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1
PLEKET, H. W. "The Olympic Games in antiquity." European Review 12, no. 3 (July 2004): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000341.
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The Olympic Games are an invention of the ancient Greeks. They were held in Olympia in a quadrennial rhythm, without interruption for ca. 1200 years. Compared with the modern Olympics, the ancient programme was small: running events (over several distances), the pentathlon, and the so-called ‘heavy’ events: wrestling, boxing and pankration. Various equestrian events (with and without chariots) completed the programme. This programme is discussed with the athletes, their social background and ideology. Although in ancient Olympia a wreath of olive-leaves – a forerunner of our modern gold medal – was the first and only prize, there was no amateurism in Greek athletics. Olympic athletes happily participated in highly rewarding money games both before and after the Olympics. Money was not despised; abuse of money, in the form of Wine, Women and Song was criticized, but some athletes, then as now, were unable to resist the temptations of life.
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Stoiljković, Sofija. "Olympic entertainer." Metodicka praksa 26, m. br. (2023): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/metpra2302228s.
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Daily practice shows that educators, teachers, and children find it interesting to jointly organize sports events and competitions that they call "small Olympics, athletic Olympics - in the world of competition and the like". For example, similar to this was the final event of preschoolers in the primary school "Mladost" from Belgrade in June 2023. It is interesting to emphasize that before the new era, the Olympiads represented a unit of measure of 4 years between two Olympic Games. The Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Paris in 2024. This paper is intended, primarily for those who are interested in the Olympic Games as the largest sports competition in the world, which is held every four years. In this paper, all members of one family can find something interesting, both the youngest and the oldest. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint readers of different ages with the origin of the Olympic Games, both ancient (Olympia before the new era) and these modern (renewed) ones that were created inspired by the ancient Olympic Games. This paper can serve as a good starting point, primarily for educators, but also for teachers, for planning project and teaching activities on the topic of the Olympic Games, sports competitions, mythology, winter and summer sports, Paralympic competitions, various symbols that are dominant before some planetary events in the near future such as the Olympic Games in Paris in 2024, as well as nations, continents and cities that at least briefly unite the idea of the Olympic Games.
3
Huang, Bailin. "Organizational Model and Event Operation of the Modern Olympic Games -A Case Study of the 2024 Paris Olympic Games." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 51, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/51/20230642.
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This study is mainly about the organization of the modern Olympic games and the way they operate these games. In the beginning, the passage will introduce the Olympic games, like the original of the games and the whole situation about the Olympic games. Then, the passage will introduce the Paris Olympic Games. The passage will go through the Paris Olympic Games to analyze the organizational model and event operation of the modern Olympic Games. Firstly, the passage will analyze the new sports which are the first time appearing in Paris and the planning of each competition. Next, the passage will talk about the venue in Paris. In the next paragraph, the passage compares Paris and London Olympics. It will use some specific data to show the advantages of the Paris Olympics, which are better than the London Olympics and show the progress of the Paris Olympic Games. The passage will compare these two Olympic games in some ways, like cost, venue, arrangement of the competitions, containment, the new technology used in the Olympics. Moreover, it will talk about the improvement of the Paris Olympic Games, even the modern Olympics, which will hold in the future. Finally, the conclusion will show the advantages of the operation and organization model of the Paris Olympic Games. The data on the Olympics may have limitations, so it will also show the progress and the improvement of the Olympic games through the comparison between the two Olympic games.
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Smart, Barry. "Consuming Olympism: Consumer culture, sport star sponsorship and the commercialisation of the Olympics." Journal of Consumer Culture 18, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517747146.
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The roots of Olympism lie in the late 19th century and Baron Pierre de Coubertin’s revival of the Olympic Games. The values of Olympism have been increasingly compromised by subsequent developments which have significantly transformed modern sport. Professionalism, commercialism, proliferating forms of spectacular media representation and a globalising consumer culture have transformed the Olympic Games and reduced the values of Olympism to marketing rhetoric. The summer Olympic Games in particular have become unrivalled marketing opportunities for host cities, consumer brands, and participating athletes, for whom the prospect of sporting success now promises to deliver wealth, stardom, and iconic global status beyond track and field. The complex forms of articulation of the Olympics with consumer culture are at the heart of the article which gives critical consideration to (1) the increasing commercialisation of the Olympic Games, (2) the growth of Olympic merchandising and (3) a comparison of the athletic performances, profiles, and consumer sponsorship statuses of three generations of iconic Olympic sprinters, Jesse Owens, Carl Lewis, and Usain Bolt, confirming in conclusion that the Olympic Games is immersed within and infused by a pervasive consumer culture.
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Beck, Peter J. "Britain and the Olympic Games: London 1908, 1948, 2012." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.21.
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Abstract London’s bid to host the 2012 Olympic games was accompanied, indeed reinforced, by the presentation of histories recording the lengthy and committed nature of Britain’s relationship with the Olympic Movement, most notably as highlighted by hosting the 1908 and 1948 games. Apart from being employed to contextualize London’s bid, the 1908 and 1948 London Olympiads represent key chapters in histories presenting both Britain’s Olympic past and the Olympic Movement. In particular, they illuminate major issues concerning the nature and role of the Olympic games as well as the attitude of British governments, media, and opinion towards Olympism. Despite the British Olympic Association’s best efforts, during the period between 1908 and 1948 Britons often proved indifferent, indeed frequently negative, towards Olympism, even if the 1948 Olympics showed evidence of a possible change of course, at least in the short term.
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Printz, János Károly. "Hungary’s Olympic Successes." Polgári szemle 17, Special Issue (2021): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2021.0024.
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The games that took place in the ancient city of Olympia every four years for over a millennium held great interest for the people of Greece, and the same is true for the modern Olympics, which have recently celebrated their125th anniversary. The title of Olympic champion has always commanded great respect, granting victorious athletes lifelong recognition in their homeland. Hungary has been a part of the Olympic Movement since the revival of the Games. Our athletes have represented our nation at every Summer and Winter Olympic Games except for two, and they never returned without victories from the Summer Games. Not too long ago, the first Hungarian gold medal was won in the history of the Winter Olympics. The performance of Hungarian Olympians has always been remarkable. As a result, statistics and assessments show that Hungary is a real sports nation, among countries that boast the best results. This has been demonstrated by the six gold medals and altogether twenty podium finishes achieved in Tokyo. With the recent successes at the Tokyo Olympics in mind, the purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of certain relevant aspects of the history of the Olympics and the success achieved by Hungarian athletes throughout the years. It also aims to examine the room for maneuver of the evaluation and analysis of the Olympic results, including dynamic approaches and comparisons with international results.
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Stamenković, Miloš. "A time of success and pride: From Paris (1924) to Paris (2024): Representatives of Serbia at the Olympic games." Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove 10, no. 2 (2023): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spes2302113s.
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The history of the Summer Olympic Games is too rich and deserves a lot of space and attention. Between the two Olympics in Paris (1924-2024), exactly 100 years have passed. A whole century. This city was the organizer of the Olympic Games in 1900, when France won the most medals. This work and the idea of extracting the names of medal winners from these areas from the multitude of data is a modest contribution to the preservation of the Olympic spirit. For all athletes, going to the Olympic Games is a dream come true. The intention is to encourage already established athletes to fulfill the norm and find themselves in the selection of Serbia in 2024 at the Olympics in Paris. And so that they never forget the message: Persistence, will and love for sports are the drivers of many sporting and life activities and feats. The history of Olympism, scholarly works and books, will celebrate the pride of each Olympic medal-winning nation.
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Zeleneva, Irina Vladimirovna, and Mikhail Sergeevich Terekhov. "The influence of the Olympic Games on the formation of the image of Russia." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2022): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2022.4.38609.
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In recent years, Russia has been paying great attention to the Olympic Games. The Olympic Movement plays an important role in shaping the country's foreign policy image and promoting national interests. The purpose of this article is to determine what impact the Olympic Games have on the formation of the image of the Russian Federation. The main stages of Russia's participation in the Olympic Games in 1994-2022, forming the image of the country, are highlighted. The study showed that the first two stages, including the period from 1994 to 2012 and the 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, were extremely successful in forming a positive image of Russia, which was constructed thanks to the successes of Russian athletes, the construction of a "Russian House" in Olympic parks, the opening and closing ceremonies at the Sochi Olympics, as well as the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad project. The image of Russia as a great sports power was strengthened. However, Russia's participation in the Olympics from 2016 to 2022 was not so successful and affected the image of our country. The deterioration of the image was caused by various doping scandals related to Russian athletes. The authors came to the conclusion that the Olympic Games from 1994 to 2012 and the Olympic Games in Sochi – 2014, which we refer to the first two stages, had a steady positive effect on the image of Russia. However, the negative factors that have arisen since 2016 partially offset the successes achieved in this direction in previous years. Due to the current geopolitical situation, holding another Olympic Games in Russia is not expected in the foreseeable future, so at the moment the best option is to focus on the development of sports within the country. Also, to create a positive image of Russia, it is important to revive the practice of creating a "Russian House" in Olympic parks.
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Xu, Jiale, Xiaoyu Hua, Ruheng Yan, and Xinyu Han. "Research on Organizing Strategies for the Olympic Games Based on the TOPSIS Method." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 21 (December 12, 2023): 1025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v21i.14943.
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Fewer and fewer countries have bid to host the Olympic Games in recent years because of the negative short- and long-term impacts that bidding to host the Games has had on the country. A sustainable and healthy Olympic Games will have a huge positive impact on the country, so it is quite meaningful to assess the ability of an Olympic Games to be sustainable. In order to assess the success of the Olympic Games, we designed the Olympic Sustainability Index (OSI) as a primary indicator. Then, using McKinsey Logic Tree Analysis, we constructed a three-level evaluation index system, and we designed three secondary indicators and 10 tertiary indicators. The entropy weight method was used to determine the weights between the three-level indicators, and CRITIC weighting method was used to determine the weights between the second-level indicators, and finally an OSI evaluation model was built. After that, we collected the data of tertiary indicators from 1992 to 2020 Winter Olympics and Summer Olympics, and based on the above evaluation model, we got the OSI of each Olympic Games, among which the Vancouver Winter Olympics and Beijing Summer Olympics had the highest index. Since the OSI of the Olympic Games fluctuates greatly, in order to attenuate it, we propose the strategy of "fixed host city", i.e., selecting Vancouver and Beijing as the host cities of the Winter Olympic Games and the Summer Olympic Games, respectively.
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Miller, Peter J. "The Archaeology of Hellenism: Olympia and the Presence of the Past." Journal of Olympic Studies 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/26396025.5.1.01.
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Abstract Olympia holds a central place in conceptions of modern sport, Hellenism, and the Olympic Games. This article traces the concurrent development of the site and Panhellenism and Hellenism through its landscape, built environment, and its reception over the past 3,000 years. By tying together Pierre de Coubertin's Olympism to the physical landscape of ancient Olympia, this article argues that the site itself has contributed, through multiple permutations and through several key changes in the early Iron Age, Roman period, and nineteenth century to the global Hellenism that is at the foundation of the modern Olympic Games.
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Zhang, Bin, and YuFeng Liu. "Research on Sustainable Development of Olympic Games Based on Ecological Carrying Capacity Analysis." Journal of Sensors 2022 (May 11, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4907366.
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The Olympic Games is a comprehensive social and cultural activity with the most complicated system and the largest scale. With the development of the Olympic Games, the ecological problems brought by the Olympic Games have attracted increasing attention, and the sustainable development of the Olympic Games has been put on the agenda. Based on the comprehensive index of Ecological Carrying Capacity (ECC), Environmental Kuznets Curve, and carbon footprint analysis of the Olympic Games host city competition cycle, this study analyzes three modes of ECC of the host city: light urban ecological burden mode, heavy urban ecological burden mode, and overload urban ecological burden mode. Based on the temperature sensor and GPS positioning, the land surface temperature change map of Tokyo, Japan, from 1990 to 2015 is obtained, and the heat island effect of Tokyo is obtained. This paper analyzes the case of using sensors for intelligent event management such as venue detection in the sustainable development plan of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics; the idea and practice of thrifty hosting of 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and 2022 Hangzhou Asian Games holds that in most cases, the ECC of the host city of the Olympic Games is under great pressure, so it is necessary to pay attention to the ECC of the host city. The sustainable development of the Olympic Games is an important issue in the development of the Olympics, but the sustainable development plan of the Olympics is still being explored. It is suggested that the sustainable development of the Olympic Games needs to evaluate the ECC of the host city in the whole cycle, establish the principle of ecological priority to avoid the overload mode of ecological burden, strive to achieve carbon neutrality in the competition, and practice the idea of scientific frugality in running the competition.
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Neroda, N. V., and Yu A. Briskin. "The Second Stage of Development of the Modern Olympic Movement According to the Author's Complex-Factological Periodization." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.02.296.
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The purpose of the study was substantiation and characterization of the second stage of development of the modern Olympic movement within the author's complex-factological periodization. Materials and methods. The main materials consisted of scientific articles dedicated to the research problem, archival data and International Olympic Committee guidelines, posted on the official website of the International Olympic Committee. Theoretical analysis and generalizations were used for the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and documentary materials on the issues of research and assessment of the state of the problem under study. A systematic approach was used to study Olympic sports as a dynamic social system. Historical methods made it possible to study the formation and development of the processes and events of the Olympic movement in chronological order, to determine the stages of development of the Olympic movement. Results and discussion. The second stage of development of the Olympic movement from 1919 to 1939 was quite difficult not only for the Olympic movement, but also for the entire world community, since it falls on the period between the two world wars. The decisions made by the VII-IX Olympic Congresses and sessions of the International Olympic Committee during this period became the fundamental principles for the development and functioning of the Olympic movement at the second stage of its development: the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee was reformed; requirements for the organization and holding of the Olympic Games were detailed; the Winter Olympic Games were introduced; the Permanent Council of Delegates of the Olympic International Federations was established, which was entrusted with cooperation with the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee on resolving issues related to the sports included in the program of the Olympic Games; the procedure for admission to participation in the Olympic Games and the formulation of amateur status were specified. The decision of the XI Olympic Congress regulated the duration of the Olympic Games up to 16 days, including the opening day, and the number of participants from each country for individual and team competitions. During the stage, the formation of the ceremonial of the Olympic Games takes place: the raising of the Olympic flag and the proclamation of the Olympic oath on behalf of the participants during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games (the Games of the VII Olympiad, 1920); the raising of three flags (the International Olympic Committee flag, the host country flag and the next host country flag) during the closing ceremony (the Games of the VIII Olympiad, 1924); the order of exit of the participating countries (the Games of the IX Olympiad, 1928); Olympic torch relay (the Games of the XI Olympiad, 1936). As for the first stage, the characteristic feature of the stage of 1919-1939 is the positive dynamics of the number of participants and representation of countries at the Olympic Games: from 2622 participants from 29 countries at the Games of the VII Olympiad (Antwerp, 1920) to 3963 athletes from 49 countries at the Games of the XI Olympiad (Berlin, 1936) and from 260 participants from 16 countries at the I Winter Olympic Games (Chamonix, 1924) to 646 athletes from 28 countries at the IV Winter Olympic Games (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936). The increase in the number of the National Olympic Committees and participants is due both to the growing popularity of the Olympic movement and the emergence of new independent countries in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The number of women among the participants in the Olympic Games also increased from 65 (Antwerp, 1920) to 331 athletes (Berlin, 1936) due to an increase in the number of sports and disciplines with their participation. The second stage of the development of the Olympic movement is characterized by the stability of sports and the decrease of kinds of competitions in the program of the Olympic Games. Conclusion. We consider 1919 and 1939 to be the boundaries of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement. They were the years of the first post-war session of the International Olympic Committee (Lausanne) and the beginning of the Second World War, which made it impossible for the further development and functioning of the Olympic movement. The main characteristics of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement are the strengthening of its position in the world community, the formation of the ceremonial protocol of the Olympic Games, the beginning of the Winter Olympic Games, further improvement of the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic movement, the growing influence of international federations in the Olympic movement, in particular in solving issues of admission and control over compliance with competition rules, further improvement and stabilization of the Olympic Games program, cooperation and delimitation of powers of the Olympic movement bodies: the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committees and the Council of Delegates of Olympic International Federations
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Li, Hongyang, Bao Liu, and Xinglin Zhu. "Research on Olympic Site Selection Based on Evaluation Model." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 68 (October 9, 2023): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v68i.11929.
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In recent years, most countries and cities have suffered certain negative effects, and the motivation to host the Olympic Games has dropped significantly, and the number of countries declaring the Olympics has decreased. This paper gives two options for holding the Olympic Games as a way to help the ICMG committee solve the Olympic Games site selection problem.determining the permanent site for the Olympic Games, considering that the permanent site requires a certain level of prestige and economic support from the country, the paper decided to start with countries that have hosted the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, because these countries tend to have a better Olympic atmosphere and the old sites of Olympic stadiums can help ease the burden of the host country. In order to select the most suitable permanent site from the former host countries, the paper considered a number of indicators to describe the success of previous Olympic Games, such as economic level, human satisfaction, the level of prestige of the host country or city, etc., and subdivided the secondary indicators on the basis of the primary indicators, thus establishing the Olympic Site Evaluation System, which was adopted by the EWM-TOPSIS model to rate each host, and the most suitable permanent site for the Summer Olympics is London, UK, while the most suitable permanent site for the Winter Olympics is Lake Placid, USA, by Matlab software solution.Holding the Four Seasons Olympics. In this paper, firstly, according to the IOC’s classification criteria for the Games, the paper determined the major sports to be held in four seasons based on reasonable criteria, including 10 major sports in spring, 17 major sports in summer, 3 major sports in autumn and 7 major sports in winter.
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Kuvaldina, Olga, and Volodymyr Driukov. "Performance of the national fencing team of Ukraine at the XXXII Olympic Games and the prospects of its performance at the next Olympic Games." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 11(143) (November 30, 2021): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.11(143).17.
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Analysis of Ukrainian athletes’ results at the XXXII Olympiad Games allows pointing out the factors of the weak performance of Ukrainian athletes in women's individual saber and epee competitions, as well as men's team epee competitions, despite the possibility of winning medals in these sports events according to many analysts including those of Infostrada Sports and other sports statistics experts. These, in our opinion, include an unsatisfactory level of efficiency of the process of reaching the peak of readiness for the Olympic Games; lack of psychological stability of athletes at the competitions; weak tactical preparation of some athletes. Based on the performances of athletes of the Ukrainian fencing team in Tokyo, a conclusion was made about the unsatisfactory level of athletes’ preparation for the XXXII Olympic Games. Only 20% of the national team members were able to realize their potential at the XXXII Olympic Games. The dynamics of the athletes’ results at the World Championships 2017 – 2019 indicates the need to use in the new Olympic cycle the planning, which is focused on our athletes reaching the peak of readiness for the Olympics: at first, the training should be aimed at the maximum stimulation of the growth of sportsmanship, whereas at the final stage it should be focused on its realization in the major competitions. It is shown that despite the unsuccessful performance of the Ukrainian fencing team in the Olympic Tokyo, this type of martial arts has significant potential for improving sports achievements at the XXXIII Olympic Games 2024 in Paris. It is noted that in the new Olympic cycle it is of crucial importance to identify candidates for the XXXIII Olympic Games as soon as possible and to create all the conditions for their full-fledged preparation. Thus, to ensure further winning medal places at the Olympic Games, it is necessary to improve the system of sports training in the Olympic cycle, which envisages participation in numerous competitions during the year to achieve a high level of readiness in the major competitions of triennial – the Olympic Games.
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Elsborg, Peter, Gregory M. Diment, and Anne-Marie Elbe. "Sport Psychology Consultants’ Perceptions of Their Challenges at the London 2012 Olympic Games." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 2 (June 2015): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0105.
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The objective of this study was to explore how sport psychology consultants perceive the challenges they face at the Olympic Games. Post-Olympics semistructured interviews with 11 experienced sport psychology consultants who worked at the London Games were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and inductively content analyzed. Trustworthiness was reached through credibility activities (i.e., member checking and peer debriefing). The participants perceived a number of challenges important to being successful at the Olympic Games. These challenges were divided into two general themes: Challenges Before the Olympics (e.g., negotiating one’s role) and Challenges During the Olympics (e.g., dealing with the media). The challenges the sport psychology consultants perceived as important validate and cohere with the challenge descriptions that exist in the literature. The findings extend the knowledge on sport psychology consultancy at the Olympic Games by showing individual contextual differences between the consultants’ perceptions and by identifying four SPC roles at the Olympic Games.
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Siekel, Anton, Zuzana Vodáčková, Matej Šebesta, and Peter Plavčan. "A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AT THE TOKYO 2020 AND BEIJING 2022 OLYMPIC GAMES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 3 (December 1, 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v3.294.
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National and international sports are well recognized in the international Olympic movement. The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the major global sporting events, uniting the entire world together for world peace. Managing the health and safety of athletes at these top sporting events is an important task. During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, sound organisational policies and effective preventive measures to protect athletes from infection at the Olympic Games were essential. Currently, there is not much information on the spread of COVID-19 infection in sports events and the effectiveness of preventive measures. The present study analyses the preventive measures for COVID-19 at Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. The study is based on the official documents of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. It compares the COVID-19 spread and preventive measures taken by the organisers at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
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Šiljak, Violeta. "The Competitions that Have Contributed to the Rise and Spread of the Olympic Movement in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2020-0003.
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SummaryThe establishment of the modern Olympic Games can be considered a logical sequence of the Games that preceded them. The Cotswold, Wenlock, and Greek Olympic Games are known as the forerunners of the modern Olympic Games. The subject of this research is related to the competitions which also contributed to the rise and spread of the Olympic movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. The aim of the research is to point out the importance of organizing the Palic Olympics, the Olympic competitions in Serbia and the Women’s Olympic Games, which, thanks to their organizers, at that historic moment contributed to a certain extent to the expansion of the Olympic Movement. Baron Lajos Vermes, a famous athlete and a sports patron was the founder of the Palić Olympics, among many other sports competitions, which were regularly held in what was then Austria-Hungary at Lake Palić in the period from 1880 to 1906. In the early 20th century in Serbia, the officers who were educated in France, where they had met with the Olympic movement, upon their return to the country began to organize numerous and various competitions that had the adjective “Olympic” in their names. The perseverance in the work on the Olympic idea soon led to the establishment of the Serbian Olympic Club in 1910, and thanks to Captain Svetomir Đukić it also led to the inclusion in the IOC in 1912. In the period between the two world wars Alice Milliat worked hard on the equal inclusion of women in the Olympic movement. The requests for equal inclusion of women in the Olympic competition program that were rejected multiple times finally yielded results after the organization of the Women’s Olympic Games in 1922 in Paris.The research results should show the importance of these Games, giving them the opportunity to be included among the already well-known forerunners of the Olympic Games.
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Julien, PH. "Podiatry in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-9-425.
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The 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, were the largest in Olympic history, with 197 countries participating. These Centennial Games also represented podiatry's greatest involvement in the Olympics to date. The author describes the planning, organization, delivery, and outcome of podiatric medical care in an Olympic Games setting and presents data to assist in the future utilization of podiatry in other multiday, multievent sport competitions.
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Maguire, Joseph, Katie Butler, Sarah Barnard, and Peter Golding. "Olympism and Consumption: An Analysis of Advertising in the British Media Coverage of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games." Sociology of Sport Journal 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.2.167.
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Drawing on work located within critical political economy and process sociology, this article uses content analysis to examine the types, frequency, and content of Olympic related advertising in the British press and television during the 2004 Athens Olympics. We assessed the degree to which The Olympic Partner (TOP) sponsors incorporated themes derived from Olympism and the Celebrate Humanity program, as well as from consumer culture more broadly. Our findings suggest that relatively few advertisers incorporated themes relating to Olympism, and that those that did focused on “excellence,” which is arguably more indicative of the achievement sports ethic and consumerism than of Olympic ideals.
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Zhao, Zeqi, Shiding Mou, and Jinfan Bai. "Olympic Games Site Selection Based on EWM-TOPSIS." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 60 (July 25, 2023): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v60i.10337.
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Due to the high cost and lack of benefits of reporting the Olympic Games, the incentive for countries to host the Games has declined significantly in recent years, and the number of countries applying to host the Games has decreased. This paper attempts a new option for hosting the Olympic Games - a fixed venue location. In order to identify a permanent venue for the summer and winter seasons respectively, this paper selects the most suitable option from countries that have hosted either the summer or winter Olympic Games. The EWM-TOPSIS model was used to calculate the scores of each venue, and the best venue for the Summer Olympics was calculated to be London, and the best venue for permanent Winter Olympics was Lake Placid, USA.
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Selliaas, Andreas. "From Olympic massacre to the Olympic Stress Syndrome." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47, no. 3 (January 17, 2012): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690211433481.
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In this article I argue that the development of measures against terrorism at the Olympics from the Munich Games in 1972 until today has fostered new national and international security cooperation for the benefit of non-Olympic events. Also I argue that the security organization of the Olympics at present is in a state of Olympic Stress Syndrome. Central to the future organizers of the Olympic Games will be the costs of securing such events, as well as the willingness of spectators and athletes to participate in a sporting event where there is an ever-increasing focus on security and terrorism. Perhaps this heightened focus on security will make the Olympics less interesting – not only for participants and organizers, but also for terrorists?
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Duckworth, Austin. "“Decisive Political Means”: International Security Cooperation and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games." Journal of Sport History 48, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.48.1.0017.
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Abstract The International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Seoul, South Korea, as the host of the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1981. Due to the acrimonious history between the two nations, in particular North Korea’s bombing of a South Korean civilian airplane in 1987, fear existed that North Korea might attack the games. In response to the North Korean threat, the IOC, national governments, and national Olympic committees worked together to provide security for the 1988 Seoul Olympics. As relations between the United States and Soviet Union slowly improved, protecting the Olympics factored into arms-control discussions between the two rivals. Simultaneously, despite a long-held aversion to politics interfering with sport, the situation forced the IOC to manipulate political ties to ensure a safe Olympic Games. This system of international security cooperation had a lasting impact on Olympic security.
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Islam, Shofiq, Christopher J. Taylor, Jennifer L. Cole, Gary M. Walton, and Gary R. Hoffman. "Going for Gold: British Medical Olympians 1908–2008." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363513x13500508920013.
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The modern Olympic Games began in 1896. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), is commonly considered to be the father of these Games. The modern Olympics are often viewed as a revival of the Games of antiquity, which were held on a four-yearly cycle.
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Rowberg, Kathryn, and Meg Rincker. "Environmental Sustainability at the Olympic Games: Comparing Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Games." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n4p121.
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The modern Olympic Games have evolved from events fostering international peace and goodwill to showcases of athleticism and commercialism. More recently sustainability became a pillar of the Game site selection process. This paper focuses on two Olympic Games: Rio 2016 (completed) and Tokyo 2020 (upcoming). The goals of Sustainability Plans and pre-game reports for the two Olympic sites are analyzed using weighted summation method of Multi-attribute Value theory and the framework of environmental, economic and social-cultural sustainability, with emphasis on environmental sustainability. Post-game analysis and legacy stories are reviewed for Rio 2016. Application of legacy stories to future Olympics sites is examined. Last, Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020, in terms of actual and anticipated success in sustainability initiatives, are compared for the impact these two Games may have on future Olympic Game sites.Keywords: Sustainability, environmental sustainability, Olympic Games, Rio 2016, Tokyo 2020
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Włodarczyk, Arkadiusz. "Olympic Games in Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 – sport, logistics, media." Studies in Sport Humanities 23 (July 12, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2888.
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The subject matter of the 1936 Olympic Games is mainly taken up in a political context because, at that time, both the summer and winter Olympic Games were held in Nazi Germany. On the other hand, however, the Olympics proved to be a great success in terms of organisation, communication and new technological solutions. This article is an attempt to show the preparations and conduct of the Olympic Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in terms of organisation, logistics and media. The article is based on the offi cial Olympic report, press releases from that period and information from the Olympic exhibition at the stadium in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
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Rozmiarek, Mateusz. "The legacy of the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the context of sports tourism." Studies in Sport Humanities 29 (December 31, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4468.
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The IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Ga-Pa) are regarded by researchers as a test stage for the international demonstration of the German Reich’s economic power in relation to the Games of the XI Olympiad in Berlin, which were organized half a year later. Through the Games, Adolf Hitler sought to test all of his resources and means, thereby testing the country’s readiness to host another major sporting event. Despite numerous controversies related to the intense exposition of Nazi politics and anti-Semitism, the Olympic Games were remembered among the international public as a professionally organized event, among others thanks to the modern and extremely functional sports facilities of the time. The aim of this paper is to characterize the Olympic legacy of Ga- Pa, which due to its numerous remnants and nowadays well-maintained historical sports base contributes to the development of sports tourism in Germany. This account is briefl y preceded by an account of the preparation and course of the IV Winter Olympics.
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Лазоренко, Сергій, Дмитро Балашов, and Микола Чхайло. "ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЯ ЯВИЩА «ТРАНСГЕНДЕР» У СУЧАСНОМУ ОЛІМПІЙСЬКОМУ СПОРТІ." Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології, no. 5-6(99-100) (August 31, 2020): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24139/2312-5993/2020.05-06/190-202.
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Relevance of the Research Topic. The forthcoming Olympic Games in July 2021 in Tokyo – the capital of the rising Sun country – in the view of most heads of international sports federations, which absolutely support the aspects of the current Olympic concept, and the athletes preparing to demonstrate the best sides of modern Olympic sports during the Tokyo Olympic Games, can become most scandalous in the context of determining the winners of the Games, the fairness of Olympic records, especially in women’s competitions and Athletes-Transgenders’ participation in the Games. In the history of the modern Olympic movement, these will be the first Olympics Games in which, alongside biological women, will compete representatives of the male half of humanity, who have artificially changed gender. The last four years, following the Games in Rio de Janeiro, have been marked by a total struggle against doping in sports. The purpose of the research is to study the issues of transgender ontology in modern Olympic sport and solutions to this problem. Being used research methods are analysis, comparison and generalization of historical information and its systematization according to the dialectic of the problem’s development. Results of the study. The International Olympic Committee has decided to purge modern Olympic sports from this shameful phenomenon, because peaceful Olympic rivalry is a demonstration of the individual qualities of the athlete, not a rivalry of the modern achievements in medicine and pharmacology. This struggle demonstrated the fundamental position of the IOC towards athletes, teams and national teams, who, for the sake of high sport achievements, used prohibited pharmacological drugs, manipulated of doping tests, etc. in the preparation for official competitions. The result of this struggle is the removal of specified subjects from participation in 2021 Games. Conclusions. The authors of the article tried to explore the dialectic of the transgender phenomenon in modern Olympic sports and to identify aspects of the IOC policy regarding the admission of transgender athletes to the 2021 Summer Olympics.
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Zhang, Yuan, Zhongqi Xu, and Jiabing Wu. "Influence of Beijing Winter Olympic Games Construction on Vegetation Coverage around Zhangjiakou Competition Zone." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 12777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312777.
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There is a rising concern that Olympic venue construction may affect the surrounding environment. The construction of Winter Olympic venues and competition zones is more likely to degrade the surrounding natural environment than the summer counterpart, considering the prominent land use change and extensive vegetation disturbance during the construction of ski trails in mountainous areas. Scientific assessment of the impact of this Winter Olympic Games construction on the surrounding ecological environment can be of significance for the construction of a Green Olympics. At this stage, the main framework of venue and competition construction in Zhangjiakou for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games is essentially completed, so we assessed the vegetation coverage change conditions based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2000 to 2020. Our results show that the construction of venues, roads, and other facilities for the 2022 Olympic Games led to a remarkable change in land use, but the impacts on vegetation coverage were negligible in the surrounding area. Due to the intensive reforestation activities since the year that Beijing won the race to host the Winter Olympics, vegetation coverage continued to increase in the Zhangjiakou area, even in the core area of Winter Olympic Games construction zones. This study provides support to the belief in hosting a Green Olympics.
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WEILER, INGOMAR. "The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin." European Review 12, no. 3 (July 2004): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000365.
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Coubertin's contribution to the revival of the Olympic Games and the widespread opinion that the modern Games were ‘a French invention’ should be placed in their broad historical context. There are several arguments for and against the assumption that he was the founder, or ‘father’, of the modern Olympics and the Olympic movement. The historical development of the Olympic ideas since the time of Humanism will be discussed, along with the Renaissance and the various attempts to organize Olympic Games before 1896, with a further emphasis on the importance of Neo-Humanism and classical scholarship in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, in order better to understand ancient Greek athletics. Finally Pierre de Coubertin's concept of the Olympic Games and the contributions of the young Greek nation for the rebirth of the famous ancient games after the War of Independence will be analysed.
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Lyu, Dongye, and Zhuotong Wu. "Gender identity and Olympic games: The iridescence in Tokyo 2020." Estudios LGBTIQ+, Comunicación y Cultura 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eslg.77840.
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The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games has brought great strides in terms of equality and inclusion. At least 185 publicly out LGBTIQ+ athletes have attended this global mega-event, which is more than triple the number from the 2016 Rio Olympics. This study investigates the sports participation of the LGBTIQ+ group based on qualitative method of literature review and logical analysis. It first examines the literature about the LGBTIQ+ group's sports participation and then sheds light on the evolution of gender characteristics of Olympics and sports from a historical research perspective. Finally, taking Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games as an example, this work discusses the state quo and future of the LGBTIQ+ group's Olympic participation. The results indicate that sex discrimination in sports has a long history. As the most important global sporting event, the Olympic Games have gone through different stages from the "male-exclusivity" to the gender binary system. However, true gender equality has not yet been realized. In addition, it points out that the Tokyo Olympics is of positive significance for promoting inclusiveness and equality. The ever-developing inclusiveness and diversity will probably break the gender competition mechanism of the Olympic Games. Sports institutions need to deal well with issues of gender equality and fair competition
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Lupien, Philippe-Antoine. "Sport and public service in Canada: The roots of the inherent bonds between the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada and the Olympic Games." International Communication Gazette 79, no. 2 (March 2017): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048516689192.
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This article outlines the evolution of sports broadcasting on Canadian television, focusing on the broadcast of the Olympic Games. I argue that history of the Olympics on national television exemplifies the evolution of the idea of public service television in Canada. Specifically, it reflects the delicate balance between the nation’s public and private broadcasters, whose relationship extends far beyond mere competition. The public service raison d’être and mission have nonetheless been called into question throughout the development of television. Incidentally, the values of the Olympic movement were also called into question in this period, during which the Games evolved from an all-amateur Olympiad to a fully commercial spectacle designed for (and by) television.
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Kovpak, Volodymyr. "INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES AS MEGA-EVENT ON URBANIZATION PROCESSES IN THE CITY AND THE REGION." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 77 (May 24, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.241-252.
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In recent decades, the Olympic Games have become one of the most important mega-events in the world. The large number of cities applying for the Olympics and the increase in mega-event budgets indicate that the leadership of cities and regions perceive the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool to improve economic and social aspects in cities by accumulating investment.
Since its inception, the Olympic Games have closely influenced urbanization processes in host societies. From the second half of the 20th century, a significant evolution can be observed via increasing the scale of the mega-event: from the Olympic mono-stadium to the Olympic quarter, urban and regional planning. Thus, the Olympics began to provide investment not only in sports infrastructure but also in becoming an element of urban and regional renewal and development, introducing changes in transport infrastructure, housing, parks, streets, public space.
From the point of view of urban and regional planning, the holding of such a mega-event as the Olympics is considered within the concept of the Olympic heritage; namely, researchers study the material impact of mega-events. The tangible Olympic legacy is divided into sports and non-sports. The sports heritage of mega-events includes sports facilities, as well as training facilities. The non-sporting heritage of the mega-event includes the Olympic Villages (after the mega-event, the Olympic Village usually becomes the city's housing stock), the media center (which has the potential to become a shopping, entertainment, exhibition, or multicenter), renewed transport infrastructure and public and park spaces, urban environment.
Especially for cities hosting a mega-event, the benefits of hosting the Olympics can be vast and varied. In the post-Fordism world, cities began to consider the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool for the revival of the city. Such applications can be called "regeneration games". The Olympic Games can be part of a strategic plan to renovate the city, significantly change the urban environment, improve transport infrastructure, and affect the quality of life in the city. However, the mega-event can have a negative impact on the city, forming an overuse of funds or the implementation of unnecessary infrastructure of the city, which declines after the Olympics.
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Melnyk, O., A. Cherkasova, Kh Khimenes, and T. Moroz. "Features of sports careers of women’s Olympic wrestling champions." Єдиноборства, no. 2(32) (February 9, 2024): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2024-2.06.
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Purpose: to identify the features of the sports career of Olympic champions in women's wrestling. Material and Methods. The main materials for the study were personal indicators of the sports career of 18 Olympic champions in wrestling (data were taken from the official website of UWW (https://unitedworldwrestling.org)). Research methods: analysis and synthesis, documentary method, comparison, methods of mathematical statistics. The study analyzed the careers of 18 freestyle wrestlers from 5 Olympic Games who won the title of champion in these competitions. The study took into account all the performances at official competitions (continental championships and world championships in all age groups and the Youth Olympic Games) of wrestlers. Results: it was found that in 5 Olympic Games, which included women's wrestling in the program (since 2004), 18 athletes won 18 out of 24 possible Olympic gold titles. The youngest age of the first performance at official international competitions before the Olympic triumph among the studied athletes was 15 years old. The latest first performance in the international arena among the study participants was recorded at the age of 25. It was found that the period from the first performance at official competitions to the gold medal at the Olympic Games was 5-9 years. It was also found that the shortest period from the first performance in the international arena to winning the Olympic Games was 2 years, and the longest was 15 years. To win Olympic gold, athletes had to participate in 9 official international competitions on average. The average age at which female athletes won at the Olympics is 22. Conclusions. To win gold at the Olympics, highly skilled wrestlers usually need to participate in a fairly large number of international competitions. However, there are exceptions in history among female athletes who have managed to reach the highest podium much faster and with fewer international competitions. This largely depends on individual characteristics and the specifics of the wrestlers' training system. Keywords: free wrestling, women, highly qualified sportswomen, competition, Olympic Games.
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Wang, Yiyu, and Yitong Zhou. "Sports Diplomacy from the Perspective of Human Destiny Community----Taking the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics Games as an Example." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022327.
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Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games and Paralympic Winter Games have been highly appraised by the international society, which brought great value and influence to China, the Olympics, and mankind. Their success is to use the Olympic movement to carry out sports diplomacy so as to spread the Olympic spirit and the values of the human destiny community to the world, and to show a good image of China 's contribution to the construction of the human destiny community. It conveys the beautiful imagination that the people of the world can Together for a Shared Future to achieve win-win cooperation among countries. The article uses methods of literary analysis and case analysis to analyze and discusses sports diplomacy from the perspective of the "human destiny community" -- taking the Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games as examples. This paper will analyze the relationship between the Olympic spirit and the "human destiny community", and then analyze how the concept of "human destiny community" are implemented in the Beijing Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games and its important role in building the human destiny community.
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Armstrong, Gary, Dick Hobbs, and Iain Lindsay. "Calling the Shots." Urban Studies 48, no. 15 (October 24, 2011): 3169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422397.
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The Olympic Games promise great things; world peace and the transformation of the host city are but two ambitions of the Olympic Movement. The benefits and changes that the 2012 Olympics are supposed to bring to the London Borough of Newham—which will host some 80 per cent of the Olympic events—have been much lauded by the Olympic apparatchiks who typically proselytise about the transformation of communities, countries and individuals via the staging of the Games. The local Organising Committee and others—typically within the real estate sector—are the people who shape these sentiments into particular land deals that will serve to justify the plethora of deals, contracts and developments. Whilst the Olympics are about transformations, ostensibly in the lives of athletes, ordinary people and communities, transformations of an even more lasting sort occur in the Olympic neighbourhood through massive construction and servicing contracts. The Olympics are also about discipline which plays out not only in terms of the preparation of athletes to perform at their utmost, but is imperative to all the arrangements required to host such a huge event. For the good of the Games, people living in the shadow of the 2012 Olympic stadium face having their movements and their neighbourhoods subjected to all manner of prohibitions and limitations.
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Tropin, Yura, Volodymyr Perevoznyk, Valerii Holokha, Sergiy Bochkarev, and Volodymir Katykhin. "The results of the performances of Ukrainian representatives of martial arts at the Olympic Games." Єдиноборства, no. 3(33) (June 1, 2024): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2024-3.07.
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Purpose: to determine the results of performances of Ukrainian martial arts representatives at the Olympic Games. Material and methods. The analysis of scientific and methodological literature, protocols and video recordings of competitions of Ukrainian athletes in various types of martial arts (Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, judo, taekwondo, boxing, karate, fencing) at the 1996 Olympic Games (Atlanta, USA) was used to solve the research tasks. , 2000 (Sydney, Australia), 2004 (Athens, Greece), 2008 (Beijing, China), 2012 (London, Great Britain), 2016 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 2021 (Tokyo, Japan). Results: it was found that in 1996, Ukraine first took part in the Summer Olympic Games as an independent team. Martial arts athletes take an active part in every Olympic Games and bring medals to the coffers of the national team of Ukraine. The largest number of medals was won by martial artists at the 2012 Olympic Games - 10 medals (52,6 % of all medals), then at the 2021 Olympic Games - 9 (47,4 %), 2008 Olympic Games - 9 (37,5 %), -2000 – 8 (34,8 %), OI-2016 – 3 (27,3 %), OI-2004 – 4 (18,2 %). It was determined that the largest number of athletes who took part in the Olympics as part of the national team of Ukraine from 1996 to 2021 was in fencing - 63, then in freestyle wrestling - 61, in judo - 51, in boxing - 48, in Greco- in Roman wrestling - 38, in karate and taekwondo - 3 athletes each. Conclusions. It was established that during the independence of Ukraine, Ukrainian athletes took part in 7 Olympic Games. During this time, martial arts athletes won 49 medals (10 gold, 14 silver, 25 bronze), which is 34,8 % of all medals won by Ukrainian athletes. The following types of martial arts were presented in the Olympic program: Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, judo, boxing, karate, taekwondo, fencing. In total, from 1996 to 2021, Ukrainian martial artists took part in the Olympic Games 267 times.
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WU, Huiyong. "A Case Study of the Sustainability Narratives in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics." Cultura 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul012023.0015.
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Abstract: The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics faced many difficulties in the field of sustainable development. These included the reduced attractiveness of the Olympic Games as well as a certain prejudice and misunderstanding that China faces, coming mainly from western society. Encouraged by the Olympic slogan "Together to the Future", Beijing developed new technologies and explored new ideas in order to better integrate sports, economy and culture, and promote the sustainable development of the games. Taking the Winter Olympics as an opportunity, Beijing improved its sports infrastructures and industry and made useful explorations in the management of the Olympic legacy. The contribution made by the Beijing Winter Olympics in the field of sustainable development is the topic if this paper.
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Jastrząbek, Julia. "Economic cooperation between public and private sectors – a comparative analysis of the Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and London 2012." Studies in Sport Humanities 22 (December 29, 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6523.
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The Olympic Games are considered to be the most important sports event in the world. In spite of the sports’ dimension of the Olympics, there are many other aspects which should be taken into consideration when thinking about the Olympics. These refer to economic, political, organisational and social fields. An appropriate budget, organisational structure, sports and non-sports infrastructure are just a few of the necessary issues. The major aim of this article is to present the spectrum of cooperation between the public and private sector during the Athens 2004 and London 2012 Olympic Games, the economic effectiveness of the Olympics in both cities and the realisation of the Olympic Legacy focused on post-game infrastructure and other facilities and areas of a socio-economic reality. The results of this study reveal that only a host city where an appropriate organisational structure, net of stakeholders, budget and strategy for Olympic infrastructure are established, is capable of drawing potential benefits from The Olympic Legacy.
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Hughson, John. "Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 50, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0030-0.
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Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic PostersBaron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Modern Olympic Games, envisioned the Olympic occasion as being about more than sport. He regarded the underlying idea of the Olympic Games, Olympism, as a ‘cult of humanity’, concerned with the pursuit of excellence in both sport and art. The presentation examines how Olympic posters have been, and may continue to be, used to carry on de Coubertin's ambition for the marriage of sport and art in modern times. A case is made for viewing the Olympic poster as an object with aesthetic worth and thus apart from its instrumental purpose as a ‘promotional vehicle for Olympic Games’. Problematic questions, such as whether or not Olympic posters can be viewed in detachment from the political regimes that effectively endorse them, are addressed in the discussion.
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Jensen, Rune Dall, Ask Vest Christiansen, and Kristoffer Henriksen. "The Olympic Games: The Experience of a Lifetime or Simply the Most Important Competition of an Athletic Career?" Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 64, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2014-0026.
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AbstractAs a multi-sport event that only takes place every four years and is accompanied by intense media coverage, the Olympic Games are often described by athletes as a defining moment in their careers. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to describe differences in expectations of Olympic debutants towards the Olympics and their actual experiences while they were at the Games; and 2) to describe how the athletes negotiate the balance between performing at and enjoying the experience of the Olympic Games. Further, we will discuss the athletes' stories in light of the differences between the goals and expectations of the elite sport system and those of the individual athletes. Data was collected through a qualitative interview study with a pre- and post-Olympic competition design.Using a semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed 14 Danish Olympic debutants about their Olympic goals and expectations within a month preceding their departure for the Olympic Games and about their actual experiences within a month following their return.Condensed narratives from two Olympic debutants represent the spectrum of the athletes' expectations and experiences: one failed in his performance but had a great experience; the other was successful and won a silver medal but was truly unhappy with her experience. The debutants emphasize balancing their desire to perform with a desire for social experiences. They also discussed the challenges posed during preparation and goal setting.Olympic debutants are caught in a very real dilemma between the Olympics as the “most important competition of their athletic careers” and “the Olympics as the experience of a lifetime.” This dilemma is linked to a wide rift between the perspectives and goals of the sport organization and those of the athletes.
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Capellão, Carlos, Fernando Castelani, Luis Santos, Paulo Henrique Corona Viveiros de Castro, Lourenço Carvano, and Antonio Carlos Nobrega Sobr. "Olympic Games." SET EXPO PROCEEDINGS 2, no. 2016 (August 29, 2016): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18580/setep.2016.39.
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Wan, Yunchen, Yiqing Zhang, and Jiayi Zhao. "Research on the Impact of the Olympic Games Based on AHP and EWM." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 70 (November 15, 2023): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v70i.12185.
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In the face of the fierce competition for the right to host the Olympic Games, which is slowly diminishing, it is important to show the world the various impacts of hosting the Olympic Games to get out of the difficult situation and succeed a model is established. To solve this model, the most important Olympics Impact Measurement Model was first established. The Analytic Hierarchy Process Method and Entropy Weight Method were used to determine the weights of the main aspects and each small indicator, which were then used to derive corresponding indicators for the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. In both cases, the secondary indexes for sorting were economy, social psychology, and construction. The tertiary indicator with the highest weight was broadcasting revenue, while sponsorship revenue and tourism revenue followed closely. These indicators were found to be most effective in measuring the impact of hosting the Olympic Games. Overall, this model presents a comprehensive approach to measuring the impact of hosting the Olympic Games and provides a valuable tool for countries looking to secure the right to host this globally acclaimed event.
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Liu, Yayun, Yuxin Ou, and Hairong Zheng. "A Study on the Olympic Hosting Proposal Based on Comprehensive Evaluation and the ARIMA Model." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 82 (January 26, 2024): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/6zd1v434.
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As a significant event, the Olympic Games have attracted considerable attention since their inception. However, in recent times, enthusiasm for hosting the Olympics among countries worldwide has seen a decline. To propose a reasonable Olympic hosting plan, this article establishes an Olympic hosting capability assessment model. The study selected 11 countries that have hosted either the Summer or Winter Olympics in the past 20 years and investigated seven key aspects of evaluation indicators. Using the EWM-AHP method combined with the TOPSIS method, scores were assigned to these 11 countries. Based on the scores, nations that have previously hosted the Olympics were ranked. The top three countries for both Winter and Summer Olympics were identified, suggesting that the Olympic Games rotate among these nations. To predict the future impact of hosting the Olympics on the host country, this article employs the ARIMA model to forecast the future development of the host nations. The results indicate that hosting the Olympics will lead to a rise in the nation's score, thus validating the reasonability of the hosting proposal.
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Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose, Andressa Fontes Guimaraes-Mataruna, and Daniel Range. "Paralympians competing in the olympic games and the potential implications for the paralympic games." Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v11.n1.105-116.
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The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, held in Rio de Janeiro, reignited public interest and discussion around Paralympic athletes attempting to qualify for, and compete at, the Olympic Games. That Paralympians have sought to compete at the Olympic Games is, however, not new. This paper looks at the largely unrecognised and often underreported history of Paralympians competing at the Olympic Games and addresses why it is that Paralympians may wish to compete at the Olympic Games. To do this we use historical examples, but also look at the contemporary cases of 3 such athletes: Jason Smyth, Alan Fonteles Cardoso and Markus Rehm. The paper also explores whether or not with advances in medical and prosthetic technologies, as well as potentially increased income and funding, we can expect to see more Paralympians attempting to crossover and compete in the Olympic Games in the future. The methodology used is one of qualitative case studies. The research question was: "What can be learned from the media coverage of Smyth, Oliveira and Rehm’s attempts to qualify for the Olympic Games?” We identify the type of editorial (political, social, cultural, sportive, educational, economic or gossip column); whether or not pictures were used (type of approach - sportive, personal or disability) and the narrative interpretations. We argue that how newspapers choose to report on the aims of Paralympians wishing to compete in the Olympics and the level of coverage that they receive it important. This level of depth of coverage suggests both positive and negative implications for the Paralympic Games, should this trend of athletes wishing to crossover continue.
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Benjamin-Laing, H., T. Fayad, and FS Haddad. "Hamstring Avulsion Injuries." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13311314196177.
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Times have changed since the Olympic Games in 1896, where 241 athletes representing 14 nations competed. The Beijing Olympics in 2008 included 10,977 athletes from more than 200 nations. The Olympic Games are the biggest multisport event and often represent the pinnacle of an athlete's career. Olympic and sporting history is full of tales of woe from athletes who have been unfortunate to experience an injury to the lower extremity during an event. 10% of athletes competing at the Beijing Olympic games in 2008 sustained injuries with 50% of these injuries preventing the athletes from participating in competition or training. Similar percentages have been reported in disabled athletes during the Paralympic Games. Half of these injuries may affect the lower limb and in explosive athletes with large muscle groups around the pelvis, hamstring avulsions are more common.
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Rozmiarek, Mateusz. "The recurrence syndrome: A case study of the repeatability of political developments during the Olympic Games ." Studies in Sport Humanities 20 (December 20, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6487.
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The article examines instances of the impact of international relations and politics on the Olympic movement and sport in view of the so-called Syndrome of the 25-year Recurrence. The recurrence of developments directly related to multilateral politics can be observable since the organization of the fi rst Olympic Games of the modern era in 1896. Although the degree of relations between the Olympics and international politics has varied and depended on specifi c circumstances, politics has tended to overshadow the Olympic spectacle and aspired to be the key component of the Games, roughly every twenty years. The author argues, on the basis of numerous examples, that the Olympic Games in the years 1896, 1916, 1936, 1956, 1976 and 1996 were dominated by political developments.
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Yeerkenbieke, Gulijiazi, Chunci Chen, and Guizhen He. "Public Perceived Effects of 2022 Winter Olympics on Host City Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073787.
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Sustainability is now fully integrated into the entire life cycle of the Olympic Games. The planning, preparation, and staging of the Winter Olympics have opportunities to create a sustainable legacy for the host cities for decades. The tangible and/or intangible impacts of the Winter Olympics on the host city are multidimensional, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. However, there are still few studies on the multidimensional impact of the Winter Olympics on the sustainable development of the host city. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the 2022 Winter Olympics on host city sustainability from public perspective. Using a survey of 806 host residents in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, the authors performed descriptive statistics and regression analysis to analyze the effects of the Winter Olympic Games on the city’s sustainable development. The Winter Olympic Games are divided into three stages, including the pre-game phase, in-game phase, and post-game phase, and the impacts cover three dimensions, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. The results show that the 2022 Winter Olympics integrate sustainability into the whole process of the Winter Olympics; the Winter Olympics have an important catalytic effect on the host city’s sustainable development.
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Garcia, Beatriz. "The Olympic Movement and Cultural Policy: Historical Challenges and Ways Forward." Journal of Olympic Studies 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/26396025.3.2.04.
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Abstract Since its inception, the Olympic Movement has had a strong culture mandate, with “sport, culture and education” being presented as the essential pillars of Olympism in the Olympic Charter. Dedicated cultural programs—now called the Cultural Olympiad—have been a compulsory requirement at the Olympic Games since 1912; artists have always been welcome contributors to the Olympic narrative, and cultural values have informed the development of Olympic rituals from the outset. Despite this, John J. MacAloon and others have noted the lack of a coherent cultural policy framework within the movement and have debated the diversity and local sensitivity of the International Olympic Committee's cultural mandate and portfolio. This article reviews the significance of MacAloon's reflections on this subject since 2000 and interrogates the value of recent developments such as the role of culture within Agenda 2020, changes in the composition of the IOC Cultural and Olympic Heritage Commission, and the evolving positioning of the Cultural Olympiad as the leading contribution of Olympic host cities into the movement's cultural offer. The article concludes with reflections on the potential and challenges for fully inclusive, timely and representative Olympic cultural policies going forward.
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Bourgeois, Tiffany. "Setting the Olympic Stage for Cultural Programming: An Examination of Exercises in Soft Power and Instances of Institutional Entrepreneurship during London 2012." Cultural Management: Science and Education 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/cmse.8-1.01.
Full textAbstract:
This article argues the cultural programming of the Olympics is an exercise in soft power and it illumina-tes instances of institutional entrepreneurship using London 2012 as a case. Specifically, it reviews and critiques Joseph Nye’s concept using explicit Olympic examples. The article highlights new organizational formats using work by Steve Maguire, Cynthia Hardy and Thomas Lawrence to examine the structure of the London Olympic Organizing Committee, creation of the opening ceremony, and the World Shake-speare Festival. Using case study methodology, it explores how the International Olympic Committee and local organizing committee engaged with institutional entrepreneurship during the London 2012 Olympics to create new structures for the organizing committee and implement the cultural program-ming to exercise soft power. Ultimately, the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralym-pic Games’ new, hybrid public-private structure functioned as a resource for the production and imple-mentation of the Games because it impacted autonomy and accountability, which influenced the com-mittee’s ability to exercise soft power. This work emphasizes how institutional entrepreneurship activi-ties occurs within large organizations like the International Olympic Committee highlights how institu-tions consistently change to reflect the needs of stakeholders, but the goals of the Olympic Games re-main the same.
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Guo, Kexin, Fujia Li, and Hao Cheng. "Evaluating the Sustainability of the Olympic Transport System on the View of Regional Transport Development Pattern." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159756.
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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) proposed that the host city should consider sustainable development from the Games’ beginning to end, and that the host city should make full use of the Olympic infrastructure even after the Games. However, a less systematic evaluation of their sustainability exists, especially for the roads. The new connections built for the Olympic Games cost the most and influenced the host city directly. We apply spatial design network analysis (sDNA) with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to evaluate the sustainability of the new connections built for the Olympics Games in the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. The results show that the Games encourage the host cities’ governments to work towards a common goal, and directly benefits Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei transport coordinated development. In “Edge cities”, such as Hengshui, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, and Zhangjiakou, traffic accessibility has been promoted dramatically. The foreground network of the region development moved northward, from “Beijing–Shijiazhuang–Baoding” to “Beijing–Tangshan–Qinhuangdao”. These findings can be used for policy design, to keep the new connections running with long-term stability, and to constantly create better economic effects.