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Academic literature on the topic 'Olfaction-related activities'
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Journal articles on the topic "Olfaction-related activities"
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Nováková, Lenka, Jaroslava Varella Valentova, and Jan Havlíček. "Engagement in Olfaction-Related Activities is Associated with the Ability of Odor Identification and Odor Awareness." Chemosensory Perception 7, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12078-014-9167-2.
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Martínez-García, Ignacio, Rebeca Hernández-Soto, Benjamín Villasana-Salazar, Benito Ordaz, and Fernando Peña-Ortega. "Alterations in Piriform and Bulbar Activity/Excitability/Coupling Upon Amyloid-β Administration in vivo Related to Olfactory Dysfunction." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 82, s1 (June 22, 2021): S19—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201392.
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Background: Deficits in odor detection and discrimination are premature symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that correlate with pathological signs in the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PCx). Similar olfactory dysfunction has been characterized in AD transgenic mice that overproduce amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which can be prevented by reducing Aβ levels by immunological and pharmacological means, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction depends on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-driven alterations in the OB and/or PCx, as well as on their activation. However, this possibility needs further exploration. Objective: To characterize the effects of Aβ on OB and PCx excitability/coupling and on olfaction. Methods: Aβ oligomerized solution (containing oligomers, monomers, and protofibrils) or its vehicle were intracerebroventricularlly injected two weeks before OB and PCx excitability and synchrony were evaluated through field recordings in vivo and in brain slices. Synaptic transmission from the OB to the PCx was also evaluated in slices. Olfaction was assessed through the habituation/dishabituation test. Results: Aβ did not affect lateral olfactory tract transmission into the PCx but reduced odor habituation and cross-habituation. This olfactory dysfunction was related to a reduction of PCx and OB network activity power in vivo. Moreover, the coherence between PCx-OB activities was also reduced by Aβ. Finally, Aβ treatment exacerbated the 4-aminopyridine-induced excitation in the PCx in slices. Conclusion: Our results show that Aβ-induced olfactory dysfunction involves a complex set of pathological changes at different levels of the olfactory pathway including alterations in PCx excitability and its coupling with the OB. These pathological changes might contribute to hyposmia in AD.
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Courtiol, Emmanuelle, and Donald A. Wilson. "Thalamic olfaction: characterizing odor processing in the mediodorsal thalamus of the rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): 1274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00741.2013.
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Thalamus is a key crossroad structure involved in various functions relative to visual, auditory, gustatory, and somatosensory senses. Because of the specific organization of the olfactory pathway (i.e., no direct thalamic relay between sensory neurons and primary cortex), relatively little attention has been directed toward the thalamus in olfaction. However, an olfactory thalamus exists: the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MDT) receives input from various olfactory structures including the piriform cortex. How the MDT contributes to olfactory perception remains unanswered. The present study is a first step to gain insight into the function of the MDT in olfactory processing. Spontaneous and odor-evoked activities were recorded in both the MDT (single unit and local field potential) and the piriform cortex (local field potential) of urethane-anesthetized rats. We demonstrate that: 1) odorant presentation induces a conjoint, coherent emergence of beta-frequency-band oscillations in both the MDT and the piriform cortex; 2) 51% of MDT single units were odor-responsive with narrow-tuning characteristics across an odorant set, which included biological, monomolecular, and mixture stimuli. In fact, a majority of MDT units responded to only one odor within the set; 3) the MDT and the piriform cortex showed tightly related activities with, for example, nearly 20% of MDT firing in phase with piriform cortical beta-frequency oscillations; and 4) MDT-piriform cortex coherence was state-dependent with enhanced coupling during slow-wave activity. These data are discussed in the context of the hypothesized role of MDT in olfactory perception and attention.
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Mueller, Kathryn, and Christopher R. Brigham. "Impairment Tutorial: Impairment Evaluation of Ear, Nose, Throat, and Related Structures: Fifth Edition Revisions." Guides Newsletter 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2002.marapr02.
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Abstract Chapter 11, Ear, Nose, Throat, and Related Structures of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, includes a new section on voice impairment, a new table on vestibular disorders, and information regarding combined facial disorders and disfigurements. Impairments are based on anatomic, physiological, and functional approaches and involve the assessment of subjective information (eg, statements provided by the patient) and objective factors determined by clinical examination or functional tests. The rating of hearing loss is unchanged from the Fourth Edition in the AMA Guides, Fifth Edition, and tables guide the conversion of monoauricular and binaural hearing impairments into whole person impairments. A tinnitus rating can be combined with the binaural hearing impairment loss before conversion to a whole person permanent impairment. Total disfigurement of the face can be graded between 16% and 50%; a table guides evaluators in rating facial disorders or disfigurement. Impairments of the nose, throat, and related structures include respiration, mastication, deglutition, olfaction and taste, speech, and voice. Although hearing loss is measured using anatomic, physiological, and functional approaches, many other assessments in Chapter 11 are based on interference in the activities of daily living, and the examiner must perform a careful assessment and apply the criteria in the AMA Guides.
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Sakayori, Nobuyuki, Ryuichi Kimura, and Noriko Osumi. "Impact of Lipid Nutrition on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells." Stem Cells International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/973508.
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The neural system originates from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Embryonic NSPCs first proliferate to increase their numbers and then produce neurons and glial cells that compose the complex neural circuits in the brain. New neurons are continually produced even after birth from adult NSPCs in the inner wall of the lateral ventricle and in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These adult-born neurons are involved in various brain functions, including olfaction-related functions, learning and memory, pattern separation, and mood control. NSPCs are regulated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Diet is one of such important extrinsic factors. Of dietary nutrients, lipids are important because they constitute the cell membrane, are a source of energy, and function as signaling molecules. Metabolites of some lipids can be strong lipid mediators that also regulate various biological activities. Recent findings have revealed that lipids are important regulators of both embryonic and adult NSPCs. We and other groups have shown that lipid signals including fat, fatty acids, their metabolites and intracellular carriers, cholesterol, and vitamins affect proliferation and differentiation of embryonic and adult NSPCs. A better understanding of the NSPCs regulation by lipids may provide important insight into the neural development and brain function.
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Culik, B., J. Hennicke, and T. Martin. "Humboldt penguins outmanoeuvring El Nino." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 2311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.15.2311.
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We satellite-tracked five Humboldt penguins during the strong 1997/98 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from their breeding island Pan de Azucar (26 degrees 09′S, 70 degrees 40′W) in Northern Chile and related their activities at sea to satellite-derived information on sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), wind direction and speed, chlorophyll a concentrations and statistical data on fishery landings. We found that Humboldt penguins migrated by up to 895 km as marine productivity decreased. The total daily dive duration was highly correlated with SSTA, ranging from 3.1 to 12.5 h when the water was at its warmest (+4 degrees C). Birds travelled between 2 and 116 km every day, travelling further when SSTA was highest. Diving depths (maximum 54 m), however, were not increased with respect to previous years. Two penguins migrated south and, independently of each other, located an area of high chlorophyll a concentration 150 km off the coast. Humboldt penguins seem to use day length, temperature gradients, wind direction and olfaction to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to find suitable feeding grounds. This makes Humboldt penguins biological in situ detectors of highly productive marine areas, with a potential use in the verification of trends detected by remote sensors on board satellites.
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Courtiol, Emmanuelle, Chloé Hegoburu, Philippe Litaudon, Samuel Garcia, Nicolas Fourcaud-Trocmé, and Nathalie Buonviso. "Individual and synergistic effects of sniffing frequency and flow rate on olfactory bulb activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 6 (December 2011): 2813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00672.2011.
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Is faster or stronger sniffing important for the olfactory system? Odorant molecules are captured by sniffing. The features of sniffing constrain both the temporality and intensity of the input to the olfactory structures. In this context, it is clear that variations in both the sniff frequency and flow rate have a major impact on the activation of olfactory structures. However, the question of how frequency and flow rate individually or synergistically impact bulbar output has not been answered. We have addressed this question using multiple experimental approaches. In double-tracheotomized, anesthetized rats, we recorded both the bulbar local field potential (LFP) and mitral/tufted cells' activities when the sampling flow rate and frequency were controlled independently. We found that a tradeoff between the sampling frequency and the flow rate could maintain olfactory bulb sampling-related rhythmicity and that only an increase in flow rate could induce a faster, odor-evoked response. LFP and sniffing were recorded in awake rats. We found that sampling-related rhythmicity was maintained during high-frequency sniffing. Furthermore, we observed that the covariation between the frequency and flow rate, which was necessary for the tradeoff seen in the anesthetized preparations, also occurred in awake animals. Our study shows that the sampling frequency and flow rate can act either independently or synergistically on bulbar output to shape the neuronal message. The system likely takes advantage of this flexibility to adapt sniffing strategies to animal behavior. Our study provides additional support for the idea that sniffing and olfaction function in an integrated manner.
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Magri, Mariana C. Cavalheiro, and Adele Caterino de Araujo. "The role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Immunobiology of Self-Aromas." Revista Neurociências 13, no. 4 (January 23, 2019): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2005.v13.8793.
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The authors present a review of the immunobiological mechanism of olfaction considering current and relevant information about the odors released by vertebrate organisms, and its association with the immune system. Many theories concerning to the type and the quality of the molecular structures of odors or aromas have been proposed, but the most important are the steric theory of odor and the vibration theory of odor. Several techniques based on brain activities have been studied in association with sensorial processes, and they were particularly important to evaluate the physiologycal effects of odors. Molecules of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) have been identified in individual body odors (odortype), and volatile compounds of the MHC were easily detected in the urine of mice. The major relevant studies related to the Olfactory Receptors (ORs) and the MHC were conducted in mice models, and these studies demonstrated that the odortype has an important role in the partner choice, as well as in the relationship between mothers and their offsprings. A sensorial gas apparatus called “eletronic nose” has been used as an instrument capable of detecting molecules of the MHC in the odortypes. In conclusion, the diversity of self-aromas or odortypes seems to be generated in the context of the MHC, and consequently varies according to the genetic background of the individual. In spite of several controversies among scientists concerning to the immunobiology of the aromas, mostly in human beings, we could hypothesize that similar types of odors could influence the human choice. Future studies are necessary to clarify and confirm these findings in human beings.
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Okumura, Toshiki, Hirokazu Kumazaki, Archana K. Singh, Kazushige Touhara, and Masako Okamoto. "Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Show Altered Event-Related Potentials in the Late Stages of Olfactory Processing." Chemical Senses, November 11, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz070.
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Abstract Atypical sensory reactivities are pervasive among people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With respect to olfaction, most previous studies have used psychophysical or questionnaire-based methodologies; thus, the neural basis of olfactory processing in ASD remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the stages of olfactory processing that are altered in ASD. Fourteen young adults with high-functioning ASD (mean age, 21 years; 3 females) were compared with 19 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (mean age, 21 years; 4 females). Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) for 2-phenylethyl alcohol—a rose-like odor—were measured with 64 scalp electrodes while participants performed a simple odor detection task. Significant group differences in OERPs were found in 3 time windows 542 ms after the stimulus onset. The cortical source activities in these time windows, estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, were significantly higher in ASD than in TD in and around the posterior cingulate cortex, which is known to play a crucial role in modality-general cognitive processing. Supplemental Bayesian analysis provided substantial evidence for an alteration in the later stages of olfactory processing, whereas conclusive evidence was not provided for the earlier stages. These results suggest that olfactory processing in ASD is altered at least at the later, modality-general processing stage.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Olfaction-related activities"
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Nováková, Lenka. "Faktory přispívající k interindividuálním rozdílům v čichových schopnostech a všímavosti vůči pachům." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326711.
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The main body of the thesis deals with selected factors underlying the considerable variability in human olfactory abilities and some odour awareness-related measures, addressed in samples ranging in age from middle childhood to young adulthood. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part (Chapter 1), first presents the major advances and developments that brought about something of a renaissance of scientific interest in the human sense of smell, including the recent proliferation of psychophysical studies, both basic research and clinical. Next, an outline of olfactory psychophysical measures and related olfactory abilities that are of relevance to the studies presented in this thesis is provided. Subsequently, the selected factors contributing to interindividual differences in olfactory abilities, that have been addressed by this thesis, are reviewed, namely the effect of sex (or gender), which is approached from a developmental perspective, childhood gender nonconformity, and personality. Finally, intraindividual fluctuations in olfactory performance are also mentioned in brief. Next, the focus shifts to odour awareness by first introducing the various approaches that can be adopted to get closer to the real-life context as opposed to laboratory setting (where most olfactory studies continue to be...