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1
Freeman, Emily. "Older adults' experiences of ageing, sex and HIV infection in rural Malawi." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/544/.
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This thesis contributes to understanding two demographically important phenomena: African ageing, and the ageing of the African HIV epidemic. Building on the body of interpretivist demography that privileges context and meanings, it explores older adults’ experiences of becoming old, sexuality and living with HIV in rural Malawi. The research uses a constructivist grounded theory framework. It is based primarily on data produced using repeat dependent interviews (N=135) with older men and women(N=43). These are supplemented by fieldwork observations, as well as data from a three-month multi-site pilot study, interviews with HIV support groups (N=3), and key informant interviews (N=19) and policy documents. The thesis identified sets of meanings surrounding old age and ways of discussing ageing that, taken together, formed an analytical framework. The framework is focused on the importance of maintaining an ‘adult’ identity and draws insights from sociological and psychological identity theories. The adult identity was aligned with personhood. It was situated within the body-centred livelihood system of rural Malawi, and associated with physical production. Old age was understood to limit productivity and thereby an individual’s adult identity. This thesis argues that ostensibly contradictory narratives about ageing experiences can be understood as rhetorical strategies respondents employed to maintain their adult identities. A central tenet of the thesis is that the adult identity (and its childlike counter identity) influenced older adults’ broader experiences and behaviours. This framework is used to explore ageing, as well as sex and HIV infection. The grounded understandings of older adults’ experiences developed in the thesis are presented against dominant understandings of the situation of older adults documented by the academe and in policy and programmatic arena emerging in Malawi. The findings highlight the centrality of wider experiences of ageing for older adults’ experiences of sex and HIV, as well as the broader importance of identity for understanding demographic behaviours and processes. In addition, they demonstrate how grounded theory and repeat dependent interviewing can be used within demographic studies to produce nuanced analytical accounts of the experiences that are most salient for the population of interest.
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Postle, Karen Margaret. "Care managers' responses to working under conditions of postmodernity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310558.
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Baird, Jennifer. "Poverty and wellbeing among older people in Nairobi slum settlements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/368190/.
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Levels of poverty and wellbeing among older people in poor, urban settings in Africa have been under-researched, yet absolute numbers of older people are set to increase in this continent in the coming decades. The urban experience of wellbeing for older people is relatively unknown as research tends to focus on older people residing in rural places. This study addresses this research gap and investigates patterns of poverty and wellbeing among older people in two slum settlements in Nairobi. The study uses data collected by the African Population and Health Research Centre. Livelihood information for households in a demographic surveillance system operating in two Nairobi slums is combined with data from a survey on the social, health and overall wellbeing of older people. Absolute expenditure poverty and expenditure quintiles are calculated to build a money-metric poverty profile of the older people. Sensitivity analyses of the poverty estimates are also calculated to explore different assumptions of equivalence scales. A multidimensional conceptual framework then measures how older people’s wellbeing varies across a range of different dimensions. Two-thirds (66%) of older people in the two slum settlements are living in absolute material poverty. Within the slums there are also significant differences in absolute poverty among older people. Wellbeing is found to vary greatly within dimensions and across them; overall, there are disadvantages for women and the oldest old in terms of poverty and wellbeing. Formal support mechanisms are limited with few older people receiving a pension. Conversely, informal reciprocal familial support patterns are strong with many older people giving support to other members of their family. Levels of absolute poverty are high, suggesting that policies should be targeted here to reduce poverty. The different dimensions of wellbeing also indicate that non-monetary policy interventions should be considered.
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Sham, Ka-hung Joe, and 岑家雄. "The effect of group residence on the psycho-social well-being of elderly residents in public subsidized housing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978356.
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Muruviwa, Addmore Tapfuma. "Livelihood strategies of the aged people in Mubaira Community, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/334.
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In today‘s changing demographic, economic, political and environmental context the livelihood strategies developed by the rapidly growing older population deserve particular attention. Lack of support by the state coupled with economic crises and decreasing family availability has meant that older people are increasingly expected to find their own means of support into old age, develop their own strategies and rely on their own resources. Heterogeneity in old age means that while some older people are amongst the most vulnerable and socially down and out, others have accumulated resources that enable them to implement diverse and enterprising livelihood strategies to maintain their wellbeing in old age. This study uses an explorative approach in its quest to understand the various livelihood strategies of the elderly. In-depth interviews and life histories have been utilized as data collection instruments. In addition to this inductive and qualitative research approach, the dissertation uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to examine the different kinds of livelihood strategies employed by the elderly in Mubaira to stave off poverty in old age in the absence of social security systems. A comparative analysis with other regional countries reveals that old age pensions have been able to reduce poverty at old age significantly. By engaging in different livelihood activities, in the absence of old age pensions, the elderly in Mubaira community in Zimbabwe have been able to make a living. Agriculture is the dominant activity the aged people engage in as they try to avert food insecurity. Besides agriculture, aged people diversify their livelihoods through self employments that add income value to their households. The impact of cash and non-cash remittances has seen aged people being able to buy basic goods and a few essentials. Although the state has been dysfunctional, civil society has stepped in to address the livelihood challenges faced by the aged population and in v particular to provide an alternative solution to the needs of the elderly people within the sustainable livelihoods framework which remains one of the most important models for the analysis of rural livelihoods. Through the livelihoods approach‘s vulnerability approach the study also analyses the various impacts affecting the attainment of sustainable livelihood outcomes. Through the utilization of the livelihoods framework in addition to the qualitative research methodology as indicated above, the study found that livelihood activities of the aged require a stock of capital assets which include natural, human, physical, social and financial capital. The life histories of the aged in Mubaira revealed that through the years the aged did accumulate various assets that assist them even now. As the life course perspective suggests events in earlier life do have a bearing on later life, access to a range of capital assets helped old aged people in Mubaira to fully engage in livelihood strategies that ensured their survival and escape from poverty.
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Chan, Yin-sang, and 陳寅生. "Elderly planning in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574134.
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Statham, Joyce. "A day at a time : a study of unsupported family carers of older people." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3484/.
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Informal carers provide the majority of care for older people living in the community. The provision of care can be very stressful and is said to have an adverse affect on caregivers’ health. Policy has recognised the need to support carers and a key objective has been to improve service provision for them. Research has shown that service intervention can prevent the breakdown of care and admission to long term care. However, relatively few carers and older people use formal services. While the low uptake of support services is documented, it is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of informal carers of older people who received no support services. It focused particularly on the question: why when caregiving is portrayed as being stressful, do carers continue without support from formal service providers? Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of unsupported carers of older people, who were interviewed three times over a period of two years. For this longitudinal study a predominantly qualitative approach underpinned by the principles of grounded theory was chosen with a quantitative component included in the second stage. The study used a range of methods including focus groups, interviews and self-completion questionnaires. The main source of data was individual in-depth interviews, while self-completion questionnaires and literature provided secondary and tertiary sources of data. Data were analysed according to the principles of grounded theory. The study found that carers were motivated by a strong sense of duty and a desire to maintain their independence and control over their lives and the caregiving situation. They regarded formal services as authoritarian and intrusive. Acceptance of support was associated with feelings of failure and a potential loss of control.
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Chow, Kit Ling Lina. "Residential care for frail and marginalised older people in Hong Kong 1990-2006 : targeting and efficiency?" Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48992/.
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Rapid growth in the number and proportion of older people in Hong Kong is shown to have taken place since the late nineties. The substantial increase in the number of older people (particularly the old-olds) and their declining ability levels accelerated the need for long-term care, including residential care. This has exerted heavy financial pressure on the government. Subsequently a new policy - the ‘Standardised Care Need Assessment Mechanism’ (SCNAM) - for elderly services was introduced in November 2000; giving rise to both intended and unintended consequences. In this cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the populations of two older peoples residential homes, the focus is on evaluating the outcome of the policy (SCNAM), which intended to target care on older people ‘in greatest need’. It explores how the profile of residents in long-term care has changed since this policy implementation. Specifically, the dependency characteristics of residents (including their physical health, functional status, cognitive levels, and degree of frailty) in two care homes of the Helping Hand charity in Hong Kong between 1990 and 2006 are compared. Moreover, the study explores whether the changed populations in these homes suggest greater efficiency and effectiveness in the allocation of residential care. It examines impacts on the costs of care, particularly relating to staffing and funding across a 16-year interval. Furthermore, the outcomes of residential care are assessed in terms of the quality of interaction between staff and residents, and participation in various kinds of social activities within the home. Efficiency is judged not by cost per person alone, but by the ratios of costs to outcomes. Findings in the study show that the quality of publicly-funded residential care in Hong Kong fell over the period, and this evidence puts any suggestion of greater efficiency in doubt. Most importantly, the quality of life of residents has been adversely affected and this is an ‘unintended consequence’ that needs to be taken into account by the policy-makers. Throughout its recent history Hong Kong has adopted a residual model of welfare, in which the government’s paramount focus has been on economic development. This is clearly reflected in the provision and financing of long-term residential care homes as operated under ‘a mixed economy of welfare’ system, in which the government only assumes a role as a funder. Other crucial issues such as the quality of care by front-line personal care staff as well as the quality of life of residents are largely outside of its policy concerns. Current evidence shows that better targeting and lower unit costs have been achieved in the two Care Homes of the Helping Hand, but at the expense of the effectiveness of care. The policy shift has produced new winners and losers. A focus on controlling the costs of public support for older people amounts to what Titmuss (1968, p.133) called a price that some pay ‘for the costs of other people’s progress’.
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Simmons, Daniela. "Social Participation and Depression Among Elderly People in Greece." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc848194/.
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The researcher had two objectives: first, explore how social involvement changes by age among Greek elderly, and second, examine the relationship between social involvement and depression by age among study participants, controlled for education, marital status, and gender. The researcher used data from the 2004 Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database subjecting a sample of 2,898 elderly aged 50 or older to analysis in terms of the study questions. Approximately 43% of the participants (n = 1,244) were males and 57% were females (n = 1,654).
Study results showed Greek elderly participated more in religious activities and less in non-religious activities with increasing age. The study results showed the level of education did not have an effect on the level of religious or non-religious participation. Marital status could influence Greeks’ tendency to participate in religious activities, however, it did not have an effect on non-religious participation. Women are more likely to participate in religious activities than the men. The gender of the participants did not have an effect on non-religious participation. Older Greek elderly were more likely to be depressed than the younger elderly. Participation in religious activities was not shown to relate to decreasing the risk of depressive symptoms; while participation in non-religious activities increased it. Further elaboration showed that caring for family increased the risk of depressive symptoms. Participation in other non-religious activities did not show significant relationships to depressive symptoms.
The study findings imply those caring for others are in need of social and mental health support services; and the quality of available social activities need significant improvement.
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Fleming, Brian James. "The social gradient in health : trends in C20th ideas, Australian Health Policy 1970-1998, and a health equity policy evaluation of Australian aged care planning /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf5971.pdf.
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Au, Kwok-chung, and 歐國忠. "Economic status and life satisfaction of the elderly." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978265.
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Fernandez, Jose-Luis. "Utilisation and service productivities in community social care for older people : patterns and policy implications." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/135/.
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The study seeks to make two contributions. One is to participate in the development of theories and methods for the analysis of equity and efficiency in community care. The second is to yield evidence which assists policy-makers and managers to improve the effectiveness of their policies. The broad context is the évolution of the policy discourse about issues of equity and efficiency in community care of elderly people. More narrowly, the context is the implementation of the 1989 community care reforms, set out in Care in the Community: Policy Guidance (Department of Health 1990) and the government's commitment to commission research to evaluate their impact on equity and efficiency in social care. The more recent White Paper, Modernising Social Services (Department of Health 1998), is also an important element of the context. The detailed analysis in the thesis will therefore focus around two main foci: (1) the extent to which care brokered by social services departments has achieved the equity- and efficiency-related goals stated by the 1989 White Paper and developed in the 1998 White Paper; and (2) the extent to which current policies need to be adjusted in the light of understanding about how the new system produces equity and efficiency effects. 1.1 Public policy and the Holy Grail: improving efficiency in the use of public funds The Conservative administration which produced the 1989 White Paper attached a higher priority to efficiency in the use of public funds than its predecessors. However, the origins of its concerns could be traced back to the 1970s.
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Carnow, Jacobus Johannes. "Older persons' care as life care : a pastoral assessment of the ecclesia praxis within the African Methodist Episcopal Church in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96584.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is a pastoral care strategy for the affirmation of the dignity of the poor Black older persons. In this study there is a discussion of how the poor Black older persons suffered the defacement of their dignity under Apartheid and how to a large extent their dignity is still being defaced under the new democratic dispensation in South Africa. These poor Black older persons are victims of various forms of older person abuse. They experience the prejudice of ageism intensely as it is exacerbated by racism; and with no appropriate medical and health strategies in place to provide quality health care; and with inappropriate housing, social services, and residential care services, their dignity is denied. Due to past discriminatory laws and policies these vulnerable older persons suffer the consequences of low levels of formal education within an environment of engineered poverty and racial discrimination which made it impossible for them to enter into quality employment which would enable them to provide adequately for old age. The deprivation thus experienced made it difficult for them to flourish economically and otherwise. At present they are still marginalised and they experience intense forms of loneliness. These poor Black older persons continue to suffer humiliation and indignity in spite of legislation and policies purporting to ensure their well-being. Within a society embracing a neo-liberalist philosophy they are considered unimportant as they do not contribute productively to the economic well-being of the community and are therefore relegated to the lowest ranks of society. With the effacement of their dignity through socially constructed systems their human development is seriously hampered, resulting in a disintegration of human wholeness. The inequality that the poor Black older persons suffer is an indictment against humanity as these older persons have the right to feel at home on the planet. Due to the fact that they are not recognised as having been created in the image and likeness of God, their uniqueness and distinctness as human beings are denied, their identities distorted, and they are not considered worthy citizens. In order to affirm the dignity of the poor Black older persons a practical theological methodology as proposed by Osmer (2008) and consisting of four tasks, has been employed. The notion of a moral economy for the affirmation of the dignity of these poor Black older persons has been utilised. With the moral economy orientation linked with a Liberation Theology methodology the dignity of the poor Black older persons is affirmed as a personal attribute based on the older persons being a category of people being carried into old age by God, enjoying privileged positions of honour and respect, and being eschatological signs and symbols of God’s goodwill towards restored communities in Christ. Within a moral economy the values of reciprocity, responsibility, and interdependence are used to affirm the dignity of these older persons intergenerationally and contextually.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is ʼn pastorale sorg strategie vir die bevestiging van die menswaardigheid van die arm Swart ouer persone. In hierdie studie word daar aangedui hoe die arm Swart ouer persone se menswaardigheid onder Apartheid en in ‘n groot mate in die nuwe demokratiese dispensasie geskend is. Die arm Swart ouer persone het die slagoffers geword van verskeie vorms van misbruik. Die diskriminasie teen ouderdom word intensief deur hulle ervaar soos dit vererger word deur rassisme; en met geen behoorlike mediese en gesondheidstrategieë in plek om in die behoefte van hierdie kwesbare ouer persone te voorsien nie; en met gebrekkige behuising, sosiale dienste en onvoldoende plekke van sorg vir ouer mense, is die menswaardigheid van hierdie ouer mense erg misken. Weens historiese diskriminerende wette en regeringbeleid ly hierdie kwesbare ouer persone die gevolge van lae vlakke van formele opvoeding binne ‘n omgewing waar armoede kunsmatig geskep is en waar rassediskriminasie geheers het. Hierdie omstandighede het dit vir hulle onmoontlik gemaak om kwaliteit werk te kry wat hulle in staat sou stel om toepaslik vir die ouderdom voor te berei. Die ontberinge wat gevolglik gely word, maak hulle ekonomiese en andersydse ontwikkeling onmoontlik. Hulle is gemarginaliseerd en ly aan intense eensaamheid. Hierdie arm Swart ouer persone gaan voort om vernedering en onmenswaardighede te ly ongeag van wetgewing en beleidstukke bedoel vir hul welsyn. Binne die gemeenskap wat ‘n neoliberalisties filosofie aanvaar, word hierdie ouer mense misken omdat hulle nie produktief tot die ekonomiese welvaart van die gemeenskap bydra nie, en daarom word hulle beskou as sonder enige sosiale kapitaal wat hulle dan sosio-ekonomies op die laagste vlak van die gemeenskap sonder enige erkenning van hulle menswaarde en menswaardigheid plaas. Met die skending van hul menswaardigheid deur sosiaal gekonstrueerde sisteme word hul menslike opbloei ernstig gestrem wat lei tot die disintegrasie van menslike heelheid binne die demokratiese bestel van die Republiek van Suid- Afrika. Die ongelykheid wat die arm Swart ouer mense ly is ‘n klag teen die mensdom omdat hierdie ouer mense ontuis voel op die planeet. Hierdie groep is na die beeld van God geskape, maar hulle uniekheid en besondersheid word miskien. Om die menswaardigheid van hierdie arm Swart ouer mense na te gaan, is ’n praktiese teologiese metodologie gebruik soos voorgestel deur Osmer (2008) en word die vier teologiese take soos deur hierdie metodologie voorgestel, gevolg. Betreffende die vierde taak van hierdie metodologie is die konsep van ’n morele ekonomie gebruik vir die bevestiging van die menswaardigheid van die arm Swart ouer persone. Met die skakel van hierdie morele ekonomiese oriёntering met die Bevrydingsteologiese metodologie is die menswaardigheid van die arm Swart ouer persone bevestig as ’n persoonlike eienskap gebaseer of die feit dat hulle ’n kategorie van mense is wat deur God in die ouderdom gedra word, wat dan bevoorregte posisies van eer en respek geniet as eskatologiese tekens en simbole van God se toegeneëntheid teenoor herstelde gemeenskappe in Christus. Binne ’n morele ekonomie word die waardes van wedersydsheid, verantwoordelikheid, en interafhanklikheid gebruik om die menswaardigheid van hierdie ouer mense intergenerasioneel en kontekstueel te bevestig.
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McCullough, Kelly A. "Quality of life : its relationship to the identification and incorporation of life strengths in case management of long-term care clients." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1178342.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the effect an intervention, based on responses from a Life Strengths Interview questionnaire (LSI), has on the quality of life of elderly persons receiving private pay home care. A total of 12 subjects for this study were recruited from Cardinal Health Systems (CHS) Home Care service. This research employed a basic pretest posttest quasiexperimental design, with one experimental group and one control group. Subject selection was not randomized; however, subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Subjects in the experimental group completed the LSI pre-test and subjects in both groups completed the Quality of Life Index (QLI) pre-test and post-test, as well as a posttest care questionnaire. Data from eight subjects were coded and entered into a database; however, due to the small sample size, statistical analysis of responses from the QLI could not be performed. The primary thematic issues identified through qualitative data analysis indicate that home health aide services positively contribute to client quality of life, and that private-pay clients of CHS Homecare are currently satisfied with their quality of care. Qualitative results gathered by this study support future research efforts to explore the relationship between home care services and client quality of life. More specifically, this study can serve as a pilot for researchers interested in exploring the effects of a LSI intervention on clients receiving home care.Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology
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Meyer, Tania. "A social work perspective on the socio-emotional experience of older persons with visual impairments." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1112.
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Pei, Xiaomei. "Old Age Support and the Well-Being of the Elderly in the People's Republic of China." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277622/.
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One of the major issues concerning old age security is the adequacy of support systems for the aged population. Population aging and economic development in the People's Republic of China have raised the question about the ability of the family to take care of the elderly. Using the latest data collected by the Research Center on Aging in China of a national representative sample of the aged population, this study develops a model to examine the effectiveness of family support for the elderly during the current socio-economic transition of the society. The model also examines the adequacy and effectiveness of state welfare systems on the aged population and the effect of select socio-demographic factors on the well-being of the elderly in China. The investigation into the social, economic, and health aspects of the life of the elderly provides the background knowledge for understanding the support systems for the elderly in China. The multivariate analyses of the effects of the elderly support systems within the framework of shared functions of the primary groups, and the bureaucracy in achieving social goals, identify the important effects of the economic conditions of the family and the state income maintenance programs on the sense of well-being of the elderly. The findings lead to the conclusion that the cooperation of the family and the state is necessary to provide a secure life for an aged population. The patterns and trends of old age support in China are found to be constrained by the interplay of various social forces, among which the effect of politicalization of the social and economic conditions of the elderly is crucial. Policy recommendations include public assistance to the family, encouragement of the local effort, and national legislation on old age security.
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Loi, Lui Ping. "Why older adults seek employment: An examination of the differing motivations among subgroups." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2012.
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Lee, Kar-mut Carmel, and 李迦密. "Characteristics of elderly people participating in aged-based social movements in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977704.
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Bai, Xue, and 白雪. "Individual modernity and the image of ageing in modern China: a case study of older people in Wuhan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46482015.
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The Best PhD Thesis in the Faculties of Architecture, Arts, Business & Economics, Education, Law and Social Sciences (University of Hong Kong), Li Ka Shing Prize, 2010-11.published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Clough, Barbara Stolze. "Learning activities in later life." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29581.
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Learning Activities in Later Life
Learning is a lifelong affair. Learning is critical across the entire life course for adults facing the potentials and problems of an extended life; learning is crucial for a society adjusting to the economic and social pressures of a rapidly aging population. How can adult educators respond to these challenges and become effective catalysts for learning activities in later life? One important, preliminary step involves understanding participation in learning activities from the older adult point of view.
To date, however, adult educators only have a partial view of participation in learning activities in later life, a view clouded by narrow definitions of education and learning, and limited by concepts of traditional educational programs. The purpose of this current study was to explore participation of adults over the age of 55 in a broad range of learning activities and to examine the relationship between their participation and selected personal and sociodemographic measures influencing participation. A questionnaire consisting of a checklist of 71 learning activities and sociodemographic questions was distributed to 1228 adults over the age of 55. Responses from 332 respondents were analyzed using SPSS/PC+ (Ver. 3.0).
On average, older adults reported taking part in 35 learning activities over the past year. Respondents reported participating in these learning activities for an average of 14 hours per week. Respondents who reported greater participation were more likely to be female, younger, more educated, and in better health. Those reporting greater participation also reported more reasons for participation, more sponsoring agencies for their learning activities, and were more likely to belong to community and professional organizations. Older adults reported certain changes in their learning activity choices since age forty. Active people remained active in later life although they restructured their learning activity choices. They restructured their learning activity patterns by increases in attending senior centres; watching Public Broadcasting System (PBS), Knowledge Network and other educational television; reflecting on life events; and, learning about health and nutrition.
The most important learning activities reported by respondents reflected the significance of nonformal and informal activities: reading books or plays; watching Public Broadcasting System (PBS), Knowledge Network and educational television; reading newspapers and magazines; travelling; talking with family and friends; and, attending senior centres. The principal sponsoring agencies for learning activities in later life were senior centres, media, and oneself. The primary reasons for participation were growth and socially-oriented: keeping one's mind alive, gaining knowledge or skill, and meeting or being with friends. The leading barrier to participation, being too busy, suggested an active lifestyle for many later life learners. Other barriers were transportation, money, location of the activity, and health status.
A factor analysis of participation in 71 learning activities produced 13 factors which accounted for 48% of the variance in participation. Major factor groups clustered around themes of Volunteer Involvement, Recreation, Home Life, Self Development, Spiritual Enrichment, Wellness, Language Arts, Crafts, Leisure, Expressive, Outdoors/Nature, Hobbies and Reflection/Reading.
Current definitions of learning activities for older adults are too narrow. The findings from this study demonstrated the diversity and breadth of learning activities engaged in by older people. Participation in these learning activities is not necessarily bounded by rigid age barriers, educational background or income. This study challenges the relevance of narrow views of participation based upon traditional, institutionally-based programs and identifies a complex web of predominantly nonformal, informal, and self-directed learning activities in later life. Collaborative efforts among older adults, community leaders and adult educators will promote interdependent, positive lifestyles in later life and encourage the development of more accessible educational resources for older learners.Education, Faculty of
Educational Studies (EDST), Department of
Graduate
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Forder, Julien. "The organisation of social care in England : markets, hierarchies and contract choices in residential care for older people." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/136/.
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This thesis is concerned with strategic (economic) organisation, as applied to the long-term care system in England. This work adopts a transaction cost perspective. The main hypotheses are: first, that the transaction costs generated by (public sector) hierarchies in social care are lower than those generated in quasi-markets. Second, that production costs in hierarchies are greater than in markets. Third, that contingent contract use is associated with comparatively higher prices and mark-up rates, and greater net transaction costs. The motivation for this work is first to address perceived limitations of the theory in a comparative public sector application. Second, to inform the empirical and policy debate on social care reform. Following an account of the historical policy and institutional context, a multi-period, comparative theoretical model was developed, building on the contract theory literature. It underpins a systematic empirical analysis of care home services - at local authority and care home level - for older people in 1998 and 1999. Various estimation techniques addressed the skewed nature of the data and the panel design. The estimation results supported the theoretical hypotheses. Point estimates of marginal and average transaction costs were £6 and £21 per place per week respectively for hierarchies and £41 and £56 for placements under the market governance archetype, statistically significant differences. For production costs, a significant difference was found in the other direction: £89 for hierarchy and £55 for markets at the margin. Overall, the total (production + transaction) costs were not significantly different. Contingent contract use was associated with higher prices relative to average variable costs of 8% of average price compared with non-contingent contracts. The analysis pointed to low profitability rates and that providers are not solely motivated by profit (only taking 55% of potential profit). Policy implications were explored for both the markets-hierarchies and contracts analyses.
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Taylor, Sarah. "Caring at the edge : a synthesis of new paradigm insights and a case study of care for older people." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8309/.
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Modernity has brought many benefits (e.g. technological advances, material comfort, longer life expectancy and improved health). However, it is argued that we are now experiencing 'diminishing returns‘ from and 'adverse effects‘ of a Modernist worldview (Hanlon et al 2011; 2012a; 2012b). Evolutionary theories and models of paradigm change (e.g. Beck and Cowan 2006; Senge et al 2005; Scharmer 2009; Wilber 2001) offer a way of thinking about how our worldviews emerge and shift in response to existential challenges and so called 'wicked problems‘ (Rittel and Webber 1973). This study aimed to explore people‘s experiences of co-production and wicked problems in the context of care for older people in light of theoretical perspectives of evolutionary paradigm change. Method: This study adopted a parallel process of a) an instrumental case study to explore the substantive topics of co-production and wicked problems in the context of care for older people and b) the development of an analytical lens informed by concepts associated with evolutionary theories of paradigm change, through which empirical case study findings were re-interpreted. The case was an older people‘s residential care service within a Scottish Local Authority. This encompassed 11 care homes for older people. 30 in-depth qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken with frontline Care Workers, Care Home Unit Managers, Senior Managers and Key Theoretical informants. A constructivist-grounded theory approach was taken to data analysis to produce narratives around care, change and problems. These narratives were then re-interpreted through an evolutionary paradigm change lens. Findings: Using an evolutionary paradigm lens enabled an exploration of the underpinning worldview that is giving rise to patterns of activity and way of organising care observed in the case study. It also led to a reframing of care for older people as an existential issue rather than a conventional wicked problem. Co-production was reinterpreted as a yearning for connection, humanity and aliveness within our health and social care services in response to the dehumanising tendencies and effects of the Modernist paradigm. However, it was found that the organisational response to this yearning was rooted in a dominant Modernist way of thinking, being and doing. Instances of so-called 'horizon capture‘ (Sharpe 2013) were witnessed, suggesting that the spirit of co-production could become thwarted and subsumed within mechanistic approaches. Conclusion: An evolutionary paradigm change lens yields ideas and novel perspectives which may be of use to those in the public sector who are seeking to navigate the uncharted territories inherent to being at the edge of an emerging paradigm.
23
Ma, Xiaoguang, and 馬曉光. "The association between socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life among older people in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39634589.
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Hinson, Cathy Creed. "The service industry and the aging population: marketing opportunities in a dynamic environment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45155.
Full textAbstract:
The care of the elderly is a growing problem. Existing services are inadequate for the needs
of an aging population. In order to suggest new services to deal with the care of the elderly, this
report examined four areas: the demographic characteristics of our aging society, the nature of
services in general, services provided to the elderly population, and the application of role theory
to the caregiver/care recipient dyad. Role theory identified conflicts felt by both the caregiver and
care recipient.
These conflicts were explored in three sets of focus group interviews: women 65 years old
and older, women familiar with the experience of primary caregiver, and women between the ages
of 23 and 42 (the age range representative of the Baby Boom cohort). Information from these
interviews was used to understand both current and future perceptions of the elderly and of the role
of caregivers in this society and what services they perceive are necessary for the elderly to function
independently in this society.
Master of Science
25
Cloete, Allanise. ""Things were better then": an ethnographic study of the violence of everyday life and remembrance of older people in the community of Belhar." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This minithesis provides an ethnographic account of the life world of older people in the community of Belhar in the Cape Peninsula, which was historically categorised as a &lsquocoloured&rsquo
community during the implementation of the Group Areas Act. By content analysing newspaper articles published in the early 1980s and specifically during the implementation of the Group Areas Act I found that many of the residents reported that they lived in fear of their lives, in what was once known as a &lsquo
prestige suburb&rsquo
. At the present time the community of Belhar is an intensely gang-infested area. From preliminary research done by myself at a senior citizen centre in Belhar, the high incidence of violence was a recurring theme throughout discussions with older people. In fact when I posed the question Why do you come to the centre five days a week? to a group of older people they answered without hesitation It is unsafe for an older person to be alone during the day. Answers like these to many of the questions that I posed would almost always be followed with Things were better then. It also was apparent that the older people in this community remember (or perhaps reconstruct) the past in the context of their present living situation. This became the leading theme in my study and is also the background against which I had formulated my research questions. However this study not only focused on the impact of the high incidence of violence on the community of older people but also essentially looked at elderly residents&rsquo
everyday lived experiences in Belhar. The research sample consisted of twenty elderly residents and four key informants. The latter provided mainly infrastructural data on the community. Primary data was collected by using ethnographic techniques of inquiry which included participant observation and unstructured interviews. Results revealed that older people occupy a liminal space both in the community and in their households. I also found that the elderly stroke victim is twice silenced and marginalized due to the constraints brought on by their chronic illness and their status as an older person in the community.
26
Kamenz, Cherie Bernice. "A strategy for the diversification of housing options and living arrangements for senior citizens in the City of Terrace, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30781.
Full textAbstract:
In 1986 there were nearly 2.7 million Canadians 65 years of age and over. During the next several decades, the number of elderly Canadians is expected to continue to grow more quickly than any other age group. The growth of the elderly population, in conjunction with their basic right to adequate, affordable housing, necessitates that planners recognize and attempt to satisfy the unique housing needs and desires of elderly Canadians. In order for planners to appropriately meet the housing needs and desires of current and future cohorts of elderly persons, they must strive for the creation of a continuum of housing options and living arrangements suitable for a diverse range of housing needs within each community.
This thesis provides a strategy for the creation of a continuum of housing options and living arrangements for elderly persons in a small city: the City of Terrace in northern British Columbia. The process is divided into three phases: (1) an examination of a range of housing options and living arrangements encompassing independent, supported independent, and dependent living, (2) a profile of the City of Terrace which will identify the types and locations of existing housing and services for the elderly and clarify directions for future development, and (3) an analysis of the financial costs and the locational requirements of the housing options and living arrangements in order to determine which options are best suited to the present and future housing
needs of elderly Terrace residents.
The findings of this research indicate that there are a wide range of independent and dependent living housing options and living arrangements for elderly Terrace residents; however, there is a lack of supported independent housing options for seniors. Consequently, there is an emphasis on encouraging the development of supported independent housing options in the first five years of the ten year strategy.
A relatively small percentage of the total population of the City of Terrace is 65 years of age and over. Therefore, in an attempt to offer a range of housing options for a small seniors' population in the City, many of the housing options that are recommended can be developed in single family detached dwellings. The benefits of developing these options in single family homes include the ability to make more efficient use of uncrowded single family homes, the ability to create and dissolve an option for a single household without affecting other households, and the ability to create small scale developments of group living arrangements in existing single family homes and neighbourhoods. The creation of a variety of options throughout the community on a smaller scale helps to ensure that there will be a range of housing options encompassing independent, supported independent, and dependent options without risking the viability of these options because of the limited numbers of seniors in the community.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Mitzel, Gina Marie. "The Impact of Genetics, Socioeconomic Status, and Lifestyle Factors on Visual Health in an Adult Population." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33187/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this dissertation was to understand how genetics, socioeconomic status (SES), and lifestyle factors influence the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy in an adult population in Dallas County. Two hundred fifty-three older adults participated in this study as the sample. Crosstabulation and binary logistic regression were utilized to analyze the data. Results indicated a disparity among participants' test scores, visual health status, and perceptions of their visual impairment and highlighted the fact that many seniors are not educated about age-related retinal disorders. Furthermore, variables reaching statistical significance were consistent with the literature included race/ethnicity, age, having a family history of both AMD and diabetes, frequency of eye exams, and level of education. The results not consistent with the literature as affecting visual health included health insurance, access to health care, body weight, and smoking status. Recommendations for future study included applied research focusing on determining risk factors, raising awareness, educating, and providing early detection of these diseases among low to middle income Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic older adults.
28
鄢盛明 and Shengming Yan. "Parent-child relations and psychological well-being of older parents in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244993.
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Van, Lent Diane. "The relationship of spirituality, self-transcendence, and social support to morale in chronically ill elderly." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276820.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship of spirituality, self-transcendence, and social support to morale in chronically ill elderly was the focus of this research study. The research was based upon a developmental framework of aging. Individuals answered questionnaires regarding their perspectives on the above variables to determine how significantly the variables related to feelings of morale. Findings revealed that self-transcendence and social support were significantly correlated with morale in this population. No significant relationship between spirituality and morale was found. Self-transcendence and social support together accounted for 45% of the variance in predicting morale in the chronically ill elderly. Findings also revealed existing relationships between spirituality and gender, education level and social support, and length of illness and social support.
30
Felix, Jorgemar Soares. "Batalhadores depois dos 60: uma crítica aos tipos de integração do idoso no mercado urbano de trabalho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21335.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This research aims to answer the following question: To what extend does the lowincome worker 60 years and over have the social and economic conditions to stay in the labor market or acquire new skills to reinvent himself professionally? As secondary objectives the questions were: what is the impact of urban space on the decision to remain in the labor market and, while remaining active, how does this population segment deal with the limitations imposed by the transformations of the city and suffer its consequences? The methodology used was based on the research carried out by Serge Paugam for France, called "Salarié de la precarité", which establishes types of integration according to two basic criteria: satisfaction and stability. The criteria take into account the labor conditions and the employment relationship to create the ideal type (Weberian) assured integration, in which the interviewee meets the two criteria, and types deviations, uncertain integration (satisfaction but no stability), laborious integration (no satisfaction but with stability) and disqualified integration (without the both). The sample of this research was restricted to the Jessé de Souza’s social category batalhadores (battlers), that is to say, a "new Brazilian working class" that emerged in the years 2000, but with a "personal trajectory" marked by a history of vulnerability or by an unfavorable condition in the society and / or being black-skinned. It is assumed that this segment lacks cultural, social and immaterial capital. The research is qualitative, with techniques of direct observation and in-depth interviews from a semistructured questionnaire. In the first three chapters, a theoretical reference is presented in the field of economic sociology, sociology of work and urban sociology with the objective of offering information of the reality for a confrontation of the report of the batalhadores and batalhadoras interviewed in the fourth and last chapter, when the results of empirical research are presented. The main conclusion is that it is impossible for the sample to be able to assured integration, mainly due to age. It is argued, therefore, that the types of integration must be taken into account in the public policy decisions for the elderly and the construction of the social protection structure.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo responder à seguinte questão: Até que ponto o trabalhador de baixa renda com mais de 60 anos tem condições sociais e econômicas para se manter no mercado de trabalho ou adquirir novas qualificações para se reinventar profissionalmente? Como objetivos secundários as questões foram: qual o impacto do espaço urbano na decisão de se manter no mercado de trabalho e, em permanecendo na ativa, como esse segmento populacional lida com as limitações impostas pelas transformações da cidade e sofre suas consequências? A metodologia utilizada teve como matriz a pesquisa realizada por Serge Paugam para a França, denominada “Salarié de la precarité”, na qual estabelece tipos de integração de acordo com dois critérios básicos: satisfação e estabilidade. Os critérios levam em conta a relação de trabalho e a relação de emprego para criar o “tipo ideal” (weberiano) integração assegurada, no qual o entrevistado atende aos dois critérios, e os tipos desvios, integração incerta (com satisfação e sem estabilidade), integração laboriosa (sem satisfação e com estabilidade) e integração desqualificada (sem os dois critérios). Limitou-se a amostra dessa pesquisa à categoria batalhadores de Jessé de Souza, isto é, uma “nova classe trabalhadora brasileira” que emerge nos anos 2000, mas com uma “trajetória pessoal” marcada por um histórico de vulnerabilidade seja por uma condição desfavorável na sociedade desigual e/ou por ser de pele negra. Assume-se que esse segmento carece de capitais cultural, social e imaterial. A pesquisa é qualitativa, com técnicas de observação direta e entrevistas aprofundadas a partir de questionário semiestruturado. Nos três capítulos iniciais, apresenta-se um referencial teórico no âmbito da sociologia econômica, da sociologia do trabalho e da sociologia urbana com o objetivo de oferecer informações da realidade para um confronto do relato dos batalhadores e batalhadoras entrevistados no quarto e último capítulo, quando são apresentados os resultados da pesquisa empírica. A conclusão principal é a impossibilidade de a amostra apresentar condições de garantir uma integração assegurada sobretudo devido ao fator idade. Defende-se, assim, que os tipos de integração devem ser levados em conta nas decisões de políticas públicas para os idosos e para a construção da estrutura de proteção social
31
Eastman, Sandra Kay. "Satisfaction with life, quality of relationships and social service needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered persons aged 50 and older." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1585.
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陳秀霞. "澳門老年人生活保障政策與建議." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555522.
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Johnson, Kris Kaufmann, and Melissa Noelle Moelter. "Decision making and identifying services: Differences among elderly women." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1935.
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Maeser, Donna Lee. "In-home health care and hospitalization status." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1202.
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The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between in-home health care services for elderly patients who were recently discharged from inpatient care and re-hospitalization rates. The design was descriptive and the hypothesis was that the provision of in-home health care services would mitigate a decline in the health status, of an elderly patient, following discharge from inpatient care and prevent re-hospitalization.
35
Stephens, Brent William. "An exploratory survey of the needs and adjustment to retirement of persons residing in Port Alfred." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006514.
Full textAbstract:
The problem that was chosen to be investigated, was that, within the white middle class South African white-collar worker there appears to be a tendency to live for the "pie in the sky" - which for most seems to be retirement to the idyllic cottage by the sea. Within the South African scenario, there seems to be a definite lack of career planning or at least planning for retirement, other than the financial emphasis. Upon reaching the "ultimate" retirement, retirees take their pension money and move to the coast, expecting pure bliss. The result of their lack of forethought is that they settle in a totally different climate, away from the support of family and friends, possibly finding their income inadequate, with the result that many fall seriously ill, and then discover a lack of geriatric care or a hospital at the time in their lives when they need it the most. The aim of the research was to investigate these issues using a specific location - Port Alfred, researching the fact that Port Alfred continues to be a retirement haven, despite appearing to lack the necessary facilities required by the elderly. The method of the research was to initially administer a pilot questionnaire to a few elderly residents at random, which was then followed up by the formal personally administered questionnaire to a sample. The sample of retired elderly residents in Port Alfred was chosen at random primarily from the various old age homes in Port Alfred. This questionnaire was administered in 1983 but due to financial and personal reasons, the results were not written up. In 1990, the research was continued with a further questionnaire being administered in 1991. The research direction was altered slightly to identify not only what resources were felt to be lacking, but also to identify how well the retired persons of Port Alfred had managed their transition to retirement. The results showed some similarity between the 1983 and the 1991 research. On the surface the retirees appeared well-adjusted and content, but when it was delved deeper, they appeared to have opted out of making any great effort to change their situation, but rather had taken the view that they had earned their rest, would make the best of what they had, and leave it to someone else to champion their cause. This meant that they relied heavily upon those in their community to meet their obvious needs. The promised hospital that they had arduously raised funds for had not materialised, and that seemed to have been the last effort that they had been prepared to make, they were now at rest. The conclusion was that, although the retirees had made the best of their situation, this definitely did not mean that their resources were adequate. Various charities and social services were at work in the community to redress the imbalance, but it was felt that these would in turn benefit by the addition of a social worker. This social worker would coordinate these services and take responsibility for the community at large, particularly addressing the need to unify the services with those to the large non-White community, in the (on-going) development of the New South Africa
36
Tzeng, Chien-Chun. "The political economy of NPOs promoting "active ageing" programs for the elderly in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:100e9681-c4f5-4fd2-b329-39c99e3da986.
Full textAbstract:
From the 1990s, welfare state and civil society in Taiwan were confronted with challenges and opportunities brought by population ageing. The author chooses NPOs with "Active Ageing" programs for the elderly, a group thriving as a consequence of Taiwan's unique transitional democratization and privatization under Neoliberalism, as a case to systematically investigate the governance structure. Four core NPOs of various scales and capacities are sampled while their stakeholders are also interviewed. Findings reveal that after the pension reform made possible by social movement and electoral politics, these institutionalized social forces secure their position in the welfare delivery system. However, problems remain unresolved because of structural inertia while NPOs operate under the changing field frame and conflicting institutional logics between the welfare state and civil society. Though partially impeded, NPOs develop an East-Asian way of solution with various counterplots. Contrasting rationales of networking explain NPOs' diverse achievements while quasi-subordination and structural loop consolidate respective constituency. Four patterns of perceived relational social capital relate to NPOs' networking practices and institutional settings. The connection among institutions, networking configurations, and relations further crystalizes the tripartite governance structure composed of the institutional, technical, and social environment. Legitimation of means functions mainly within the institutional environment while legitimation of ends through technical and social environment also justifies NPOs' social appropriateness. Various types of legitimacy are conferred to NPOs at different development stages while both formal and informal norms guide NPOs' behavior in the two-dimensional governing kinetics. Through this case study, the author also demonstrates how a meso-level approach of organizational study, integrating Sociological Institutionalism and Organizational Social Capital Theory, possibly sheds lights on the different areas of Sociology, especially those of social movement, NPOs, and ageing society.
37
Hoffman, Jacobus Retief. "Older persons and intergenerational relationships in contemporary South Africa : configurations and reconfigurations in the context of poverty and HIV/AIDS." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669925.
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Kurz, Marcio Rogério. "Participação de idosos e idosas no mercado de trabalho no contexto da divisão sexual do trabalho." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/800.
Full textAbstract:
Um aspecto marcante das sociedades atuais é o acentuado crescimento previsto para a população idosa em todos os países, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento. Para o ano de 2050, indicadores oficiais apontam para 2 bilhões de idosos em todo o mundo, havendo, portanto, a necessidade de estímulo aos estudos sociais acerca da terceira idade, principalmente no contexto do Brasil. As mudanças na estrutura etária poderão causa implicações sociais, econômicas e ambientais, cuja investigação apontará caminhos e propostas de atuação. No Brasil as projeções do instituto oficial apontam para 35 milhões de idosas e idosos no ano de 2050. A idade pode afetar a contribuição ao trabalho, tanto a permanência da pessoa idosa em seu posto, sendo produtiva, quanto a seu retorno após a aposentadoria. A capacidade e o desejo das trabalhadoras e dos trabalhadores idosos em ficarem ativos tanto tempo quanto possível dependem do seu estado de saúde e das suas condições de trabalho propostas a este grupo social. Este estudo quantitativo, apoiado na estatística descritiva, busca analisar a inserção das idosas e dos idosos no mercado de trabalho internacional e brasileiro, identificando as principais naturezas jurídicas e ocupações, e analisa a participação das pessoas idosas no mercado de trabalho formal na cidade de Curitiba em diferentes graus de instrução. Os dados internacionais utilizados são da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) e os dados brasileiros são do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Os principais resultados internacionais apontam aproximadamente 85 milhões de idosas e idosos no mercado de trabalho mundial, e quase 1,6 milhão de pessoas idosas desempregadas. Os principais resultados brasileiros indicam que, tanto na cidade de Curitiba quanto no âmbito nacional, os homens idosos predominam em quase todas as áreas analisadas e em quase todas as faixas salariais. As mulheres idosas concentram-se nas faixas de menor remuneração, com até um salário mínimo mensal.A striking aspecto of modern societies is the sharp growth forecast for the elderly population in all countries, especially in developing countries. For the year 2050, official indicators point to 2 billion older people around the world, and therefore there is a need to stimulate the social studies of the elderly, especially in the contexto of Brazil. Changes in age structure may cause social, economic and environmental implications, whose investigation Will point paths and proposals for action in Brazil the official institute’s projections point to 35 million elderly in 2050. Age can affect the contribution to the work, both the permanence of the Elder in his position, being productive, as your return after retirement. The capacity and willingness of older workers become active as long as possible depend on your health status and working conditions proposed in this social group. This quantitative study, based on the descriptive statistics, seeks to analyze the integration of elderly in the international and Brazilian labor market, identifying the main legal nature and occupations, and analyzes the participation of older people in the formal labor market in the city of Curitiba at different levels of education. The international data are from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Brazilian numbers are from the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MTE). The main international results indicate approximately 85 million elderly in the global labor market, and nearly 1.6 million unemployed older people. The main Brazilian results indicate that, both in the city of Curitiba as nationwide, elderly men predominate in almost all areas analyzed and in almost all salary ranges. Older women are concentrated in lower-paid groups, with up to a monthly minimum wage.
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Ngwira, Marumbo Prisca. "The role of social protection for the elderly caring for HIV/AIDS orphans in Malawi." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21139.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce,
Law and Management, University of the
Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Final Submission June, 2015.The HIV and AIDS pandemic has increased the numbers of orphans globally. The severity of the problem is greater in developing countries, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. In Malawi, as in many other developing countries, grandparents have stepped in and have embraced the role left by the deceased parents, seeing the orphans through school, providing food, clothing and shelter for them, even where the grandparents themselves have no steady source of income. Despite the heavy burden placed on grandparents as a result of HIV and AIDS, limited attention has been given by governments, scholars and researchers to documenting in detail the challenges faced by the elderly who look after orphaned children. This study examined the challenges faced by elderly people looking after children orphaned by HIV and AIDS in Malawi using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF). This framework looks at household needs and holistically categorises them in terms of social, financial, physical, natural health, and government policies. Following a qualitative approach, this study used a phenomenology approach in documenting the challenges facing the elderly in Malawi, with a special focus on the Rumphi and Zomba districts. The livelihood approach is part of rural development theories that has moved away from the conventional approaches towards development to holistic understanding of the relationship between poverty and economic development. The study also provided a case study on the role of social pensions in Lesotho. Social protection, which is part of social development, focuses on local community development with the emphasis not only on economic development, but also on improvement of health, education, environment and standard of living as critical contributors to sustainable development. This is seen as a medium that discourages dependency and promotes the participation of people in their own development. The aim was to profile social protection benefits for the elderly in Lesotho as an example so that insights could be drawn from the experience. The study used structured and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions as tools to elicit information from grandparents, orphans, community leaders, teachers, local leaders and policy makers. The findings of the study indicate that the level of rural poverty in elderly headed households has increased due to the challenges resulting from the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach presented in this paper advocates that sustained development is only successful if it is based on evidence and understanding of household or community needs holistically and systematically. This study has highlighted five key elements required to understand the elderly households through the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Firstly, the evidence from this research challenges the SLF in that it does not take into account all key factors necessary to understanding the elderly households’ needs, As a result, this study proposes other necessary enhancements to the SLF, such as the role of cultural practices as part of social capital in supporting elderly livelihoods, especially where patrilineal and matrilineal family systems exist. Secondly, evidence from this study indicates that the notion of social capital that includes dependency on community networks as key in improving the general livelihood of societies has completely diminished due to community fatigue in relation to offering care and support. The study further reveals enhancements in the forms of social capital like belonging to “secret friendships” or being a member of the village banking scheme. However these social networks have limited elderly membership because of community perceptions that elderly members may not contribute much, be it financially or otherwise, hence the elderly are excluded from social networks. Thirdly, as a result of the many challenges faced by the elderly, this research has highlighted an increase in negative coping strategies in elderly households due to limited support from government and other stakeholders. Negative coping strategies in this regard include engaging in activities like casual labour (ganyu), selling alcohol, school dropouts, selling green maize and begging. The more the elderly adopt negative coping strategies, the more vulnerable they become over time. Fourthly, the livelihoods framework has been used in this study to provide a full understanding of situation of the elderly headed households. This approach provides a new dimension to this body of knowledge as it is used for the first time on elderly households. The research presents a foundation that will require future researchers to look at elderly households holistically and systematically within their context using this research as a guideline or as a point of reference. Finally, this research suggests a possible framework that would address the needs of the elderly, with a combination of the livelihoods framework as the analysis tool and the social pensions as the response mechanism for alleviating the burden on elderly headed households. Social pensions will act as a poverty cushion to the elderly members of the society to meet their needs in raising orphaned children. This research conclusively reinforces the role of social protection for supporting the elderly livelihoods. The researcher’s contribution to theory is embedded in the premises of integration of livelihoods frameworks as an analysis tool that provides an holistic picture of understanding elderly household challenges and needs. Social protection through social pensions can be an intervention for supporting the household challenges of the elderly. The combination of these two frameworks results in an holistic and systematic analysis of elderly livelihoods and subsequent support necessary to respond to their challenges.
MT2016
40
Ulker, Aydogan. "Social welfare of older Americans household structure, inequality, and retirement /." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3110597.
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"Social construction and exaggeration of the elderly problem in Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888861.
Full textAbstract:
by Kenneth Wing-kin Law.Publication date from spine.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves [325]-371).
Questionnaire in Chinese.
List of Tables --- p.viii
Acknowledgements --- p.x
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Global Trend of Population Aging --- p.2
Population Aging as a Sort of Social Problem --- p.5
The Development of Elderly Studies in Hong Kong --- p.13
Areas of Study --- p.19
Chapter (1) --- Social exaggeration of the elderly problem --- p.22
Chapter (2) --- Social construction of the elderly problem --- p.25
Chapter (3) --- Ethics of applied social research --- p.29
Organization of the Dissertation --- p.32
Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.34
Early Sociological Study on the Elderly (1940-1980) --- p.35
Chapter (1) --- Role theory --- p.36
Chapter (2) --- Activity theory --- p.38
Chapter (3) --- Disengagement theory --- p.39
Chapter (4) --- Subculture theory --- p.40
Chapter (5) --- Modernization theory --- p.41
Contemporary Sociological Study on the Elderly (1980and onwards) --- p.46
Chapter (1) --- Modernization and the decline of social status of the elderly --- p.48
Chapter (2) --- Nature of the elderly problem --- p.52
Chapter (3) --- Myths towards later life --- p.55
Chapter 3. --- Analytical Framework --- p.59
Biaes in Elderly Studies --- p.61
Chapter (1) --- Conceptual bias --- p.62
Chapter (2) --- Methodological bias --- p.67
Social Construction of Social Problems --- p.69
Chapter (1) --- Definition of social problems --- p.70
Chapter (2) --- The subject matter of the sociology of social problems --- p.77
Chapter (3) --- Social problems as claims-making activities --- p.81
Social Exaggeration and Claims-making Activities --- p.88
Chapter 4. --- Research Design --- p.97
Social Exaggeration of the Elderly Problem in Hong Kong --- p.98
Chapter (1) --- The logic and design of the survey --- p.99
Chapter 1. --- Sample design and data collection --- p.101
Chapter 2. --- Instrumentation --- p.103
Chapter (2) --- The logic and design of the content analysis --- p.107
Chapter 1. --- Sample and data collection --- p.109
Chapter 2. --- Instrumentation --- p.110
Social Construction of Elderly Problem --- p.113
Ethics of Applied Social Research --- p.116
Chapter 5. --- Population Aging in Hong Kong --- p.120
The Growth of the Elderly Population --- p.120
Convergence with Western Aged Societies --- p.123
Divergence with Western Aged Societies --- p.129
Explanations: Conventional Wisdom --- p.133
An Alternative Explanation: Chinese Immigrants from Mainland China --- p.136
Implications --- p.142
Concluding Remarks --- p.150
Chapter 6. --- Social Exaggeration of the Elderly Problemin Hong Kong --- p.153
Social Perception of the Elderly --- p.155
Chapter (1) --- Social perception of the social status of the elderly --- p.157
Chapter (2) --- Social stereotyping of the elderly --- p.165
Chapter (3) --- Social perception of elderly problems --- p.178
Social and Economic Life of the Elderly in Hong Kong --- p.181
Chapter (1) --- Social network and social relationships --- p.181
Chapter (2) --- Economic sufficiency --- p.186
Chapter (3) --- Life satisfaction --- p.189
Chapter (4) --- Physical health condition --- p.197
Chapter (5) --- Social status --- p.202
An Alternative Explanation of the Discrepancy --- p.206
Chapter (1) --- Structural origins of the negative social steretyping of the elderly --- p.206
Chapter (2) --- Conceptual bias --- p.209
Chapter (3) --- Methodological bias --- p.215
Concluding Remarks --- p.222
Chapter 7. --- Social Construction of the Elderly Problemin Hong Kong --- p.225
The Process of the Social Construction of the Elderly Problem in Hong Kong --- p.231
Chapter (1) --- Stage 1: Agitation --- p.240
Chapter (2) --- Stage 2: Legitimating and co-optation --- p.249
Politicization of Social Problems and Professionalization of Social Work --- p.254
Concludidng Remarks --- p.262
Chapter 8. --- Ethics of Applied Social Research --- p.266
The Predomination of Applied Social Research in Hong Kong --- p.268
Value in Applied Social Research --- p.273
Ethical Issues in Elderly Research in Hong Kong --- p.283
Chapter (1) --- General quality of researchers --- p.286
Chapter (2) --- Value in applied social research --- p.291
Chapter (3) --- Social responsibility of researchers --- p.306
Concluding Remarks --- p.310
Chapter 9. --- Conclusion --- p.312
Bibliography --- p.325
Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire --- p.372
Appendix 2: List of Reviewed Research Reports --- p.394
Appendix 3: Comparison of the Distribution of Age and Sex between Sample and Population --- p.400
42
Le, Fevre Lisa Marie. "Strategies and Ties of Resilience: Bulgarian Elderly in an Aging and Depopulating Landscape." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VD745G.
Full textAbstract:
This work offers a cross-cultural account of the “aging experience” for elderly in two regions of Bulgaria. It is an ethnographic study that explores the importance of sustained and new (or adapted) interpersonal relationships for elderly in a depopulating Northwestern Village and a small Southern Town and its surroundings in the Rhodope Mountains. Highlighting relationships with family, peers, and neighbors, the study documents how the elderly negotiate and strategize their well-being in spaces and networks increasingly occupied by members of their same age group and despite adversity such as permanently depleting populations. These elders manage to engage in creating and maintaining their networks for instrumental or salient support; participate in peer memberships and interactions for coping and belonging; and negotiate valued and new cultural and socioeconomic strategies and places for well-being.
The study’s focus engages with theories of aging; psychosocial, anthropological, and sociological knowledge; and cross-disciplinary conceptions of how groups of people mediate relationships and issues affecting them. It underscores some Bulgarian elders’ engagement over disengagement, their nostalgia and coping, and pathways that lead to innovation and resiliency. The study also offers further insight into topics such as “aging in place” and the complexities of human experiences within a Bulgarian context that considers specific histories and processes such as post-socialism and out-migration. As such, the current work contributes to explorations of engaged and adaptive elders aging in place (particularly in relationship to out-migration and economic forces); to how overlapping histories and experiences create membership within age-cohorts; and on the ways that the elderly cope, adapt, and innovate when traditionally salient family networks are stretched because of economies, depopulation, or distance.
Finally, this work occurs against the backdrop of an aging and depopulating landscape. Issues affecting Bulgaria and its elders include population loss and stages of demographic decline, declining or low fertility rates, and an increasingly aging population across the country but more so within villages. These and other problems have resulted in the elderly expressing isolation; feelings of loss; and economic, social, and personal woes. It has also resulted in the elderly being categorized as a particularly “vulnerable” group within the country, a term which runs the risk of placing them within a realm of complacency or marginalization. Even in extreme situations, many of the elderly I met in Bulgaria remained resourceful and resilient by sustaining or adapting relationships and practices, by creating moments and spaces for coping and companionship, and to meet their need as “still alive” in ways that challenge perceptions of vulnerability or marginality.
43
"Think positively and feel positively: optimism and life satisfaction in late life." 2001. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890673.
Full textAbstract:
Leung Wai-Chung.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-62).
Abstracts in English and Chinese ; appendix in Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.2
ABSTRACT --- p.3
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.5
INTRODUCTION --- p.6
Chapter PART 1 --- VALIDATION OF PANCULTURAL LIFE SATISFACTION MODEL --- p.8
Chapter PART 2 --- INCORPORATING OPTIMISM IN THE LIFE SATISFACTION MODEL --- p.21
Chapter PART 3 --- INVESTIGATION OF MEDIATING EFFECT OF HEALTH & FINANCE --- p.32
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS --- p.41
REFERENCES --- p.44
FOOTNOTES --- p.57
LIST OF TABLES --- p.65
TABLE 1 TO TABLE 8 --- p.66
FIGURE CAPTIONS --- p.77
FIGURE 1 TO FIGURE 4 --- p.78
APPENDIX 1 --- p.82
APPENDIX 2 --- p.83
44
"Elderly, vertical village: a comprehensive community for elderly." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892439.
Full textAbstract:
Cheung Ho Ting Kenniss."Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2005-2006, design report."
thesis statement --- p.p1-2
background studies --- p.p3-6
research - ideas formation --- p.p7-10
research - tangible studies --- p.p11-14
research - conclusion (i) --- p.p15-16
research - intangible studies --- p.p17-19
research - ifield trip --- p.p20-21
research - conclusion (ii) --- p.p22-23
deisgn concept --- p.p24-25
site --- p.p26-31
desighn process --- p.p32-50
final design --- p.p51-59
45
Peters, Marthe-Metjé. "Die psigo-sosiale welstand van bejaardes met verskillende tipes verblyf." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10694.
Full text
46
"The pursuit of a meaningful life in old age: a Hong Kong study." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891680.
Full textAbstract:
Lee Shirley.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-184).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Being Old and the Concept of Old Age --- p.28
Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Pursuit of a Meaningful Life in Old Age --- p.45
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Gender and the Pursuit of Meanings in Old Age --- p.77
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Health and the Pursuit of Meanings in Old Age --- p.96
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Money and the Pursuit of Meanings in Old Age --- p.118
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Death and the Pursuit of Meanings in Old Age --- p.137
Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.156
Appendix --- p.176
Bibliography --- p.178
47
Mejia, Shannon T. "Shaping social worlds : exploring relationship regulation processes in older adults' daily lives." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26194.
Full textAbstract:
The social aspects of older adults lives are strongly linked to well-being outcomes. Social relationships in older adulthood are rewarding, but also complex, and to maintain a positive social environment, older adults must reconcile long relationships histories, negotiate changing roles, and deal with increasing dependencies. Older adults are known to be particularly effective at regulating their social environments under these circumstances to maximize satisfaction, but some are more successful than others. Older adults manage their social environments through processes of relationship regulation, where individuals actively work towards social goals to customize their social environments and close relationships to meet developmental and emotional needs. Importantly, relationship regulation is embedded in older adults’ social environments, which are not only an outcome, but also the context that inspires, motivates, and hinders efforts to change the social environment. Within the proximal social environment older adults may experience support, hindrance, and satisfying contact with close social partners. Although supportive social environments are related to health and well-being in old age, and evidence suggests that older adults regulate their relationships, little is known about how these goals are worked towards and achieved on a daily basis and within the context of older adults' daily lives. The current study had two distinct aims: (a) to understand the intraindividual processes of regulating social goals within daily context of the social environment; and (b) to examine how interindividual differences predict between-person differences in social regulatory processes. Specifically, this study investigated the degree to which older adults depend on daily support and contact with a close social partner to make progress towards a meaningful social goal, and also the extent to which perceptions of social hindrance impede goal progress. On an interindividual level, this study examined how differences in the proximal social environment and goal orientation are linked to differences in social regulatory processes. Data from the Personal Understanding of Life and Social Experiences (PULSE) project, a 100-day, internet-based microlongitudinal study of 100 Oregon residents age 52 to 88 (M = 63.13, SD = 7.8), were used to explore processes of relationship regulation. At the beginning of the study, participants created a meaningful social goal, and mapped their social convoy. Participants then tracked their daily goal progress and feelings of social support, hindrance and satisfaction over a 100-day time period. Analysis was conducted using multilevel random coefficient models, and was structured to examine within person processes. Daily experiences of goal progress were positively related to social support and contact satisfaction, and negatively related with social hindrance. Importantly, these associations varied greatly between participants, in part as a function of convoy composition and goal orientations. The results from this study suggest that relationship regulation is (a) embedded in the social context of daily life; (b) differs based on the structure of the proximal social environment; (c) contingent on regulatory strategies selected by older adults to work towards their goals; and (d) differentiated by mean tendencies. The linkages between support, hindrance and contact satisfaction with daily goal progress found in this study suggest that the process of working towards a social goal is dependent on older adults' daily social contexts. This has implications for populations with varying access to social support and exposure to social hindrance. Further, individual differences in social regulatory processes were only partially explained by convoy structure and goal orientation. Future research is needed to search for the mechanisms that drive these between person differences in social regulatory processes.Graduation date: 2012
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Toyokawa, Noriko. "Trajectories of social support in later life : a longitudinal comparison of socioemotional selectivity theory with dynamic integration theory." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29734.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we contrasted socioemotional selectivity theory (SST;
Carstensen, 2006) with dynamic integration theory (DIT; Labouvie-Vief, 2003) using
trajectories of quantitative and qualitative social support in later life. SST is a lifespan
theory of motivational development (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999). There
is a normative decline in social support networks in later life. In other words,
individuals who perceive the limitation on time left for their future are likely to
decrease the quantitative social support and compensate for this decrease by
improving qualitative social support with emotionally meaningful social partners. The
theory also postulates that age is the primary proxy for perceived limitation of
individuals' lives (Carstensen, Fung, & Charles, 2003). Further, self-reported health
and functional status are factors that affect older adults' perception of limitation of
time left in their lives (Carstensen, 2006).
In contrast, DIT is a neo-Piagetian theory that emphasizes the presence of
individual differences in quantitative and qualitative social support in later life
depending on individuals' levels of cognitive resources that are associated with
educational levels (Labouvie-Vief & Diehl, 2000). Despite these different arguments
on the trajectories of quantitative and qualitative social support in later life, SST and
DIT have not been tested within a same study.
The current study examined the trajectories of frequency of social contact
(quantitative social support) and reliance on family members and close friends
(qualitative social support) in later life. Participants were drawn from the Normative
Aging Study (NAS; N = 1,067, M[subscript age] = 60.83, SD = 8.08) who completed social support
surveys three times from 1985 to 1991. Using unconditional and unconditional
analyses (Raudenbush & Bryk, 1986), growth models of frequency of social contact
with and reliance on family members and close friends were tested. Within subject
analyses found that the trajectory of frequency of social contact was a U-shaped curve
with the age of 54 years at a peak, while the trajectory of reliance on family and
friends were stable and linear. Random effects of age for the intercept and slope were
significant in both models of frequency of contact and reliance on family and friends,
although the random effect for the latter were small in both models.
Between subjects analyses were conducted to examine whether cognitive
resources, marital status, health status, and functional status predicted variance in the
intercept and slope of both types of support. As SST hypothesized, having better self-reported
physical health predicted higher levels of frequency of contact over age.
Being married was associated with higher quantity of social support. However,
contrary to our hypothesis based on SST, having poorer functional status predicted
more frequent social contact over age. The random effect of intercept was still
significant after controlling for these psychosocial predictors.
The evidence to test the DIT hypotheses was examined in the model of the
qualitative social support. Having memory problems predicted decreasing reliance on
social partners. However, marital status and education did not significantly predict
change in qualitative social relationships. Contrary to the hypothesis based on SST
that posited poor self-reported health was associated with higher qualitative social
support, it was better self-reported health that predicted higher qualitative social
support. The random effects for the intercept and slope were still significant after
controlling for these psychosocial factors.
Taken together, the findings of the current study suggest that SST and DIT can
be used as theoretical frameworks that are complementary rather than contradictory in
their predictions of socioemotional development in later life. SST is useful to
illustrate the overall trajectory of quantitative social support in a normative
development in late life. DIT's stance better explains the individual differences in
qualitative social support in non-normative contexts. The findings also suggest that
having memory problems and poor self-reported health as non-normative
developmental outcomes may be risk factors of older adults' ability to seek for social
support.Graduation date: 2012
49
Lu, Winnie Nien-wei. "A breakdown & reinvention : the people and the place, housing for Chinese seniors with a community component in Strathcona, Vancouver." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4417.
Full textAbstract:
This is a project about a specific group of peopleand place: the Chinese elderly in
Strathcona, Vancouver. The parameters are cultural, social and physical. It is about a traditional
culture at a crossroad with a North American culture, the implications being a critical exchange.
I have proposed a living space that combines the closeness of a private world and the
openness of an active and meaningful public face. The design of the housing addresses not only
the area's need for elderly housing, but social and architectural perspectives as well. The private
housing component is combined with a community (public) part - a daycare - and a semi-public
part - the lounge, both of which allows the participation of the residents as well as the community.
The lounge is a space for small exhibitions and performances. The semi-private component
consists of a dining facility with kitchen, a small reading room (family room), a laundry and a clinic
(beauty parlour).
This combination means a dynamic connection of the public and the private faces.
Through the use of the community's own design language and ideas from Asian housing and
village designs, I have linked together a world of singular intracacies to create a rich sphere - one
that will begin an urban repair through a breakdown and restructuring of the integral components
of a place and the idiosyncracies of a culture.
50
Nzama, Thobile Immaculate. "Transport issues affecting access to services by the elderly in rural areas : a case study of Maphumulo district." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3063.
Full textAbstract:
Transport forms an essential element of people's lives. It is transport which determines how people access important resources and it influences the mobility of people. Transport availability improves access to resources and hence fights isolation, which derives from lack of access to resources. This case study examines the influence of transport on access to state grants and health services. The study was based on sample of 170 recipients of state grants and was carried out in September 2000. A quantitative survey through face-to-face interviews of pensioners and other recipients of state grants at two remote rural points was carried out. The results of the study showed that poor road and path infrastructure impacts negatively on old people's access to pension payout points and health services. As a result of poor road infrastructure, people have limited access to alternative means of transport and hence have to pay too much for transport to reach services essential to their livelihoods. In addition to the transport cost these elderly have to pay, they also have an extra burden of having to care for the orphans and unemployed adults staying with them. This puts an enormous pressure on their limited resources and hence deepens the cycle of poverty. The majority of people interviewed were positive about the quality of health service they are receiving and the attitude of health workers. There was no correlation between the quality of services received and the demand for using them. Amongst other things, it has been suggested that locating basic services particularly welfare services and health services nearer rural communities will improve the quality of life and minimize the cost of reaching such services. Furthermore infra structural intervention will impact positively on rural communities by providing them with a wider choice of transport and promoting intermediate means of transport. This will have a positive impact on rural communities by increasing the accessibility of services and improving mobility.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.