Academic literature on the topic 'Oligo-/Anovulation'

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), affecting 5–10% of women, is characterized by irregular ovulation and excess androgen hormones. The multifactorial causes include hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, genetics, and obesity. Diagnosis involves identifying criteria like oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and micropolycystic ovarian appearance. Traditional treatments include progesterone-based medication and oral contraceptives. However, fertility-focused treatments such as clomiphene, metformin, purified FSH, or LH are administered for those seeking to restore fertility. This article explores “ProFecund Ino,” a myo-inositol-based treatment for PCOS. It touts benefits such as improved hormonal balance, regulated menstrual cycles, stimulated ovulation, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and positive effects on the nervous system. The study involving 200 women with PCOS showed a 38% pregnancy rate with ProFecund Ino and additional pregnancies resulted from ovarian stimulation and IVF procedures. The conclusion underscores the efficacy of myo-inositol-based treatments in conjunction with assisted reproductive techniques, significantly increasing pregnancy chances for women with PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) stands as a complex and prevalent endocrine disorder, profoundly impacting women throughout their reproductive years. Its hallmark lies in the intricate interplay of hormonal imbalances, primarily characterized by elevated androgen levels, which subsequently trigger a diverse array of clinical manifestations. These manifestations span from disruptive menstrual irregularities, such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, to the visible signs of hyperandrogenism, including hirsutism, acne, and androgenic alopecia. Furthermore, PCOS extends its reach beyond reproductive health, significantly influencing metabolic functions by fostering insulin resistance, thereby escalating the risk of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular complications. Adding to the syndrome’s complexity are the significant psychological ramifications, often leading to increased susceptibility to anxiety, depression, and a diminished sense of self-worth. The diagnostic approach to PCOS hinges on the Rotterdam criteria, which mandates the presence of at least two of the following: oligo- or anovulation, clinical or biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism, and the characteristic polycystic ovarian morphology as visualized through ultrasound. In terms of management, a multifaceted strategy is imperative, encompassing lifestyle modifications to mitigate insulin resistance, alongside pharmacological interventions tailored to address specific symptoms, such as hormonal therapies to regulate menstruation and antiandrogens to counteract hyperandrogenism. For women grappling with fertility challenges, assisted reproductive technologies offer viable pathways to conception. Thus, a comprehensive and individualized approach, integrating medical, lifestyle, and psychological considerations, is crucial for effectively managing PCOS and enhancing the overall well-being of affected individuals.

Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone, named from its well-known effects to promote lactation. It is essential for successful reproduction in man and mammals, although it is known to have a wide variety of nonreproductive effects whose clinical significance remains uncertain. Hyperprolactinaemia, reflecting sustained overproduction of lactin by the pituitary, is relatively common in the population. The commonest cause is the use of drugs that have dopamine D2 receptor antagonist activity (e.g. antipsychotic agents such as phenothiazines), pregnancy and lactation are the commonest physiological causes, and short-term acute stress, such as the anxiety provoked by blood sampling, is also a frequent cause of transient rises in serum prolactin that may be misinterpreted and necessitate a second confirmatory blood sample. Pathological pituitary causes of hyperprolactinaemia may reflect a functioning pituitary prolactinoma, but in many cases no adenoma is detectable on scanning, in which case the condition is termed idiopathic or nontumoral hyperprolactinaemia. The typical clinical features that suggest hyperprolactinaemia are those of galactorrhoea and oligo-/amenorrhoea. Weight gain has been reported in hyperprolactinaemic women, as has insulin resistance. Serum prolactin levels are readily measured by most clinical biochemistry laboratories, and prolactin levels should be measured on more than one occasion, with persistent unexplained hyperprolactinaemia requiring evaluation. Patients with hyperprolactinaemia may require treatment for various reasons, including restoration of ovulatory function, maintenance of adequate oestrogenization, suppression of galactorrhoea, or reduction in size of a mass lesion. Depending on the presentation and underlying cause, there are several treatment options; the main current treatment option is dopamine agonist therapy, surgery and (rarely) radiotherapy are also used in the treatment of prolactinomas.