Journal articles: 'Olympic Games bid'

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Beck, Peter J. "Britain and the Olympic Games: London 1908, 1948, 2012." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.21.

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Abstract London’s bid to host the 2012 Olympic games was accompanied, indeed reinforced, by the presentation of histories recording the lengthy and committed nature of Britain’s relationship with the Olympic Movement, most notably as highlighted by hosting the 1908 and 1948 games. Apart from being employed to contextualize London’s bid, the 1908 and 1948 London Olympiads represent key chapters in histories presenting both Britain’s Olympic past and the Olympic Movement. In particular, they illuminate major issues concerning the nature and role of the Olympic games as well as the attitude of British governments, media, and opinion towards Olympism. Despite the British Olympic Association’s best efforts, during the period between 1908 and 1948 Britons often proved indifferent, indeed frequently negative, towards Olympism, even if the 1948 Olympics showed evidence of a possible change of course, at least in the short term.

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Kim, Ari, Moonhoon Choi, and Kyriaki Kaplanidou. "The Role of Media in Enhancing People’s Perception of Hosting a Mega Sport Event: The Case of Pyeongchang’s Winter Olympics Bids." International Journal of Sport Communication 8, no. 1 (March 2015): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2014-0046.

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Residents’ support for hosting the Olympic Games is crucial for a bid to succeed in the Olympic host-city selection process. Because of the vital role of the media in framing public perceptions of Olympic bids, the purpose of this study was to examine media coverage of hosting the Olympic Games during the Olympic host-city bid process. A quantitative content analysis was conducted on newspaper articles about Pyeongchang, Korea. Pyeongchang was a candidate city for 3 consecutive bids for the Winter Olympic Games, and it finally won its latest bid to host the 2018 Games. Six hundred Korean newspaper articles were collected for analysis. The results indicated that positive, nationwide discussions of hosting the Olympic Games were presented during the successful bid. Infrastructure legacy was mentioned frequently and dominantly for both successful and unsuccessful bid periods, whereas the presence of sport-development and sociocultural-legacy themes increased in the latest, successful, bid. In addition, extensive coverage related to celebrity endorsement was found during the successful bid.

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Persson, C. "The International Olympic Committee and Site Decisions: The Case of the 2002 Winter Olympics." Event Management 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096020197390220.

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By means of an empirical survey, this article analyzes the decision-making process of the members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in order to establish how they evaluated the bids to host the 2002 Olympic Winter Games. Three bid-winning models were identified. These consisted of offers from a total of seven bid-winning subjects: the Olympic village for accommodating the athletes, transportation facilities for all the visitors to the Games, the sports arenas, the finances of the Games, telecommunications, information technology, and the media center. Offers, which had little or nothing to do with the Olympic Winter Games, were on average graded “important” by the majority of the IOC members. However, offers that referred to the performance of the Games were considered, on average, more important than other offers. The individual IOC members did not share the interest of the IOC in bids offering cultural events, environmental care (opening, closing, and prize) ceremonies, a youth camp for young athletes, and accommodation for all the athletes in a single Olympic village. No bid messenger was considered “very influential” by a majority of the IOC members in their bid choices. “The visits of the IOC members to the bid cities” was the only channel for communicating bid offers that was perceived as “very influential” by a majority of the IOC members. Every fourth IOC member stated that it was not important to their bid selection that the bidders followed IOC's bidding rules. Fifteen bid offers (17%) were evaluated differently by the IOC members due to their cultural and demographic differences.

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Bason, Tom, and Jonathan Grix. "Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 36, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-06-2017-0106.

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Purpose In recent years, there has been a decline in the number of cities seeking to host the Olympic Games, with several cities withdrawing from the bid process following referenda. The debate around bidding have hinged on the costs and benefits of hosting events, with little consideration as to the benefits of a bid itself. The purpose of this paper is to identify the ways in which Olympic bids be leveraged for positive outcomes, regardless of the outcomes of the bid. Design/methodology/approach This research employs a content analysis, examining the 16 bid responses to the question in the International Olympic Committee Candidate questionnaire: “What will be the benefits of bidding for the Olympic Games for your city/region, irrespective of the outcome of the bid?”. Findings This research found that bid cities do attempt to use the Olympic bid process as a leveraging resource, with four unique opportunities arising from this; national and city pride, Olympism, the formation of networks, and global focus. These provide the opportunities for Olympic bid cities to achieve the following strategic objectives: nation and community building, sport participation, business opportunities, enhancing image and profile, and to push through infrastructural projects. Originality/value There has been little consideration as to the ways an Olympic bid can be used to leverage positive outcomes for a city or a nation, and therefore this research contributes to the literature on leveraging mega-events. The research also has practical value, in providing potential bidders with information regarding positive outcomes whether the bid is successful or not.

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Reef, Paul. "NOlympics in Amsterdam!" Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 133, no. 4 (February 1, 2021): 659–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.4.004.reef.

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Abstract NOlympics in Amsterdam! The struggle for urban space and the politics of Amsterdam's Olympic Bid, 1984-1986 This article examines the protests against the social impact of Amsterdam’s bid to host the Olympic Summer Games of 1992. Although sporting mega-events have become the topic of a growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship, both the related histories of popular protest and governance remain relatively underexplored. The Dutch government established an Olympic organizing committee, consisting of governmental, commercial, and sporting stakeholders, which promoted the Amsterdam Olympics as a catalyst for economic and urban growth. By contrast, city inhabitants as well as local governmental bodies, squatters, and activist groups claimed their right to the city and contested the bid on the grounds of its negative impact on the quality of life and the environment in Amsterdam. International sporting events have always been contested for political reasons, but Amsterdam was one of the first cities where protesters opposed the Olympics’ overarching social impact. Although the protest’s scale remained relatively limited, protesters successfully targeted the International Olympic Committee and international press to present a negative image of Amsterdam as an Olympic host city. Activism against Amsterdam’s Olympic bid is an important precursor to more contemporary protest movements against sporting mega-events.

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Hiller, Harry H., and Richard A. Wanner. "Public Opinion in Olympic Cities: From Bidding to Retrospection." Urban Affairs Review 54, no. 5 (December 22, 2016): 962–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416684036.

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Whereas traditionally hosting the Olympics was viewed as a top-down decision with little public input, public opinion is becoming more important in assessing and evaluating the merits of hosting the Games. Using bid documents from 2010 to 2020, the formal role that public opinion officially plays in the bid phase following the International Olympic Committee (IOC) procedures is examined. Public opinion in the preparation stage is reviewed, which demonstrates the problem of seeking simple declarations of support (Yes/No) that obfuscate important local issues (cost, traffic, urban priorities). Shifts in public opinion during the Games themselves, as well as one and four years after the Games, provide a new perspective on resident attitudes. Using retrospective data from Vancouver 2010 and London 2012, multivariate analysis demonstrates that participation in Olympic-related events (sporting and nonsporting) was the most important predictor of attitudes toward the Games and that concerns over costs were the only concerns that were justified.

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papanikou, Gregory T. "The Participation Legacy at Olympic Games." ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.7-4-4.

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The legacy of participating in Olympic Games has not been extensively researched when it is compared with the huge literature of bidding/hosting Olympic Games and the determinants of Olympic success and failures in winning Olympic medals. This paper addresses this issue descriptively by emphasizing the need to do more theoretical and empirical research to explain why so many countries and athletes participate at the Olympic Games even though they have no chance of winning any medal and/or bid and host future Olympic Games. Apart from the personal joy of the participating athlete and the national pride of a participating country, one possible additional explanation might be the human capital generated by participating which can be used to promote youth and grassroot sport participation. The extent that this has been used by national sports policy authorities is suggested to be the subject of future empirical research. Keywords: Olympic Games, sports participation, cost-benefit analysis, Olympic legacy, Olympic medals, national sports policy

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Keys, Barbara. "Harnessing Human Rights to the Olympic Games: Human Rights Watch and the 1993 ‘Stop Beijing’ Campaign." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416667791.

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In 1993 Human Rights Watch, one of the two most influential human rights organizations in the world, launched a major campaign to derail Beijing's bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games. This article situates this highly publicized campaign in the context of Sino–US relations, the end of the Cold War, and the ‘victory’ of human rights as a global moral lingua franca. It argues that Human Rights Watch's decision to oppose Beijing's bid stemmed from its new post-Cold War focus on China combined with the organization's search for new ways to secure media attention and the funding that flowed from publicity. The campaign most likely swayed the International Olympic Committee's close vote in favor of Sydney. It also brought Human Rights Watch a windfall of favorable publicity among new audiences. The article argues that the campaign irrevocably inserted broad-based human rights considerations into the Olympic Games, decisively moving moral claims-making around the Olympics beyond the playing field. It also linked Human Rights Watch's moral legitimacy to US power in problematic ways and triggered a powerful anti-US backlash in China.

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Langer, Viktoria C. E., Wolfgang Maennig, and Felix Richter. "The Olympic Games as a News Shock." Journal of Sports Economics 19, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 884–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002517690788.

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The awarding of the Olympic Games to a certain city or the announcement of a city’s Olympic bid may be considered as a news shock that affects agents’ market expectations. A news shock implies potential impacts on the dynamic adjustment process that change not only the volatility but also the long-run steady-state levels of endogenous economic variables. In this study, we contribute to and extend previous researchers’ attempts to empirically test for the Olympic Games as a news shock by implementing full structural models and by matching Olympic hosts and bidders to structurally similar countries.

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Johnson, Molly Wilkinson. "Mega-Events, Urban Space, and Social Protest: The Olympia 2000 Bid in Reunified Berlin, 1990–1993." Central European History 52, no. 4 (December 2019): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891900089x.

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AbstractThis article explores the competing visions of urban planning that influenced newly reunified Berlin's highly contested bid, undertaken between 1990 and 1993, to host the 2000 Olympic Games. The governing city parliament coalition, mainstream media, and private corporations embraced the Games as the key to Berlin's future. The Olympics would draw investors, reunify infrastructure, foster a common “Berlin” identity among newly reunited Berlin's residents, upgrade borderland spaces and eastern neighborhoods, and boost Berlin's prominence as a global city. Alternatively, numerous protesters from both East and West, proclaiming their right to provide meaningful input into the uses of urban space, staged creative protest actions highlighting the negative social, political, and environmental effects of the proposed Games on Berlin and its neighborhoods. Ultimately, supporters and opponents diverged on the matter of who had the right to determine the use of urban space: the city government and private corporations or city residents who believed they knew best what benefited their own neighborhoods. In the end, Berlin lost its bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games. Nonetheless, creative resistance efforts designed to offer democratic alternatives to growth- and investment-oriented urban planning and to protect residents’ rights to codetermine urban space, often emerging in response to planned mega-events and large development projects, persist more than two decades later, not only in Berlin but in other major metropolises around the globe.

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Könecke, Thomas, and Michiel de de Nooij. "Politicians’ Personal Legacies from Olympic Bids and Referenda—An Analysis of Individual Risks and Opportunities." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15120594.

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The popularity of staging Olympic Games has dropped in democratic countries as a series of failed referenda and withdrawn bids as well as protests against mega sport events have shown in recent years. Nevertheless, the there still are democratically elected office-holders willing to become involved in an Olympic bid despite the high probability of public opposition and the threat of an almost unwinnable referendum. This conceptual study analyses the individual risk management that these politicians have to concern themselves with because of their involvement in Olympic bids and referenda. It does so by looking at possible ‘personal legacies’ the politicians can obtain. It is interesting to note that although the size of such legacies will vary, they can result irrespective of the outcome of a bid or a referendum and can have positive, negative, or neutral effects for the politician(s) in question. As will be shown, personal legacies can also be obtained by opponents of Olympic bidding ambitions, which is not the only finding that is problematic particularly for the IOC and National Olympic Committees interested in hosting Olympic Games or other sport events.

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Kwang Hoon, Lee, and Chappelet Jean Loup. "Faster, Higher, Softly Stronger: The Impact of Soft Power on the Choice of Olympic Host Cities." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 27, no. 3 (December 31, 2012): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps27303.

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This article statistically estimates the impact of different countries` softpower on the results of Olympic Games bidding in the post-Cold War era. Allbid results for the Olympic Summer and Winter Games between 1990 and 2011are analyzed by panel regression methods. The empirical results reveal that sportingsuccess, higher transparency, lower CO2 and particle emissions, and fastereconomic growth are likely to increase the probability of a bidding countrywinning an Olympic bid. These results have several implications regarding theimpact of soft power on choice of Olympic host site. First, if a country has ahigh number of Olympic gold medalists, this could attract International OlympicCommittee (IOC) members and influence their decisions. Second, a country`sethical reputation is likely to persuade the IOC to choose it as the rightful hostcountry. Third, the environmental record of a country may also be regarded as adesirable value by IOC members, who prefer a ``Green Games`` ecological legacy.

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Kim, Hyung-Min, and Jonathan Grix. "Implementing a Sustainability Legacy Strategy: A Case Study of PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 5141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095141.

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Given the growing need for hosts of sports mega-events to provide concrete plans for a sustainable sports mega-event at the bidding stage, it is perhaps surprising that there has not been more research on the actual implementation of the legacy plan in terms of sustainability. The main aim of this paper is to do just that: to analyse an empirical example of the implementation of the sustainability legacy plan for the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Through an empirical analysis, the research methods used to collect the data are document analysis and semi-structured interviews with stakeholder sampling (16 documents and 10 interviewees). The paper uncovers the difficulties the PyeongChang Games encountered in achieving the sustainable legacy planned in the bid files through an evaluation of the implementation of PyeongChang’s legacy strategy in the context of South Korea. Part of the findings reveal that Gangwon Province and South Korea achieved their strategic goals set out in advance of the PyeongChang Olympics as an effective tool for promoting regional development. One of the main obstacles to the sustainability of the PyeongChang Olympics was the lack of a clear plan for the post-Games use of Olympics venues and conflicts of interest among stakeholders of the PyeongChang Winter Games.

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White, Leanne. "The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Bid: Marketing Indigenous Australia for the Millennium Games." International Journal of the History of Sport 28, no. 10 (July 2011): 1447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.578341.

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Mead, Robert W., and Victor Brajer. "Environmental Cleanup and Health Gains from Beijing's Green Olympics." China Quarterly 194 (June 2008): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000374.

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AbstractIn announcing its bid for the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing chose a “Green Olympics” theme to indicate that hosting the Olympic Games would serve as a catalyst for environmental improvements and sustainable development. With the Olympics now just a short time away, it is appropriate to examine the city's cleanup progress to date. This article does so, and also quantifies some of the health benefits of these cleanup activities, placing an economic value on the gains. Results for air pollution cleanup indicate an economic gain of nearly 50 billion yuan over a ten-year period, with a potential annual gain of 3.5 billion yuan for reaching air quality standards. Water pollution results suggest a potential annual gain of another 2.6 billion yuan.

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Marrero-Guillamón, Isaac. "Together apart: Hackney Wick, the Olympic site and relational art." Architectural Research Quarterly 18, no. 4 (December 2014): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000093.

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As soon as the bid to host the 2012 Olympics was won by London in 2005, and the plans to build the Olympic site in the Lower Lea Valley were announced, an inconspicuous yet steady stream of artistic projects started to interrogate the impact that the transformation of the area would have on its inhabitants, landscape and social life. This undercurrent of criticality, largely invisible to the mainstream, offered an alternative to the official account of the process – one that spoke of displacement, surveillance and the effacement of local history. Through a myriad of art works, images, events and discussions, an important space of dissent was produced in the lead up to the Games. The relational, collective and public dimension of these artistic practices is explored in the first part of this article, via an analysis of Jim Woodall's Olympic State project in Hackney Wick.

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Armenakyan, Anahit, Norm O’Reilly, Louise Heslop, John Nadeau, and Irene R. R. Lu. "It’s All About My Team: Mega–Sport Events and Consumer Attitudes in a Time Series Approach." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 6 (November 2016): 597–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0295.

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The hosting of a mega–sport event (MSE) has a number of implications for a host country, some positive and some negative. This research explores the influence of the on-field performance of the host country’s national team (NT), in this case for the Olympic Games, on the decision to bid for and potentially host such an MSE. Previous studies have normally focused on residents and international tourists who attend the event, thereby not considering the views of (i) nonresident communities of the host country and (ii) international and domestic spectators. This research responds by investigating the impact of individual associations with the (Olympic) NT through examining the expectations for and perceived performance of the NT on behavioral attitudes of domestic (Canadian) and foreign (American) residents toward the NT itself, the MSE, and the host country, around the 2010 Winter Vancouver Olympic Games.

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Thompson, Claire, Daniel Lewis, Trisha Greenhalgh, Stephanie Taylor, and Steven Cummins. "A Health and Social Legacy for East London: Narratives of ‘Problem’ and ‘Solution’ around London 2012." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 2 (May 2013): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2966.

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Policies and programmes that tackle neighbourhood deprivation have long been a feature of urban policy in the UK and elsewhere. Large-scale urban regeneration and neighbourhood renewal programmes have been deployed as the primary vehicle to improve the health and life chances of residents of deprived neighbourhoods. Often these areas have a long history of efforts at regeneration and redevelopment and, over time, have become labelled as ‘problem areas’ in need of constant intervention. The bid for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games was successful partly due to its promise to deliver a lasting health and social legacy by using the Games as a driver of regeneration in East London. Despite limited evidence for the effectiveness of such an approach, regeneration schemes tied to sporting events have emerged as popular strategies through which cities strive to enhance their urban fabric. Running through the core of the London 2012 bid was a discourse of East London as a ‘problem’ in need of a regeneration ‘solution’ that the Olympics uniquely could deliver. As a result, a wider narrative of East London was generated: as unhealthy; mired in poverty; desperate for jobs; with an inadequate and outdated built environment. The Olympic legacy was thus positioned as a unique once-in-a-lifetime solution ‘accelerating’ regeneration in East London, and delivering substantive change that either might not have happened, or would otherwise have taken decades. Through documentary analysis of published Government policy documents for the period 2002-2011, we demonstrate how the ‘problem’ of East London was used as political justification for London 2012. We argue that the Olympic legacy was deliberately positioned in neoliberal terms in order to justify substantial economic investment by the UK government and suit the needs of the International Olympic Committee. Finally, whilst acknowledging that regeneration may indeed result, we also speculate on the potential legacy and possible challenges for the people in East London left by this neoliberal and entrepreneurial strategy.

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Yoon, Hyunsun. "Third Time Lucky?: Bid Legacy of PyeongChang for Winter Olympic Games." International Journal of Sport and Society 1, no. 2 (2010): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/cgp/v01i02/54008.

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Schnitzer, Martin, and Lukas Haizinger. "Does the Olympic Agenda 2020 Have the Power to Create a New Olympic Heritage? An Analysis for the 2026 Winter Olympic Games Bid." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020442.

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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) lacks candidates willing to host the Olympic Games (OG) and has reacted to this situation by introducing the Olympic Agenda 2020 (OA)—a reform process making the OG more attractive for potential hosts. This study analyzes whether the OA plays a crucial role for the future of the OG. We, therefore, examined the official IOC documents and feasibility studies of the 2026 Winter Olympic Games (WOG) bidders and conducted qualitative interviews with experts in the field (n = 15). The results reveal that the 2026 WOG hosts plan to reduce the budgets for the organization and the infrastructure costs in the host regions. As a consequence, the number and nature of the sites and venues as well as the distances between them will increase. This means that the future Olympic heritage (OH) may lay less in iconic buildings but rather focus on the attempt to fulfil the city’s long-term strategies. Our analyses extend the literature by: (1) analysing the OA in view of future OG, (2) comparing experiences from past OG with those of current bidders, (3) integrating expert knowledge thanks to qualitative interviews and, finally, (4) considering new heritage concepts.

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HÖRTE S.Å. and C. Persson. "How Salt Lake City and Its Rival Bidders Campaigned for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games." Event Management 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096020197390158.

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Using an archive study and a survey, the authors have examined how the bid committees of the four finalist cities formulated and communicated their bids for selection as hosts to the 2002 Olympic Winter Games. The aim was to identify the bidders' views regarding the appropriateness of the messages and messengers chosen, the other actors involved, and the channels of communication selected in order to win. The response from the winner, Salt Lake City, indicated that messages with little or nothing to do with the organizing of the Olympic Winter Games were of almost equal importance to those describing the implementation of the proposed Games. Compared to the other bidders, Salt Lake City considered the nonverbal components consisting of messengers, other actors, and channels to be far more influential on the choices made by IOC members. Only one representative of a bidding committee thought that it was very important to the IOC members that the candidate cities followed the IOC's bidding rules.

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Misener, Laura, Simon Darcy, David Legg, and Keith Gilbert. "Beyond Olympic Legacy: Understanding Paralympic Legacy Through a Thematic Analysis." Journal of Sport Management 27, no. 4 (July 2013): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.329.

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Over the last decade a great deal of work has examined major sport event legacies and event leverage. Much of this work has involved Olympic studies and this paper seeks to add to the body of knowledge surrounding major sport event legacies by examining the largely overlooked area of the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games are the second largest multisport event after the Olympic Games depending upon which parameters are used and since Sydney 2000 there has been an ‘operational partnership’ where bid cities are required to host both Games. Yet, few studies have evaluated the comparative outcomes, legacies and event leverage that Paralympic games have generated. This paper addresses this absence by conducting a thematic analysis of Paralympic legacy research. The thematic analysis used a combination of keywords involving event legacy across 13 major academic databases. Of the 43 articles identified as having Paralympic legacy related content only 13 articles empirically investigated Paralympic legacy. In reviewing the research, it is noted that the bulk of the research has focused on Summer Paralympic Games with little interest in the Winter Paralympic Games. The major findings for legacy-based research include: infrastructure; sport; information education, and awareness; human capital; and managerial changes. However, while these findings may seem congruent with major event legacies frameworks conceptually, an examination of the detailed findings shows that Paralympic legacy research is isomorphic and adds a new component to existing legacy dimensions.

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Liu, Dongfeng, Christopher Hautbois, and Michel Desbordes. "The expected social impact of the Winter Olympic Games and the attitudes of non-host residents toward bidding." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 330–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-11-2017-099.

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Purpose Using Beijing’s bid for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games as an example, the purpose of this paper is to explore the expected social impact of mega-sporting events, as perceived by non-host city residents, and the way in which this perception affects attitudes toward bidding. Design/methodology/approach An empirical survey study was conducted in which data were collected from residents in Shanghai, comprising a sample of 483 respondents. An exploratory factor analysis identified 40 items loaded on eight distinctive factors that underlie the expected social impact of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of the perceived impact on residents’ attitudes toward the bid to host the Olympics. Findings Among the eight identified impact factors, six were found to be positive and two negative. While all factors were significantly higher above the point of indifference, perceived positive impact factors tended to outweigh those that were negative. In addition, seven out of the eight factors were found to be significantly predictive of support for Beijing’s bidding: while the effect of “tourism and environment,” “social capital and psychic income,” “international cooperation and exchange,” “infrastructure,” “national image,” and “sport development” was positive, the effect of the “higher living cost” factor was negative with regard to the support of the bidding. This study seeks to contribute by taking a non-host community perspective. Originality/value A growing body of literature has documented perspectives on events and their specific timing during event cycles, i.e., during the bidding stage. In addition, it also offers insight into the perception and attitudes of citizens from emerging markets toward event bidding and hosting, both of which play an increasingly important role in global sports but, on the whole, remain relatively under researched.

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Duignan, Michael B. "London’s local Olympic legacy." Journal of Place Management and Development 12, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 142–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-05-2018-0033.

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PurposeLondon’s Candidature bid projected an irresistible legacy of lasting benefits for host communities and small businesses. Yet, local post-Games perspectives paint a contrasted picture – one of becoming displaced. This paper aims to draw on event legacy, specifically in relation to rising rents, threats to small business sustainability and impact on place development by empirically examining London’s localembryonic legaciesforming across one ex-hosting Olympic community: Central Greenwich.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 43 interviews with local businesses (specifically, small retailers and hospitality businesses), local authorities, London-centric and national project actors and policymakers underpin analysis, supported by official London 2012 archival, documentary and media reports, were conducted to add texture and triangulate primary and secondary data sources.FindingsJuxtaposing ex ante projections vs emerging ex post realities, this paper reveals a local legacy of small business failure fuelled by rising commercial rents and a wider indifference for protecting diverse urban high streets. Embroiled in a struggle to survive, and barely recognised as a key stakeholder and contributor to legacy, small businesses have and continue to become succeeded by a new business demographic in town: monochromatic global and national chains. Typifying the pervasive shift toward clone town spaces, this article argues that corporate colonisation displaces independent businesses, serves to homogenise town centres, dilute place-based cultural offer and simultaneously stunts access to a positive local development legacy. This paper argues that such processes lead to the production of urban blandscapes that may hamper destination competitiveness.Originality/valueExamining event legacy, specifically local legacies forming across ex-host Olympic communities, is a latent, under-researched but vital and critical aspect of scholarship. Most event legacy analysis focuses on longer-term issues for residents, yet little research focuses on both local placed-based development challenges and small business sustainability and survival post-Games. More specifically, little research examines the potential relationship between event-led gentrification, associated rising rents and aforementioned clone town problematic. Revealing and amplifying the idiosyncratic local challenges generated through an in-depth empirically driven triangulation of key local business, policy, governmental and non-governmental perspectives, is a central contribution of this article missing from extant literatures. This paper considers different ways those responsible for event legacy, place managers and developers can combat such aforementioned post-Games challenges.

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Tufts, Steven. "Building the ‘competitive city’: labour and Toronto’s bid to host the Olympic games." Geoforum 35, no. 1 (January 2004): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.01.001.

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Bakhsh, Jordan, Luke R. Potwarka, Robin Nunkoo, and Vivek Sunnassee. "Residents’ support for the Olympic Games: Single Host-City versus Multiple Host-City bid arrangements." Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 27, no. 5 (December 6, 2017): 544–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1398119.

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Bennett, Larry, Michael Bennett, Stephen Alexander, and Joseph Persky. "The Political and Civic Implications of Chicago’s Unsuccessful Bid to Host the 2016 Olympic Games." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 37, no. 4 (August 27, 2013): 364–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723513499921.

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Hautbois, Christopher, Milena M. Parent, and Benoit Séguin. "How to win a bid for major sporting events? A stakeholder analysis of the 2018 Olympic Winter Games French bid." Sport Management Review 15, no. 3 (August 2012): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.002.

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Woźniak, Wojciech. "Politics, sport mega events and grassroots mobilization. Anticipated triumph and unexpected failure of political elite in Poland." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 52, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.10.002.

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Sport mega events are the most prominent manifestations of the multidimensional and global interrelation between sport and politics. The purpose of the paper is to present the contrasting cases of two Polish SMEs: UEFA European Championships in football (Euro, 2012) and the bid for Winter Olympic Games Cracow 2022. This article pays special attention to the role of Polish political elite in promoting both events and to the grassroots movement that effectively ended the bidding for the latter event. It also discusses how the allegedly successful Euro 2012 tournament was presented in the public discourse in order to avoid conflicts and debates about the very idea of hosting the games. This proved unsuccessful in the latter case. This case deserves scrutiny as it is an unusual example of effective bottom up mobilization of civil society against the whole political elite.

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Wang, Weiming, and Eleni Theodoraki. "Mass sport policy development in the Olympic City: the case of Qingdao — host to the 2008 sailing regatta." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 127, no. 3 (May 2007): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466424007077345.

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The Olympic Games have emerged as a significant catalyst of urban change and leave numerous legacies to the cities and countries that host them. This article will address the impacts of the preparations for the 2008 Olympic sailing regatta on mass sport development in the host municipal city of Qingdao, China, and examine the government's mass sport policy and development interventions that are linked to the 2008 Olympic Bid and subsequent preparations. The research draws on policy-making theory to unravel the nature of change and development of mass sport in Qingdao, especially how national and local governments create new policies to promote mass sport development in Qingdao and persuade people to take regular physical activity and practise sports to improve health. The article indicates that the preparations for the event generate significant improvements in mass sport in Qingdao, such as the development of mass sport policies, increase in sports participation rates, creation of new sporting facilities, and consequent improvement of public health. Nevertheless, negative effects are also evidenced in the greater imbalance between rural and urban sports development, and the high fees for using the new water sports facilities.

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Tangen, Jan Ove. "Observing the limits of steering - Norway’s abortive Bid for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games in Oslo." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 14, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1993303.

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Brown, Richard, Gary Cox, and Michael Owens. "Bid, delivery, legacy – creating the governance architecture of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games legacy." Australian Planner 49, no. 3 (September 2012): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2012.706964.

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Hu, Richard Xiaoqian, and Ian Henry. "The Development of the Olympic Narrative in Chinese Elite Sport Discourse from Its First Successful Olympic Bid to the Post-Beijing Games Era." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 12 (August 12, 2016): 1427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1284818.

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Xing, Xiaoyan, Anthony G. Church, Norm O'Reilly, Ann Pegoraro, John Nadeau, Louise Heslop, and Benoit Séguin. "Olympic Games host and bid city marketing: exploring issue management in the relationships among event stakeholder groups." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 9, no. 4 (July 2008): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-09-04-2008-b009.

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Jones, Robin. "Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Culture in Republican China. By Andrew D.Morris. [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004. xx+368 pp. ISBN 0-520-24084-7.]." China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005310265.

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Over the last decade, there has been a growing media interest in the rise to world prominence of Chinese sport, fuelled first by the startling performances of China's athletes in the mid- 1990s, then by their declared interest in staging the 2000 Olympic Games, and ultimately their successful bid for the 2008 Games. As if to underline this, China leapt into second place in the medals tally of the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, thus ensuring that the media took full note of the Middle Kingdom. However, in the corresponding period (and in fact much further back) there has been little serious interest amongst Western authors writing specifically about sport in China. Indeed, of the four hundred or so references in Marrow of the Nation, just a handful are by Western authors.In finely honed detail, Andrew Morris traces the development of sport in Republican China from the early years of the 20th century, drawing a carefully argued distinction between the Anglo-American and the Euro-Japanese influences that had a major effect in shaping China's early sporting identity (although the separation of the two influences, associating Anglo with American and Euro with Japanese, glosses over the importance of European figures in British sporting history). What is striking in unravelling the threads of Chinese history, is the manner in which China “swayed with the winds of foreign influence” as the leaders tried to develop a national and modern sporting consciousness. As chapter two reveals, by the 1920s, there were also clear traces of Soviet influence – fitness and hygiene, new nationalism, new Chinese man, new meanings for sport.

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ALBERTS, HEIKE C. "Berlin's Failed Bid to Host the 2000 Summer Olympic Games: Urban Development and the Improvement of Sports Facilities." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33, no. 2 (June 2009): 502–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00847.x.

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Atkinson, Giles, Susana Mourato, Stefan Szymanski, and Ece Ozdemiroglu. "Are We Willing to Pay Enough to `Back the Bid'?: Valuing the Intangible Impacts of London's Bid to Host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games." Urban Studies 45, no. 2 (February 2008): 419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098007085971.

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Lim, Tae-Seoung, and Jae-Woo Park. "A Sociological Implication of the 2012 London Olympic Games: A Review of Social · Political Sentiment on a London Bid and Hosting for the 2012 Olympic Games in terms of the Host Country." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 61 (August 31, 2015): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2015.08.61.9.

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Hartman, Stefan, and Tjeerd Zandberg. "The future of mega sport events: examining the “Dutch Approach” to legacy planning." Journal of Tourism Futures 1, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0002.

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Purpose Mega sport events (MSE) are immensely popular but also highly criticized because these include large public budgets and involve politically sensitive topics. In this context, there is an increasing attention toward legacy planning, the effort to confer long‐term benefits to a host destination through organizing MSEs, such as the Olympic Games. When it comes to event planning, large‐scale master plans are a common approach. However, in the Netherlands the authors see that an alternative development model is pursued called the Dutch Approach to prepare for the possible candidature to host the Olympic Games of 2028. This paper aims to analyze this approach with a specific focus on whether this approach has the potential to result in a positive legacy. Design/methodology/approach The research involves a literature review which distinguishes factors that positively or negatively influence event legacies. This results in a framework which is used as a guide for a content analysis of data on the Dutch Approach. Hence, data are obtained from analyzing academic and professional literature, policy documents, research reports, and newspaper articles on the Dutch Olympic ambitions, and the planning approach thereof. Moreover, data are derived from a study by the authors on the development of the area “Sportas Amsterdam”. Findings The research identifies factors that can contribute positively and negatively to the legacy of events. It provides a unique insight into the planning process of The Netherlands in the context preparing a bid for the Olympic Games of 2028. What can be learned from the Dutch Approach is that planning for a positive legacy is a long‐term and complex process that heavily relies on the support of a range of stakeholders. Due to the range of actors involved, it involves much negotiations and becomes increasingly difficult to achieve consensus. Research limitations/implications The paper provides a reflection on the concepts of legacy and legacy planning, and outlines a set of propositions concerning the future of MSEs that present an agenda for further research. By doing to, the paper highlights the importance of focusing on how the relations between stakeholder involvement, planning approaches, and types of urban regimes influence the extent to which a positive legacy can be achieved. Originality/value The paper provides a state of the art overview of contributions on event legacy and legacy planning. It draws attention to conditions for positive legacies and implications for planning and governance approaches. It is argued that a top‐down government‐led approach to a MSE will probably have less impact on future tourism compares to the Dutch Approach.

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Yuan, Shuying. "A miraculous revitalization of Japan? A comparative analysis of the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games, the failed 2016 host city bid and the successful 2020 bid." Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 2, no. 3 (December 2013): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640599.2013.861665.

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Orr, Madeleine, and Walker J. Ross. "Assessing Climate Suitability of Three Cities for the 2027 Women’s World Cup." Case Studies in Sport Management 11, S1 (January 1, 2022): S14—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2021-0043.

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Given the impacts of climate change, sport event organizations need to adapt to changes in their environment to remain feasible, safe, competitive, and profitable. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cups take years to plan and, ideally, produce long-lasting legacy benefits for their host communities. In awarding these events to host cities and countries, the rightsholders must carefully consider the local climate to ensure that playing conditions will be safe and competitive. This case study examines the prospective 2027 FIFA Women’s World Cup bid in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands and invites students to put themselves in the position of a joint bid committee, which must assess the suitability of three cities (Brussels, Berlin, and Amsterdam) for hosting based on their climate. Furthermore, students will be asked to identify climate adaptation strategies that might be adopted by the prospective host committees to accommodate any potential climate challenges. Through this case study, students will learn to investigate the potential effects of climate, climate change, and weather issues on a mega-event; explore the relationship between sport and the natural environment; and learn to source climate data for their own communities and organizations.

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Al-Qusimy, H. N. "(A278) Providing Medical Coverage for an Unfamiliar Sport Event: Tent-Pegging and the 2nd Asian Beach Games." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002627.

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BackgroundThe addition of Tent-pegging to the 2nd Asian Beach games as one of its 14 Competition events was a welcomed step, especially to the equestrian community of the games' host country, Oman. An equestrian sport of ancient military origin with a long history in Asia, Tent-pegging It a fast-paced sport in which a lance or sword is used to pick pegs off the ground while riding a horse at full gallop. The sport is gaining popularity especially in a number of countries around the world, including Oman.Discussion and ObservationsThe hazards inherent in equestrian sports and specifically in Tent –pegging, furthermore, the mass gathering created by the equine presence, the participants, as well as the spectators, required a well planned medical coverage to safely conduct the games. Taking into account that Tent-pegging events normally receive limited medical support, the presentation will discuss the concepts and methods that are commonly followed by the host country on planning and implementing the medical care to sport events of Olympic standards, along with an illustration on how exclusively these concepts were applied to the Tent -pegging events during the 2nd Asian Beach Games. In addition, the presentation will elaborate on the challenges that were dealt with by the medical care providers, and the outcome following a 1st major sporting event of such a scale to be conducted by the host country, Oman. As more countries bid to host major sport events for their first time, suggestion for improving the methodology of providing medical coverage to a sport event will be discussed in the presentation.

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Lay, Clarry H. "Athens' failed bid for the Olympic Games: The role of ego-involvement and affect on the collective self-esteem of Greek-Canadians." European Journal of Social Psychology 22, no. 4 (July 1992): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420220406.

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Esteban, Mario. "The Management of Nationalism during the Jiang Era (1994–2002) and Its Implications On Government and Regime Legitimacy." European Journal of East Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (2006): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006106778869324.

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AbstractThis paper aims to provide a detailed explanation of how the promotion of different nationalist discourses in China entails distinct repercussions on both government and regime legitimacy, looking for the rationale of governmental appeal to both affirmative and assertive nationalism within the context of general legitimacy crisis suffered by communism in the last years.Through the analysis of case studies including the return of Hong Kong and Macao under Chinese sovereignty and the success of Beijing's bid for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, this paper regards the rise of affirmative nationalism as beneficial for the legitimacy of both the Jiang government and the CCP regime as a whole. However, the increasing relevance of assertive nationalism, discussed with reference to the Diaoyu dispute with Japan, and the diplomatic crisis with the US after the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade and the unauthorised landing of a US surveillance plane on Hainan, has put a challenge on Jiang's government, since it has been effectively used by the leftist wing of the party for gaining more leverage within the CCP with regard to the reformists. At the same time, assertive nationalism has reinforced regime legitimacy, providing effective ammunition to criticise the liberals.

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Strittmatter, Anna-Maria. "Defining a problem to fit the solution: A neo-institutional explanation for legitimising the bid for the 2016 Lillehammer winter Youth Olympic Games." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 8, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1138990.

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Deng, Jie, Tao Che, Cunde Xiao, Shijin Wang, Liyun Dai, and Akynbekkyzy Meerzhan. "Suitability analysis of ski areas in China: an integrated study based on natural and socioeconomic conditions." Cryosphere 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 2149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2149-2019.

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Abstract. The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics (Beijing 2022, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games) has greatly stimulated Chinese enthusiasm towards winter sports participation. Consequently, the Chinese ski industry is rapidly booming due to enormous market demand and government support. However, investing in ski areas in unreasonable locations will cause problems from an economic perspective (in terms of operation and management) as well as geographical concerns (such as environmental degradation). Therefore, evaluating the suitability of a ski area based on scientific metrics has become a prerequisite for the sustainable development of the ski industry. In this study, we evaluate the locational suitability of ski areas in China by integrating their natural and socioeconomic conditions using a linearly weighted method based on geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis combined with remote sensing, online, and field survey data. The key indexes for evaluating natural suitability include snow cover, air temperature, topographic conditions, water resources, and vegetation, whereas socioeconomic suitability is evaluated based on economic conditions, accessibility of transportation, distance to a tourist attraction, and distance to a city. As such, metrics ranging from 0 to 1 considering both natural and socioeconomic conditions are used to define a suitability threshold for each candidate region for ski area development. A ski area is considered to be a dismal prospect when the locational integrated index is less than 0.5. The results show that 84 % of existing ski areas are located in areas with an integrated index greater than 0.5. Finally, corresponding development strategies for decision-makers are proposed based on the multicriteria metrics, which will be extended to incorporate potential influences from future climate change and socioeconomic development. However, the snowmaking model with local data should to be used to further analyze the suitability for a specific ski area.

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Nassif, Nadim. "Corruption in Sport." Middle East Law and Governance 6, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00602003.

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Corruption in sport may have different forms: bribes to International Olympic Committee officials, gambling scandals in football games, doping… But these scourges are not only related to bribery in winning a bid to organize an international sport event or to an athlete cheating, they are also very present in the policy of the government in this field. In fact, the economic, social and political growth of sport in the end of the 20th century has put this sector on the national agendas. Today, sport policy is subject to a structure mechanism and a financing system defined and implemented by the government. Therefore, if a country has a public sector tainted with corruption, it is very likely to affect the whole government apparatus, including the sport sector. When it comes to the public sector, corruption is mainly found in the bribery of officials, kickbacks in procurement and embezzlement of funds. This article examines corruption in the Lebanese sport system. It argues that the latter is highly influenced by the state’s multiconfessional political system. This system, which is officially based on a communitarian balance that is difficult to reach, is transformed in reality into a struggle for overrepresentation, even in the field of sport. As the main goal for the different religious groups is to lead the political scene, this often implies corruptive and nepotistic behavior.

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A., Smith, and Wood Gerard. "arget Cost Contracts and The Development of Collaborative Behaviours and Value for Money in The UK Construction Industry." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 4, no. 4 (2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.44.3001.

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TCCs are seen to be a procurement model capable of achieving value for money through aligning the objectives of the parties to reduce costs. The use of Target Cost Contracts (TCCs) within the UK construction industry has increased dramatically over the past few years. TCCs have been employed successfully on recent large scale projects such as Heathrow Terminal 5, Crossrail Procurement Strategy and the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Infrastructure. Due to the success of TCCs over recent years, many clients are now turning to them in a bid to obtain value for money. However, it seems that they do not always drive parties to minimise costs and provide value for money. This research paper investigates the extent to which TCCs promote collaborative behaviours and provide value for money within the UK construction industry. More particularly, the research explores the following: which projects TCCs should be used on and how the maturity of the design when agreeing the target cost can affect value for money; how setting both the target cost and the pain/gain mechanism can affect the incentivisation of the contractor to minimise costs; the extent to which TCCs promote collaboration between the contractor, client and supply chain; and what is required to manage a TCC post-contract to ensure that incentivisation is maintained. It has become apparent from the research that TCCs are complex procurement models which require extensive consideration and management to ensure parties are incentivised to minimise costs. The research reveals that although TCCs can promote collaborative behaviours and provide value for money, there is a prerequisite to doing so: developing and managing the TCC correctly to ensure that the objectives of the parties are aligned.

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Hur, Chan Hyeon, and Kihan Kim. "The Influence of PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games’ Bid Announcement on the Real Estate Prices of the Host Regions : An Application of the Difference-in-Difference Analysis." Korean Journal of Sport Management 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31308/kssm.25.4.6.

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Saad, Khadija, Sofia Salama, Peter Horvatovich, Mohammed Al Maadheed, and Costas Georgakopoulos. "Olympic anti-doping laboratory: the analytical technological road from 2016 Rio De Janeiro to 2021 Tokyo." Bioanalysis 13, no. 19 (October 2021): 1511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2021-0157.

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The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Olympic Games bid'

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