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Journal articles on the topic 'Oligopolies – European Economic Community countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.

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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provi

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2

Kondonassis, A. J. "The European Economic Community: Thirty Years Later." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i1.6312.

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The European Economic Community has been in operation for about 30 years. During this period an increased economic cooperation has been attained but the goal of a truly integrated Europe has remained elusive. The Single European Act, which was ratified in 1987, represents a recommitment to an integrated Europe by 1992. It is premised on a number of changes and reforms. Above all the effectiveness of the new effort will depend on the achievement of social cohesion and supranationalism among the EEC countries.

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Alfiyah, Nur Inna, and Very Andrianingsih. "DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI YUNANI TERHADAP EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)." PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi 11, no. 1 (2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/feb.v11i1.1318.

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Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from human life, where all international structures and orders change. Easy access to information, technology and the exchange of goods, services and ideology make globalization a very important part. Changing the structure and economic, political and social order at this time requires existing countries to adapt to all changes brought about by globalization. The birth of non-state actors in globalization then brought about its own changes, especially in the economic field. This study aims to explain how the impact of the Greek economic cr

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4

Gylka, K. "Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 2 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-2-84-89.

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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed f

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5

Babic, Blagoje. "Economic relations between Slavic countries." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 128 (2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0928007b.

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Economic relations between Slavic countries are a taboo topic. This is a reflection of divisions in Europe, which have also been transmitted to the Slavic world. Although the aspiration for Slav unification has existed for centuries, Slavic peoples have been a part of a single community only once - and even then not of their own choice - in the Eastern Block, which emerged from the division of Europe after the Second World War. The decomposition of the Eastern Bloc was followed by the decomposition of the Slavic world as well, which became more disunited than ever before. Changes that have bee

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6

Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of quinolones in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii37—ii44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab176.

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Abstract Objectives Data on quinolone consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of quinolones. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of quinolones, i.e. ATC group J01M, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in pa

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7

Mishchenko, M. I. "Organizational-economic principles of reforming of the railway transportation." Science and Transport Progress, no. 42 (December 25, 2012): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2012/9420.

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Results of vertical division of railways of the countries of the European community are investigated. The received effects and factors which influence increase of competitiveness and efficiency of activity of a railway transportation with the account of the current legislation of the European community are analyzed.

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8

Versporten, Ann, Robin Bruyndonckx, Niels Adriaenssens, et al. "Consumption of cephalosporins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii22—ii29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab174.

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Abstract Objectives Data on cephalosporin consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of cephalosporins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of cephalosporins (i.e. first-, second-, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins; ATC subgroups J01DB, J01DC, J01DD and J01DE, respectively) in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodolo

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9

Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Niel Hens, et al. "Consumption of penicillins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii14—ii21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab173.

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Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of penicillins in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of penicillins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of penicillins, i.e. β-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (ATC group J01C), in the community aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed

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10

Babiarz, Stefan. "Unification of gift and inheritance taxes and the protection of taxpayers – the inheritors and recipients of donations." Nieruchomości@ IV, no. IV (2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5417.

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Gift and inheritance tax in the European Union Member States is calculated and charged in numerous ways. In the majority of countries of the European Economic Community it constitutes a separate tax. In several countries it is not charged at all or is part of the income tax. Despite the attempts made by the European Commission to unify the legislation of the Member States in this regard, there has been no success. The article presents the above-mentioned attempts of the European Commission, their results and consequences. It identifies the methods of avoiding a double or even triple taxation o

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11

Bruyndonckx, Robin, Ana Hoxha, Chantal Quinten, et al. "Change-points in antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii68—ii78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab179.

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Abstract Objectives Surveillance of antibiotic consumption in the community is of utmost importance to inform and evaluate control strategies. Data on two decades of antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries. This article reviews temporal trends and the presence of abrupt changes in subgroups of relevance in antimicrobial stewardship. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on yearly antibiotic consumption in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC classification and expressed

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Szczepańska-Woszczyna, Katarzyna, Dainora Gedvilaitė, Joanicjusz Nazarko, Andrius Stasiukynas, and Aleš Rubina. "ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE AMONG COUNTRIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 28, no. 5 (2022): 1572–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17518.

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The debate on the presence of economic benefits in the European Union (EU) is not over. The study responds unequivocally to this question, with the intensity of economic development in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and beyond twice as high as that of the countries that joined it this year, i.e. the EU’s old ones compared to the new ones; smoothness – 1.1 times and dynamics – 1.6 times. Another important trend for further development is that, as the level of economic development increases, its smoothness is diminishing. In respect of the context of the EP of all EU Member

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13

Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, et al. "Quality appraisal of antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 2009 and 2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii60—ii67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab178.

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Abstract Objectives The quality of antibiotic consumption in the community can be assessed using 12 drug-specific quality indicators (DSQIs) developed by the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project. We compared quality in 2009 and 2017 in the EU/European Economic Area (EEA) and evaluated the impact of using different DDD values (ATC/DDD indices 2011 and 2019) for the 2009 quality assessment using these DSQIs and a joint scientific opinion (JSO) indicator. Methods We calculated the 12 DSQIs and the JSO indicator for 2017 and for 2009 for EU/EEA countries able to delive

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14

Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii7—ii13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab172.

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Abstract Objectives Data on antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main antibiotic groups. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of antibiotics, i.e. antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01), in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and

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15

Emboaba Moreira, Dr Mauricio, and Dr Walter Bataglia. "Public Policies to Promote Regional Air Transport Experiences in Different Countries and Lessons for Developing Countries." International Journal of Business & Management Studies 06, no. 03 (2025): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.56734/ijbms.v6n3a2.

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This study discusses the application of government subsidies through public policies promoting regional transport. By analysing extant government intervention in the United States, Canada, Australia, Norway and Brazil, the text identifies commonalities in their objectives (the impossibility of economic self-sustainability of air services, lack of satisfactory land transport services, potential healthcare, educational and postal access by local populations, need for national integration, among others). However, the mechanisms of existing public policies in each country or group of countries (Eu

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CZECH, Mirosław. "Pan-European transport corridors in the policy of the European Union." Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.100.

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The issue of organizing efficient transport with in Europe is one of the areas of the common policy of the European Union, shaped for over 30 years. Poland has been participating in this creative processsince May 1, 2004. The intensity of the development of transport and economy of individual countries that do not only belong to the Community has a significant impact on changes in the European Union's transport policy aimedatimproving the course of pan-European transport corridors. In parallel with the creation of an effective European transport network, the rapid economic development of the r

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17

CZECH, Mirosław. "PAN – EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CORRIDORS IN THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 112 (September 1, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.4.

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The issue of organising efficient transport within Europe is one of the areas of a common policy of the European Union, shaped for over 30 years. Poland has been participating in this creative process since May 1, 2004. The intensity of the development of transport and the economy of individual countries that do not only belong to the Community but also have a significant impact on changes in the European Union's transport policy aimed at improving the course of pan-European transport corridors. In parallel with the creation of an effective European transport network, the rapid economic develo

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18

Ribov, Manol. "Financing the new economic growth in Europe." Economic Thought journal 59, no. 5 (2014): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj1459506.

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On 4-5 June this year, the European Monetary and Financial Forum held its XXXI Regular Session on "Money, regulation and growth: financing new growth in Europe". The event was hosted by the Community of European Universities, based at the Baffi Center - Bocconi University, Milan. 110 central bankers and academics from the US, the UK, France, Israel, the Netherlands, Germany, Canada, Italy, Austria and other countries participated, as well as representatives from important European institutions such as the European Central Bank, the Bank for International Settlements and the European Investment

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19

McMahon, Joseph A. "International Agricultural Trade Reform and Developing Countries: The Case of the European Community." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 3 (1998): 632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062205.

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We are all aware that agriculture is important to developing countries as a source of income, employment and export earnings. To a far greater extent than in the OECD countries, agriculture it central to the economic performance of developing countries and the livelihood of their inhabitants. Rural societies in developing countries are directly dependent on the agricultural sector and urban dwellers rely on agriculture to provide food security and sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, many developing countries heavily rely on the export earnings or are highly dependent on food imports. Giv

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Popova, Irina, and Nataliya Demchenko. "TERRITORIAL SOCIETIES FEATURES: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-1-4.

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The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of developing tools for the implementation of amalgamated territorial communities. The European countries’ experience helps to improve the system of public administration in such a way that it acts in the interests of the individual-citizen and is under the control of civil society. The important factors in the dynamic development of the state is effective public administration at all levels of the administrative and territorial structure of the country are investigated. The main links in this section are the district and regional level

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21

O'Donovan, Joan Lockwood. "Political Authority and European Community: The Challenge of the Christian Political Tradition." Scottish Journal of Theology 47, no. 1 (1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600045610.

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Today the whole of Europe, East and West, is caught up in the search for new political and economic structures, sadly, along violent and atavistic as well as peaceful and constructive paths. In the West the fulcrum of change is the halting movement of countries toward economic and political ‘integration’ within the European Community. The issue of what form, or forms, the Community should take (whether federal, confederal, or more loosely associative) is understandably divisive, for its resolution will determine the political shape, not only of the member states, but also of those western Euro

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Petrushenko, Yuriy, Fedir Zhuravka, Vladyslav Shapoval, Lyudmila Khomutenko, and Olena Zhuravka. "Sustainable socio-economic development and Rainbow Europe Index." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.33.

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The issues of recognizing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community around the world and developing appropriate anti-discrimination policies and laws are one of the main topics for discussion in the global agenda. This is due to the commitment of the world community to protect human rights and meet the needs of society. The paper aims to assess the relationship between socio-economic development indicators of some European countries and the Rainbow Europe Index. To find out how discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community affects various social and economic development indicators of some European coun

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Kovacevic, Maja. "International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 2 (2018): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1802147k.

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Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the

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Rosca, Petru, and Larisa Trifonova. "Economic integration as a form of economic and social progress." Journal of Research on Trade, Management and Economic Development 11, no. 2(22) (2025): 40–59. https://doi.org/10.59642/jrtmed.2.2024.03.

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Currently, international economic integration is considered as a qualitatively superior way of economic cooperation between countries, a response to complex and diverse problems facing the states of the world in the context of the deepening interdependence of the economies of different countries. The article examines the essence, types, forms and stages of integration. The features of the evolution of the development of the integration process in various groups of integration countries at the international and regional level (NAFTA, MERCOSUR, ANDIN, APEC, G7, G20, BRICS, CIS, GUAM, Eurasian Cu

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Peshkin, Vitalii Mikhailovich. "Prerequisites for the creation of Visegrád Group in the context of international political and economic situation in Europe." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.4.36045.

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The subject of this research is the historical conditions for the creation of Visegr&aacute;d Group &ndash; subregional organization of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. The collapse of the system of pro-communist regimes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe allowed the local dissident circles to create the &ldquo;ideological&rdquo; framework for subregional organization, which is based on the idea of the Central European identity. In the late 1980s, the idea of subregional cooperation in the socialist camp won support of a number of Western European c

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Legrand, Pierre. "European Legal Systems are not Converging." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 1 (1996): 52–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300058656.

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Since the late 1940s, economic considerations relating to the globalisation of world markets have led an ever larger group of Western European countries to unite in the quest for a supra-national legal order which, in time, generated the European Community. Most of these countries' legal orders claim allegiance to what anglophones are fond of labelling the “civli law” tradition,1although two common law jurisdictions joined the Community in the early 1970s. The European Community's early decision to promote economic integration (and, later, other types of integration) through harmonisation or u

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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii30—ii36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab175.

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Abstract Objectives Data on the consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in composition of the main subgroups of MLS. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of MLS, i.e. ATC group J01F, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1

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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017: data collection, management and analysis." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii2—ii6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab171.

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Abstract Objectives This article introduces a series of articles on antibiotic consumption in the community between 1997 and 2017, which provide an update of previous articles covering the periods 1997–2003 and 1997–2009. Methods In this article, differences in participating countries, the ATC/DDD classification system, and data collection, validation and analysis between the current and previous series are described. Results In the previous series, 33 European countries provided valid data for further analysis, while the current series focused on 30 countries belonging to the EU or the Europe

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Sobczak, Wioleta, and Elżbieta Radziewicz. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC DEBT LEVEL IN SELECT COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.6.

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The complex correlation between public debt and economic growth is very important and is a focus of research within the scientific community and among policy makers. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the correlation between the level of public debt and the level of economic growth in select European Union countries. It is an empirical study of the transmission mechanisms and impact of public debt on economic growth in countries which joined the European Union in 2004 or later. The time range of the analyses covers the years 2000–2019. Estimation of the model parameters shows that t

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Svyaschenko, Zinaida. "European integration during the «Сold War» period and the position of the USSR". European Historical Studies, № 24 (2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.24.1.

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The article examines the processes of European integration during the «Cold War» period and analyzes the position of the USSR regarding European integration processes in Western Europe. It is noted that the political leadership of the USSR interpreted the process of European integration as part of the political and economic struggle of «world and European imperialism» with socialist countries. It is emphasized that at the initial stage of European integration, many of its supporters were against the participation of the USSR in European economic integration, not to mention political integratio

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Sipkov, Ivan. "The European Economic Community: A Sovereign Entity Under its Own Legal Order." International Journal of Legal Information 16, no. 3 (1988): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500022289.

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The European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the European Community, the Common Market, and the Community, originated through the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty. The inaugural agreement was signed in Paris on April 18, 1951, and became effective on July 25, 1952. The original members included Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The primary task of the ECSC Treaty was to create a common market for coal and steel by prohibiting all duties on imports and exports and all quantitative and private restraints on compe

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Mardas, Dimitri. "Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactured Products Between the European Economic Community and the Eastern European Countries." Journal of World Trade 26, Issue 5 (1992): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1992028.

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Kasprzyk, Beata. "Economic and social exclusion in the European Community in the years 2011-2022." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 17, no. 2 (2024): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2024-0020.

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Abstract Subject and purpose of work The subject-matter and aim of this paper is to present the extent of poverty and economic and social exclusion in the countries of the European Union (EU-27). The specific aim is the comparative assessment and reduction of these processes between 2011 and 2022. Material and methods The paper is based on an analysis of official EUROSTAT statistics. The TOPSIS taxonomic method was used for comparative evaluation, making it possible to measure and assess synthetically the variation of poverty across countries in dynamic terms for the selected years 2011, 2016

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Elharahsheh, Ibrahim Sulaiman, and Khaled Hamed Shnikat. "Jordanian relationship with European Community (Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement of 1977) Study of the Convention and its results and its subsequent effects." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, no. 2 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol10iss2pp61-78.

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The study deals with the economic and technical cooperation of 1977 Agreement between Jordan and the European Community as a model for understanding the relationship, and studies its impact on the Jordanian economy, and the inequality in the relationship in fact and effect.The study seeks to answer the key question is how to understand the relationship of Jordan to the European Community in the light of the cooperation of the 1977 agreement as a model for understanding the relationship with the group and therest of other countries? And what it’s consequences on the Jordanian economy, and how t

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Elharahsheh, Ibrahim Sulaiman, and Khaled Hamed Shnikat. "Jordanian relationship with European Community (Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement of 1977) Study of the Convention and its results and its subsequent effects." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, no. 2 (2020): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53542/jass.v10i2.3491.

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The study deals with the economic and technical cooperation of 1977 Agreement between Jordan and the European Community as a model for understanding the relationship, and studies its impact on the Jordanian economy, and the inequality in the relationship in fact and effect.The study seeks to answer the key question is how to understand the relationship of Jordan to the European Community in the light of the cooperation of the 1977 agreement as a model for understanding the relationship with the group and therest of other countries? And what it’s consequences on the Jordanian economy, and how t

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Gavrilov, Doina. "Europeanization of Turkey and the Long Way to EU Membership." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 86 (March 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.86.1.

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For a few decades, Europe watches Turkey evolution in a matter of politics, policy, policies, human rights and so on. Everything begins in 1959 when Turkey applies to associate membership to the European Economic Community. But unfortunately for Turkey, the accession to the Community was not to accomplish. In time, the European Economic Community became the European Union. The organization pass through the enlargement process multiple times that today it is the Union of the 28 countries, but still without Turkey as a member. After all this time, a question is raised: what drags Turkey from ach

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Nozari, Fariborz. "Competition Rules in the European Economic Area." International Journal of Legal Information 21, no. 1 (1993): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027232.

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On October 22, 1991, after exhaustive negotiations between the European Community (EC) and the Member States of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) an agreement on the formation of the European Economic Area (EEA) was reached. Hence, the foundation was laid for an economic and social unit embracing 19 countries and about 380 million people, forming the world's largest economic bloc and a regional single market responsible for ca.40 percent of the world trade.The Agreement consists of a preamble and nine parts covering the objectives and principles, the four freedoms of movements of good

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Levandivskyi, O. T., R. I. Shchur, V. V. Matskiv, and I. V. Kokhan. "FINANCIAL FLOWS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (UKRAINE – EU)." Market economy: modern management theory and practice 22, no. 1(53) (2023): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2413-9998.2023.1(53).288353.

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The article is devoted to the international trade and economic relations of Ukraine with the countries of the world. Considerable attention is paid to relations between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). Ukraine considers the way to EU membership. Attention is drawn to the European integration progress of our country, which is a natural consequence of Ukraine's independence. The most acceptable ways for regulation of relations in the area of international business activity are considered. The main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countri

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Höhmann, H. ‐H, C. Meier, and H. Timmermann. "The European community and the countries of the CIS: Political and economic relations." Journal of Communist Studies 9, no. 3 (1993): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523279308415217.

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Xylona, Spiteri. "WHO ARE WE? NATIONALISTS OR EUROPEAN?" International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities 4, no. 1 (2019): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3229246.

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When the second world war was over, Europe was in an anguished way. After two wars that had killed thousands, European countries needed to shape itself again. The co-operation between these countries was disappointing and this was the reason why wars were continuous. Moreover, the wars proved that after all Europe worked better when cooperation between states occurred. Starting with trading and economical aspects the 6 founding countries Luxembourg, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Belgium and France paved a way for a new Europe by creating the European Economic Community (EEC). The EEC included t

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Shelemon, Vitaly, and Rostyslav Poverlyak. "INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE INTEGRATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS." Actual Problems of Economics 1, no. 274 (2024): 196–202. https://doi.org/10.32752/1993-6788-2024-1-274-196-202.

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The article defines that circular economy is an element of sustainable development of modern education. The circular economy is of particular importance for countries that seek to achieve high standards of environmental responsibility, as well as for those countries that seek to join the European community and go through the European integration process. In addition, European integration processes in our country are burdened by external challenges, but the prospects and opportunities that open up in this area are positive, especially in the context of economic and process support from the Euro

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Versporten, Ann, Robin Bruyndonckx, Niels Adriaenssens, et al. "Consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii45—ii59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab177.

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Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim and other antibacterials. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of tetracyclines (ATC group J01A), sulphonamides and trimethoprim (ATC group J01E), and other antibacterials (ATC group J01X) in the communi

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Parodi, Silvio, Anita Parodi, Claudio Lombardo, and Leonardo Santi. "Cancer Research in the European Community and Other Non-EC Countries." Tumori Journal 79, no. 1 (1993): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169307900102.

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Aims We assessed the scientific productivity in the field of cancer research of countries in the European Community (EC) and the most important non-EC countries by counting the number of papers published during the period 1988-1990 in 15 of the top scientific journals (as defined by the Journal Citation Reports, Oncology). The global and per capita data are presented for each country. Methods Qualitative parameters like the impact factor and the half-life were also considered in the analysis. The selection of cancer journals with a high average quotation rate gave significant results. Introduc

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Rudner, Martin. "European Community Development Assistance to Asia: Policies, Programs and Performance." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (1992): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015912.

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The European Community is distinctive among the donors of international development assistance. Although it is categorized officially as a multilateral aid institution, the Community differs in structure, purpose and role compared to other, more familiar organizations of that genre. Like other multilaterals, the European Community derives its aid budget, as well as its other financial resources, from the fiscal contributions of its Member states (each of which provides its own bilateral assistance to developing countries). Yet, to be sure, the Community represents more than just a multilateral

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Grieco, Joseph M. "The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the neo-realist research programme." Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (1995): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117504.

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With the Treaty on European Union, or the Maastricht Treaty, into force in November 1993, the member-states of the European Community (EC) appeared to be embarking on a far-reaching enterprise to enhance the authority of Community institutions. Continuing a process that had begun with the Single European Act (SEA), into force in 1987, Maastricht increased the powers of the European Parliament. It established mechanisms whereby EC countries were to seek to improve policy coordination in such diverse areas as social affairs, high technology, border controls, immigration, and anti-crime efforts.

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Schaad, Martin. "Plan G – A ‘Counterblast’? British Policy towards the Messina Countries, 1956." Contemporary European History 7, no. 01 (1998): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004756.

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As the new Labour government has declared its intention to enhance Britain's role in Europe, there is renewed interest in the chequered history of Anglo-European relations. Of particular relevance in view of the present policy reappraisal is the period between 1955 and 1963, as the challenge here is to account for perhaps the most fundamental policy reversal: from Britain's refusal to take part in the common market project launched by the six member countries of the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) at the Messina conference to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's effort to negotiate entry

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Cadoux, Louise. "La protection des données personnelles en dehors de l’Europe communautaire." Revue française d'administration publique 89, no. 1 (1999): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1999.3267.

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Data Protection Outside of the European Community Most states remain unaffected by the movement towards data protection driving Europe, either because they have no regulation governing protection or because any such regulation is not binding. In requiring that the transfer of data outside of the Community be subject to the presence of an effective system of data protection in third countries, the European directive is spreading the message and working towards harmonisation in this area. This Community action is taking place within the context of the European Economic Area, among states which a

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Polishchuk, V. "Aspects of ecological taxation development in the European economy transformation." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2022.266408.

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It is revealed that the fiscal ecological policy plays a principal role in the complex process of economic transformation. One of its functions is a direct participation in the realization of the nature environment conservation policy of European countries, which in turn react resolutely and balanced on the aggravation of resource problems and ecological crisis. The main purpose of this article is the influence identification of the environmental taxation on the realization of the environmental conservation policy of the European Economic Area (EEA) with financial and economic capability of th

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Corina, PETRESCU, and GROSU Veronica. "Assessing the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Evolution and Efficiency of Health Expenditure in Eastern European Countries." 14th GCBSS Proceeding 2022 14, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.2(55).

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In the global context of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic and social systems were shaken to their foundations, in the sense that many businesses had to close or suspend their activities, which also had a negative impact on the quality of life of the population, both from a medical and economic perspective. Thus, like other countries around the world, Eastern European countries that are members of the European Union (EU) community have also faced such economic and health problems, which have led to multiple crisis situations that have not been managed in the most optimal, efficient and targeted

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Perrons, D. "Measuring Equal Opportunities in European Employment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (1994): 1195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261195.

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The European Community has developed various social policies to compensate for the uneven effects of economic integration, and to bring about greater equality between women and men. In addition, the member states have their own policy traditions and institutional frameworks which likewise affect general employment conditions. In order to bring about greater economic and social cohesion in the European Community there have been moves to harmonise social policy. Clearly, if greater equality between women and men is a desired goal then it is important that the harmonisation should take place arou

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