder abuse were reported even in these settings, which can help indicate areas for future research and policies. Originality/value This is an original paper, which is based on the experiences of older people living in rural-urban areas and discussed the elder abuse in socio-cultural context.
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DENNIS, MICHAEL, SARAH BAILLON, TRAOLACH BRUGHA, JAMES LINDESAY, ROBERT STEWART, and HOWARD MELTZER. "The spectrum of suicidal ideation in Great Britain: comparisons across a 16–74 years age range." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 6 (February 9, 2007): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000013.
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Background. Previous studies have examined suicidal ideation in older populations and emphasized the strong association with the presence of psychiatric disorder. However, associations with the presence of psychiatric disorder across the age range are unclear. Representative epidemiological estimates are needed.Method. In a national survey of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain, 8580 randomly selected adults were interviewed. Three questions were asked to assess suicidal ideation, and psychiatric disorder was identified using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R).Results. Suicidal ideation was up to three times commoner in younger adults than in those aged 55–74 years but the odds of depression in those with suicidal thoughts was significantly greater in the older age group (p<0·01). Tiredness with life (p<0·01) and thoughts of death (p<0·01) were also more strongly associated with depression in the older age group. Other major associations of suicidal ideation for all ages were: smaller social support group, being divorced or separated, poor self-rated general health, and limitations in activities of daily living (ADL). Being single was an important factor for younger age groups, and widowhood for older people. Life events were also important in younger people, but not in those aged 55–74 years.Conclusions. Suicidal thoughts and death wishes are comparatively more unusual in older people; however, they are more likely to be associated with clinical depression. In terms of suicide prevention this study emphasizes the importance of improving rates of recognition and treatment of depression in older people.
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GLASER, KAREN, MIKE MURPHY, and EMILY GRUNDY. "Limiting Long-Term Illness and Household Structure among People Aged 45 and over, Great Britain 1991." Ageing and Society 17, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x96006277.
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The aim of the study reported here was to investigate the relationship between health and household composition among older people. The 1 per cent and 2 per cent SARs (Samples of Anonymised Records) drawn from 1991 British Census data were used to examine the frequency of a limiting long-term illness among older people according to different types of living arrangements. These data include the population in institutions and our results show that previous studies based only on the private household population have underestimated the prevalence of illness among older people. Long-term illness rates vary across family and household types, with higher frequencies found for those individuals not living in families (either alone or with others) or in lone parent families, compared with those living as part of a couple. Importantly, our results show a previously unreported clustering of long-term illness in households. Those over 45 suffering from a limiting long-term illness were more likely than those without such an illness, to live in households including others with long-term illness. These results indicate that health should be considered from a household, rather than just an individual, perspective. Our findings support those who have argued that families including an older ill member need more help from formal services. However, it is unlikely that this can be achieved solely by redeploying services from those living alone as long-term illness rates were also high in this group.
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Rybachok, O. A. "June 15 — World Elder Abuse Awareness Day." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2207-08.
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On December 19, 2011, the UN General Assembly decided to celebrate June 15 as the World Elder Abuse Awareness Day. This decision was made in order to promote a caring and respectful attitude towards people of advanced age. Quite often, older people need outside help, because they frequently have to deal with difficult living conditions alone, may be subject to age discrimination in employment, or become victims of swindlers and simply unscrupulous people. For elderly people, not only the fact of physical assistance and the provision of conditions for normal life is extremely important, but also the attention to their inner world, the manifestation of spiritual care, and interest in activities and hobbies are of great importance. An interesting fact is that the World Elder Abuse Awareness Day is celebrated two weeks after Children's Day — everyone knows that the elderly, like children, need attention and outside help more than others.
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Sheiham, A., J. G. Steele, W. Marcenes, S. Finch, and A. W. G. Walls. "The relationship between oral health status and Body Mass Index among older people: a national survey of older people in Great Britain." British Dental Journal 192, no. 12 (June 2002): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801461.
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Rowe, Jed. "The management of falls in older people: from research to practice." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 10, no. 4 (November 2000): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259800010492.
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Falls are common in late life. Evidence from New Zealand, the United States and Great Britain suggest that about a third of people aged over 65 will fall each year, a proportion that rises to about half for the community-dwelling population older than 85 years. Falls are the leading cause of death from injury in older people. Although many falls do not cause serious injury, nor precipitate referral to the health services for 30–50% of fallers, those that do have major consequences. From a purely financial perspective, acute care of those with falls is estimated to cost $10 billion per annum in the United States.
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Arias, Jalayne J., Lillian Morgado, and Stephanie Grace Prost. "Forgotten and without Protections: Older Adults in Prison Settings." Hastings Center Report 53, no. 6 (November 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1540.
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AbstractThe number of older adults incarcerated in prisons is growing significantly, and there is a great need for legal authority, processes, and resources to mitigate individual and social burdens of elder neglect and abuse within these settings. Older adults in prison may be particularly vulnerable to abuse, neglect, or exploitation. They are dependent on the carceral system for basic resources, are at risk for retaliatory actions for reporting mistreatment, and bear disproportionately high health burdens. This essay first considers standards and resources for mitigating elder mistreatment in the community and residential‐care settings in contrast to the available resources in prisons. Arguing that a conceptual model of elder abuse tailored to the prison population is needed, the essay proposes a research agenda through which such a model could be developed. The model could then be used in the creation of policy for detecting and mitigating elder mistreatment of incarcerated people. The essay concludes with a call to action to address the rift in legal protections and processes that leave older adults in prison at increased risk of abuse and neglect without a clear pathway for recourse.
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BROESE van GROENOU, MARJOLEIN, KAREN GLASER, CECILIA TOMASSINI, and THÉRÈSE JACOBS. "Socio-economic status differences in older people's use of informal and formal help: a comparison of four European countries." Ageing and Society 26, no. 5 (August 1, 2006): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005241.
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This study investigates the variations by older people's socio-economic status (SES) (i.e. educational level and social class) in the use of informal and formal help from outside the household in Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and The Netherlands. In all these countries, it was older people in low SES groups who mostly used such help. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that, in each country and for both types of help, there were SES gradients in the utilisation of both formal and informal care, and that differences in age, health and marital status largely accounted for the former but not the latter. Cross-national differences in the use of both informal and formal help remained when variations in sex, age, SES, health, marital status, home ownership and the use of privately-paid help were taken into account. Significant interaction effects were found, which indicated that older people in low SES groups in Great Britain and The Netherlands had higher odds of using informal help from outside the household than their counterparts in Italy, and similarly that those in The Netherlands were more likely to use formal help than their Italian peers. The results are discussed in relation to the cultural differences and variations in the availability of formal services among the countries.
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Victor, Christina, Sasha Scambler, John Bond, and Ann Bowling. "Loneliness in later life: Preliminary findings from the Growing Older project." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14717794200200006.
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Loneliness is consistently presumed to be a specific ‘social problem’, which accompanies old age and growing older. Ninety per cent of the general population of Britain feel that loneliness is particularly a problem associated with old age. Data concerning the prevalence of loneliness amongst the population aged 65 and over are provided from a quantitative survey of 999 people across Great Britain using a special module commissioned from the ONS Omnibus survey. The overall self‐reported prevalence of loneliness shows little change in the post‐war period and challenges the stereotype that the problem of loneliness and isolation has become more prevalent. Socio‐demographic and health factors were associated with loneliness but contact with family and friends was not. Both quantitative and qualitative data sets illustrate the importance of loss as a theme underpinning experiences of loneliness. Further analysis of these data offers the potential to develop a better understanding of what loneliness really is, what it means to those who experience it may offer the potential to develop interventions and strategies to ‘protect’ older people from this problem.
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McGraw, Caroline. "Risk of admission to a nursing home among older people with visual impairment in great britain." Primary Health Care 19, no. 6 (July 9, 2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.19.6.14.s24.
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Evans, Jennifer R. "Risk of Admission to a Nursing Home Among Older People With Visual Impairment in Great Britain." Archives of Ophthalmology 126, no. 10 (October 13, 2008): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.10.1428.
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Pearce, Mark S., Jane A. Salotti, Nicola L. Howe, Kieran McHugh, Kwang Pyo Kim, Choonsik Lee, Alan W. Craft, Amy Berrington de Gonzaléz, and Louise Parker. "CT Scans in Young People in Great Britain: Temporal and Descriptive Patterns, 1993–2002." Radiology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/594278.
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Background. Although using computed tomography (CT) can be greatly beneficial, the associated relatively high radiation doses have led to growing concerns in relation to potential associations with risk of future cancer. Very little has been published regarding the trends of CT use in young people. Therefore, our objective was to assess temporal and other patterns in CT usage among patients aged under 22 years in Great Britain from 1993 to 2002.Methods. Electronic data were obtained from the Radiology Information Systems of 81 hospital trusts within Great Britain. All included patients were aged under 22 years and examined using CT between 1993 and 2002, with accessible radiology records.Results. The number of CT examinations doubled over the study period. While increases in numbers of recorded examinations were seen across all age groups, the greatest increases were in the older patients, most notably those aged 15–19 years of age. Sixty percent of CT examinations were of the head, with the percentages varying with calendar year and patient age.Conclusions. In contrast to previous data from the North of England, the doubling of CT use was not accompanied by an increase in numbers of multiple examinations to the same individual.
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Holman, Brett. "The Phantom Airship Panic of 1913: Imagining Aerial Warfare in Britain before the Great War." Journal of British Studies 55, no. 1 (January 2016): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2015.173.
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AbstractIn late 1912 and early 1913, people all over Britain reported seeing airships in the night sky, yet there were none. It was widely assumed that these “phantom airships” were German Zeppelins, testing British defenses in preparation for the next war. The public and press responses to the phantom airship sightings provide a glimpse of the way that aerial warfare was understood before it was ever experienced in Britain. Conservative newspapers and patriotic leagues used the sightings to argue for a massive expansion of Britain's aerial forces, which were perceived to be completely outclassed by Germany's in both number and power. In many ways this airship panic was analogous to the much better known 1909 dreadnought panic. The result was the perfect Edwardian panic: the simultaneous culmination of older fears about Germany and the threat of espionage, invasion, and, above all, the loss of Britain's naval superiority. But, in reality, there was little understanding about the way that Zeppelins would be used against Britain in the First World War—not to attack its arsenals and dockyards, but to bomb its cities.
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Haynes, Philip, Laura Banks, and Michael Hill. "Social networks amongst older people in OECD countries: a qualitative comparative analysis." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 29, no. 1 (February 2013): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2013.802988.
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Using data from The International Social Survey Programme this paper compares the social networks of those aged 50 and above in 18 countries. Two different types of networks are conceptualised: family contact and community participation. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), international sets are established for four groups of countries. Set one includes countries that only satisfy a minimal number of social network thresholds (France, Norway, Great Britain, Denmark and the USA). Set two includes a homogeneous group of countries with above-threshold rates of marriage and community participation (Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Austria and Canada). Other separate sets with stronger social network features comprise Eastern European countries (set three) and Southern Europe countries (set four) in these sets, family contacts are above the international country average but community participation is less strong. Country sets with low comparative threshold scores in the QCA are argued to be likely to be in greater need of government care policy interventions.
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Walker, Alan, and Carol Walker. "Age or disability? Age-based disparities in service provision for older people with intellectual disabilities in Great Britain." Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668259800033561.
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Scott, Jan. "Homelessness and Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 3 (March 1993): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.3.314.
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In Great Britain 1–2 million people may be homeless. Most homeless people are men, but about 10–25% are women, of whom about half are accompanied by children. Significant mental illness is present in 30–50% of the homeless: functional psychoses predominate; acute distress and personality dysfunction are also prevalent. Co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse occurs in 20%, and physical morbidity rates exceed those of domiciled populations. The homeless mentally ill also have many social needs. Pathways to homelessness are complex; deinstitutionalisation may be only one possible cause of the increase in the number of homeless people. There is much recent research estimating the extent of mental illness and the characteristics of selected subgroups of accessible homeless people. The evaluation of potential service solutions has received less attention. This review outlines the research, highlights current views on the definition and classification of homeless populations, and offers some guidelines on avenues which need to be explored.
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Bowes, Alison, Alison Dawson, and Rosalie Ashworth. "Time for care: exploring time use by carers of older people." Ageing and Society 40, no. 8 (March 29, 2019): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000205.
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AbstractThe paper focuses on temporal aspects of informal caring for older people. Limitations of large-scale surveys in capturing such data are noted and time-use methodology, despite its own limitations, is proposed as a promising alternative. Adopting a critical perspective on time that includes carers’ own conceptualisations, we report the findings of a qualitative study of carers’ time use. Sixty-two interviews with carers, male/female, co-resident/not co-resident, employed/not employed, and located across Great Britain were conducted. Analysis considered people's own diverse and ambiguous views of their care activities. Carers’ accounts of their time revealed non-linear experiences and a sense of being permanently on call. Interviewees often travelled distances to engage in support activities with or for older people. Changes over time were pervasive, increasing or reducing care requirements. Unanticipated events could precipitate radical changes in time use. Managing time, exercising temporal agency, was particularly apparent in accounts of care, employment, other family responsibilities and choices about friendship. Measurement of carers’ time use which draws on the conceptual foundation of carers’ own perspectives on time may provide more effective quantitative understanding of the temporal aspects of caring. It should not pre-define time, must grasp a variety of tasks, take account of intermittent activity, incorporate the 24–7 experience of many carers and demonstrate how caring time interacts with other time.
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Boniface, Gail, Margot Mason, Jacqueline MacIntyre, Christine Synan, and Jill Riley. "The Effectiveness of Local Authority Social Services' Occupational Therapy for Older People in Great Britain: A Critical Literature Review." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, no. 12 (December 2013): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4276/030802213x13861576675240.
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VICTOR, CHRISTINA R., SASHA J. SCAMBLER, ANN BOWLING, and JOHN BOND. "The prevalence of, and risk factors for, loneliness in later life: a survey of older people in Great Britain." Ageing and Society 25, no. 6 (April 22, 2005): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x04003332.
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This study examines the prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in Great Britain, and makes comparisons with the findings of studies undertaken during the last five decades. In addition, the risk factors for loneliness are examined using a conceptual model of vulnerability and protective factors derived from a model of depression. Loneliness was measured using a self-rating scale, and measures of socio-demographic status and health/social resources were included. Interviews were undertaken with 999 people aged 65 or more years living in their own homes, and the sample was broadly representative of the population in 2001. Among them the prevalence of ‘severe loneliness’ was seven per cent, indicating little change over five decades. Six independent vulnerability factors for loneliness were identified: marital status, increases in loneliness over the previous decade, increases in time alone over the previous decade; elevated mental morbidity; poor current health; and poorer health in old age than expected. Advanced age and possession of post-basic education were independently protective of loneliness. From this evidence we propose that there are three loneliness pathways in later life: continuation of a long-established attribute, late-onset loneliness, and decreasing loneliness. Confirmation of the different trajectories suggests that policies and interventions should reflect the variability of loneliness in later life, for undifferentiated responses may be neither appropriate nor effective.
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SEIDEL, DAVID, KATHRYN RICHARDSON, NATHAN CRILLY, FIONA E. MATTHEWS, P. JOHN CLARKSON, and CAROL BRAYNE. "Design for independent living: activity demands and capabilities of older people." Ageing and Society 30, no. 7 (May 12, 2010): 1239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000310.
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ABSTRACTThe ability to perform the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is an important focus for the promotion of independent living in old age. If strategies to enable older people to remain in their own homes are to be developed, advances must be made in understanding the demands associated with IADLs. This paper reports on a study of how activity demands – the body postures, actions and hand functions involved in cooking, housework, laundering and shopping – relate to the capabilities of a sample of older people in Great Britain. Task data were analysed for 4,886 community-dwelling 55–93-year-olds who were enrolled in a follow-up survey to the 1996/97 Family Resources Survey. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for associations between functional limitations and IADL difficulty. Attributable fraction estimates were also used to assess the population impact of the functional limitations. Comparable effect sizes were observed across activities for limitations in body postures (standing, reaching and bending/stooping), actions (lifting/lowering and holding/carrying) and hand functions. Most of the difficulties were attributable to limitations in body postures, primarily bending/stooping, whereas actions and hand functions accounted for much less difficulty. We present a matrix of the potential impact that design changes to alleviate each limitation would have on the ability to perform the activities studied. This can help to prioritise interventions aimed at supporting continued independent living.
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Kobyliński, Andrzej. "Problem psychomanipulacji religijnej w kontekście globalnej pentekostalizacji chrześcijaństwa." Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 54 (December 30, 2022): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.54.7.
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This article focuses primarily on a synthetic presentation of the global process of pentecostalization as well as the analysis of the selected religious abuses that occur in Christian communities on the grounds of emotional and syncretic Pentecostal religiosity. Over the last two decades, the interest in the problem of psychomanipulation and religious abuses has grown significantly in the Catholic Church and in other Christian denominations. This phenomenon is subject to in-depth philosophical, psychological, sociological, theological and cultural analyses, particularly in countries such as the United States, France or Great Britain. Religious abuse, also known as spiritual abuse or spiritual violence, refers to various forms of psychomanipulation, power, and control over people through religion, faith, or beliefs. The risk of abuse is especially high in the context of contemporary syncretic Neo-Pentecostal religiosity which is characterized by the so-called praying in tongues, miracles, emphasizing the presence of the devil in the world, exorcisms, prayers of deliverance, healings, introducing participants of prayer meetings into altered states of consciousness, etc. In the application of such methods, the principle of informed consent, which in medical practice applies to the relationship between doctors and patients, should be one of the basic ethical norms implemented with the aim of protecting against religious abuse and regulating the relationship of leaders to members of their communities.
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Okuno, Meiry F. P., Diego Ximendes-Silva, Rodrigo L. Vancini, Claudia Adjzen, Marilia S. Andrade, Claudio A. B. de Lira, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Rafaela Gomes dos Santos, Katja Weiss, and Beat Knechtle. "Profile of Self-Care Capacity and Alcohol Use in Elderly Brazilians during the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Online Study." Knowledge 2, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/knowledge2030023.
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Background: Preventive and positive online coping strategies are essential for harm reduction associated with alcohol abuse among older adults in pandemic and social isolation scenarios. The objectives were to examine the relationship between alcohol use/abuse and physical capacity/self-care to perform the physical activities of daily living or impairment of the functional capacity of the elderly in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was carried out. One hundred and one elderly people in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, participated in a community program. Results: Most participants (52.5%) showed excellent self-care skills. Approximately 12% of participants reported problems related to alcohol use/abuse. There was no association between self-care ability and abuse and probable alcohol dependence. Conclusions: Although most participants have excellent self-care and functional capacity and have not evidenced alcohol use/abuse, health professionals need to systematically provide information to prevent alcohol abuse, especially in scenarios of great emotional distress, such as in a pandemic. In addition, the online meetings held by the UAPI program were shown to be opportunities for social interaction and were essential to minimize the negative effects of the possible presence of alcohol use/abuse and the deteriorating performance of physical activities of daily living during a pandemic outbreak for the elderly.
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MALLIER, TONY, and DAVID MORRIS. "Earnings trends among older employees in England and Wales, 1972–2001." Ageing and Society 23, no. 3 (May 2003): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0300117x.
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This article considers the hypothesis that ‘older people in full-time employment normally receive earnings below the level previously enjoyed’, by examining the money and real earnings of older British full-time employees as they age. After a review of the factors that influence earnings, data from the New Earnings Survey of Great Britain are used to estimate average gross weekly money and real earnings of two cohorts of manual and non-manual workers as they age. The two cohorts were born respectively in 1927 and 1937, and male and female employees are considered separately. The estimates are used to develop time series age-earnings profiles of real earnings. These suggest that the average full-time older employee normally benefits over time from rising real earnings as a consequence of increases in national prosperity, although the increases vary by gender, occupational group and cohort. Older female employees benefited more than males from significantly higher percentage increases in their average real earnings, and between 1981–2000 average real earnings in non-manual occupations rose relative to manual workers' earnings.
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Victor, Christina R. "Understanding Physical Activity in the Daily Lives of Bangladeshi and Pakistani Elders in Great Britain." ISRN Geriatrics 2014 (March 26, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/529428.
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In the United Kingdom, there are physical activity guidelines specifically for older adults. Self-report data indicate that approximately 15% of those achieved 65+ the activity target of 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise on 5 (or more) days a week and 30% when the 150 minutes may be achieved in 10-minute (or greater) bursts. Levels of activity are higher among men, the more affluent, and those aged 65–74 but we have little evidence about levels of activity among the ageing ethnic minority population. Reanalysis of 109 interviews conducted with people aged 50+ from Bangladeshi and Pakistani communities was undertaken to explore how participants talk about physical activity in terms of their daily lives. Few, 13 participants (7 females), reported that physical activity and/or exercise formed part of their daily routine; a further 7 had been advised to take exercise by their doctors but had not done so and 9 described why they could not exercise. Barriers to exercise included lack of time (because of work or childcare) and cultural factors such as ideas about age and gender appropriate behaviour. We need to develop appropriate interventions to encourage exercise which address these cultural factors and general barriers to exercise.
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Wrieden, Wendy L., Patricia J. Longbottom, Ashley J. Adamson, Simon A. Ogston, Anne Payne, Mohammad A. Haleem, and Karen L. Barton. "Estimation of typical food portion sizes for children of different ages in Great Britain." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 1344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507868516.
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It is often the case in dietary assessment that it is not practicable to weigh individual intakes of foods eaten. The aim of the work described was to estimate typical food portion weights for children of different ages. Using the data available from the British National Diet and Nutrition Surveys of children aged 1½–4½ years (1992–1993) and young people aged 4–18 years (1997), descriptive statistics were obtained, and predicted weights were calculated by linear, quadratic and exponential regression for each age group. Following comparison of energy and nutrient intakes calculated from actual (from an earlier weighed intake study) and estimated portion weights, the final list of typical portion sizes was based on median portion weights for the 1–3- and 4–6-year age groups, and age-adjusted means using linear regression for the 7–10-, 11–14- and 15–18-year age groups. The number of foods recorded by fifty or more children was 133 for each of the younger age groups (1–3 and 4–6 years) and seventy-five for each of the older age groups. The food portion weights covered all food groups. All portion sizes increased with age with the exception of milk in tea or coffee. The present study draws on a unique source of weighed data on food portions of a large sample of children that is unlikely to be repeated and therefore provides the best possible estimates of children's food portion sizes in the UK.
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Marcenes, Wagner, Jimmy George Steele, Aubrey Sheiham, and Angus Willian Gilmour Walls. "The relationship between dental status, food selection, nutrient intake, nutritional status, and body mass index in older people." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 19, no. 3 (June 2003): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2003000300013.
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This paper reviewed the findings from a national survey in Great Britain which assessed whether dental status affected older people's food selection, nutrient intake, and nutritional status. The survey analyzed national random samples of free-living and institution subjects for dental examination, interview, and four-day food diary as well as blood and urine tests In the free-living sample, intakes of non-starch polysaccharides, protein, calcium, non-heme iron, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly lower in edentulous as compared to dentate subjects. People with 21 or more teeth consumed more of most nutrients, particularly non-starch polysaccharides. This relationship in intake was not apparent in the hematological analysis. Plasma ascorbate and retinol were the only analytes significantly associated with dental status. Having 21 or more teeth increased the likelihood of having an acceptable body mass index (BMI). Thus, maintaining a natural and functional dentition defined as having more than twenty teeth into old age plays an important role in having a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, a satisfactory nutritional status, and an acceptable BMI.
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Lugovskoy, A. V., Y. S. Pestushko, and E. V. Savelova. "Insularity as a core of ethnocultural identity (a comparative study of Great Britain and Japan)." Japanese Studies in Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2023): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2500-2872-2023-3-49-62.
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The formation of cultural characteristics of a nation as well as the peculiarities of its worldview and ethnic psychology are largely influenced by the geographical factor which comprises the location of a country, its climate, the access or absence of access to seas, oceans, etc. One of relatively new terms in the Russian and foreign humanities is “insularity” which is understood as “isolated origin,” or “island location,” or “the island effect.” The notion of insularity is not only constituted by the fact of geographic isolation, but it also includes certain cultural, political, and ethnocultural features. The study aims to analyze the effect of the geographic insulation of Great Britain and Japan on the formation of island mentality and specific socio-cultural characteristics of these two island nations. The authors discuss the defining role of the geographical factor in the formation of the aforesaid characteristics of the British and the Japanese. The article particularly focuses on the study of national character traits typical of the two insular cultures. The study argues that the insular location of Great Britain and Japan as well as the climatic and natural conditions of these countries not only predetermined the specifics of human settlement and their economy but also shaped the mentality and worldviews of the people inhabiting the islands. The key factor in forming the national identity of both the British and the Japanese is the image of the Other, the image of the enemy. The distinction between the Self and the Other has underpinned a number of key national values. At the same time, the insular cultures of the UK and Japan display certain differences. Japan is a country with a distinct hierarchical social organization in which respect for older people and superiors is a key cultural characteristic. In contrast, the UK has a less hierarchical individualistic society. Furthermore, Japan is more conventional from the point of view of its cultural and religious institutions, norms and values. In its turn, the UK is more modern and possesses an ability to flexibly incorporate other cultural traits and new ideas. Finally, Japanese culture focuses more on collectivist practices whereas the UK being partly under the influence of European mentality is more oriented towards individualism and personal freedom.
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Sheiham, Aubrey, Jimmy G. Steele, Wagner Marcenes, Georgios Tsakos, Stephen Finch, and Angus W. G. Walls. "Prevalence of impacts of dental and oral disorders and their effects on eating among older people; a national survey in Great Britain." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29, no. 3 (June 2001): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290305.x.
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Mallipeddi, Ramesh. "Soil and Enslaved People: Racial Ecologies of the Plantation Economy, 1627–1764." Eighteenth Century 63, no. 3-4 (September 2022): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecy.2022.a927518.
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Abstract: In his 1729 The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain Considered , the Quaker merchant Joshua Gee observed that "the island of Barbados is very much worn out, and does not afford the quantity of sugar as heretofore." Gee's concern over declining yields was shared by several contemporary Caribbean planters and agricultural reformers. With the expansion of sugar cultivation in older colonies such as Barbados, St. Kitts, and Antigua, the area under woodlands, pasture, and subsistence crops diminished, accelerating soil erosion. Planters recognized that, as fertility declined, additional slave importations and new uncultivated lands would be necessary to produce enough sugar for the world market. This essay examines how the expanding plantation complex transferred risks or uncertainties to its most vulnerable groups: African migrants and Caribbean slaves. Drawing on Samuel Martin's plantation manual, An Essay on Plantership (1762), James Grainger's West-India Georgic The Sugar Cane (1764), and the testimonies before the select committee of the House of Commons, I show how the subjugation of enslaved people and soil, labor and land, and bodies and landscapes was a social and environmental disaster—one with lasting consequences for African Caribbean slaves and their emancipated descendants.
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Banerjee, Debanjan. "429 - Human rights crisis for older people during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: Psychosocial cohesion as a mitigating strategy." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221001885.
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It has been more than a year of the global unprecedented Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. The pandemic has exposed and exploited risks not only related to health, but also the societies, economies and our future. India, being one of the worst hit nations during this outbreak, has faced a significant economic fallout with certain vulnerable populations enduring major humanitarian crisis. The frontline workers, age and gender minorities, socio-economically impoverished and migrant workers have been disproportionately affected in India, with the disparities being widened further in the sub- continent with the second largest population and a marked socio-ethnic diversity.COVID-19 is in no way a “great equalizer”, contrary to its popular term. Older adults are at disproportionate risk of severe infection, mortality as well as loneliness, seclusion, abuse and neglect during the pandemic. Age and ageism have both factored as risks for physical and psychosocial burden of the elderly. Besides the medical factors, lack of social security, isolation, stigma, sexism, elder abuse, loss of autonomy and restricted healthcare access are crucial in the pandemic situation. Among the proposed pathways to restore human rights and societal balance during such a global crisis, social cohesion is a potential strategy. A multi-dimensional driver of long-term prosperity and collectivism, social cohesion refers to the extent of connectedness and solidarity among various groups. Interpersonal relationships within the community and sense of belongingness are the twin pillars on which social cohesion stands. This presentation reviews psychosocial vulnerabilities of older adults during infectious disease outbreaks in light of the present pandemic and proposes strategies to mitigate this marginalization through the WHO’s concept of healthy ageing based on social cohesion and inclusion. In this regard, policies and interventions require deep reflections on how best to balance opportunities and adversities, and sustain resilience to cope both with the present and future.
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Al-Hamad, A., R. Flowerdew, and L. Hayes. "Migration of Elderly People to Join Existing Households: Some Evidence from the 1991 Household Sample of Anonymised Records." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 7 (July 1997): 1243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291243.
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In this paper the extent to which migration of the elderly is linked to changing family living situations is explored. The work described is part of a larger project concerned with the relationship between migration, kinship, and household change. Discussions of the living arrangements of older people have often referred to moves made to join adult children or other relatives. In this paper we use the Household Sample of Anonymised Records to investigate moves of this type. The Sample of Anonymised Records allows the identification of individuals who have joined already existing households within the previous year. We make use of information on people over 65 years in Great Britain who have changed address in the previous year but are now part of a household some of whose members have not moved. This paper is confined to the limited range of information available from the 1991 census but it does allow us to estimate the number of older people making moves of this type, and to identify their age, sex, and marital status, and their relationship to the household they have joined. It is also possible to say something about the households which these people are joining, in terms of tenure and house type, and to describe the distribution of distances moved. Although the data do not allow direct inferences about whether these moves are related to the needs of the old people for care, the census question on limiting long-term illness provides data relevant to this issue.
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Zmysłowska, Magdalena. "Suicide of the elderly as a challenge for social work." Praca Socjalna 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2491.
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The article deals with the issue of suicides of the elderly, and the aim of the analysis has been reduced to two questions: what are the risk factors for suicides of the elderly? and what are the possibilities for preventing the suicidal behavior of seniors? The desk research method was used and 40 articles from countries such as South Korea, China, Taiwan, the United States, Canada, Ghana, New Zealand, Iran, Israel, Romania, Greece, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Poland, and Spain were analyzed. Research indicates that the most common risk factors are mental disorders (mainly depression), physical diseases that reduce the quality of life, and social factors (loss of loved ones and disappearing ties with family). The possibilities of prevention come down primarily to treating mental disorders and physical diseases and creating national, comprehensive strategies for preventing suicide in seniors. The article also contains tips for social workers working with older people.
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Istomin, V. G. "Class Action Lawsuits in Competition Cases in the US and UK and Prospects for their Development in Russia." Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.142.9.174-186.
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The need to protect the rights and legitimate interests of entities affected by anti-competitive actions, to compensate for the losses caused to them, as well as to suppress illegal behavior in relation to a wide range of people, requires states to search for various measures to counteract such abuse by companies of their market power. One possible measure is class action, which is currently used in the US and UK as an effective mechanism to protect businesses and consumers from anti-competitive behavior. Taking into account the fact that the procedure of group proceedings has been developed in modern Russian legislation, the experience of implementing the relevant norms in other countries is of undoubted interest for study. The author analyzes the provisions on class actions contained in the legislation of the United States and Great Britain, the practice of their application in the field of competition protection, as well as the prospects for class proceedings in Russia. The conclusion is made about the insufficiency of legally fixed economic incentives for filing class actions, which may prevent the widespread use of this institution in Russian practice, including in antimonopoly disputes.
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Sheiham, A., J. G. Steele, W. Marcenes, S. Finch, and A. W. G. Walls. "The impact of oral health on stated ability to eat certain foods; Findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Older People in Great Britain." Gerodontology 16, no. 1 (July 1999): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2358.1999.00011.x.
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L., J. F. "THIS FEDERAL HEALTH PLAN WORKED TOO WELL." Pediatrics 93, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): A46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.2.a46.
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Before okaying any plan that attempts to increase access to health care while harnessing costs, congress ought to re-examine the government-funded End-State Renal Disease program. It shows that per-treatment costs can be controlled by setting limits on what providers are paid, but controlling the volume is vastly more complex... A program that initially served 11,000 people today serves 165,000 and is expected to soon have 300 000 beneficiaries... First year costs were $229 million and reached $1 billion by 1977. In 1991, the program cost $6.6 billion. Even so, efforts by Medicare, which administers the program, to control perpatient costs have been a great success. Administrators capped the reimbursement rate early and steadfastly refused to raise it—not even to compensate for inflation. Twice the rate was lowered. Thus, the cost in constant dollars of a dialysis treatment has fallen 61%—$54 from $138... Today dialysis patients are older and sicker, and people over age 65 form the fastest growing group of new users. Among the aged beneficiaries are people in a persistent vegetative state and nursing-home residents who go to dialysis centers on stretchers... In Britian it is rare for anyone over age 55 to go on dialysis, largely because the British health-care system contains an implicit bias against providing dialysis for any kidney patient with multiple serious disorders, which elderly patients almost always have. As a result, for every million people in Britain, 154 are on dialysis; in the U.S., 539 people out of every million are on dialysis.
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McConkey, Roy, and Sarah Craig. "Change over 12 years in residential provision for adult persons with intellectual disabilities in Ireland." Tizard Learning Disability Review 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the impact of major policy changes and reductions in government funding on residential provision for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach Ireland is unique in having a national database of people in receipt of services from specialist ID providers. Information on persons in residential settings from 2005 to 2016 was examined in terms of changes in the types of provision over time and broken down by age groups. Findings From 2011 onwards, cuts in government funding coincided with a continuing reduction in the overall provision of residential accommodation for adults with ID. There was a parallel increase in the number of people living with family carers, especially persons aged 55 years and over. The greatest reduction was in residential centres which was in line with recent policy but this was not matched by an increase in alternative options, with fewer people aged 20-34 living in residential accommodation of any kind. Compared to Great Britain, Ireland has proportionately more residential places with fewer people living independently. Social implications More Irish families have to continue caring for their adult relatives into their old age. Likewise, those resident in group homes and living independently are growing older which means there is an increased likelihood they will require additional support. Originality/value This national data set is a valuable tool for monitoring changes in service provision over time and for determining the impact of government policy and funding decisions.
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Thane, C. W., A. R. Jones, A. M. Stephen, C. J. Seal, and S. A. Jebb. "Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4–18 years." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 5 (November 2005): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051557.
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Inverse associations between whole-grain food consumption and risk of CVD, some cancers and type 2 diabetes have been reported. However, there are few reports of whole-grain intake, particularly among young people. The objective of the present study was to estimate whole-grain intake in a nationally representative sample of young people aged 4–18 years living in Great Britain. Whole-grain intake was estimated using 7d weighed dietary records from 1583 young people who participated in the cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey in 1997. Whole-grain intake was quantified from the consumption of all foods containing ≥10% whole-grain content. Median whole-grain intake was 7g/d (interquartile range 0–19g/d), with a corresponding mean of 13 (sd18) g/d. Intake was significantly lower among young people whose head of household had a manual occupation, but did not differ significantly by sex, age, region or season. There was no whole-grain intake for 27% of participants. The percentages for less than one and less than three 16g amounts of whole-grain intake per d were 70 and 94, respectively, while corresponding percentages based on 20g amounts were 76 and 97. Foods with <51% whole-grain content provided 28% of whole-grain intake overall, with a higher percentage in older adolescents. The main sources of whole-grain intake were breakfast cereals (56%) and bread (25%). The present study provides the first quantification of absolute whole-grain intake from all significant food sources in any representative age group in the UK. Although there is some debate regarding the quantity of whole grains required for good health, whole-grain intake among British young people is low.
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Smets, Vincent, Jeroen Cant, and Stefanie Vandevijvere. "The Changing Landscape of Food Deserts and Swamps over More than a Decade in Flanders, Belgium." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113854.
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Food deserts and swamps have previously been mostly studied in Anglo-Saxon countries such as the USA and Great Britain. This research is one of the first studies to map food deserts and swamps in a mainland European, densely populated but heavily fragmented region such as Flanders. The evolution of food deserts and swamps between 2008 and 2020 was assessed. Special focus was given to areas where high numbers of elderly, young people and/or families with low income live. Food deserts were calculated based on supermarket access within 1000 m and bus stop availability, while food swamps were calculated using the Modified Food Environment Retail Index. The main cause behind the formation of food deserts in Flanders is its rapidly aging population. Food deserts with a higher number of older people increased from 2.5% to 3.1% of the residential area between 2008 and 2020, housing 2.2% and 2.8% of the population, respectively. Although the area that could become a food desert in the future due to these sociospatial and demographic evolutions is large, food deserts are currently a relatively small problem in Flanders in comparison to the widespread existence of food swamps. Unhealthy retailers outnumbered healthy retailers in 74% of residential areas in 2020, housing 88.2% of the population. These food swamps create an environment where unhealthy food choices predominate. Residential areas with a higher number of elderly people, young people and families with low incomes had healthier food environments than Flanders as a whole, because these areas are mostly found in dense urban centers where the ratio of healthy food retailers to all retailers is higher. This research showed that food deserts and swamps could be a growing problem in European regions with a high population density that experience the high pressures of competing land uses.
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Мазин and Alyeksandr Mazin. "Problems of protection of participants in labor relations." Economics 1, no. 6 (December 25, 2013): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1946.
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All economic entities require protection. The problem of insufficient protection
of Russian employees and employers is particularly relevant. The employee is
protected from dismissal and bullying, first of all, by his/her usefulness to the
employer and competitiveness on the labour market. The security of the
employee is enhanced by such components of his human capital as education,
skill, work experience, reputation, potential of mobility, etc.
Formal institutions called to protect employees in Russia are not sufficiently
effective. Informal institutions (traditions, customs, habits), being deeply
authoritarian, suppose a high degree of personal dependence of the employee.
As a result, in the new private sector, especially in small business, the majority
of employees have almost no rights. The people working in the public sector
enjoy greater social protection, but less security against poverty. Particularly
poorly protected on the labour market are older people and disabled persons.
The employer also requires protection against bad workmen who can cheat him
at hiring and during work, abuse position, steal, blackmail, sell important
information to competitors. The risks of investing in the improvement of
employees’ professional skills is great. This article lists the factors allowing to
reduce the risk of good workers being enticed away by competitors. Some
conclusions are confirmed by the results of the sociological research conducted
by the author in 2003, 2010 and 2011.
The main reason for vulnerability of the subjects of labour relations, in addition
to their possible lack of competitiveness, lies in the shortcomings of the
institutional environment which governs these relations.
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Pishchik, Vlada. "Belief in Information Conspiracy and Personality Traits of Generations X and Y." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 10, no. 3 (December 20, 2022): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2022-10-3-83-88.
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The article presents the results of comparing the belief in information conspiracies in connection with personality traits among representatives of Generations Y and X, nationalities – the Russians and the Kumyks. We call information conspiracies those that are presented in the information space and are presented as close to reality. Therefore, users who get acquainted with information conspiracies do not doubt and believe in them. The sample was presented by the Russian university students and middle-aged working people. The questionnaire of conspiracy mentality (CMQ) (Bruder, Haffke) and the FPI technique (Farenberg, Zarg and Gampel) have been applied. It was revealed that the older the generation, the more it believes in the state conspiracy; generations have stable beliefs about the presence of a political conspiracy; the representatives of the Kumyk group are more prone to exaggeration of the importance of conspiracy than the group of the Russians generation Y; the personality trait “irritability” correlates with the scale of belief in public conspiracy; there was a negative dependence of emotional lability and belief in a political conspiracy. The results are compared with the data of foreign studies on the samples of representatives of the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, Germany. It was concluded that it is possible to observe cultural and intergenerational differences in expression of conspiracy mentality. Representatives of Generation Y believe more in political and public conspiracies. Representatives of Generation X believe more in public conspiracy and secret organizations.
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Butsyk, S. V. "The Digital Generation in Russian Education: from the Urgency of the Problem to Assessing the Impact of Digitalization on Students." Open Education 24, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2020-3-24-32.
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The objectives of this research are: 1) an analysis of possible pedagogical strategies in relation to two age categories of Russian students (primary schoolchildren; older teenagers and youth) related to the new digital generation; 2) testing an experimental methodology for assessing the degree of influence of digitalization on the activities of older adolescents and youth on a relatively wide range of educational institutions (regular school, two different lyceums, institute) and for a relatively long period (two academic years).Materials and research methods are based on a number of foreign works in the field of pedagogy, psychology, neurophysiology, conducted in the USA, Great Britain, Singapore and a number of other countries, starting from the 2000s, as well as studies from the mid-2010s on the digital generation of Russia. The authors used the methodology for assessing the degree of influence of digitalization on students’ activities, previously published in the journal “Open Education” (No. 1/2019).Results of a study conducted during 2018 and 2019 in several schools of various types and a higher educational institution of one of the largest Russian regions allowed us to make an assumption about the noticeable significance of one of the two key indicators of the author’s methodology – “Significant Impact of Digitalization in the Activities of Students”. According to the author, it may indicate a lower or higher motivation of students in relation to educational and cognitive activities, including those resulting from the positive or negative impact of digitalization.Conclusion. The article describes two pedagogical strategies in relation to different age categories of students, aimed at increasing the motivation for using digital devices for educational and cognitive purposes. The first strategy is aimed at primary schoolchildren and was clearly demonstrated in the early 2000s at the Singapore Institute of Education. The second strategy, aimed at older adolescents and young people, requires the presence of certain social conditions and the consideration of a number of individual factors (average daily time of using digital devices; share of time using digital devices for educational and cognitive purposes; high-quality control of students’ parents or high self-control of students). Testing of the indicated experimental technique allowed the author to identify the boundary numerical values of these factors. At the same time, it is noted that the achievement of a slight negative impact of digital devices on the educational and cognitive activities of students does not require the complete fulfillment of absolutely all three of these factors.
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Goldstein, Ralph. "Diagnosis and recovery; twin impostors of mental health?" Psychotherapy Section Review 1, no. 57 (2016): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspsr.2016.1.57.29.
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Since the publication of the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 in 2013, there has been a wave of critical protest, especially in Britain and especially amongst psychologists. My aim is not to rehearse the mostly sensible criticisms, but to ask what should we be doing about the situation. Should we not be able to find a useful classificatory procedure that helps both professionals and patients to understand both diagnosis and recovery in the same terms? Only when we can do this will the current system be superseded – improve it or live with it. After all, science proceeds by replacing older theories and systems with newer ones that seem to do a better job.The fact is that the current systems do work for some people some of the time; for example, in medico-legal settings and pharmaceutical research settings. Psychiatric medication is effective some of the time, but the way that we approach psychiatric diagnosis and recovery are different in the sense that only rarely are the same formal procedures used at diagnosis and discharge. Two developments will be suggested here. Firstly, that both diagnosis and recovery may be conceived – indeed must be – in the same pragmatic manner by adopting a functional approach both to diagnosis and to recovery. This functional approach has the great benefit of unifying how we might conceive of both common physical problems and mental problems. Secondly, since psychological and psychiatric judgements are inherently vague in a technical sense, we should find a means – namely, fuzzy logic – to work with vagueness in formal terms. We might then be able to adequately fix our classificatory systems along the lines discussed here.
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Ivanova, O., and M. Senkiv. "ACCESSIBLE TOURISM FOR ALL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 74 (2019): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2019.74.12.
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The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism promotes the right of all people to equality in access to contemplate the resources of the planet, which, in turn, is the main principle of accessible tourism for all. Modern approaches to understanding the concepts of accessible tourism for all are analyzed in this paper. Accessible tourism for all means that any tourism product should be designed irrespective of age, gender and ability and with no additional costs for customers with disabilities and specific access requirements. Role of the principles of universal design for accessible tourism for all is characterized. In contrast to the concept of accessibility, which only applies to low-mobility categories of the population and focuses on physical access to transport and buildings, as well as access to information, the concept of universal design emphasizes creating the same conditions convenient for all users, without impersonating some of them. Three main prerequisites for the development of accessible tourism for all in the European Union are determined and characterized, in particular, existing accessibility legislation and standards at the global, European and national levels, population ageing and increase in the number of people with disabilities. There is the problem in Ukraine of the lack of accessibility standards for tourism facilities and services, so it is important to learn the experience of the European Union. The European Union population is aging and this trend will continue in the future. This phenomenon is a major challenge for the society, but at the same time, it also represents a great opportunity for local businesses and for the whole European economy. Elderly people (65 years and older) are encouraged to travel by different motives: visiting relatives, gaining cultural or gastronomic experience, they are interested in traveling on cruise ships, relaxing on the coast, participating in sports events or ethnic holidays. They tend to spend more while traveling and stay longer. Tourists with disabilities, above all, make travel decisions based on the opinions of their friends, and rely less on special offers aimed at them. Online offers and printed brochures of travel agencies influence their decision at the same level. France and the United Kingdom have the most disabled people in the EU. The European Union is the main tourism destination in the world. Five its member states (France, Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany) belong to the top ten countries of the world on arrival of tourists. The map of the most accessible cities of the European Union is created and the quantitative distribution of these cities by country of ownership is presented. France, Germany and Sweden are leaders in the European Union by the number of the most accessible cities in 2011-2018. Among the 23 most accessible cities, only five are the capitals of states. At the same time, the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia was twice noted by the European Commission as one of the most accessible. Elements of the tourism chain include: tourism destination management; tourism information and advertising (preparation, information and booking); urban and architectural environments; modes of transport and stations; accommodation, food service and conventions; cultural activities (museums, theatres, cinemas, and other); other tourism activities and events. On the basis of the theory of accessibility chain structure and the tourism chain, the best practices of accessible tourism for all are analyzed using the example of the city of Lyon – the great business center in France, which in 2018 was recognized by the European Commission accessible in the European Union.
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Driver, Jane A. "Efforts to Extend the Human Lifespan: Separating Fact from Fiction." Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica 78, no. 298 S. Esp (July 19, 2022): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/pen.v78.i298.y2022.015.
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After retirement, older people often find themselves far from their children and grandchildren, and many spend their last years isolated and alone. As traditional concepts of family and social institutions fragment, social networks weaken, leading to an epidemic of loneliness, and substance abuse and suicide in developed countries. In fact, life expectancy in the US has dropped for the past few years, in large part due to a dramatic increase in suicide and drug overdose (ref). None of these social problems is likely to be solved by metformin. They point to a crisis of identity and meaning, an existential crisis. In this context, one might wonder if we are already seeing the effects of tinkering with our lifespan. There are many more conclusions one could draw about the implications of longevity, many of which have been elegantly described in Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness, published by the President’s Council on Bioethics, which I used as a reference for this talk. I hope I have been successful in providing a 10,000-foot view of the questions of efforts to extend human longevity and its implications that will provoke thought and discussion. I would like to end these reflections by turning back to my favorite transhumans. The reason we love superheroes is not for their superior strength or intelligence, but their characters. They use their powers to protect and serve humanity rather than dominate or annihilate it. It is not their gadgetry that makes them great, but how they use it to save the vulnerable. Even as a small child I knew that if everyone acted the way they did, the world would be a better place. The moral of every story was that the “enhancement” humanity needed would not come as the fruit of technology, but of virtue.
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Beltrame, Andrea, Emanuele Nadir Malfatto, and Marco Anselmo. "Sepsis in frail patient." Italian Journal of Medicine 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2016.799.
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Frailty is defined as a clinical syndrome in which three or more of the following criteria are present: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, weakness (grip strength), slow walking speed and low physical activity. Sepsis is defined as an inflammatory response to infection, with severe sepsis and septic shock being the most severe forms. The incidence of severe sepsis increases with older age and several studies have shown that there are many risk factors that predispose the elderly to a higher incidence of sepsis. Pre-existing co-morbidities such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, human immunodeficiency virus, and renal or pulmonary disease can cause sepsis, but other factors including poor lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking, drug or alcohol abuse), malnutrition, and endocrine deficiencies, which are frequent in the elderly, may also predispose to severe infections. Other risk factors for sepsis include recurrent hospitalization, especially in the Intensive Care Unit, and nursing home residence, where interventions such as urinary catheterization or multiple drug use are quite frequent and many studies reported that people above 65 years of age are three times more likely to be admitted to hospital than those aged 16-64 years, and have a higher risk of prolonged hospital stays, institutionalization and death. Clinical evaluation of the frail patient with sepsis poses some challenges. The immune response becomes progressively less efficient with increasing age thereby causing an altered response to infection and it is important to know that the clinical evaluation of the so-called fragile patient with severe infection should take into account the sometimes unusual signs and symptoms that, if identified, can lead to early diagnosis. Laboratory diagnostics can also be of great help in this setting. The treatment of sepsis in the fragile patient can be empirical or based on microbiological culture. Moreover, frail patient population presents many clinical problems with numerous comorbidities, therefore anti-infective treatment is difficult, so the physician’s armamentarium must include many antibiotic drugs, of which there are far more available for the treatment of sepsis caused by Gram-positive bacteria than for sepsis caused by Gram-negative ones or fungi.
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Trystanto, Trystanto. "Small Governing Coalition in Hong Kong and its Impact on Political Freedom." Jurnal Sentris 4, no. 1 (June 16, 2023): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v4i1.6346.46-60.
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Hong Kong has seen an upheaval in recent years. From the protests over the extradition law to the protests over the National Security Law, these protests are a response to the ever-encroaching hand of Beijing on political rights in Hong Kong. After the National Security Law was implemented, Hong Kong’s freedom was almost gone. One by one, pro-democracy protesters, opposition parliament members, and opposition media are being targeted and repressed. Despite the numerous protests and riots, the Hong Kong SAR government perseveres with little concession to the protesters. Why does the government of Hong Kong decided not to respect Hong Kong’s unique democratic system in China, arguably the system that has brought Hong Kong to one of the most prominent cities in the world for global interactions, and instead wish to turn it into another normal Chinese city? Why does the Hong Kong SAR government almost completely ignore the voice of the Hong Kong people? Using the framework developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith in The Dictator’s Handbook, I argue that the small size of Hong Kong’s governing coalition (i.e., the minimum amount of support required for the leader to stay in power) and the ease in which the Chief Executive of Hong Kong rewards her allies play a significant role in this democratic backsliding. Furthermore, while the Western World reacted in outrage over this undemocratic encroachment of Beijing on Hong Kong, I argue that their sanctions on Hong Kong leaders will not play a significant role as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong does not need their support. Keywords: Hong Kong; democracy; protests; governing coalition;sanctions REFERENCES Allison, Graham. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape the Thucydides’s Trap? New York: Houghton Miflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2017. 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