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Amaya, Veronica, Mandy B. A. Paterson, Kris Descovich, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on Heart Rate Variability in Shelter Dogs." Animals 10, no. 8 (2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081385.
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Animal shelters can be stressful environments and time in care may affect individual dogs in negative ways, so it is important to try to reduce stress and arousal levels to improve welfare and chance of adoption. A key element of the stress response is the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and a non-invasive tool to measure this activity is heart rate variability (HRV). Physiologically, stress and arousal result in the production of corticosteroids, increased heart rate and decreased HRV. Environmental enrichment can help to reduce arousal related behaviours in dogs and this study focused on sensory environmental enrichment using olfactory and auditory stimuli with shelter dogs. The aim was to determine if these stimuli have a physiological effect on dogs and if this could be detected through HRV. Sixty dogs were allocated to one of three stimuli groups: lavender, dog appeasing pheromone and music or a control group, and usable heart rate variability data were obtained from 34 dogs. Stimuli were applied for 3 h a day on five consecutive days, with HRV recorded for 4 h (treatment period + 1 h post-treatment) on the 5th and last day of exposure to the stimuli by a Polar® heart rate monitor attached to the dog’s chest. HRV results suggest that music activates both branches of the ANS, which may be useful to relieve both the stress and boredom in shelter environments.
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Amaya, Veronica, Mandy B. A. Paterson, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs." Animals 10, no. 4 (2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040581.
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Shelter environments are stressful for dogs, as they must cope with many stimuli over which they have little control. This can lead to behavioural changes, negatively affect their welfare and downgrade the human‐animal bond, affecting re-homing success. Arousal is evident in their behaviour, particularly increased activity and frequent vocalisation. Environmental enrichment plays an important role in reducing arousal behaviour, either through direct physiological effects or by masking stressful stimuli. The present study focused on sensory environmental enrichment, using olfactory and auditory stimuli under shelter conditions. Sixty dogs were allocated to one of four treatments: three types of enrichment, Lavender, Dog appeasing pheromone (DAP) and Music, and a Control group. Stimuli were applied for 3 h/d on five consecutive days. Dogs exposed to DAP lay down more, and those exposed to Music lay down more with their head down, compared to the Control. Those in the Control stood more on their hind legs with their front legs on the exit door, compared to those exposed to Music and DAP, particularly if they had only been in the shelter for a short time. They also panted and vocalised much more than dogs in the three enrichment treatments, which tended to persist during the 4 h period post treatment, and in the case of vocalisation into the subsequent night. The study suggests that all three enrichments had some positive benefits for dogs in shelters, as well as being non-invasive and easy to apply in the shelter environment.
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Villela, Mariana Silva, and Vera Helena Moro Bins Ely. "Stimuli towards well-being in an environment with Complementary and Integrative Practices (CIPs)." Ambiente Construído 20, no. 2 (2020): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212020000200408.
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Abstract This article presents a proposal to categorise stimuli that influence well-being in therapeutic environments following Complementary and Integrative Practices (CIPs). With the broader aim of understanding which environmental stimuli influence the well-being of CIP therapeutic environment users, this qualitative research adopted a multimethod approach: bibliographic and documentary research; walkthrough analysis; exploratory visits; environment observations; and finally, interviews. After cross-referencing a literature review and an environmental assessment of three case studies during 2017, a categorisation was drawn up, and it suggests that the stimuli which most influence well-being in CIP environments are: Artistic, Auditory, Biological, Luminous and Hygrothermal Comfort, Energetic, Spatial, Natural, Olfactory, Social and Socio-Spatial stimuli. Included in a broader debate on creating environments favourable to users’ health, and in line with an increasing demand of CIPs in Brazil, this categorisation aims at contributing to the knowledge of CIP environment-specific necessities and improving the quality from the early stage of project idealisation.
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Carcaud, Julie, Thomas Hill, Martin Giurfa, and Jean-Christophe Sandoz. "Differential coding by two olfactory subsystems in the honeybee brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 4 (2012): 1106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01034.2011.
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Sensory systems use parallel processing to extract and process different features of environmental stimuli. Parallel processing has been studied in the auditory, visual, and somatosensory systems, but equivalent research in the olfactory modality is scarce. The honeybee Apis mellifera is an interesting model for such research as its relatively simple brain contains a dual olfactory system, with a clear neural dichotomy from the periphery to higher-order centers, based on two main neuronal tracts [medial (m) and lateral (l) antenno-protocerebral tract (APT)]. The function of this dual system is as yet unknown, and attributes like odor quality and odor quantity might be separately encoded in these subsystems. We have thus studied olfactory coding at the input of both subsystems, using in vivo calcium imaging. As one of the subsystems (m-APT) has never been imaged before, a novel imaging preparation was developed to this end, and responses to a panel of aliphatic odorants at different concentrations were compared in both subsystems. Our data show a global redundancy of olfactory coding at the input of both subsystems but unravel some specificities for encoding chemical group and carbon chain length of odor molecules.
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Satow, Aiko. "An Ecological Approach to Mechanisms Determining Individual Differences in Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (1986): 983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.983.
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In 1982 Satow proposed four hypothetical properties determining mechanisms of individual differences in perceptions; these were supported by results of a factor analysis of responses to a 58-item check list. Present work confirmed the four properties (intense sensitivity, temporal sensitivity, sensory-motor reactivity, and possible range of total stimuli), and obtained a property, preference for intense and prolonged stimuli, from a principal component analysis of data from a 60-item list given to 316 subjects. The 60-item list is a revised version of the 58-item list which asked subjects about their subjective sensitiveness and preferences for environmental sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile). Within subjects relationships among these properties are interindependent, since for individuals correlations of factor-score estimates between pairs of these properties were near zero. This interindependence supported a model of four hypothetical types of individuals, explaining the individual differences on the grounds of the relations among the properties.
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Chiang, Yu-Jen. "Multisensory Stimuli, Restorative Effect, and Satisfaction of Visits to Forest Recreation Destinations: A Case Study of the Jhihben National Forest Recreation Area in Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 18 (2023): 6768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186768.
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The perceived quality of the restorative environment of forest resources should be a key consideration for forest recreational areas in managing ecosystem services to provide health benefits to visitors. However, previous studies on utilizing forests as a resource for restorative services have rarely explored the simultaneous integration of on-site sensory experiences from a multisensory perspective or evaluated visitor satisfaction from a service-oriented standpoint. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the association among multisensory stimuli, perceived restorativeness, and satisfaction with visits to forest recreation areas and clarify the mediating role of perceived restorativeness in the relationship between multisensory stimuli and satisfaction. This study deployed a questionnaire and collected 458 valid responses from visitors to the Jhihben National Forest Recreation Area in Taiwan. Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the study hypotheses. The results indicated that visual sensations, auditory sensations, olfactory sensations, and tactile sensations had significant positive effects on perceived restorativeness and satisfaction and that perceived restorativeness also had a significant positive effect on satisfaction. Perceived restorativeness played a partial mediating role in this causal model. This study verified the psychological model of the relationships among a natural setting’s multisensory stimuli, perceived restorativeness, and satisfaction. In practice, the findings of this study offer guidance for forest recreation areas to develop strategies for ecological services, encompassing the establishment of restorative environmental management and visitor service management approaches.
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Brasić, James Robert. "Hallucinations." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (1998): 851–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.851.
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Hallucinations, sensory perceptions without environmental stimuli, occur as simple experiences of auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, or visual phenomena as well as mixed or complex experiences of more than one simple phenomenon. The nature of the hallucination assists localization, differential diagnosis, and treatment planning. In particular, the presence of persistent visual hallucinations of persons with Parkinson's disease predicts dementia, rapid deterioration, permanent nursing home placement, and death. Hallucinations in persons with Alzheimer's disease are often associated with serious behavioral problems and predict a rapid cognitive decline. Theories of the etiology of hallucinations include (1) stimulation, e.g., neurochemical, electrical, seizure, and ephaptic, and (2) inhibition, e.g., destruction of normally inhibitory functions, resulting in disinhibition as in the Charles Bonnet and phantom limb syndromes. Functional neuroimaging procedures suggest anatomical associations for hallucinations. While hallucinations may be a symptom of medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders, they may also occur in a wide range of human experiences.
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Kang, Hyoyoung, and Youngran Chae. "Effects of Integrated Indirect Forest Experience on Emotion, Fatigue, Stress, and Immune Function in Hemodialysis Patients." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041701.
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Background: Most hemodialysis patients may experience physiological and psychological stress. Exposure to nature has been reported to reduce psychological and physiological stress levels and improve immune function. This study aimed to investigate psychological and physiological effects of integrated indirect forest experience on chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: As a quasi-experiment, this study employed a nonequivalent control group, repeated measurements, and a non-synchronized design. In total, 54 participants were included: 26 and 28 patients in the experimental and control groups, respectively. During hemodialysis, five types of forest therapy stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and motor) were applied 3 times per week for 4 weeks during 15 min sessions. Results: Positive, but not negative, emotion measures differed between the groups after the intervention. Fatigue and physiological stress levels were significantly reduced in the experimental group, whereas no significant difference was found between the groups with respect to measures of psychological stress. Activation of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems was similar in both groups, as was the number of natural killer cells. Conclusion: Integrated indirect forest experience may help increase positive emotions and reduce fatigue and stress levels during hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure.
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Zheng, Haohua, Man Luo, Yihan Wang, and Yangyang Wei. "Multi-Sensory Interaction and Spatial Perception in Urban Microgreen Spaces: A Focus on Vision, Auditory, and Olfaction." Sustainability 16, no. 20 (2024): 8809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16208809.
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As important recreational spaces for urban residents, urban microgreen parks enhance the urban living environment and alleviate psychological pressure on residents. The visual, auditory, and olfactory senses are crucial forms of perception in human interaction with nature, and the sustainable perceptual design of miniature green parks under their interaction has become a recent research hotspot. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the visual, acoustic, and olfactory environments (e.g., aromatic green vegetation) on human perception in miniature green parks. Participants were evenly divided into eight groups, including single-sensory groups, multi-sensory interaction groups, and a control group. Eye-tracking technology, blood pressure monitoring, and the Semantic Differential (SD) scales and Profile of Mood State (POMS) were used to assess the effectiveness of physical and mental perception recovery in each group. The results revealed that in an urban microgreen space environment with relatively low ambient noise, visual–auditory, visual–olfactory, and visual–auditory–olfactory interactive stimuli were more effective in promoting the recovery of visual attention than single visual stimuli. Additionally, visual–auditory–olfactory interactive stimuli were able to optimize the quality of spatial perception by using positive sensory inputs to effectively mask negative experiences. Simultaneously, environments with a high proportion of natural sounds had the strongest stimuli, and in the visual–auditory group, systolic blood pressure at S7 and heart rate at S9 significantly decreased (p < 0.05), with reductions of 18.60 mmHg and 20.15 BPM, respectively. Aromatic olfactory sources were more effective in promoting physical and mental relaxation compared to other olfactory sources, with systolic blood pressure reductions of 24.40 mmHg (p < 0.01) for marigolds, 23.35 mmHg (p < 0.01) for small-leaved boxwood, and 27.25 mmHg (p < 0.05) for camphor trees. Specific auditory and olfactory conditions could guide visual focus, such as birdsong directing attention to trees, insect sounds drawing attention to herbaceous plants, floral scents attracting focus to flowers, and leaf scents prompting observation of a wider range of natural vegetation. In summary, significant differences exist between single-sensory experiences and multi-sensory modes of spatial perception and interaction in urban microgreen parks. Compared to a silent and odorless environment, the integration of acoustic and olfactory elements broadened the scope of visual attention, and In the visual–auditory–olfactory interactive perception, the combination of natural sounds and aromatic camphor tree scents had the best effect on attention recovery, thereby improving the quality of spatial perception in urban microgreen parks.
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Portnova, Galina V., and Daria A. Stebakova. "The multimodal emotion perception in codependent individuals." Neuroscience Research Notes 6, no. 1 (2023): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v6i1.210.
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The emotional disturbances of individuals with codependency are often ignored. This study aimed to investigate the emotional perception of codependent individuals in four modalities – visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory. An EEG study was performed and presented pleasant and unpleasant stimuli selected by a panel of experts for each modality. Participants (fifteen codependent individuals and fifteen healthy volunteers) were instructed to assess the emotional impact and pleasantness of stimuli. The method of EEG spaces was used to visualize how close perceived stimuli were according to EEG data. The results showed ambivalence of emotional response to emotional stimuli with social component and lack of recognition of emotional tone detected in EEG and behavioral levels. The empathy feeling in codependent individuals was detected for fewer emotional stimuli. The group differences were associated with evolutionary newer modalities (auditory and visual). The lack of emotional perception in codependent subjects was determined by social factors and was detected in visual and auditory modalities, which were more involved in social interactions than olfactory and tactile modalities.
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Grace, Natalia Simbolon, James ED Rilatupa Dr.Ir., and Yophie Septiady Dr. "Application of Gestalt Theory in Interior Design Dinas Perpustakaan Dan Kearsipan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat (DISPUSIPDA)." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 9, no. 12 (2024): 1013–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14553939.
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Interior design is a form of function and utility value that does not only focus on how to create or design a form of object function in each room. More than the design and creation of architectural design, how the interior design itself still sees and has a beautiful and impressive artistic value in every funcstion and element in every corner of the space in a building. An interior designer can also provide distinctive characteristics that have value compared to other creations. The space or environment that is occupied (physical) and seen (visual), must be planned through an analysis of human behavior and what functions support a space. Human behavior is psychological and social. Environmental stimuli received by the body seem to cause certain behaviors that appear automatically without the need for cognitive processing. This holistic approach inspired the development of Gestalt Psychology which is also the soul and spirit of the field of Architectural Psychology. hearing, taste, smell and touch while in the library reading room affects psychological responses such as: smell, rhythm or tone, color, light, temperature. In today's era of life, humans bring changes from time to time that have an impact on the progress of civilization, Science and Technology and various types of media. This also affects changes in terms of service in the Bandung regional library which is developed with a digital library. The advancement of information technology today has a very large impact on changes in character and behavioral patterns in seeking information so that this is also a factor in reducing interest in visiting the library. The purpose of the study was to determine whether or not there was an influence of the application of Gestalt theory in library interior design, to determine the influence of color, lighting, circulation and others, especially in the library reading room based on psychology, to determine the influence of the digital era also affects psychology. Can apply Gestalt theory in library interior design, especially reading rooms with sensory influences so that psychological effects through visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory systems in interior spaces and are useful for users to stay relaxed, concentrate, create a peaceful atmosphere even though the influence of developments in the era of globalization that change psychological patterns from visual space to virtual space. With Gestalt Theory, it can provide an assessment of spontaneous organizational perceptions originating from sensory input to the brain, providing an important basic understanding that users/readers can gain insights such as a sense of comfort with a good mood, adding value to the use of a room function, and increasing the growth of potential abilities to recognize and learn from a room. Interior design, especially in the context of interior design, involves creating a cohesive and functional space that enhances the user experience.
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Thaploo, Divesh, Stefanie Zelder, and Thomas Hummel. "Olfactory Modulation of the Contingent Negative Variation to Auditory Stimuli." Neuroscience 470 (August 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.005.
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Christensen, Janne Winther, Linda Jane Keeling, and Birte Lindstrøm Nielsen. "Responses of horses to novel visual, olfactory and auditory stimuli." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93, no. 1-2 (2005): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.017.
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Leclerc, Marcel P., Thilo Kellermann, Jessica Freiherr, Benjamin Clemens, Ute Habel, and Christina Regenbogen. "Externalization Errors of Olfactory Source Monitoring in Healthy Controls—An fMRI Study." Chemical Senses 44, no. 8 (2019): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz055.
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Abstract Using a combined approach of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and noninvasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]), the present study investigated source memory and its link to mental imagery in the olfactory domain, as well as in the auditory domain. Source memory refers to the knowledge of the origin of mental experiences, differentiating events that have occurred and memories of imagined events. Because of a confusion between internally generated and externally perceived information, patients that are prone to hallucinations show decreased source memory accuracy; also, vivid mental imagery can lead to similar results in healthy controls. We tested source memory following cathodal tDCS stimulation using a mental imagery task, which required participants to perceive or imagine a set of the same olfactory and auditory stimuli during fMRI. The supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in mental imagery across different modalities and potentially linked to source memory. Therefore, we attempted to modulate participants’ SMA activation before entering the scanner using tDCS to influence source memory accuracy in healthy participants. Our results showed the same source memory accuracy between the olfactory and auditory modalities with no effects of stimulation. Finally, we found SMA’s subregions differentially involved in olfactory and auditory imagery, with activation of dorsal SMA correlated with auditory source memory.
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Hörberg, Thomas, Maria Larsson, Ingrid Ekström, Camilla Sandöy, Peter Lundén, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Olfactory Influences on Visual Categorization: Behavioral and ERP Evidence." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 7 (2020): 4220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa050.
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Abstract Visual stimuli often dominate nonvisual stimuli during multisensory perception. Evidence suggests higher cognitive processes prioritize visual over nonvisual stimuli during divided attention. Visual stimuli should thus be disproportionally distracting when processing incongruent cross-sensory stimulus pairs. We tested this assumption by comparing visual processing with olfaction, a “primitive” sensory channel that detects potentially hazardous chemicals by alerting attention. Behavioral and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were assessed in a bimodal object categorization task with congruent or incongruent odor–picture pairings and a delayed auditory target that indicated whether olfactory or visual cues should be categorized. For congruent pairings, accuracy was higher for visual compared to olfactory decisions. However, for incongruent pairings, reaction times (RTs) were faster for olfactory decisions. Behavioral results suggested that incongruent odors interfered more with visual decisions, thereby providing evidence for an “olfactory dominance” effect. Categorization of incongruent pairings engendered a late “slow wave” ERP effect. Importantly, this effect had a later amplitude peak and longer latency during visual decisions, likely reflecting additional categorization effort for visual stimuli in the presence of incongruent odors. In sum, contrary to what might be inferred from theories of “visual dominance,” incongruent odors may in fact uniquely attract mental processing resources during perceptual incongruence.
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Mota-Rojas, Daniel, Cécile Bienboire-Frosini, Agustín Orihuela, et al. "Mother–Offspring Bonding after Calving in Water Buffalo and Other Ruminants: Sensory Pathways and Neuroendocrine Aspects." Animals 14, no. 18 (2024): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14182696.
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The cow–calf bonding is a process that must be developed within the first six hours after calving. Both the buffalo dam and the newborn calf receive a series of sensory cues during calving, including olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. These inputs are processed in the brain to develop an exclusive bond where the dam provides selective care to the filial newborn. The limbic system, sensory cortices, and maternal-related hormones such as oxytocin mediate this process. Due to the complex integration of the maternal response towards the newborn, this paper aims to review the development of the cow–calf bonding process in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) via the olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. It will also discuss the neuroendocrine factors motivating buffalo cows to care for the calf using examples in other ruminant species where dam–newborn bonding has been extensively studied.
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Parfet, K. A., and H. W. Gonyou. "Attraction of newborn piglets to auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli." Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 1 (1991): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1991.691125x.
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Schebella, Morgan Faith, Delene Weber, Lisa Schultz, and Philip Weinstein. "The Nature of Reality: Human Stress Recovery during Exposure to Biodiverse, Multisensory Virtual Environments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010056.
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Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) were used to test the effects of biodiversity on recovery from induced stress. Three natural environments and one urban environment were used to represent ordinal levels of biodiversity (none, low, moderate, and high). The four IVEs comprised visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli. An additional high biodiversity IVE without auditory or olfactory stimuli was also included to study the effects of multisensory stimulation per se on recovery from stress and perceptions of biodiversity. Following stress induction via a novel IVE Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-IVE), heart rate and five self-reported well-being measures were used to assess participants’ recovery after immersion in one of the five IVEs. The results showed consistent well-being responses across both self-reported and physiological measures, suggesting biodiversity does directly affect human well-being. However, the relationship was not linear. For most measures of well-being, stress recovery was least effective in the urban IVE, consistent with past research. The low biodiversity IVE elicited the greatest improvement in all well-being measures except self-reported calmness. One could speculate that the landscape features of the least biodiverse IVE may elicit subconscious preferences toward savanna-like landscapes, as suggested by previous studies. The IVE depicting a moderate level of biodiversity was the least restorative of the natural environments. A multisensory experience was associated with better recovery in all measures of well-being than a visual-only experience, and perceptions of landscape components significantly differed between two identical nature scenes when auditory and olfactory stimuli were removed. Nuances in the data and implications of the findings are discussed. The results signal a need for caution and question the assumption that cultural ecosystem services align with positive outcomes for biodiversity conservation.
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Zhu, Yimo. "Neural regulation of fear based on olfactory, visual and auditory sensory systems." BIO Web of Conferences 182 (2025): 02004. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202518202004.
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Fear is a ubiquitous emotion that is crucial to the survival and development of humans and animals. Mammals perceive potential dangers through various sensory systems, thereby defending against or avoiding dangers. With the development of biomedical technology, great progress has been made in the neural regulation mechanism of fear. The olfactory, visual and auditory systems play important roles in the regulation of innate fear and conditioned fear response. Among them, the olfactory system triggers fear response by detecting odor information through the main olfactory system and the accessory olfactory system. The visual system regulates fear response by transmitting visual information through subcortical pathways and sensory cortical pathways. The auditory system processes fear-related sound stimuli by transmitting sound information through structures such as the cochlear nucleus and thalamus. This article reviews previous studies and discusses the roles of three different sensory systems, namely vision, hearing and smell, in fear, which will help to gain a deeper understanding of the brain’s mechanism for processing fear and the role of different sensory systems in fear emotions.
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Baillon, Sarah, Erik van Diepen, and Richard Prettyman. "Multi-sensory therapy in psychiatric care." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 8, no. 6 (2002): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.6.444.
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Multi-sensory therapy is an activity which usually takes place in a dedicated room where patients experience a range of unpatterned visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile stimuli (Baker et al, 1997). These rooms are designed to create a feeling of comfort and safety, where the individual can relax, explore and enjoy the surroundings (Fig 1.).
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Speed, Laura J., Ilja Croijmans, Sarah Dolscheid, and Asifa Majid. "Crossmodal Associations with Olfactory, Auditory, and Tactile Stimuli in Children and Adults." i-Perception 12, no. 6 (2021): 204166952110485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211048513.
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People associate information with different senses but the mechanism by which this happens is unclear. Such associations are thought to arise from innate structural associations in the brain, statistical associations in the environment, via shared affective content, or through language. A developmental perspective on crossmodal associations can help determine which explanations are more likely for specific associations. Certain associations with pitch (e.g., pitch–height) have been observed early in infancy, but others may only occur late into childhood (e.g., pitch–size). In contrast, tactile–chroma associations have been observed in children, but not adults. One modality that has received little attention developmentally is olfaction. In the present investigation, we explored crossmodal associations from sound, tactile stimuli, and odor to a range of stimuli by testing a broad range of participants. Across the three modalities, we found little evidence for crossmodal associations in young children. This suggests an account based on innate structures is unlikely. Instead, the number and strength of associations increased over the lifespan. This suggests that experience plays a crucial role in crossmodal associations from sound, touch, and smell to other senses.
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Hutson, G. D., L. G. Dickenson, J. L. Wilkinson, and B. G. Luxford. "The response of sows to novel visual, olfactory, auditory and tactile stimuli." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35, no. 3 (1993): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(93)90141-b.
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Figueira, Milene Paula, Fernanda Fatima Rodrigues Silva, Alice Ribeiro, Ita Oliveira Silva, and Vanner Boere. "Olfactory stimulus as environmental enrichment for shelter dogs: a pilot study." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 60 (April 18, 2023): e203068. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2023.203068.
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Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs’ reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being.
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Mota-Rojas, Daniel, Alexandra L. Whittaker, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, et al. "Tactile, Auditory, and Visual Stimulation as Sensory Enrichment for Dairy Cattle." Animals 14, no. 9 (2024): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14091265.
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Several types of enrichment can be used to improve animal welfare. This review summarizes the literature on the use of mechanical brushes, tactile udder stimulation, music, and visual stimuli as enrichment methods for dairy cows. Mechanical brushes and tactile stimulation of the udder have been shown to have a positive effect on milk yield and overall behavioral repertoire, enhancing natural behavior. Classical music reduces stress levels and has similarly been associated with increased milk yield. A slow or moderate tempo (70 to 100 bpm) at frequencies below 70 dB is recommended to have this positive effect. Evidence on the impacts of other types of enrichment, such as visual stimulation through mirrors, pictures, and color lights, or the use of olfactory stimuli, is equivocal and requires further study.
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Siddhartha, Lolla Padala Ramesh* Adinepeta Subramanyam Baliboyina Vishnu Vardhan Obulapu Tarun Kumar. "A Review Article On Migraine And Food Supplements In The Management Of Migraine Headaches." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 10 (2024): 970–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13955286.
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In two large longitudinal cohort studies, according to the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes Study and the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study, CM patients completed both the Migraine Disability Rating Scale and the Headache Impact, suggesting that CM causes more disability than Episodic migraine. Chronic migraine is a disabling neurological disorder that affects 2% of the general population. Chronic migraine patients experience headaches at least 15 days per month, and headaches and related symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for migraine at least 8 days per month. Chronic migraine causes a great burden on patients due to frequent headaches, Hypersensitivity to visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli, Nausea; and vomiting. It also impacts society through direct and indirect health costs. Chronic migraines usually develop after a slow increase in headache frequency over months or years. Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by headache attacks. Hypersensitivity to visual, auditory, olfactory, and skin irritation.
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Herz, R. S. "A Naturalistic Analysis of Autobiographical Memories Triggered by Olfactory Visual and Auditory Stimuli." Chemical Senses 29, no. 3 (2004): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh025.
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Pearce, G. P., and P. E. Hughes. "The influence of boar-component stimuli on puberty attainment in the gilt." Animal Science 44, no. 2 (1987): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018663.
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ABSTRACTTwo experiments employing 72 and 48 pre-pubertal Large White ♂ × (Large White ♂ × Landrace ♀) gilts respectively were carried out to investigate the involvement of various boar stimuli in the induction of precocious puberty in the gilt. Experiment 1 consisted of the following treatments commencing at 165 days of age: (1) contact with an androgenized, castrated male; (2) contact with an androgenized castrated male plus a recording of boar chants; (3) as treatment (2) plus exposure to a solution of 16-androstene steroids, 3α-androstenol (5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol) and 5α-androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one); and (4) contact with an entire boar. In experiment 2, additional exposure to boar urine occurred in treatments (2) and (3).Exposure of gilts to tactile, visual and auditory cues from the boar had little effect on puberty attainment. The additional exposure to 16-androstene steroids did stimulate puberty but was not as efficacious as boar exposure. Additional exposure to boar urine improved the puberty-stimulating effect of the castrated males, and further additional exposure to 16-androstenes produced a response approaching that obtained by boar exposure.These results confirm the involvement of olfactory cues from the boar in stimulating puberty in the gilt. The olfactory cues appear to be 16-androstene steroids present in boar saliva and some undefined compound(s) present in boar urine. These experiments suggest that olfactory stimuli from the boar require the simultaneous exposure to tactile and possibly also visual and auditory cues from the boar in order to stimulate the onset of puberty in the gilt.cues from the mature boar are also involved in mediating the stimulation of puberty. Exposure of gilts to isolated sources of androstene pheromones was ineffective in stimulating puberty (Kirkwood et al., 1983), whereas exposure to contact with a sialectomized boar order to stimulate the onset of puberty in the gilt.
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Kartop, Remziye, and Özlem Ekizoğlu. "The Effect of Sensory Marketing on the Purchase Behavior of Sports Wear Products." Journal of Educational Issues 8, no. 2 (2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i2.20153.
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Intense competition conditions push businesses and brands to differentiate. One of the ways brands differentiate themselves from their competitors is to carry out interesting marketing activities for consumers. In this sense, sense-oriented marketing strategies can be used to activate the purchasing behavior of consumers. This research aims to reveal how consumers are affected by sensory marketing elements when purchasing sports ready-to-wear products and their differences according to demographic characteristics. Tekin (2021) used the scale of “the effect of sensory marketing on the buying behavior of ready-made clothing”, which he used in his graduate study. The sample group consists of 241 female and 259 male participants who volunteered and visited the sports shops of 6 shopping centers in Istanbul. In the analysis of the data, Multiple Frequency, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis analyzes were applied.It is seen that men, participants with university education, 34-41 age group and 2501-4000 TL monthly income spend more in the consumption of sports textile products. The participants stated that they purchase 10% or less of their monthly budget for sports products, they mostly buy from the physical store, they prefer classical music in the store, they show more demand for light colored products, and the majority prefer the Adidas brand. The effect of visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli in the store atmosphere on the consumption of sports textile products, on gender and education; visuality of brand and store design on gender, education and monthly income; It has been determined that olfactory and auditory stimuli show significant differences according to education and monthly income. It is seen that the effect of product visualization and the effect of olfactory, auditory and tactile stimuli do not change according to any personal characteristics.
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Garcia, Benjamin J., Aurora Kraus, and Irene Salinas. "Peripheral viral detection induces an antimicrobial program in olfactory bulb immature neurons." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (2023): 61.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.61.23.
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Abstract The immune and nervous systems have co-evolved to sense and eliminate danger. Neuroimmune interactions occur bidirectionally between the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) in physiological and disease states. In the olfactory periphery, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are exposed to environmental pathogens and project their axons onto the olfactory bulb. Previous studies have shown that the olfactory bulb participates in the immune response when a pathogen directly invades the CNS. We hypothesize that immune responses occur in the olfactory bulb in response to peripheral pathogen detection by OSNs. We have leveraged zebrafish as a model organism to study neuronal signaling in response to peripheral viral stimuli without infection of the olfactory bulb. Using single cell RNA sequencing we demonstrate that microglia respond to peripheral viral stimuli within 15 min, while a population of immature neurons expressing the neurotransmitter adcyap1(PACAP-38) and scg5(secretogranin V) expands within one day. PACAP-38 is a highly conserved neuropeptide with immunomodulatory and antimicrobial functions in mammals, suggesting that immature neurons participate in the antiviral state of the olfactory bulb. Neuronal transcriptional responses to olfactory viral stimuli were coupled to neuronal activation in the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, neuronal changes are translated into behavioral responses, as shown by a reduced mean velocity in an open field test after one day in virally treated compared to control animals. Taken together, these results indicating that peripheral viral stimuli induce a neuropeptide-based antimicrobial program in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish.
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TANAKA, Toshio, Naohiko OCHIAI, Hajime TANIDA, and Tadashi YOSHIMOTO. "The Role of Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Stimuli in Teat Seeking Behavior of Piglets." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 69, no. 9 (1998): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.69.854.
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Zucco, Gesualdo M. "Anomalies in Cognition: Olfactory Memory." European Psychologist 8, no. 2 (2003): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.8.2.77.
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The two experiments presented in this paper examine the effects of strategies and interference tasks on odor recognition. In the first experiment (an extension of Lyman and McDaniel's study from 1986 ), participants were asked to smell 30 odors and to perform different elaborative tasks for each of them such as: (1) providing a name or a short definition; (2) creating an image; (3) describing a specific life episode; (4) simply smelling the odors. Results showed no effect of encoding tasks on the correct recognition of odors. In the second experiment, participants were exposed to either 15 olfactory stimuli, 15 visual stimuli (photographs of human faces), or 15 acoustic stimuli (environmental sounds). In the four sessions of the experiment, they had to recognize the stimuli whether in a no-interference condition, or in an intramodality, or in two intermodalities interfering conditions. Consistently with the literature, interference affects recognition for visual and acoustic material but has no effect on odor recognition. The results of both experiments and some other anomalies in olfactory memory are discussed and tentatively integrated into a single model. The main assumption is that memory for odors represents a unique and separate memory system.
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Bergerbest, Dafna, Dara G. Ghahremani, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Neural Correlates of Auditory Repetition Priming: Reduced fMRI Activation in the Auditory Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (2004): 966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041502760.
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Repetition priming refers to enhanced or biased performance with repeatedly presented stimuli. Modality-specific perceptual repetition priming has been demonstrated behaviorally for both visually and auditorily presented stimuli. In functional neuroimaging studies, repetition of visual stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in the visual cortex, as well as in multimodal frontal and temporal regions. The reductions in sensory cortices are thought to reflect plasticity in modality-specific neocortex. Unexpectedly, repetition of auditory stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in multimodal and visual regions, but not in the auditory temporal lobe cortex. This finding puts the coupling of perceptual priming and modality-specific cortical plasticity into question. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used with environmental sounds to reexamine whether auditory priming is associated with reduced activation in the auditory cortex. Participants heard environmental sounds (e.g., animals, machines, musical instruments, etc.) in blocks, alternating between initial and repeated presentations, and decided whether or not each sound was produced by an animal. Repeated versus initial presentations of sounds resulted in repetition priming (faster responses) and reduced activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal sulci, and right inferior prefrontal cortex. The magnitude of behavioral priming correlated positively with reduced activation in these regions. This indicates that priming for environmental sounds is associated with modification of neural activation in modality-specific auditory cortex, as well as in multimodal areas.
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Haas, Ellen C. "Auditory Perception." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 3 (1992): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786751817.
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Auditory perception involves the human listener's awareness or apprehension of auditory stimuli in the environment. Auditory stimuli, which include speech communications as well as non-speech signals, occur in the presence and absence of environmental noise. Non-speech auditory signals range from simple pure tones to complex signals found in three-dimensional auditory displays. Special hearing protection device (HPD) designs, as well as additions to conventional protectors, have been developed to improve speech communication and auditory perception capabilities of those exposed to noise. The thoughtful design of auditory stimuli and the proper design, selection, and use of HPDs within the environment can improve human performance and reduce accidents. The purpose of this symposium will be to discuss issues in auditory perception and to describe methods to improve the perception of auditory stimuli in environments with and without noise. The issues of interest include the perception of non-speech auditory signals and the improvement of auditory perception capabilities of persons exposed to noise. The first three papers of this symposium describe the perception of non-speech auditory signals. Ellen Haas defines the extent to which certain signal elements affect the perceived urgency of auditory warning signals. Michael D. Good and Dr. Robert H. Gilkey investigate free-field masking as a function of the spatial separation between signal and masker sounds within the horizontal and median planes. Jeffrey M. Gerth explores the discrimination of complex auditory signal components that differ by sound category, temporal pattern, density, and component manipulation. The fourth paper of this symposium focuses upon the improvement of auditory perception capabilities of persons exposed to hazardous noise, and who must wear hearing protection. Special HPD designs, as well as additions to conventional protectors, have been developed to improve speech communication and auditory perception capabilities of persons exposed to noise. Dr. John G. Casali reviews several new HPD technologies and describes construction features, empirical performance data, and applications of each device. These papers illustrate current research issues in the perception of auditory signals. The issues are all relevant to the human factors engineering of auditory signals and personal protective gear. The perception of auditory stimuli can be improved by the thoughtful human factors design of auditory stimuli and by the proper use of HPDs.
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Woo, Hee-Soon, and Chiang-Soon Song. "Comparison of Hand Dexterity According to Selected Thermal and Auditory Stimuli." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (2022): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010765.
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The hand plays a crucial role in our daily lives and affects the quality of life. Sensory stimuli can affect the activation of the autonomic nervous system to control body homeostasis and finger motions. This study aimed to determine the optimal thermal and auditory stimuli that affect hand dexterity. The experiment included thirty healthy adults. In the experiment, the thermal stimuli were classified into 20, 30, and 40 °C. The auditory stimuli were classified into fast- and slow-tempo music. Each stimulus was randomly provided for 5 min and hand dexterity was tested with the Groove and Purdue pegboard tests. After each stimulus and test was conducted, a resting time of 20 min was provided before the next stimulus. When the thermal stimulus of 30 °C and auditory stimulus of fast-tempo music was provided, the completion duration of the hand dexterity test was the shortest. Except the thermal stimulus of 20 °C, all thermal and auditory stimuli induced increased hand dexterity, compared to the non-stimulated condition. Among the five categories of thermal and auditory stimuli, the thermal stimulus of 30 °C and auditory stimulus of fast-tempo music were the most effective in improving hand dexterity.
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Renda, S., and A. le Roux. "The sensory ecology of prey detection in the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)." Behaviour 154, no. 2 (2017): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003419.
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In the absence of direct sunlight, nocturnal animals face sensory challenges different to those affecting their diurnal counterparts whilst foraging. Anecdotal observations have led to the general prediction that the auditory sensory mode is the most prominent for the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), a nocturnal, insectivorous canid. The present study aimed to clarify the relative importance of different sensory modes to foraging bat-eared foxes by conducting sensory trials with individuals belonging to a habituated population in the Kuruman River Reserve in South Africa. Foxes were tested in repeated trials controlling for particular sensory stimuli using live or pre-killed prey. Auditory cues proved significant () predictors of fox foraging success with olfactory and visual cues indicated as being of secondary importance. This study thus provides empirical confirmation for anecdotal reports that the bat-eared fox is predominantly reliant on auditory cues to determine hunting success.
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Terashima, Takane, and Yasunobu Tokunaga. "Influence of visual information on the perception of environmental sounds." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 6 (2023): 2422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0356.
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The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of visual information on perception of environmental sounds. Audiovisual stimuli (360-degree video and ambisonic recordings) sampled at 6 locations in a region were presented to subjects through VR system with headphone and were rated by subjects in various evaluation items on a 7-step categorical scale. Stimuli presentation has three modes: only auditory stimulation (auditory single-mode), only visual stimulation (visual single-mode), and simultaneous presentation of audiovisual stimulation (multi-mode). Evaluation results were subjected to analysis of variance, significance tests and factor analysis to clarify differences in evaluation tendencies between modes. The dispersion of the evaluation values for auditory aspect under multi-mode tends to be smaller than that under auditory single-mode. It was found that visual information generally has the influence of relieving the impression of prominent environmental sounds. In addition, multi-mode evaluation tends to be related with evaluation obtained in visual single-mode, especially in evaluation items common to audio and visual. And it will be tried to explain the evaluation results in relation to the expected sound state for visual stimuli.
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Vigil, Jacob M., Daniel Torres, Alexander Wolff, and Katy Hughes. "Exposure to Virtual Social Stimuli Modulates Subjective Pain Reports." Pain Research and Management 19, no. 4 (2014): e103-e108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815056.
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BACKGROUND: Contextual factors, including the gender of researchers, influence experimental and patient pain reports. It is currently not known how social stimuli influence pain percepts, nor which types of sensory modalities of communication, such as auditory, visual or olfactory cues associated with person perception and gender processing, produce these effects.OBJECTIVES: To determine whether exposure to two forms of social stimuli (audio and visual) from a virtual male or female stranger modulates cold pressor task (CPT) pain reports.METHODS: Participants with similar demographic characteristics conducted a CPT in solitude, without the physical presence of an experimenter or another person. During the CPT, participants were exposed to the voice and image of a virtual male or female stranger. The voices had analogous vocal prosody, provided no semantic information (spoken in a foreign language) and differed only in pitch; the images depicted a middle-age male or female health care practitioner.RESULTS: Male participants, but not females, showed higher CPT pain intensity when they were exposed to the female stimuli compared with the male stimuli. Follow-up analyses showed that the association between the social stimuli and variability in pain sensitivity was not moderated by individual differences in subjective (eg, self-image) or objective measurements of one’s physical stature.DISCUSSION: The findings show that exposure to virtual, gender-based auditory and visual social stimuli influences exogenous pain sensitivity.CONCLUSION: Further research on how contextual factors, such as the vocal properties of health care examiners and exposure to background voices, may influence momentary pain perception is necessary for creating more standardized methods for measuring patient pain reports in clinical settings.
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Sung-Hyun Kim, Seung-Hyun Kwak, ByungChan Min, et al. "The Effect of Olfactory Fragrance Stimulation on Stress Reduction According to Auditory Stimuli by Frequency." Journal of Knowledge Information Technology and Systems 12, no. 1 (2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34163/jkits.2017.12.1.002.
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Gentsch, Kornelia, Ursula Beermann, Lingdan Wu, Stéphanie Trznadel, and Klaus R. Scherer. "Temporal Unfolding of Micro-valences in Facial Expression Evoked by Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Stimuli." Affective Science 1, no. 4 (2020): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42761-020-00020-y.
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AbstractAppraisal theories suggest that valence appraisal should be differentiated into micro-valences, such as intrinsic pleasantness and goal-/need-related appraisals. In contrast to a macro-valence approach, this dissociation explains, among other things, the emergence of mixed or blended emotions. Here, we extend earlier research that showed that these valence types can be empirically dissociated. We examine the timing and the response patterns of these two micro-valences via measuring facial muscle activity changes (electromyography, EMG) over the brow and the cheek regions. In addition, we explore the effects of the sensory stimulus modality (vision, audition, and olfaction) on these patterns. The two micro-valences were manipulated in a social judgment task: first, intrinsic un/pleasantness (IP) was manipulated by exposing participants to appropriate stimuli presented in different sensory domains followed by a goal conduciveness/obstruction (GC) manipulation consisting of feedback on participants’ judgments that were congruent or incongruent with their task-related goal. The results show significantly different EMG responses and timing patterns for both types of micro-valence, confirming the prediction that they are independent, consecutive parts of the appraisal process. Moreover, the lack of interaction effects with the sensory stimulus modality suggests high generalizability of the underlying appraisal mechanisms across different perception channels.
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Roll, John M. "The effect of olfactory and auditory stimuli on drinking suppressed with a conditioned taste aversion." Behavioural Processes 37, no. 1 (1996): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(95)00069-0.
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Fukuzawa, Megumi, and Shihori Kajino. "Auditory Stimuli as Environmental Enrichment Tool for Family Dogs." International Journal of Biology 10, no. 3 (2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v10n3p19.
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Ten healthy pet dogs with an average maximum resting heart rate of 92 bpm that had never been used in studies of auditory stimulation were exposed randomly to one of three sound conditions on each of three occasions within a 5-day period. Posture and behaviour were recorded continuously by video for a total of 20 min over three phases: 5 min before sound exposure, 10 min during sound exposure, and 5 min after sound exposure. Each dog wore a Polar HR monitor throughout testing, and heart rate was recorded by using R–R interval data. Maximum heart rate was significantly greater during heartbeat sound exposure than afterwards, and average heart rate with both heartbeat sound and classical sound showed decrease tendencies.The time spent in dynamic (e.g. movement-related) postures was significantly higher before treatment than during or after under all three conditions. These data suggest that auditory stimuli in dogs may affect physiological responses without necessarily affecting behaviour, and specifically that heart rate may be elevated by auditory exposure to a faster heartbeat.
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Krauel, Kerstin, Philipp Schott, Bernfried Sojka, Bettina M. Pause, and Roman Ferstl. "Is There a Mismatch Negativity Analogue in the Olfactory Event-Related Potential?" Journal of Psychophysiology 13, no. 1 (1999): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.13.1.49.
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Abstract The mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to indicate automatic stimulus discrimination in response to acoustic stimuli. In the present study six male subjects were presented with the odors linalool and eugenol within a passive oddball-paradigm. The subjects were instructed to ignore the odors and concentrate on an auditory distractor task. In two sessions each odor served once as the standard stimulus and once as the deviant stimulus. Both odors when presented as deviants led to a negative deflection of the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) between 500-600 ms. After 600 ms the waveforms in response to the deviants were differentially influenced by odor quality. Although the present study should be understood as exploratory, the results suggest the existence of an early mismatch detector in the olfactory modality independent of attention and odor quality.
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Lu, Xi, Jiamin Xu, Eckart Lange, and Jingwen Cao. "Which Factors Enhance the Perceived Restorativeness of Streetscapes: Sound, Vision, or Their Combined Effects? Insights from Four Street Types in Nanjing, China." Land 14, no. 4 (2025): 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040757.
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Streetscapes play a critical role in restorative landscapes, offering opportunities for promoting public well-being. Previous studies have predominantly examined the influence of visual and auditory stimuli on perceived restorativeness independently. There is a limited understanding of their interactive effects. In this research, 360 participants completed a series of experiments considering four distinct street types, including visual comfort assessment, acoustic environment assessment, and perceived restorativeness. They were assigned to a control group and one of three experimental groups, each receiving specific enhancement: visual stimuli, auditory stimuli, or a combination of audiovisual stimuli. The findings revealed that the experimental groups reported a greater sense of restorativeness compared to the control group. Notably, auditory stimuli demonstrated a more pronounced restorative effect than visual stimuli, while limited differences were found between auditory and audiovisual stimuli. The differences in experimental outcomes among the four street types are compared and discussed, highlighting context-specific guidelines for enhancing streetscape restorativeness. The research findings highlight enhancing the masking effect of soundscape in street environmental design. The study adds a novel multi-sensory approach to the current body of research on restorative landscapes, providing significant insights for the planning and design of streetscapes.
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Zlatkova-Doncheva, Katerina. "A Multisensory Approach to Teaching Students with Dyslexia." Pedagogical Almanac 30, no. 1 (2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/xuav9711.
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The current study traces basic concepts about multisensory techniques in education, and outlines the main outcomes in the education of children with dyslexia. A review is conducted of various studies on multisensory education in neurological and pedagogical contexts. The focus of the article is on increasing the reading skills and literacy of students with dyslexia through a multisensory approach and the use of visual, tactile, auditory, motor, and olfactory stimuli. This publication can support the efforts of teachers, special educators and resource teachers to implement multisensory learning and to improve the personal development of students with dyslexia, as well as of their peers.
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Barrie, J. M., W. J. Freeman, and M. D. Lenhart. "Spatiotemporal analysis of prepyriform, visual, auditory, and somesthetic surface EEGs in trained rabbits." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 1 (1996): 520–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.520.
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1. Spatial ensemble averages were computed for 64 traces of electroencephalograms (EEGs) simultaneously recorded from 8 x 8 arrays over the epidural surfaces of the prepyriform cortex (PPC) and visual, somatic, and auditory cortices. They revealed a common waveform across each array. Examination of the spatial amplitude modulation (AM) of the waveform revealed classifiable spatial pattern in short time segments. The AM patterns varied within trials after presentation of identical conditioned stimuli, and also between trials with differing stimuli. 2. PPC EEGs revealed strong correlates with the respiratory rhythm; neocortical EEGs did not. 3. Time ensemble averaging of the PPC EEG attenuated the oscillatory bursts, indicating that olfactory gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) were not phase-locked to the times of stimulus delivery but instead to inhalations. Time ensemble averages of neocortical recordings across trials revealed average evoked potentials starting 30-50 ms after the arrival of the stimulus. 4. Average temporal fast Fourier transform (FFT) power spectral densities (PSDs) from pre- and poststimulus PPC EEG segments revealed a peak of gamma activity in olfactory bursts. 5. The logarithm of the average temporal FFT PSDs from pre- and poststimulus neocortical EEG segments, when plotted against log frequency, revealed 1/f-type spectra in both pre- and poststimulus segments for negative/aversive conditioned stimuli (CS-) and positive/rewarding conditioned stimuli (CS+). The alpha'- and beta'-coefficients from the regression of Eq. 2 onto the average PSDs were significantly different between pre- and poststimulus segments, owing to the evoked potentials, but not between CS- and CS+ stimulus segments. 6. Spatiotemporal patterns were invariant over all frequency bins in the 1/f domain (20-100 Hz). Spatiotemporal patterns in the 2- to 20-Hz domain progressively differed from the invariant patterns with decreasing frequency. 7. In the spatial frequency domain, the logarithm of the average spatial FFT power spectra from pre- and poststimulus neocortical EEG segments, when plotted against the log spatial frequency, fell monotonically from the maximum at the lowest spatial frequency, downwardly curving to a linear 1/f spectral domain. This curve in the 1/f spectral domain extended from 0.133 to 0.880 cycles/mm in the PPC and from 0.095 to 0.624 cycles/mm in the neocortices. 8. Methods of FFT and principal component analysis (PCA) EEG decomposition were used to extract the broad-spectrum waveform common to all 64 EEGs from an array. AM patterns for the FFT and PCA components were derived by regression. They were shown by cross-correlation to yield spatial patterns that were equivalent to each other and to AM patterns from calculation of the 64 root-mean-square amplitudes of the segments. 9. Each spatial AM pattern was expressed by a 1 x 64 column vector and a point in 64-space. Similar patterns formed clusters, and dissimilar patterns gave multiple clusters. A statistical test was devised to evaluate dissimilarity by a Euclidean distance metric in 64-space. 10. Significant spatial pattern classification of CS- versus CS+ trials (below the 1% confidence limit for 20 of each) was found in discrete temporal segments of poststimulus data after digital temporal and spatial filter optimization. 11. Varying the analysis window duration from 10 to 500 ms yielded a window length of 120 ms as optimal for pattern classification. A 120-ms window was subsequently stepped across each record in overlapping intervals of 20 ms. Windows in which episodic, significant CS+/CS- differences occurred lasted 50-200 ms and were separated by 100-200 ms in the poststimulus period. 12. Neocortical spatial patterns changed under reinforcement contingency reversal, showing a lack of invariance in respect to stimuli and a dependence on context and learning, as previously found for the olfactory bulb and PPC.
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Lancioni, G. E., M. Antonucci, C. De Pace, et al. "Enabling Two Adolescents with Multiple Disabilities to Choose among Environmental Stimuli through Different Procedural and Technological Approaches." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (2007): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.362-372.
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Two single-case studies were carried out using different procedural and technological approaches to enable two adolescents with multiple disabilities to choose among environmental stimuli. Study I focused on replicating a recently developed procedure, which relied on samples of the auditory stimuli available as cues for choice responses. Study II assessed a new procedural and technical setup relying on the use of pictorial representations of the stimuli available as cues for choice responses. The auditory samples and the pictorial representations were presented through computer systems. The participants' choice responses relied on microswitches connected to the computer systems. The data of Study I fully supported previous findings with the same procedural approach. The participant learned to choose preferred stimuli and bypass nonpreferred ones. The data of Study II showed that the participant learned to concentrate his choice responses on a few stimuli, suggesting that these stimuli were actually preferred and that responding was purposeful. Implications of the results were discussed.
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Hung, Nguyen, Nguyen Quan, Nguyen Tan, et al. "Building Predictive Smell Models for Virtual Reality Environments." Informatics and Automation 24, no. 2 (2025): 556–82. https://doi.org/10.15622/ia.24.2.7.
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In a sensory-rich environment, human experiences are shaped by the complex interplay of multiple senses. However, digital interactions predominantly engage visual and auditory modalities, leaving other sensory channels, such as olfaction, largely unutilized. Virtual Reality (VR) technology holds significant potential for addressing this limitation by incorporating a wider range of sensory inputs to create more immersive experiences. This study introduces a novel approach for integrating olfactory stimuli into VR environments through the development of predictive odor models, termed SPRF (Sensory Predictive Response Framework). The objective is to enhance the sensory dimension of VR by tailoring scent stimuli to specific content and context with the collection of information about the location of scent sources and their identification through features to serve to reproduce them in the space of the VR environment, thereby enriching user engagement and immersion. Additionally, the research investigates the influence of various scent-related factors on user perception and behavior in VR, aiming to develop predictive models optimized for olfactory integration. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that the SPRF model achieves superior performance, with an accuracy of 98.13%, significantly outperforming conventional models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN, 79.46%), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM, 80.37%), and Support Vector Machines (SVM, 85.24%). Additionally, SPRF delivers notable improvements in F1-scores (13.05%-21.38%) and accuracy (12.89%-18.67%) compared to these alternatives. These findings highlight the efficacy of SPRF in advancing olfactory integration within VR, offering actionable insights for the design of multisensory digital environments.
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Royet, Jean-P., David Zald, Rémy Versace, et al. "Emotional Responses to Pleasant and Unpleasant Olfactory, Visual, and Auditory Stimuli: a Positron Emission Tomography Study." Journal of Neuroscience 20, no. 20 (2000): 7752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.20-20-07752.2000.
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Huang, Shaoming, Shenghuang Zhu, Renfu Liu, et al. "The characteristics of sexual behavior in blind men in Ganzhou, China: A cross-sectional study." Medicine 103, no. 17 (2024): e37574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037574.
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Visual stimuli play key roles in influencing men sexual behavior. However, few studies have explored the sexual behavior of blind men. To provide more information about blind men for the study of andrology by surveying the characteristics of their current sexual behavior. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study design was performed. The questionnaire contained questions regarding demographic characteristics of participants, access to sexual knowledge, perception of the sexual partners’ beauty, and sexual arousal. Blind men were interviewed face-to-face by the trained investigator. Complete questionnaires were collected from 54 participants, with an average age of 40.57 ± 9.80 years old. Eye diseases were the most frequent cause of blindness. In terms of sexual orientation, all participants were heterosexual. Notably, 90.7% of the participants reported to have had a sexual experience. Among those who had engaged in sexual behavior, 93.6% experienced sexual pleasure and 69.4% had a normal erectile function. Overall, 16.7% of the participants received sex education. The participants obtained sexual knowledge mainly through sounds from mobile phones, peer-to-peer communication, sounds of television and radio. Voice was the most frequent perception of the sexual partners’ beauty, followed by figure, skin, and body fragrance. In terms of stimuli of sexual arousal, tactile sensation and auditory sensation in that order were the most frequent stimuli of sexual arousal. Stimuli of sexual arousal in blind men are mainly mediated by sound and touch. Blind men understand their sexual partners’ beauty through auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensations. Blind men in Ganzhou lack formal and systematic sex education.
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Johnston, Daniel, Hauke Egermann, and Gavin Kearney. "The Use of Binaural Based Spatial Audio in the Reduction of Auditory Hypersensitivity in Autistic Young People." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (2022): 12474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912474.
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Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterised as experiencing impairments in social-emotional interaction and communication, alongside frequently displaying repetitive behaviours and interests. Further to this, they are often described as experiencing difficulties in processing sensory information, with particular prevalence within the auditory modality. Provoked by common environmental sounds, auditory hypersensitivity can result in self-regulatory fear responses. Rather than a physiological pain reaction, literature suggests that these hypersensitivities are resulting through irrational fear of the sounds. This investigation evaluates the use of binaural based spatial audio as a rendering technique for delivering realistic simulations of averse stimuli within a virtual reality (VR) exposure based computer game intervention for auditory hypersensitivity in autism. Over multiple experimental sessions, 20 autistic participants experiencing auditory hypersensitivity were exposed to either spatial audio or stereo renders of target stimuli during the intervention. Measurements of self-reported emotions displayed significant reductions in associated negative emotional reactions to target stimuli for all participants. However, significant improvements were experienced by those listening to spatial audio simulations. Moreover, tracked voluntary interactions with exposure based game-mechanics increased as the study progressed. Providing further evidence of increased tolerance towards averse auditory stimuli.