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Journal articles on the topic 'Olympic mountains'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Houze, Robert A., Lynn A. McMurdie, Walter A. Petersen, Mathew R. Schwaller, William Baccus, Jessica D. Lundquist, Clifford F. Mass, et al. "The Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0182.1.

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Abstract The Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) took place during the 2015/16 fall–winter season in the vicinity of the mountainous Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The goals of OLYMPEX were to provide physical and hydrologic ground validation for the U.S.–Japan Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite mission and, more specifically, to study how precipitation in Pacific frontal systems is modified by passage over coastal mountains. Four transportable scanning dual-polarization Doppler radars of various wavelengths were installed. Surface stations were placed at various altitudes to measure precipitation rates, particle size distributions, and fall velocities. Autonomous recording cameras monitored and recorded snow accumulation. Four research aircraft supplied by NASA investigated precipitation processes and snow cover, and supplemental rawinsondes and dropsondes were deployed during precipitation events. Numerous Pacific frontal systems were sampled, including several reaching “atmospheric river” status, warm- and cold-frontal systems, and postfrontal convection.

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2

Nakawatase, Jill M., and David L. Peterson. "Spatial variability in forest growth – climate relationships in the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-224.

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For many Pacific Northwest forests, little is known about the spatial and temporal variability in tree growth – climate relationships, yet it is this information that is needed to predict how forests will respond to future climatic change. We studied the effects of climatic variability on forest growth at 74 plots in the western and northeastern Olympic Mountains. Basal area increment time series were developed for each plot, and Pearson's correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to quantify growth–climate relationships. Forest growth in the Olympic Mountains responds to climatic variability as a function of mean climate and elevation. Low summer moisture limits growth across all elevations in the dry northeastern Olympics. Growth at low elevations in the wet western Olympics is associated with phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and with summer temperature. Heavy winter snowpack limits growth at high elevations in the western Olympics. In the warmer greenhouse climate predicted for the Olympic Mountains, productivity at high elevations of the western Olympics will likely increase, whereas productivity at high elevations in the northeastern region and potentially in low elevations of the western region will likely decrease. This information can be used to develop adaptive management strategies to prepare for the effects of future climate on these forests. Because growth–climate relationships on the Olympic Peninsula vary at relatively small spatial scales, those relationships may assist modeling and other efforts to provide more accurate predictions at local to regional scales.

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3

Barnes, Hannah C., Joseph P. Zagrodnik, Lynn A. McMurdie, Angela K. Rowe, and Robert A. Houze. "Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves in Precipitating Midlatitude Cyclones." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2763–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0365.1.

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Abstract This study examines Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) waves observed by dual-polarization radar in several precipitating midlatitude cyclones during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign along the windward side of the Olympic Mountains in Washington State and in a strong stationary frontal zone in Iowa during the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign. While KH waves develop regardless of the presence or absence of mountainous terrain, this study indicates that the large-scale flow can be modified when encountering a mountain range in such a way as to promote development of KH waves on the windward side and to alter their physical structure (i.e., orientation and amplitude). OLYMPEX sampled numerous instances of KH waves in precipitating clouds, and this study examines their effects on microphysical processes above, near, and below the melting layer. The dual-polarization radar data indicate that KH waves above the melting layer promote aggregation. KH waves centered in the melting layer produce the most notable signatures in dual-polarization variables, with the patterns suggesting that the KH waves promote both riming and aggregation. Both above and near the melting layer ice particles show no preferred orientation likely because of tumbling in turbulent air motions. KH waves below the melting layer facilitate the generation of large drops via coalescence and/or vapor deposition, increasing mean drop size and rain rate by only slight amounts in the OLYMPEX storms.

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Picard, Lee, and Clifford Mass. "The Sensitivity of Orographic Precipitation to Flow Direction: An Idealized Modeling Approach." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 1673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0209.1.

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Abstract A major question regarding orographic precipitation is its sensitivity to flow direction, with some research suggesting substantial sensitivity. To examine this issue, this paper describes a full physics model with realistic three-dimensional terrain that is forced by a single input sounding. This system is used to investigate the sensitivity of orographic precipitation to wind direction over the Pacific Northwest for conditions approximating an atmospheric river. The model results show considerable modulation of regional precipitation as flow direction changes, with results for four Washington State river drainages agreeing well with previous observational studies. It is shown that precipitation amounts over such drainages can vary substantially with very small changes in the direction of the incoming flow. To explore the origin of directional sensitivity of precipitation over the Olympic Mountains of western Washington State, additional experiments were carried out using modified terrain fields with smoothed or idealized Olympic Mountains, or with nearby orography removed. These simulations suggest that the sensitivity of Olympic Mountain precipitation to wind direction is more strongly modulated by the presence of surrounding orography than by the specific geometry of the Olympic Mountains.

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5

Conrick, Robert, Clifford F. Mass, and Qi Zhong. "Simulated Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves over Terrain and Their Microphysical Implications." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 2787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0073.1.

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Abstract Two Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) wave events over western Washington State were simulated and evaluated using observations from the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign. The events, 12 and 17 December 2015, were simulated realistically by the WRF-ARW Model, duplicating the mesoscale environment, location, and structure of embedded KH waves, which had observed wavelengths of approximately 5 km. In simulations of both cases, waves developed from instability within an intense shear layer, caused by low-level easterly flow surmounted by westerly winds aloft. The low-level easterlies resulted from blocking by the Olympic Mountains in the 12 December case, while in the 17 December event, the easterly flow was produced by the synoptic environment. Simulated microphysics were evaluated for both cases using OLYMPEX observations. When the KH waves were within the melting level, simulated microphysical fields, such as hydrometeor mixing ratios, evinced considerable oscillatory behavior. In contrast, when waves were located below the melting level, the microphysical response was attenuated. Turning off the model’s microphysics scheme and latent heating resulted in weakened KH wave activity, while removing the Olympic Mountains eliminated KH waves in the 12 December event but not the 17 December case. Finally, the impact of several microphysics parameterizations on KH activity was evaluated for both events.

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6

Lorente-Plazas, Raquel, Todd P. Mitchell, Guillaume Mauger, and Eric P. Salathé. "Local Enhancement of Extreme Precipitation during Atmospheric Rivers as Simulated in a Regional Climate Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0246.1.

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Abstract This paper examines the synoptic conditions that yield extreme precipitation in two regions with different orographic features, the Olympic Mountains and Puget Sound. To capture orographic extreme precipitation, a dynamical downscaling is performed, driven by the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and evaluated for cool-season months from 1970 to 2010. Clustering techniques are applied to the regional climate simulation, which reveals the Olympic Mountains and Puget Sound as regions with distinct temporal variability in precipitation. Results show that approximately one-third of the extreme precipitation events in each region occur without a similarly extreme event in the other, in spite of the fact that the two areas are very closely located and one is downstream of the other. Composites of synoptic conditions for extreme precipitation events show differences in integrated vapor transport (IVT) due to its dynamical component (winds at 850 hPa) and its thermodynamical component [integrated water vapor (IWV)]. For Puget Sound events, IVT is lower compared to Olympic Mountain events because of lower wind speeds. Olympic Mountain events have lower IVT compared to events with extreme precipitation in both regions, but in this case, the difference is due to lower IWV and more southerly winds. These differences in the large-scale conditions promote differences in the mesoscale mechanisms that enhance precipitation in each location. For Puget Sound events, static stability is higher, and there is a weak rain shadow. For Olympic Mountain events, static stability is lower, and a strong rain shadow is present. During extreme events in both regions, orographic modulation is minimized and large-scale effects dominate.

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7

Witczuk, Julia, Stanislaw Pagacz, and L. Scott Mills. "Optimising methods for monitoring programs: Olympic marmots as a case study." Wildlife Research 35, no. 8 (2008): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07187.

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Monitoring of rare and declining species is one of the most important tasks of wildlife managers. Here we present a large-scale, long-term monitoring program for Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus) throughout its range across a logistically challenging mountainous park. Our multiple-stage process of survey design accounts for the difficulty imposed by access to remote habitats and funding constraints. The Olympic marmot is endemic to the Olympic Mountains, Washington State, USA. Although nearly all of its range is enclosed within Olympic National Park, declines and local extirpations of the species have been documented. We considered several possible alternative survey approaches, and propose a monitoring program designed to reflect extinction–recolonisation dynamics using presence–absence data. The sampling design is based on annual surveys of a set of at least 25 randomly selected clusters (closely located groups of sites with record of current or historical occupancy by marmots), and supplemented by sampling 15 never-occupied sites to test for new colonisations. The monitoring plan provides a framework that park managers can use for assessing changes over time in Olympic marmot distribution across the range of the species. Our sampling design may serve as a useful case study for establishing monitoring programs for other species with clumped distributions.

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8

Jenkins, Kurt J., Patricia J. Happe, Katherine F. Beirne, Roger A. Hoffman, Paul C. Griffin, William T. Baccus, and John Fieberg. "Recent Population Trends of Mountain Goats in the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Northwest Science 86, no. 4 (September 2012): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.086.0403.

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9

Schuster, R. L., R. L. Logan, and P. T. Pringle. "Prehistoric Rock Avalanches in the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Science 258, no. 5088 (December 4, 1992): 1620–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5088.1620.

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10

Zolbrod, A. Nana, and David L. Peterson. "Response of high-elevation forests in the Olympic Mountains to climatic change." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 1966–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-177.

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The gap model ZELIG was used to examine the effects of increased temperature (2°C) and altered precipitation on high-elevation ecosystems of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Changes in tree species distribution and abundance, as well as stand biomass, were examined on north and south aspects in the dry northeast (NE) and wet southwest (SW) regions of the Olympics for (i) warmer, (ii) warmer and 20% wetter, and (iii) warmer and 20% drier climatic-change scenarios. Dominant tree species shift upwards 300-600 m in elevation in the SW, with subalpine meadows and Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. forests being replaced by Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes forests at higher elevations and A. amabilis forests being replaced by Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. forests at lower elevations. In the NE, drought-tolerant species become dominant approximately 200 m lower than present, with A. lasiocarpa dominating the north aspect and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. the south aspect. Biomass increases in the SW and generally decreases in the NE, depending on aspect and precipitation regime. This study suggests that species and site-specific responses at mesoscale (e.g., wet vs. dry climatic regime) and microscale (e.g., north vs. south aspect) resolutions must be characterized to quantify the variation in potential effects of climatic change on forest vegetation in mountainous regions.

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11

Hansen-Bristow, Katherine J., and Larry W. Price. "Turf-Banked Terraces in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A." Arctic and Alpine Research 17, no. 3 (August 1985): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551016.

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12

Spicer, Richard C. "Recent Variations of Blue Glacier, Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A." Arctic and Alpine Research 21, no. 1 (February 1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551513.

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13

Aprea, Claudia, Martyn Unsworth, and John Booker. "Resistivity structure of the Olympic Mountains and Puget Lowlands." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97gl03490.

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14

Smith, Stephen G., Karl W. Wegmann, Elana L. Leithold, and Delwayne R. Bohnenstiehl. "A 4000-year record of hydrologic variability from the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA." Holocene 29, no. 8 (May 13, 2019): 1273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619846975.

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Sedimentological and geochemical analyses of gravity and piston cores retrieved from Lake Quinault, Washington, reveal an ~4000-year flood-dominated depositional record. Individual flood event layers are identified by combining core stratigraphy, sedimentology, and the ratio of incoherent to coherently scattered x-ray radiation ( inc/coh) from µXRF (x-ray fluorescence) core scans. The inc/coh time series is used as a proxy for sediment grain size and, in combination with radiocarbon-anchored core age–depth models, enables the reconstruction of late-Holocene hydrologic variability for the Quinault River catchment. Decadal to centennial variability in inc/coh is interpreted to reflect trends in ocean-atmosphere teleconnections favorable for the formation of land-falling atmospheric rivers along the Pacific Ocean flank of the Olympic Mountains. Such processes likely modulate the rate of flooding and may explain notable increases in the frequency of flood event layers observed during the periods 2350–2450 cal. yr BP and the most recent century (AD 1910–2010). Understanding past hydrologic variability has important implications for the landscape and ecosystem response of Olympic Mountain catchments to future climate warming.

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15

Michel, Lorenz, Christoph Glotzbach, Sarah Falkowski, Byron A. Adams, and Todd A. Ehlers. "How steady are steady-state mountain belts? A reexamination of the Olympic Mountains (Washington state, USA)." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-275-2019.

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Abstract. The Olympic Mountains of Washington state (USA) represent the aerially exposed accretionary wedge of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and are thought to be in flux steady state, whereby the mass outflux (denudation) and influx (tectonic accretion) into the mountain range are balanced. We use a multi-method approach to investigate how temporal variations in the influx and outflux could affect previous interpretations of flux steady state. This includes the analysis of published and new thermochronometric ages for (U–Th) ∕ He dating of apatite and zircon (AHe and ZHe, respectively), fission-track dating of apatite and zircon (AFT and ZFT, respectively), 1-D thermo-kinematic modeling of thermochronometric data, and independent estimates of outflux and influx. In total, we present 61 new AHe, ZHe, AFT, and ZFT thermochronometric ages from 21 new samples. AHe ages are generally young (< 4 Ma), and, in some samples, AFT ages (5–8 Ma) overlap ZHe ages (7–9 Ma) within uncertainties. Thermo-kinematic modeling shows that exhumation rates are temporally variable, with rates decreasing from > 2 to < 0.3 km Myr−1 around 5–7 Ma. With the onset of Plio–Pleistocene glaciation, exhumation rates increased to values > 1 km Myr−1. This demonstrates that the material outflux varies through time, requiring a commensurate variation in influx to maintain flux steady state. Evaluation of the offshore and onshore sediment record shows that the material influx is also variable through time and that the amount of accreted sediment in the wedge is spatially variable. This qualitatively suggests that significant perturbations of steady state occur on shorter timescales (105–106 years), like those created by Plio–Pleistocene glaciation. Our quantitative assessment of influx and outflux indicates that the Olympic Mountains could be in flux steady state on long timescales (107 years).

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Warnock, Andrew C., Russell F. Burmester, and David C. Engebretson. "Paleomagnetism and tectonics of the Crescent Formation, northern Olympic Mountains, Washington." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, B7 (July 10, 1993): 11729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jb00709.

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17

Smith, Stephen G., and Karl W. Wegmann. "Precipitation, landsliding, and erosion across the Olympic Mountains, Washington State, USA." Geomorphology 300 (January 2018): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.10.008.

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18

Currier, William Ryan, Theodore Thorson, and Jessica D. Lundquist. "Independent Evaluation of Frozen Precipitation from WRF and PRISM in the Olympic Mountains." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2681–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0026.1.

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Abstract Estimates of precipitation from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) are widely used in complex terrain to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data. The authors evaluated both WRF (4/3 km) and PRISM’s (800-m annual climatology) ability to estimate frozen precipitation using the hydrologic model Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA) and a unique set of spatiotemporal snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) observations collected for the Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX) ground validation campaign during water year 2016. When SUMMA was forced with WRF precipitation and used a calibrated, wet-bulb-temperature-based method for partitioning rain versus snow, its estimation of near-peak SWE was biased low by 21% on average. However, when SUMMA was allowed to partition WRF total precipitation into rain and snow based on output from WRF’s microphysical scheme (WRFMPP), simulations of snow depth and SWE were near equal to or better than simulations that used PRISM-derived precipitation with the calibrated partitioning method. Over all sites, WRFMPP and simulations that used PRISM-derived precipitation had relatively unbiased estimates of near-peak SWE, but both simulated absolute errors in near-peak SWE of 30%–60% at a few locations. Since, on average, WRFMPP had similar errors to PRISM, WRFMPP suggested a promising path forward in hydrology, as it was independent of gauge data and did not require SWE observations for calibration. Furthermore, in similar maritime environments, hydrologic modelers should pay close attention to decisions regarding rain-versus-snow partitioning, wind speed, and incoming longwave radiation.

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Harrichhausen, Nicolas, Kristin D. Morell, Christine Regalla, Scott E. K. Bennett, Lucinda J. Leonard, Emerson M. Lynch, and Edwin Nissen. "Paleoseismic Trenching Reveals Late Quaternary Kinematics of the Leech River Fault: Implications for Forearc Strain Accumulation in Northern Cascadia." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 111, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 1110–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200204.

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ABSTRACT New paleoseismic trenching indicates late Quaternary oblique right-lateral slip on the Leech River fault, southern Vancouver Island, Canada, and constrains permanent forearc deformation in northern Cascadia. A south-to-north reduction in northward Global Navigation Satellite System velocities and seismicity across the Olympic Mountains, Strait of Juan de Fuca (JDF), and the southern Strait of Georgia, has been used as evidence for permanent north–south crustal shortening via thrust faulting between a northward migrating southern forearc and rigid northern backstop in southwestern Canada. However, previous paleoseismic studies indicating late Quaternary oblique right-lateral slip on west-northwest-striking forearc faults north of the Olympic Mountains and in the southern Strait of Georgia are more consistent with forearc deformation models that invoke oroclinal bending and(or) westward extrusion of the Olympic Mountains. To help evaluate strain further north across the Strait of JDF, we present the results from two new paleoseismic trenches excavated across the Leech River fault. In the easternmost Good Hope trench, we document a vertical fault zone and a broad anticline deforming glacial till. Comparison of till clast orientations in faulted and undeformed glacial till shows evidence for postdeposition faulted till clast rotation, indicating strike-slip shear. The orientation of opening mode fissuring during surface rupture is consistent with right-lateral slip and the published regional SHmax directions. Vertical separation and the formation of scarp-derived colluvium along one fault also indicate a dip-slip component. Radiocarbon charcoal dating within offset glacial till and scarp-derived colluvium suggest a single surface rupturing earthquake at 9.4±3.4 ka. The oblique right-lateral slip sense inferred in the Good Hope trench is consistent with slip kinematics observed on other regional west-northwest-striking faults and indicates that these structures do not accommodate significant north–south shortening via thrust faulting.

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Peterson, David W., David L. Peterson, and Gregory J. Ettl. "Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-072.

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We studied regional variation in growth-limiting factors and responses to climatic variability in subalpine forests by analyzing growth patterns for 28 tree-ring growth chronologies from subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) stands in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains (Washington and Oregon, U.S.A.). Factor analysis identified four distinct time series of common growth patterns; the dominant growth pattern at any site varied with annual precipitation and temperature (elevation). Throughout much of the region, growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation and spring snowpack depth, indicating that growth is limited primarily by short growing seasons. On the driest and warmest sites, growth is negatively correlated with previous summer temperature, suggesting that low summer soil moisture limits growth. Growth patterns in two regions were sensitive to climatic variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, apparently responding to low-frequency variation in spring snowpack and summer soil moisture (one negatively, one positively). This regional-scale analysis shows that subalpine fir growth in the Cascades and Olympics is limited by different climatic factors in different subregional climates. Climategrowth relationships are similar to those for a co-occurring species, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière), suggesting broad biogeographic patterns of response to climatic variability and change by subalpine forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest.

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Prichard, Susan J., David L. Peterson, and R. David Hammer. "Carbon Distribution in Subalpine Forests and Meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, no. 5 (September 2000): 1834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6451834x.

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22

Riedel, J. L., Steve Wilson, William Baccus, Michael Larrabee, T. J. Fudge, and Andrew Fountain. "Glacier status and contribution to streamflow in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 225 (2015): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j138.

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AbstractThe Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA, currently holds 184 alpine glaciers larger than 0.01 km2 and their combined area is 30.2 ± 0.95 km2. Only four glaciers are >1 km2 and 120 of the others are <0.1 km2. This represents a loss of 82 glaciers and a 34% decrease in combined area since 1980, with the most pronounced losses occurring on south-facing aspects and in the more arid northeastern part of the range. Annual rate of loss in glacier area for seven of the largest glaciers accelerated from 0.26 km2 a−1 (1900–80) to 0.54 km2 a−1 (1980–2009). Thinning rates on four of the largest glaciers averaged nearly 1 ma−1 from 1987 to 2010, resulting in estimated volume losses of 17–24%. Combined glacial snow, firn and ice melt in the Hoh watershed is in the range 63–79 ± 7 × 106 m3, or 9–15% of total May–September streamflow. In the critical August–September period, the glacial fraction of total basin runoff increases to 18–30%, with one-third of the water directly from glacial ice (i.e. not snow and firn). Glaciers in the Elwha basin produce 12–15 ± 1.3 × 106 m3 (2.5–4.0%), while those in the Dungeness basin contribute 2.5–3.1 ± 0.28 × 106 m3 (3.0–3.8%).

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Davidson, Cliff I., G. Bruce Wiersma, Kenneth W. Brown, William D. Goold, Thomas P. Mathison, and Michael T. Reilly. "Airborne trace elements in Great Smoky Mountains, Olympic, and Glacier National Parks." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 1 (January 1985): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00131a001.

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Mass, Clifford F., and David P. Dempsey. "A Topographically Forced Convergence Line in the Lee of the Olympic Mountains." Monthly Weather Review 113, no. 4 (April 1985): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<0659:atfcli>2.0.co;2.

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25

Sidle, W. C., and V. Cvetic. "Stable water isotope climate archives in springs from the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Environmental Earth Sciences 62, no. 3 (June 19, 2010): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0548-9.

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Aalto, K. R., W. D. Sharp, and P. R. Renne. "40Ar/39Ar dating of detrital micas from Oligocene-Pleistocene sandstones of the Olympic Peninsula, Klamath Mountains, and northern California Coast Ranges: provenance and paleodrainage patterns." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-025.

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Sandstones of the Eocene-Miocene Hoh assemblage of the Olympic Peninsula and Late Oligocene - Miocene Weaverville Formation (Klamath Mountains) were studied to determine if the Hoh sandstones could be tectonically transported equivalents of the Weaverville Formation. Distinct Hoh sandstone types exposed between La Push and the Hoh River include (1) highly brecciated and veined, quartz-poor, mica-poor volcaniclastic sandstone preserved in mélange blocks; and (2) relatively unveined and unbrecciated, quartzose micaceous sandstone preserved in mélange blocks and bounding turbidites. 40Ar/39Ar laser heating analyses of single crystals of detrital muscovite grains from quartzose Hoh sandstones yield Late Cretaceous - early Tertiary ages, consistent with contributions to Hoh detritus from the Idaho batholith. Volcaniclastic mélange block sandstones could be derived from older Tertiary volcanic terranes of the northeast Olympic Peninsula, or from Mesozoic accretionary terranes. Analyses of muscovites from the fluviatile Weaverville Formation of the Klamath Mountains, California, yield Pennsylvanian ages with a possible source within the Klamath Central Metamorphic terrane. No provenance link was detected between the Hoh assemblage and Weaverville Formation. Analyses of muscovites from Pliocene and Pleistocene sandstones of the Wildcat Group of the northern California Coast Ranges yield both Cretaceous - early Tertiary and Pennsylvanian ages, suggesting derivation from both local and distant sources. Although an ancestral "Snake River" paleodrainage system to the Klamath Mountains region was shutoff during Weaverville sedimentation, it may have been reestablished in the Late Miocene when Idaho-derived sediments were again transported to northwestern California.

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Guala, Chito. "Torino: i XX Giochi Olimpici e la stagione dei mega eventi." TERRITORIO, no. 48 (May 2009): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2009-048018.

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- The history of the Olympics, like that of the great World Expos, reveals a long list of successes and failures that involves no so much the athletic competitions or exhibitions as the ‘fallout' once the event closes. This is precisely the problem currently facing Turin, where the use to which the various Olympic facilities are to be put has been decided on only in part. However, Turin is an excellent example of urban regeneration having been effectively implemented for the 2006 Winter Olympics, as seen in the numerous works successfully brought to completion and in the measures taken against risks in the city centre, in the mountains and on the ski slopes. Internationally, the case of Turin is providing a peculiar case in point of just how important it is to hold such events in cities that have a lot to offer in terms of culture and tourism. It is not, therefore, merely a question of sport, but also of providing quality cultural events and making available an increasing number of new facilities to visitors. Genoa, from the ‘Colombiane' to European Capital of Culture.

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Adams, Byron A., and Todd A. Ehlers. "Tectonic controls of Holocene erosion in a glaciated orogen." Earth Surface Dynamics 6, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-595-2018.

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Abstract. Recent work has highlighted a strong, worldwide, alpine glacial impact on orogen erosion rates over the last 2 Ma. While it may be assumed that glaciers increased erosion rates when active, the degree to which past glaciations influence Holocene erosion rates through the adjustment of topography is not known. In this study, we investigate the influence of long-term tectonic and post-glacial topographic controls on erosion in a glaciated orogen: the Olympic Mountains, USA. We present 14 new 10Be and 26Al analyses which constrain Holocene erosion rates across the Olympic Mountains. Basin-averaged erosion rates scale with basin-averaged values of 5 km local relief, channel steepness, and hillslope angle throughout the range, similar to observations from non-glaciated orogens. These erosion rates are not related to mean annual precipitation or the marked change in Pleistocene alpine glacier size across the range, implying that glacier modification of topography and modern precipitation parameters do not exert strong controls on these rates. Rather, we find that despite spatial variations in glacial modification of topography, patterns of recent erosion are similar to those from estimates of long-term tectonic rock uplift. This is consistent with a tectonic model where erosion and rock uplift patterns are controlled by the deformation of the Cascadia subduction zone.

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ENACHE, MIHAELA D., MARINA POTAPOVA, RICH SHEIBLEY, and PATRICK MORAN. "Three new Psammothidium species from lakes of Olympic and Cascade Mountains in Washington State, USA." Phytotaxa 127, no. 1 (August 29, 2013): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.127.1.8.

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Populations of several Psammothidium species were found in core sediments from nine remote, high elevation, ultraoligotrophic and oligotrophic, Olympic and Cascade Mountain lakes. Three of these species, P. lacustre, P. alpinum, and P. nivale, are described here as new. The morphology of the silica frustules of these species was documented using light and scanning electron microscopy. We discuss the similarities and differences with previously described Psammothidium species.

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Nelson, Alan R., Stephen F. Personius, Ray E. Wells, Elizabeth R. Schermer, Lee‐Ann Bradley, Jason Buck, and Nadine Reitman. "Holocene Earthquakes of Magnitude 7 during Westward Escape of the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107, no. 5 (September 25, 2017): 2394–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120160323.

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31

Huff, Mark H. "Forest Age Structure and Development Following Wildfires in the Western Olympic Mountains, Washington." Ecological Applications 5, no. 2 (May 1995): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1942037.

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32

Peterson, David L., Edward G. Schreiner, and Nelsa M. Buckingham. "Gradients, Vegetation and Climate: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics in the Olympic Mountains, U.S.A." Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6, no. 1 (January 1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997523.

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Wyshnytzky, Cianna E., Tammy M. Rittenour, Michelle Summa Nelson, and Glenn Thackray. "Luminescence dating of late Pleistocene proximal glacial sediments in the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Quaternary International 362 (March 2015): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.024.

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34

Michel, Lorenz, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Glotzbach, Byron A. Adams, and Konstanze Stübner. "Tectonic and glacial contributions to focused exhumation in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA." Geology 46, no. 6 (April 6, 2018): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g39881.1.

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35

Milko, Robert J., and M. A. M. Bell. "Subalpine meadow vegetation of south central Vancouver Island." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-106.

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The subalpine meadow vegetation at three sites in the south central mountains of Vancouver Island was described. Based on dominance, six plant community types were delimited by ordination and classification. The community types are Phlox–moss, Anaphalis–Aster, Ribes–Heuchera, Pteridium aquilinum, Senecio–Veratrum, and Vaccinium–Carex. Although the two low-elevation sites were floristically similar, community definition was sharply delineated at Haley Lake but more continuous at Bell Creek. In contrast, the high-elevation Gemini Peak site was floristically and compositionally different and showed a more advanced stage of succession towards forest-dominated communities. Comparisons of the plant communities with those described for other subalpine regions of the Pacific Northwest indicated the strongest similarity to the vegetation of the Olympic Mountains, Washington.

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36

Ferguson, S. A., M. B. Moore, R. T. Marriott, and P. Speers-Hayes. "Avalanche Weather Forecasting at the Northwest Avalanche Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122 (1990): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000005554.

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Abstract Since its inception in 1975, the Northwest Avalanche Center (NWAC) has developed and produced micro- and mesoscale weather forecasts to support avalanche forecast and control needs for the Olympic and Cascades Mountains of Washington and Oregon, U.S.A. This paper describes NWAC’s array of data, observational results, and analytical techniques that make “avalanche weather” forecasting possible. In addition, NWAC’s operational program and the general terrain and climate of the area are described. A sample forecast is also included.

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Ferguson, S. A., M. B. Moore, R. T. Marriott, and P. Speers-Hayes. "Avalanche Weather Forecasting at the Northwest Avalanche Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122 (1990): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000005554.

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AbstractSince its inception in 1975, the Northwest Avalanche Center (NWAC) has developed and produced micro- and mesoscale weather forecasts to support avalanche forecast and control needs for the Olympic and Cascades Mountains of Washington and Oregon, U.S.A. This paper describes NWAC’s array of data, observational results, and analytical techniques that make “avalanche weather” forecasting possible. In addition, NWAC’s operational program and the general terrain and climate of the area are described. A sample forecast is also included.

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38

Nesbitt, Elizabeth A., Ruth A. Martin, Neil P. Carroll, and Jeff Grieff. "Reassessment of the Zemorrian foraminiferal Stage and Juanian molluscan Stage north of the Olympic Mountains, Washington State and Vancouver Island." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 43, no. 3 (April 1, 2010): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2010/0043-0275.

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39

Woodward, A., E. G. Schreiner, and D. G. Silsbee. "Climate, Geography, and Tree Establishment in Subalpine Meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A." Arctic and Alpine Research 27, no. 3 (August 1995): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551952.

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40

Benda, Lee, Curt Veldhuisen, and Jenelle Black. "Debris flows as agents of morphological heterogeneity at low-order confluences, Olympic Mountains, Washington." Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, no. 9 (2003): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25265.1.

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41

Minder, Justin R., Dale R. Durran, Gerard H. Roe, and Alison M. Anders. "The climatology of small‐scale orographic precipitation over the Olympic Mountains: Patterns and processes." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 134, no. 633 (April 2008): 817–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.258.

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42

Campbell, Diane R. "INTERPOPULATIONAL VARIATION IN FRUIT PRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF POLLINATION-LIMITATION IN THE OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS." American Journal of Botany 74, no. 2 (February 1987): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08605.x.

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43

HELLER, PAUL L., ROWLAND W. TABOR, JAMES R. O'NEIL, DAVID R. PEVEAR, MUHAMMAD SHAFIQULLAH, and NANCY S. WINSLOW. "Isotopic provenance of Paleogene sandstones from the accretionary core of the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Geological Society of America Bulletin 104, no. 2 (February 1992): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0140:ipopsf>2.3.co;2.

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44

Witczuk, J., S. Pagacz, J. Gliwicz, and L. S. Mills. "Niche overlap between sympatric coyotes and bobcats in highland zones of Olympic Mountains, Washington." Journal of Zoology 297, no. 3 (July 7, 2015): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12270.

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45

Conrick, Robert, and Clifford F. Mass. "An Evaluation of Simulated Precipitation Characteristics during OLYMPEX." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0144.1.

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Abstract The OLYMPEX field campaign, which took place around the Olympic Mountains of Washington State during winter 2015/16, provided data for evaluating the simulated microphysics and precipitation over and near that barrier. Using OLYMPEX observations, this paper assesses precipitation and associated microphysics in the WRF-ARW model over the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Model precipitation from the University of Washington real-time WRF forecast system during the OLYMPEX field program (November 2015–February 2016) and an extended period (2008–18) showed persistent underprediction of precipitation, reaching 100 mm yr−1 over the windward side of the coastal terrain. Increasing horizontal resolution does not substantially reduce this underprediction. Evaluating surface disdrometer observations during the 2015/16 OLYMPEX winter, it was found that the operational University of Washington WRF modeling system using Thompson microphysics poorly simulated the rain drop size distribution over a windward coastal valley. Although liquid water content was represented realistically, drop diameters were overpredicted, and, consequently, the rain drop distribution intercept parameter was underpredicted. During two heavy precipitation periods, WRF realistically simulated environmental conditions, including wind speed, thermodynamic structures, integrated moisture transport, and melting levels. Several microphysical parameterization schemes were tested in addition to the Thompson scheme, with each exhibiting similar biases for these two events. We show that the parameterization of aerosols over the coastal Northwest offered only minor improvement.

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46

Rohwer, Sievert, and Paul R. Martin. "Time Since Contact and Gene Flow May Explain Variation in Hybrid Frequencies Among Three Dendroica Townsendi × D. Occidentalis (Parulidae) Hybrid Zones." Auk 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 1347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1347.

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Abstract Hermit Warblers (Dendroica occidentalis) and Townsend’s Warblers (D. townsendi) meet and hybridize in three replicate zones in Washington and Oregon. Using male specimens, we show that the ratio of hybrid to parental phenotypes varies systematically across these three zones: there were 60.4% hybrids among 96 males from the Olympic zone, 43.3% hybrids among 411 males from the Washington Cascade zone, and 27.8% hybrids among 209 males from the Oregon Cascade zone. We found no evidence of habitat or climatic factors driving these systematic differences in hybrid frequencies, and we argue that they are related to differences among these zones in the immigration of pure parentals and time since contact. Building on earlier hypotheses about massive movement of the coastal zones (Rohwer and Wood 1998), we can infer that the Olympic and Washington Cascade zones are old and of similar age. The Washington Cascade zone, but not the Olympic zone, receives Townsend’s immigrants from the Rocky Mountains through the Okanogan high- lands, as shown by the linkage analyses in Rohwer et al. (2001). This immigration apparently accounts for the lower frequency of hybrids in the Washington Cascades. The Washington Cascade and Oregon Cascade zones are both situated adjacent to forest corridors that connect them to the Rocky Mountains to the east, so both of these zones should receive Townsend’s immigrants from the east (linkage analyses have yet to be done for the Oregon Cascades because the mitochondrial DNA haplo- types for these specimens have not been determined). The Washington Cascade zone, however, is old, whereas the Oregon Cascade zone appears to have been established only recently in response to anthropogenic habitat changes, which accounts for its low frequency of hybrids. We are unaware of any other replicate set of hybrid zones where differences in time since contact and dispersal have been related to variation in hybrid frequencies. El Tiempo Transcurrido desde el Contacto y el Flujo Genético Podrían Explicar la Variación en la Frecuencia de los Híbridos entre Tres Zonas de Hibridación entre Dendroica townsendi y D. occidentalis (Parulidae)

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47

Zagrodnik, Joseph P., Lynn A. McMurdie, Robert A. Houze, and Simone Tanelli. "Vertical Structure and Microphysical Characteristics of Frontal Systems Passing over a Three-Dimensional Coastal Mountain Range." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): 1521–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0279.1.

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Abstract As midlatitude cyclones pass over a coastal mountain range, the processes producing their clouds and precipitation are modified, leading to considerable spatial variability in precipitation amount and composition. Statistical diagrams of airborne precipitation radar transects, surface precipitation measurements, and particle size distributions are examined from nine cases observed during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX). Although the pattern of windward enhancement and leeside diminishment of precipitation was omnipresent, the degree of modulation was largely controlled by the synoptic environment associated with the prefrontal, warm, and postfrontal sectors of midlatitude cyclones. Prefrontal sectors contained homogeneous stratiform precipitation with a slightly enhanced ice layer on the windward slopes and rapid diminishment to a near-complete rain shadow in the lee. Warm sectors contained deep, intense enhancement over both the windward slopes and high terrain and less prominent rain shadows owing to downstream spillover of ice particles generated over terrain. Surface particle size distributions in the warm sector contained a broad spectrum of sizes and concentrations of raindrops on the lower windward side where high precipitation rates were achieved from varying degrees of both liquid and ice precipitation-generating processes. Spillover precipitation was rather homogeneous in nature and lacked the undulations in particle size and concentration that occurred at the windward sites. Postfrontal precipitation transitioned from isolated convective cells over ocean to a shallow, mixed convective–stratiform composition with broader coverage and greater precipitation rates over the sloping terrain.

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LATTERELL, JOSHUA J., J. SCOTT BECHTOLD, THOMAS C. O'KEEFE, ROBERT PELT, and ROBERT J. NAIMAN. "Dynamic patch mosaics and channel movement in an unconfined river valley of the Olympic Mountains." Freshwater Biology 51, no. 3 (March 2006): 523–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01513.x.

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49

Brandon, Mark T., Mary K. Roden-Tice, and John I. Garver. "Late Cenozoic exhumation of the Cascadia accretionary wedge in the Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington State." Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, no. 8 (August 1998): 985–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0985:lceotc>2.3.co;2.

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50

ETTL, GREGORY J., and DAVID L. PETERSON. "Growth response of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) to climate in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA." Global Change Biology 1, no. 3 (June 1995): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00023.x.

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