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1
Kiktev, Dmitry, Paul Joe, George A. Isaac, Andrea Montani, Inger-Lise Frogner, Pertti Nurmi, Benedikt Bica, et al. "FROST-2014: The Sochi Winter Olympics International Project." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 1908–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00307.1.
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Abstract The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Weather Research Programme’s (WWRP) Forecast and Research in the Olympic Sochi Testbed program (FROST-2014) was aimed at the advancement and demonstration of state-of-the-art nowcasting and short-range forecasting systems for winter conditions in mountainous terrain. The project field campaign was held during the 2014 XXII Olympic and XI Paralympic Winter Games and preceding test events in Sochi, Russia. An enhanced network of in situ and remote sensing observations supported weather predictions and their verification. Six nowcasting systems (model based, radar tracking, and combined nowcasting systems), nine deterministic mesoscale numerical weather prediction models (with grid spacings down to 250 m), and six ensemble prediction systems (including two with explicitly simulated deep convection) participated in FROST-2014. The project provided forecast input for the meteorological support of the Sochi Olympic Games. The FROST-2014 archive of winter weather observations and forecasts is a valuable information resource for mesoscale predictability studies as well as for the development and validation of nowcasting and forecasting systems in complex terrain. The resulting innovative technologies, exchange of experience, and professional developments contributed to the success of the Olympics and left a post-Olympic legacy.
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Shishkina, Alla A. "The Olympic Games and the “Soft Power” of the World’s Leading States." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 9, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2022-9-3-284-295.
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The article is devoted to the study of the role of the Olympic Games in the structure of the “soft power” of the state, as well as the transformation of the “soft power” tools associated with the Olympic movement in recent years. The article focuses on the political role of the initiatives to boycott the Olympic Games in Russia on the eve of the XXII Winter Olympic Games 2014 in Sochi and the XXIV Winter Olympic Games 2022 in Beijing, as well as the role of the Olympic agenda in international political discourse in the context of sanctions related to Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine.
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Shishkina, Alla A. "The Olympic Games and the “Soft Power” of the World’s Leading States." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 9, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2022-9-3-283-294.
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The article is devoted to the study of the role of the Olympic Games in the structure of the “soft power” of the state, as well as the transformation of the “soft power” tools associated with the Olympic movement in recent years. The article focuses on the political role of the initiatives to boycott the Olympic Games in Russia on the eve of the XXII Winter Olympic Games 2014 in Sochi and the XXIV Winter Olympic Games 2022 in Beijing, as well as the role of the Olympic agenda in international political discourse in the context of sanctions related to Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine.
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ALEXANDROVA, Anna Yu, Ekaterina V. AIGINA, and Vera V. MINENKOVA. "The Impact of 2014 Olympic Games on Sochi Tourism Life Cycle." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.6(38).04.
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Sochi is a unique destination. The combination of the Caucasus and the Black Sea gives the opportunity to develop winter recreation in the mountains and summer activities in the coastal zone in parallel. Sochi evolved as a spa resort in the beginning of the 1900s and gained its specialization as a health resort for mass tourism in the 1930s. Consolidation and saturation stages took place in the 1970-80s on the rise of domestic tourism when Sochi turned into a year-round resort for seaside recreation. Sochi went through decline stage in the 1990s it but was able to recover when the city of Sochi had the honour to host the Olympic Games in 2014. Now Sochi combines diverse opportunities for tourism development, including events and business tourism. The Sochi Olympics were not just a sporting event. Huge funds spent on preparation for the Games, and the priority of the Russian Government, which was used by the city, were to serve two main purposes: on one hand, to give impulse to regional development, create a modern infrastructure and turn Sochi into a world-famous winter resort and, on the other hand, to present to the whole world a new image of Russia as an open, modern and attractive country. The games were intended to be a catalyst for the development of Sochi as a winter resort and, together with its reputation as a summer holiday destination, turn this area into a year-round tourist destination. The study focuses on the legacy of post-Olympic tourism in Sochi, its preservation, growth and effective work in relation to the life cycle of the tourist zone of Sochi. Historical perspective and field studies, statistical and content analysis supported by in-depth interviews of tourism subjects reveal the key tourism development problems and ways for their solution in the post-Olympic period. Further improvement of the year-round tourism product of Sochi requires additional efforts in marketing promotion, smoothing of seasonal fluctuations, organization of work of the operator company on management of Olympic facilities and expansion of new types of tourism activities.
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Kobierecki, Michał Marcin. "Russia and Its International Image: From Sochi Olympic Games to Annexing Crimea." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipcj-2016-0016.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the change of the Russian Federation’s international image in the light of two significant events: the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 in Sochi and the annexation of Crimea. According to the first hypothesis, one of the main aims for hosting the Olympic Games was to improve the international prestige of Russia. Shortly after the Olympics Russia increased its activity in Eastern Ukraine, which resulted in the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. Therefore the article is also aimed to investigate whether by annexing Crimea Russia squandered the possible positive effects of hosting the Olympics in terms of its international image.
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Pilipenko, I. "The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Evaluating Efficiency of Public Investment Projects (The Case of Sochi-2014 Winter Olympic Games)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2011): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-11-57-78.
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The paper analyzes shortcomings of economic impact studies based mainly on input- output models that are often employed in Russia as well as abroad. Using studies about sport events in the USA and Olympic Games that took place during the last 30 years we reveal advantages of the cost-benefit analysis approach in obtaining unbiased assessments of public investments efficiency; the step-by-step method of cost-benefit analysis is presented in the paper as well. We employ the project of Sochi-2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in Russia to evaluate its efficiency using cost-benefit analysis for five accounts (areas of impact), namely government, households, environment, economic development, and social development, and calculate the net present value of the project taking into account its possible alternatives. In conclusion we suggest several policy directions that would enhance public investment efficiency within the Sochi-2014 Olympics.
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Travers, Ann, and Mary Shearman. "The Sochi Olympics, Celebration Capitalism, and Homonationalist Pride." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 41, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723516685273.
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In July 2013, the Russian government passed two anti-LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) laws that drew international criticism. Russia’s impending hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games inspired more sustained international attention to these laws than might have otherwise been the case. In this article, we apply the mutually supporting frameworks of queer/trans necropolitics and celebration capitalism to a content analysis of coverage of the Sochi Olympics in the Advocate and Xtra, the leading LGBT publications in the United States and Canada, respectively. We contend that the Advocate and Xtra participated in a homonationalist process of manufacturing consent as the United States, Canada, the West in general, and the Olympic Games were glorified while issues relating to racism and colonialism in Russia, the United States, and Canada were ignored and these geopolitical formations in general were falsely generalized as safe havens for LGBT people. This conclusion is based on two key observations. First, we noted complete silence about racist and ethnic violence in Russia and in the specific site of Sochi in the Advocate and only one (unelaborated) acknowledgment of Sochi as a historical site of ethnic cleansing in Xtra. Second, in spite of the recent expansion of formal citizenship rights for LGBT people, more uniformly in Canada than in the United States, Advocate and Xtra coverage failed to acknowledge the dissonance between American and Canadian governments positioning themselves as LGBT and human rights leaders and the harm these National Security States continue to deliver to racialized, impoverished, and gender and sexual minority populations.
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Vidishcheva, Evgeniya. "OLYMPIC GAMES IN SOCHI AS A SPORT AND ENTERTAINMENT EVENT AND THEIR IMPACT ON TOURISM IN THE REGION." Laisvalaikio tyrimai 2, no. 4 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/elt.v2i4.214.
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Research background. The article discusses the possible ways of solving systemic problems of Sochi city popularization as a year-round resort, which confirms the need for the development of the unified state promotion policy of Sochi city as a unique republic`s property, the place where Russia's Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games were grandly held for the first time. The state promotion policy should be based on the combination of institutional and project-based approaches, the development of cooperation between all levels of governmental structures, the business community and civil society organizations and aimed at implementing the priorities within the framework of each strategic direction. The object of research was the tourist market of Sochi resort and mass sports entertainment events. The purpose of research was an assessment of the impact of mass sports entertainment events on the tourism development in the region. Methods. The authors used a set of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) and specifically – scientific (theoretical) research methods. The quantitative impact assessment was carried out by analysing the volume of tourist flow, the passenger traffic of Adler airport, the availability of hotels and a number of other indicators, including the dynamics of gross regional product. Results. The preparation and holding of major international sporting and cultural events will be certainly based on the experience gained during the Olympic Games 2014. The construction of new and reconstruction of existing sports facilities required for the successful conduct of these activities will also contribute to further development of the infrastructure of sports facilities. And this, in turn, will provide Russian Federation with a further strengthening of the status of a leading sports power. Conclusion. These directions give the possibility to use effectively objects after the Games due to the formation of modern venues, most of which have no analogues on the territory of modern Russia, which, of course, is not only a long term investment in the development of professional sports in Sochi, but in the tourism industry in Russian Federation as a whole. Sochi tourist and recreational clusters represent themselves a set of interrelated objects of recreational and cultural orientation, collective means of accommodation, catering and related services provided the necessary infrastructure available in the modern city of Sochi. In short terms the result will be the satisfaction of needs of different categories of Russians, as well as foreign citizens, active and fulfilling rest, health promotion using balneology resources of Sochi, joining a growing number of sports and recreational as well as cultural events held in Sochi city. The tourism as an industry, stimulating economic development, can be used as an instrument of Russian state policy to optimize economic development. Due to the Olympic Games 2014 we can observe the improvements and significant changes in the Russian sphere of tourist services. According to the forecasts of tour operators the demand for rest in Sochi by different estimates has increased from 15 to 40 % (on the date 15.05.2014). The emergence of new possibilities for the practice of tourism and promotion of winter sports will be aimed at improving the image of Sochi city, which together can provide the significant economic benefits. Keywords: Sochi city-resort, steady growth, heritage games, MICE-tourism, entertainment event.
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Frogner, Inger-Lise, Thomas Nipen, Andrew Singleton, John Bjørnar Bremnes, and Ole Vignes. "Ensemble Prediction with Different Spatial Resolutions for the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games: The Effects of Calibration and Multimodel Approaches." Weather and Forecasting 31, no. 6 (November 16, 2016): 1833–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0048.1.
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Abstract Three ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) with different grid spacings are compared and evaluated with respect to their ability to predict wintertime weather in complex terrain. The experiment period was two-and-a-half winter months in 2014, coinciding with the Forecast and Research in the Olympic Sochi Testbed (FROST) project, which took place during the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia. The global, synoptic-scale ensemble system used is the IFS ENS from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and its performance is compared with both the operational pan-European Grand Limited Area Ensemble Prediction System (GLAMEPS) at 11-km horizontal resolution and the experimental regional convection-permitting HIRLAM–ALADIN Regional Mesoscale Operational NWP in Europe (HARMONIE) EPS (HarmonEPS) at 2.5 km. Both GLAMEPS and HarmonEPS are multimodel systems, and it is seen that a large part of the skill in these systems comes from the multimodel approach, as long as all subensembles are performing reasonably. The number of members has less impact on the overall skill measurement. The relative importance of resolution and calibration is also assessed. Statistical calibration was applied and evaluated. In contrast to what is seen for the raw ensembles, the number of members, as well as the number of subensembles, is important for the calibrated ensembles. HarmonEPS shows greater potential than GLAMEPS for predicting wintertime weather, and also has an advantage after calibration.
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Zhernovaya, Anastasiya. "DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN’S AND YOUTH SPORTS IN SOCHI." Laisvalaikio tyrimai 2, no. 6 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/elt.v2i6.225.
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Relevance of research.The problem of health decline of the younger generationis becomingincreasingly important. At present, the overalllevel of health deviation of children in Russia is annuallyincreasing by 7%. Because of modern lifestyle, most adults have weak motivation for physical activity andlow perceptions about healthy lifestyle as well as the sport.Implementing this policy, the State allocates substantial funding for the development of children’sand youth sport. Interests of the state are the following: efficient use of physical culture and sports to bringup patriotism of citizens, to prepare them for the protection of the country and serve in the army, healthpromotion, maintaining high availability and competitiveness of able-bodied persons in the labor market.The state is interested in the efficient development of sports and recreational clubs that make up such animportant segment of the sports industry as a recreational sport, as provision of sports and recreationalservices to the population affects the formation of healthy lifestyle, improvement in public health and thequality of human resources of the national economy.Holding in Russia Sochi Olympic Games-2014 significantly affected the increase of winter sportpopularity, the interest increased by 60 percent. Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko has said that it is stillnot enough for such a big country as Russia.The problem of further improving athletic training is not merely a search for new methods of trainingand selection, but most of all, a broad involvement of children to sports with further sports orientation.The object of studyis children’s and youth sports in the city of Sochi.The purpose of the studyis to determine the level of realization of state programs for thedevelopment of children’s and youth sport in the city of Sochi.Research methods and organization:1 Analysis and synthesis of data from literature and Internet resources;2 The method of mathematical statistics, processing the study results.Conclusions and suggestions.The most important link in the development of youth sport and itsbasement in the education system have always been and still remain youth sport schools which has trainedmany champions of Russia, Europe, World and Olympic Games. In connection with the preparation andholding of Sochi Olympic Games-2014 there was a significant increase in children’s and youth sport schools.Today 24 children’s sports schools are already active in Sochi.Further development of youth sport cannot go on the only way of increasing the number of sportsschools. The development of youth sports could also be contributed by the establishment of sportsclubs ateducational institutions. Proper organizing of the educational process at primary school, high school, andvocational school is unthinkable without the involvement of young people to the sport necessary to improvetheir lifestyle and mental performance. In addition, the creation of such sport clubs will help youth sportschools to select young athletes morequalitatively,more effectively implement their natural potential and toprovide favorable conditions for the improvement in the chosen sport.Keywords:health, children’s and youth sports, sports schools, legacy of the Games, the Olympicfacilities.
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Fadeev, Pavel V. "Sports Victories as a Value Uniting Russians (Through the Example of the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics)." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 8, no. 1 (2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2020.8.1.7099.
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Based on research performed by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center and the Russian Society of Sociologists, the mechanism for identifying Russian society under the influence of the victory of the Russian national team at the Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014 is analyzed. An algorithm for identifying Russians under the influence of athletes’ successes in a stable sequence is described: from individual emotional reflection to gaining a united motivation toward improvement of the existing world order. An analysis of the secondary data of the sociological centers suggests that the influence of sports victories on the identification of Russians is neither episodic in nature, nor based on individual and collective emotions, but, on the contrary, is a kind of “building material” that strengthens the unity of the people. Every victory of Russian athletes in prestigious competitions is tied in the common historical memory of people to the past successes and achievements of the people. Thus, the successes of athletes contribute to the unity of all citizens of Russia.
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Tajmazov, Alexander. "Framework of nanotechnology for achieving the objective advantages of biathlon national teams of Russia at the winter Olympic Games in Sochi 2014." Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, no. 86 (April 2012): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2012.04.86.p165-170.
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Kruzhkov, D. A., St A. Mikitas, and O. V. Shpyrnya. "MANAGEMENT OF THE VOLUNTEERS MOVEMENT IN THE SPORT UNIVERSITY FRAMEWORK: ORGANISATION AND PEDAGOGIC ASPECT." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-3-120-127.
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In modern Russia, the volunteer movement is developing in fifteen different directions and there has been a steady increase in the number of citizens and organizations participating in voluntary activities, and the scope of programs and projects with their participation is expanding. The Volunteer Center of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution for Higher Education «Kuban State Physical Education, Sports and Tourism University » was one of the first resource centers for the development of volunteerism in the Krasnodar Territory and was opened in 2011 at the same time with 6 other volunteer training centers for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. The article is devoted to solving three main problems. First, the authors analyzed the role of the Volunteer Center of FSBEI HE KSPESTU in the development of volunteerism in the Krasnodar Territory in the period from 2011 to 2018 and established the participation of its representatives in more than 50 major events organized both independently and jointly with partner organizations. Secondly, the algorithm of interaction with volunteers during the organization and carrying out of the serviced events, giving an idea about 15 vectors of mutual relations with volunteers, is described. Thirdly, the authors propose a model pedagogical model for managing volunteer resources, including organizational, content, motivation and performance-evaluation blocks, which encourages the development of volunteers’ competence for self-organization and self-education.
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Haghirian, Mehran, and Paulino Robles-Gil. "Soft Power and the 2022 World Cup in Qatar: Learning from Experiences of Past Mega-Sporting Event Hosts." تجسير 3, no. 2 (December 2021): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/tis.2021.0074.
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The experiences of past hosts to mega sporting events like the Olympics, or FIFA World Cup games show that there are numerous ways in which countries can be both empowered or disempowered through their pursuit of soft power. Through a selective literature review, this paper uses the relevant soft power experiences of six countries who have hosted either the World Cup or Olympic Games from 2008. The cases include China (Beijing 2008 Olympics), South Africa (2010 World Cup), United Kingdom (London 2012 Olympics), Brazil (2014 World Cup and Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympics), Russia (Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics, and 2018 World Cup), and Japan (Tokyo 2020 Olympics). The paper then considers Qatar’s 2022 World Cup with an angle on applying and adapting the experiences of past hosts to understand the soft empowerment or disempowerment that Qatar will likely face as a result of hosting the games. The numerous international concerns over the situation with migrant workers in Qatar, and the Islamic and cultural norms that are alien to Western audiences, will continue to challenge Qatar’s image management and branding measures. Nevertheless, the commitment to holding the most eco-friendly event, continuous presence on international soccer fields through sponsorships, ownerships, and winning championships, in addition to actively seeking to enhance and alleviate the status of the country on the global stage will help Doha in its soft empowerment endeavors in the period before and during the event. Its pledge and dedication to keeping a long-lasting legacy after December 2022 will also help the State in the post-event phase of soft empowerment.
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Kochetkov, D. M., D. B. Vuković, and E. A. Kondyurina. "Challenges in Developing Urban Marketing Strategies: Evidence From Ekaterinburg." Economy of Region 17, no. 4 (2021): 1137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-4-7.
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2018 FIFA World Cup became the first championship held in Russia and Eastern Europe. However, at that time, Russia already had experience in hosting sports mega-events such as the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, and before that the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. Hosting the championship in 11 cities at once sets the 2018 FIFA World Cup apart from all these events. It gave impetus to the socio-economic development of all cities (and regions) where the matches were held, including Ekaterinburg. On the other hand, the sports mega-event provides unique opportunities for the global marketing positioning of the city. The present study examines the challenges of developing a city marketing strategy using the case of Ekaterinburg. Theoretical foundations of place marketing were employed for the analysis. Based on the critically explored concepts of place marketing and the competitiveness of the territory, the author’s 4C + 1S model was constructed. The current state of the urban environment was evaluated using a SWOT analysis conducted in a group of students. The research also analysed cities’ experience in conducting recent sports mega-events in the world and managing their facilities and infrastructure after these events. In conclusion, we formulated the proposals for Ekaterinburg’s positioning, including the improvement of the transport system, solution to environmental problems, increase in the effectiveness of the local government, and maintenance of public consensus. As a basis for specialisation, it is suggested to consider either the industry of meetings (MICE) or industrial tourism with complementary ‘natural’ and ‘historical’ directions. The proposed 4C + 1S model can be used as a methodological framework for the creation of urban marketing strategies. Additionally, the article makes a theoretical contribution to the development of place marketing. The results can be applied in further academic urban studies.
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Tuniyev, B. S., L. M. Shagarov, and O. J. Arribas. "Podarcis siculus (Reptilia: Sauria: Lacertidae), a new alien species for Russian fauna." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 324, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2020.324.3.364.
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Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) or Italian wall lizard is one of the most invasive reptile-species. Recently, this lacertid lizard has been introduced to Mediterranean areas of southern Europe, South-West Asia (Turkey) and North America (USA). An abundant population of P. siculus was discovered on one of the sites of the Natural Ornithological Park in the Imeretinskaya Lowland, on an area of over 0.22 km2 (Sochi, Russia). The data were collected in the May of 2020 in a strip survey method in the Imeretinskaya Lowland. To identify the colonization area of the invader, we examined all 8 sections of the Natural Ornithological Park in the Imeretinskaya Lowland and adjacent urbanized areas. More than 150 animals were observed. These Italian wall lizards, undoubtedly, belong to the northern-central Italian morphotype (presumably P. s. campestris). This is the first record of this species in the former USSR area and, also, this is the species’ north-easternmost locality. The population inhabits secondary natural biotopes and urban area. Among them are the banks of artificial water bodies, areas with cultivated trees and shrubs, as well as parks, and house lawns in the urban area. Population density was estimated from eight to 40 specimens per 100 m of the transect. A moderate proportion of young specimens (more than a 40%) would indicate a healthy and continued growth of the emerging population. To determine the possible period of the species introduction, space images of the Imeretinskaya Lowland were analyzed beginning from the transformation of its landscape for the Winter Olympic Games of Sochi 2014 until the May of 2020. The introduction of the species presumably occurred with the delivery of large-sized ornamental trees and shrubs from Italy in 2012–2013. Podarcis siculus should be included in the list of herpetofauna of Russia and particularly of the Caucasus. This is an alien species with a proven ability to become an invasive species, what will lead to a greater undesirable and unavoidable contact with native small lizards of the genus Darevskia Arribas, 1997. On the other hand, as it is often observed with new invaders, a sudden rise in population abundance could be followed by a sharp decline. A continuous monitoring of the area in question and of the number of local Italian wall lizards is necessary to confirm or refute the assumed scenarios of further invasion of P. siculus on the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus. Further action plans for this population should be developed depending on supposed future trends.
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Müller, Martin, David Gogishvili, and Sven Daniel Wolfe. "The structural deficit of the Olympics and the World Cup: Comparing costs against revenues over time." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, May 31, 2022, 0308518X2210987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x221098741.
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The Olympic Games and the Football World Cups are among the most expensive projects in the world. While available theoretical explanations suggest that the revenues of mega-events are overestimated and the costs underestimated, there is no comprehensive empirical study on whether costs exceed revenues. Based on a custom-built database from public sources, this article compares the revenues and costs of the Olympic Games and World Cups between 1964 and 2018 ( N = 43), together totalling close to USD 70 billion in revenues and more than USD 120 billion in costs. It finds that costs exceeded revenues in most cases: more than four out of five Olympics and World Cups ran a deficit. The average return-on-investment for an event was negative (– 38%), with mean costs of USD 2.8 billion exceeding mean revenues of USD 1.7 billion per event. The 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal, the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and the 2002 World Cup in Japan/South Korea recorded the highest absolute deficits. The Summer Olympics 1984 in Los Angeles, the Winter Olympics 2010 in Vancouver and the 2018 World Cup in Russia are among the few events that posted a surplus. The article concludes that the Olympic Games and the Football World Cup suffer from a structural deficit and could not exist without external subsidies. This finding urges a re-evaluation of these events as loss-making ventures that lack financial sustainability.