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Journal articles on the topic 'Oman ophiolite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Ibragimov, Iskander, Daniel Kiss, and Evangelos Moulas. "A thermo-mechanical model of the thermal evolution and incorporation of metamorphic soles in Tethyan ophiolites: a case study from Oman." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2024.0002.

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Abstract Ophiolites are remnants of oceanic crust and mantle, now typically found within continental mountain ranges like the Alps. Particularly in areas once part of the Tethys Ocean, ophiolites are often accompanied by narrow stripes of metamorphic rocks, commonly referred to as metamorphic soles. These metamorphic soles typically exhibit peak metamorphic conditions characteristic of either granulite or amphibolite facies. Geochronological studies of Tethyan ophiolites indicate that the development of these metamorphic soles occurred almost simultaneously with the crystallization of the ophiolite’s crustal sequence. Geological evidence also suggests that the metamorphism of the sole rocks took place concurrently with deformation, likely at the same time as the ophiolite’s obduction. In our research, we explore the metamorphic effects of shearing in an ophiolite sequence overlying a crustal sequence. Our findings reveal that strong lithologies like ophiolites can produce additional heat through the dissipation of mechanical energy, which can potentially explain the high temperatures found in metamorphic-sole rocks. In addition, heating-driven softening of the footwall rocks eventually leads to the migration of the active shear zone from the mantle sequence into the upper crustal domain. This migration may be responsible for the metamorphic sole incorporation at the base of the ophiolite. Finally, we demonstrate that stopping the shearing process rapidly cools these rocks, corresponding with the findings from thermochronological studies from Oman ophiolite.

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2

UMINO, Susumu, Shuichi YANAI, Yasuo NAKAMURA, and J. Toshimichi IIYAMA. "Semail Ophiolite in Oman." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 98, no. 3 (1989): plate1—plate3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography/98.3_plate1.

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3

IMMENHAUSER, ADRIAN, GUIDO SCHREURS, EDWIN GNOS, HEIKO W. OTERDOOM, and BERNHARD HARTMANN. "Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin." Geological Magazine 137, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800003526.

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When the highlands of Arabia were still covered with an ice shield in the latest Carboniferous/Early Permian period, separation of Gondwana started. This led to the creation of the Batain basin (part of the early Indian Ocean), off the northeastern margin of Oman. The rifting reactivated an Infra-Cambrian rift shoulder along the northeastern Oman margin and detritus from this high was shed into the interior Oman basin. Whereas carbonate platform deposits became widespread along the margin of the Neo-Tethys (northern rim of Oman), drifting and oceanization of the Batain basin started only in Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous time. Extensional tectonics was followed in the Late Cretaceous by contraction caused by the northward drift of Greater India and Afro-Arabia. This resulted in the collision of Afro-Arabia with an intra-oceanic trench and obduction of the Semail ophiolite and the Hawasina nappes south to southwestward onto the northern Oman margin ∼80 m.y. ago. During the middle Cretaceous, the oceanic lithosphere (including the future eastern ophiolites of Oman) drifted northwards as part of the Indian plate. At the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition (∼65 Ma), oblique convergence between Greater India and Afro-Arabia caused fragments of the early Indian Ocean to be thrust onto the Batain basin. Subsequently, the Lower Permian to uppermost Maastrichtian sediments and volcanic rocks of the Batain basin, along with fragments of Indian Ocean floor (eastern ophiolites), were obducted northwestward onto the northeastern margin of Oman. Palaeogene neo-autochtonous sedimentary rocks subsequently covered the nappe pile. Tertiary extensional tectonics related to Red Sea rifting in the Late Eocene was followed by Miocene shortening, associated with the collision of Arabia and Eurasia and the formation of the Oman Mountains.

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4

Olsson, J., S. L. S. Stipp, and S. R. Gislason. "Element scavenging by recently formed travertine deposits in the alkaline springs from the Oman Semail Ophiolite." Mineralogical Magazine 78, no. 6 (November 2014): 1479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.6.15.

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Ultramafic rocks, such as the Semail Ophiolite in the Sultanate of Oman, are considered to be a potential storage site for CO2. This type of rock is rich in divalent cations that can react with dissolved CO2 and form carbonate minerals, which remain stable over geological periods of time. Dissolution of the ophiolite mobilizes heavy metals, which can threaten the safety of surface and groundwater supplies but secondary phases, such as iron oxides, clays and carbonate minerals, can take up significant quantities of trace elements both in their structure and adsorbed on their surfaces.Hyperalkaline spring waters issuing from the Semail Ophiolites can have pH as high as 12. This water absorbs CO2 from air, forming carbonate mineral precipitates either as thin crusts on the surface of placid water pools or bottom precipitates in turbulent waters. We investigated the composition of the spring water and the precipitates to determine the extent of trace element uptake. We collected water and travertine samples from two alkaline springs of the Semail Ophiolite. Twenty seven elements were detected in the spring waters. The bulk of the precipitate was CaCO3 in aragonite, as needles, and rhombohedral calcite crystals. Traces of dypingite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O) and antigorite ((Mg,Fe)3Si2O5(OH)4) were also detected. The bulk precipitate contained rare earth elements and toxic metals, such as As, Ba, Cd, Sr and Pb, which indicated scavenging by the carbonate minerals. Boron and mercury were detected in the spring water but not in the carbonate phases. The results provide confidence that many of the toxic metals released by ophiolite dissolution in an engineered CO2 injection project would be taken up by secondary phases, minimizing risk to water quality.

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5

Abbou-Kebir, Khadidja, Shoji Arai, Ahmed Hassan Ahmed, and Georges Ceuleneer. "Spinel-free and spinel-poor dunite veins crosscutting the Wadi Rajmi ophiolite chromitite (northern Oman ophiolite)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.3.261.

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Abstract Peculiar dunitic veins almost or totally free of spinels crosscut a podiform chromitite ore body in the Wadi Rajmi, northern Oman ophiolite. They probably originated from a komatiitic melt which was oversaturated in Fo≤94 olivines and which evolved to precipitate simultaneously both chromian spinels, with Cr# ranging from 0.6 to 0.8, and Fo91-93 olivines. The absence or the low modal amounts of spinels are possibly governed by a Cr-undersaturation state of the involved melt which crystallized under relatively low cooling rates to generate the spinel-free and the spinel-poor dunites. A shallow and highly depleted mantle source for this komatiitic melt was envisaged during a converging tectonic regime, initiated earlier in the dynamic history of the Oman ophiolite.

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6

Scharf, A., F. Mattern, M. Al-Wardi, G. Frijia, D. Moraetis, B. Pracejus, W. Bauer, and I. Callegari. "About this title - The Geology and Tectonics of the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat Domes, Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.

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The geology of the Oman Mountains, including the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes, is extraordinarily well-exposed and diverse, spanning a geological record of more than 800 Ma. The area is blessed with first-class outcrops and is well known in the geological community for its ophiolite. The Oman Mountains have much more to offer; including, Neoproterozoic diamictites (“Snowball Earth”), fossil-rich Permo-Mesozoic carbonates and metamorphic rocks. The arid climate and deep incision of wadis allow for nearly complete rock exposure which can be investigated in all three dimensions. The diverse geology is also responsible for the breathtaking landscape. New roads and the nature of the friendly Omani people make fieldwork unforgettable.This Memoir provides a thorough state-of-the-art overview of the geology and tectonics of the Southeastern Oman Mountains, and is accompanied by an over-sized geological map and a correlation chart.

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7

Nicolas, A., and F. Boudier. "Mapping oceanic ridge segments in Oman ophiolite." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B4 (April 10, 1995): 6179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jb01188.

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8

ROLLINSON, Hugh, and Jacob ADETUNJI. "Chromite in the Mantle Section of the Oman Ophiolite: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Oman Ophiolite." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, s2 (December 2015): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12308_44.

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9

SAVELYEVA, G. N., and V. G. BATANOVA. "Chromite in the Mantle Section of the Oman Ophiolite: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Oman Ophiolite." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, s2 (December 2015): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12308_45.

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10

Tsuchiya, Nobutaka, Tomoyuki Shibata, Masako Yoshikawa, Yoshiko Adachi, Sumio Miyashita, Tatsurou Adachi, Nobuhiko Nakano, and Yasuhito Osanai. "Petrology of Lasail plutonic complex, northern Oman ophiolite, Oman: An example of arc-like magmatism associated with ophiolite detachment." Lithos 156-159 (January 2013): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.10.013.

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11

SEARLE, MICHAEL P., and JON COX. "Subduction zone metamorphism during formation and emplacement of the Semail ophiolite in the Oman Mountains." Geological Magazine 139, no. 3 (May 2002): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006532.

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The metamorphic sole along the base of the Semail ophiolite in Oman records the earliest thrust slice subducted and accreted to the base of the ophiolite mantle sequence. In the Bani Hamid area (United Arab Emirates) a c. 870 m thick thrust slice of granulite facies rocks includes garnet+ diopside amphibolites, enstatite+cordierite+sillimanite+spinel±sapphirine quartzites, alkaline mafic granulites (meta-jacupirangites) quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and calc-silicates. The latter contain garnet+diopside+scapolite+plagioclase±wollastonite. P–T conditions of granulite facies metamorphism are in the range 800–860°C and 10.5±1.1 kbar to 14.7±2.8 kbar. Garnet+clinopyroxene+hornblende+plagioclase amphibolites from the metamorphic sole record peak P–T conditions of 840±70°C and 11.6±1.6 kbar (THERMOCALC average P–T mode) and 840–870°C and 13.9–11.8 kbar (conventional thermobarometry) with low degrees of partial melting producing very small melt segregations of tonalitic material. Pressure estimates are equivalent to depths of 57–46 km beneath oceanic crust, much deeper than can be accounted for by the thickness of the ophiolite. 40Ar39Ar hornblende ages from the amphibolites range from 95–93 Ma, synchronous with formation of the plagiogranites in the ophiolite crustal sequence (95 Ma), eruption of the Lasail (V2) volcanic sequence and deposition of Cenomanian–Turonian radiolaria in metalliferous sediments between the Geotimes (V1) and Lasail (V2) lavas. Protoliths of the metamorphic sole were Triassic–Jurassic and early Cretaceous Haybi volcanic rocks, Exotic limestones and quartzites and were clearly not equivalent to the Semail ophiolite rocks, showing that initiation of subduction could not have occurred at the ridge axis. Heat for metamorphism was derived from the mantle sequence harzburgites and dunites which were at or around 1100–1500°C. All data from the sub-ophiolite metamorphic sole in Oman and the United Arab Emirates indicate that the ophiolite was formed in a Supra-Subduction zone setting and that obduction occurred along a NE-dipping high-temperature subduction zone during Late Cretaceous times.

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12

Miyashita, Sumio, Susumu Umino, and Yoshiko Adachi. "A new perspective of ophiolite studies with special reference to the Oman ophiolite." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 108, no. 8 (2002): 520–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.108.520.

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13

Adachi, Yoshiko, Takashi Tomatsu, Shiki Okazawa, and Sumio Miyashita. "Layering structures of gabbros of the Oman ophiolite." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 108, no. 8 (2002): XVII—XVIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.108.xvii.

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14

UMINO, Susumu. "Geology of the Semail Ophiolite, Northern Oman Mountains." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 104, no. 3 (1995): 321–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.104.3_321.

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15

YANAI, Shuichi, Susumu UMINO, Yasuo NAKAMURA, and J. Toshimichi IIYAMA. "Stress Structure of Semail Ophiolite, Northern Oman Mountains." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 98, no. 3 (1989): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.98.3_279.

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16

Rollinson, Hugh. "A (virtual) field excursion through the Oman ophiolite." Geology Today 30, no. 3 (May 2014): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gto.12055.

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17

Gass, Ian G., Stephen J. Lippard, and Anthony W. Shelton. "Ophiolite in the Oman: The Open University Project." Episodes 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i1/002.

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18

Coogan, Laurence A. "Contaminating the lower crust in the Oman ophiolite." Geology 31, no. 12 (2003): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g20129.1.

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19

Boudier, F., A. Nicolas, B. Ildefonse, and D. Jousselin. "EPR microplates, a model for the Oman Ophiolite." Terra Nova 9, no. 2 (April 1997): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00007.x.

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20

Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 5 Tectonic evolution of the Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 67–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.5.

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AbstractThe tectonic evolution of the Oman Mountains as of the Neoproterozoic begins with a major extensional event, the Neoproterozoic Abu Mahara rifting. It was followed by the compressional Nabitah event, still during the Neoproterozoic, in Oman but possibly not in the study area. During the earliest Cambrian, the Jabal Akhdar area was affected by the Cadomian Orogeny, marked by NE--SW shortening. It is unclear, whether the Saih Hatat area was exposed to the Cadomian deformation, too. Still during the lower Cambrian, the Angudan Orogeny followed, characterized by NW--SE shortening. An episode of rifting affected the Saih Hatat area during the mid-Ordovician. During the mid-Carboniferous, both dome areas were deformed by tilting and large-scale open folding in the course of the ‘Hercynian’ event. As a consequence, a major unconformity formed. As another Late Paleozoic event, the Permian break-up of Pangaea and subsequent formation of the Hawasina ocean basin, are recorded in the Southeastern Oman Mountains. As a result, a passive margin formed which existed until the mid-Cretaceous, characterized by deposition of mostly shelfal carbonates. This interval of general tectonic quiescence was interrupted during the early Jurassic by uplift and tilting of the Arabian Platform. The platform collapsed during the late Cretaceous, related to the arrival of the obducted allochthonous nappes including the Semail Ophiolite, transforming the passive margin to an active margin.The Semail Ophiolite formed most likely above a subduction zone within the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the Cenomanian while parts of the Arabian Plate were subducted to the NE. Formation of oceanic lithosphere and SW-thrusting was broadly coeval, resulting in ophiolite obduction onto the Hawasina Basin. The Semail Ophiolite and the Hawasina rocks combined were thrust further onto the Arabian Plate. Their load created a foreland basin and forebulge within the Arabian Platform. Once the continental lithosphere of the Arabian Platform was forced into the subduction zone, a tear between the dense oceanic lithosphere and the buoyant continental lithosphere developed. This led to rapid uplift and exhumation of subducted continental lithosphere of the Saih Hatat area, while obduction was still going on, causing in multiple and intense folding/thrusting within the eastern Saih Hatat Dome. Exhumation of the Saih Hatat Dome was massive. The emplacement of the ophiolite was completed during the Campanian/Maastrichtian. For completeness, we also present alternative models for the developmental history of the Semail Ophiolite.Immediately after emplacement, the Arabian lithosphere underwent intense top-to-the-NE extensional shearing. Most of the Saih Hatat Dome was exhumed during the latest Cretaceous to Early Eocene, associated with major extensional shearing at its flanks. Further convergence during the late Eocene to Miocene resulted in exhumation of the Jabal Akhdar Dome and some gentle exhumation of the Saih Hatat Dome, shaping the present-day Southeastern Oman Mountains. In the coastal area, east and SE of the Saih Hatat Dome, some late Cretaceous to present-day uplift is evident by, e.g., uplifted marine terraces. The entire Oman Mountains are uplifting today, which is evident by the massive wadi incision into various rock units, including wadi deposits which may form overhangs.

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21

Braathen, Alvar, and Per Terje Osmundsen. "Extensional tectonics rooted in orogenic collapse: Long-lived disintegration of the Semail Ophiolite, Oman." Geology 48, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47077.1.

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Abstract Significant post-orogenic extension of the renowned Semail Ophiolite and substrata in Oman resulted in the formation of metamorphic core complexes juxtaposed with an array of Maastrichtian-Paleogene extensional basins. During this evolution, basins became progressively localized. The geometry of the large-scale and long-lived extensional system changes laterally across the core complexes and reveals several generations of domes and detachments, some of which were progressively exhumed. Progressive excision and dismemberment of the ophiolite link to major fabrics in the core complexes and gradual focusing of extensional basins.

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22

Belgrano, Thomas M., Larryn W. Diamond, Yves Vogt, Andrea R. Biedermann, Samuel A. Gilgen, and Khalid Al-Tobi. "A revised map of volcanic units in the Oman ophiolite: insights into the architecture of an oceanic proto-arc volcanic sequence." Solid Earth 10, no. 4 (July 29, 2019): 1181–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1181-2019.

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Abstract. Numerous studies have revealed genetic similarities between Tethyan ophiolites and oceanic “proto-arc” sequences formed above nascent subduction zones. The Semail ophiolite (Oman–U.A.E.) in particular can be viewed as an analogue for this proto-arc crust. Though proto-arc magmatism and the mechanisms of subduction initiation are of great interest, insight is difficult to gain from drilling and limited surface outcrops in marine settings. In contrast, the 3–5 km thick upper-crustal succession of the Semail ophiolite, which is exposed in an oblique cross section, presents an opportunity to assess the architecture and volumes of different volcanic rocks that form during the proto-arc stage. To determine the distribution of the volcanic rocks and to aid exploration for the volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits that they host, we have remapped the volcanic units of the Semail ophiolite by integrating new field observations, geochemical analyses, and geophysical interpretations with pre-existing geological maps. By linking the major-element compositions of the volcanic units to rock magnetic properties, we were able to use aeromagnetic data to infer the extension of each outcropping unit below sedimentary cover, resulting in a new map showing 2100 km2 of upper-crustal bedrock. Whereas earlier maps distinguished two main volcanostratigraphic units, we have distinguished four, recording the progression from early spreading-axis basalts (Geotimes), through axial to off-axial depleted basalts (Lasail), to post-axial tholeiites (Tholeiitic Alley), and finally boninites (Boninitic Alley). Geotimes (“Phase 1”) axial dykes and lavas make up ∼55 vol % of the Semail upper crust, whereas post-axial (“Phase 2”) lavas constitute the remaining ∼45 vol % and ubiquitously cover the underlying axial crust. Highly depleted boninitic members of the Lasail unit locally occur within and directly atop the axial sequence, marking an earlier onset of boninitic magmatism than previously known for the ophiolite. The vast majority of the Semail boninites, however, belong to the Boninitic Alley unit and occur as discontinuous accumulations up to 2 km thick at the top of the ophiolite sequence and constitute ∼15 vol % of the upper crust. The new map provides a basis for targeted exploration of the gold-bearing VMS deposits hosted by these boninites. The thickest boninite accumulations occur in the Fizh block, where magma ascent occurred along crustal-scale faults that are connected to shear zones in the underlying mantle rocks, which in turn are associated with economic chromitite deposits. Locating major boninite feeder zones may thus be an indirect means to explore for chromitites in the underlying mantle.

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23

Perez, Americus, Susumu Umino, Graciano P. Yumul Jr., and Osamu Ishizuka. "Boninite and boninite-series volcanics in northern Zambales ophiolite: doubly vergent subduction initiation along Philippine Sea plate margins." Solid Earth 9, no. 3 (June 5, 2018): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-713-2018.

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Abstract. A key component of subduction initiation rock suites is boninite, a high-magnesium andesite that is uniquely predominant in western Pacific forearc terranes and in select Tethyan ophiolites such as Oman and Troodos. We report, for the first time, the discovery of low-calcium, high-silica boninite in the middle Eocene Zambales ophiolite (Luzon Island, Philippines). Olivine–orthopyroxene microphyric high-silica boninite, olivine–clinopyroxene–phyric low-silica boninite and boninitic basalt occur as lapilli fall deposits and pillow lava flows in the upper volcanic unit of the juvenile arc section (Barlo locality, Acoje Block) of the Zambales ophiolite. This upper volcanic unit overlies a lower volcanic unit consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite to dacitic lavas and explosive eruptive material (subaqueous pahoehoe and lobate sheet flows, agglutinate and spatter deposits) forming a low-silica boninite series. The overall volcanic stratigraphy of the extrusive sequence at Barlo resembles holes U1439 and U1442 drilled by IODP Expedition 352 in the Izu–Ogasawara (Bonin) trench slope. The presence of depleted proto-arc basalts in the Coto Block (45 Ma) (Geary et al., 1989), boninite and boninite series volcanics in Barlo (Acoje Block (44 Ma)) and simultaneous and post-boninite moderate-Fe arc tholeiites in Sual and Subic areas of the Acoje Block (44–43 Ma) indicate that the observed subduction initiation stratigraphy in the Izu–Ogasawara–Mariana forearc is also present in the Zambales ophiolite. Paleolatitudes derived from tilt-corrected sites in the Acoje Block place the juvenile arc of northern Zambales ophiolite in the western margin of the Philippine Sea plate. In this scenario, the origin of Philippine Sea plate boninites (IBM and Zambales) would be in a doubly vergent subduction initiation setting.

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Searle, Michael P., Alan G. Cherry, Mohammed Y. Ali, and David J. W. Cooper. "Tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula and northern Oman Mountains: From ophiolite obduction to continental collision." GeoArabia 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1902137.

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ABSTRACT The tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula in northern Oman shows a transition between the Late Cretaceous ophiolite emplacement related tectonics recorded along the Oman Mountains and Dibba Zone to the SE and the Late Cenozoic continent-continent collision tectonics along the Zagros Mountains in Iran to the northwest. Three stages in the continental collision process have been recognized. Stage one involves the emplacement of the Semail Ophiolite from NE to SW onto the Mid-Permian–Mesozoic passive continental margin of Arabia. The Semail Ophiolite shows a lower ocean ridge axis suite of gabbros, tonalites, trondhjemites and lavas (Geotimes V1 unit) dated by U-Pb zircon between 96.4–95.4 Ma overlain by a post-ridge suite including island-arc related volcanics including boninites formed between 95.4–94.7 Ma (Lasail, V2 unit). The ophiolite obduction process began at 96 Ma with subduction of Triassic–Jurassic oceanic crust to depths of > 40 km to form the amphibolite/granulite facies metamorphic sole along an ENE-dipping subduction zone. U-Pb ages of partial melts in the sole amphibolites (95.6– 94.5 Ma) overlap precisely in age with the ophiolite crustal sequence, implying that subduction was occurring at the same time as the ophiolite was forming. The ophiolite, together with the underlying Haybi and Hawasina thrust sheets, were thrust southwest on top of the Permian–Mesozoic shelf carbonate sequence during the Late Cenomanian–Campanian. Subduction ended as unsubductable cherts and limestones (Oman Exotics) jammed at depths of 25–30 km. The Bani Hamid quartzites and calc-silicates associated with amphibolites derived from alkali basalt show high-temperature granulite facies mineral assemblages and represent lower crust material exhumed by late-stage out-of-sequence thrusting. Ophiolite obduction ended at ca. 70 Ma (Maastrichtian) with deposition of shallow-marine limestones transgressing all underlying thrust sheets. Stable shallow-marine conditions followed for at least 30 million years (from 65–35 Ma) along the WSW and ENE flanks of the mountain belt. Stage two occurred during the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene when a second phase of compression occurred in Musandam as the Arabian Plate began to collide with the Iran-western Makran continental margin. The Middle Permian to Cenomanian shelf carbonates, up to 4 km thick, together with pre-Permian basement rocks were thrust westwards along the Hagab Thrust for a minimum of 15 km. Early Miocene out-of-sequence thrusts cut through the shelf carbonates and overlying Pabdeh foreland basin in the subsurface offshore Ras al Khaimah and Musandam. This phase of crustal compression followed deposition of the Eocene Dammam and Oligocene Asmari formations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but ended by the mid-Miocene as thrust tip lines are all truncated along a regional unconformity at the base of the Upper Miocene Mishan Formation. The Oligocene–Early Miocene culmination of Musandam and late Cenozoic folding along the UAE foreland marks the initiation of the collision of Arabia with Central Iran in the Strait of Hormuz region. Stage three involved collision of Arabia and the Central Iran Plate during the Pliocene, with ca. 50 km of NE-SW shortening across the Zagros Fold Belt. Related deformation in the Musandam Peninsula is largely limited to north and eastward tilting of the peninsula to create a deeply indented coastline of drowned valleys (rias).

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KIKAWA, Eiichi, Hideo SAKAI, and Tomoyuki KUDO. "Magnetization of Upper Mantle: Results from Oman Samail Ophiolite." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 112, no. 5 (2003): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.112.5_720.

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26

MICHIBAYASHI, Katsuyoshi. "Distal View of “5 o'clock Moho” at Oman Ophiolite." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 112, no. 5 (2003): Plate1—Plate2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.112.5_plate1.

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27

YANAI, Shuichi, Susumu UMINO, Yasuo NAKAMURA, and Toshimichi J. IIYAMA. "Obduction of Semail Ophiolite, Northern Oman Mountains-An Outline-." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 98, no. 4 (1989): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.98.4_499.

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28

Chenevez, Jérôme, Philippe Machetel, and Adolphe Nicolas. "Numerical models of magma chambers in the Oman ophiolite." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103, B7 (July 10, 1998): 15443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jb00597.

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29

Thiel, S., G. Heinson, D. R. Gray, and R. T. Gregory. "Ophiolite emplacement in NE Oman: constraints from magnetotelluric sounding." Geophysical Journal International 176, no. 3 (March 2009): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2008.04053.x.

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30

Fones, Elizabeth M., Daniel R. Colman, Emily A. Kraus, Daniel B. Nothaft, Saroj Poudel, Kaitlin R. Rempfert, John R. Spear, Alexis S. Templeton, and Eric S. Boyd. "Physiological adaptations to serpentinization in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman." ISME Journal 13, no. 7 (March 12, 2019): 1750–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0391-2.

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31

A'Shaikh, Durair, Hiroharu Matsueda, Toshio Mizuta, and Sumio Miyashita. "Hydrothermal Alteration of Oman Ophiolite Extrusives in Ghuzayn Area." Resource Geology 56, no. 2 (June 2006): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00277.x.

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32

Kelemen, Peter. "Planning the Drilling of the Samail Ophiolite in Oman." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, no. 3 (January 15, 2013): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo030008.

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33

Moseley, F. "The upper cretaceous ophiolite complex of Masirah Island, Oman." Geological Journal 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2007): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350060211.

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34

Arafin, Sayyadul, and Ram N. Singh. "Thermal and Transport Properties of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks of Oman Ophiolite." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol21iss1pp69-81.

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Thermal and other physical properties of rocks and minerals are of considerable significance for deriving mineralogical and compositional models of the Earth's mantle. We have determined these properties for the mafic rock such as gabbro and ultramafic rock like harzburgite of the Oman ophiolite suite by utilizing the Debye characteristic property ,Θ-

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35

Al-Lazki, Ali I., Dogan Seber, Eric Sandvol, and Muawia Barazangi. "A crustal transect across the Oman Mountains on the eastern margin of Arabia." GeoArabia 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia070147.

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ABSTRACT The unique tectonic setting of the Oman Mountains and the Semail Ophiolite, together with ongoing hydrocarbon exploration, have focused geological research on the sedimentary and ophiolite stratigraphy of Oman. However, there have been few investigations of the crustal-scale structure of the eastern Arabian continental margin. In order to rectify this omission, we made a 255-km-long, southwesterly oriented crustal transect of the Oman Mountains from the Coastal Zone to the interior Foreland via the 3,000-m-high Jebel Akhdar. The model for the upper 8 km of the crust was constrained using 152 km of 2-D seismic reflection profiles, 15 exploratory wells, and 1:100,000- to 1:250,000-scale geological maps. Receiver-function analysis of teleseismic earthquake waveform data from three temporary digital seismic stations gave the first reliable estimates of depth-to-Moho. Bouguer gravity modeling provided further evidence of depths to the Moho and metamorphic basement. Four principal results were obtained from the transect. (1) An interpreted mountain root beneath Jebel Akhdar has a lateral extent of about 60 km along the transect. The depth-to-Moho of 41 to 44 km about 25 km southwest of Jebel Akhdar increased to 48 to 51 km on its northeastern side but decreased to 39 to 42 km beneath the coastal plain farther to the northeast. (2) The average depth to the metamorphic basement was inferred from Bouguer gravity modeling to be 9 km in the core of Jebel Akhdar and immediately to the southwest. A relatively shallow depth-to-basement of 7 to 8 km coincided with the Jebel Qusaybah anticline south of the Hamrat Ad Duru Range. (3) Based on surface, subsurface, and gravity modeling, the Nakhl Ophiolite block extends seaward for approximately 80 km from its most southerly outcrop. It has an average thickness of about 5 km, whereas ophiolite south of Jebel Akhdar is only 1 km thick. The underlying Hawasina Sediments are between 2 and 3 km thick in the Hamrat Ad Duru Zone, and 2 km thick in the Coastal Zone. (4) Southwest of Jebel Akhdar, reactivated NW-oriented strike-slip basement faults that deformed Miocene to Pliocene sediments were inferred from the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles.

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36

Abdalla, O., A. Izady, T. Al-Hosni, M. Chen, H. Al-Mamari, and K. Semhi. "Modern Recharge in a Transboundary Groundwater Basin Deduced from Hydrochemical and Isotopic Investigations: Al Buraimi, Oman." Geofluids 2018 (September 12, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7593430.

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Groundwater samples (54) collected from different geological units (alluvium, Tertiary, ophiolite, and Hawasina) located in the transboundary groundwater basin in north Oman at the United Arab Emirates (UAE) borders were analyzed for general hydrochemistry and water isotopes, and subsets thereof were analyzed for 14C and 3H and 87Sr/86Sr. The chemical composition, percentage of modern carbon (pmc), δ2H, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr of the groundwater in the study area progressively change from the recharge zone in the elevated area of the North Oman Mountains (NOM) to the flat plains at the UAE borders. While the water-rock interaction is the dominant process controlling the groundwater chemistry, evaporation and groundwater mixing affect the hydrochemistry at the UAE borders. Therefore, groundwater evolves from carbonate-dominant in the NOM into sodium chloride-dominant close to the UAE borders. It is also evident that groundwater lateral recharge from the ophiolites into the alluvium retains the chemical affinity of the ophiolites. Groundwater dating (high pmc), homogeneous 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and enriched δ2H and δ18O demonstrate the presence of modern recharge in the shallow zones of the ophiolites and alluvium. However, deep zones and areas at the UAE border contain older groundwater form during cooler and wetter climatic conditions as supported by the depleted δ2H and δ18O and lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios and pmc. Furthermore, the data clearly showed that modern groundwater mixes with older groundwater along the flow path from the NOM into the UAE border. Modern recharge occurs as lateral recharge from NOM and direct recharge in the plain area. The current findings support future development of aflaj system along NOM slopes and shallow wells in the plain areas.

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37

Cooper, David J. W., Michael P. Searle, and Mohammed Y. Ali. "Structural evolution of Jabal Qumayrah: A salt-intruded culmination in the northern Oman Mountains." GeoArabia 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1702121.

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ABSTRACT The Jabal Qumayrah area of the northern Oman Mountains records the evolution and subsequent destruction of a Mesozoic passive continental margin in the Oman segment of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, followed by the re-establishment of a passive margin, punctuated by phases of Tertiary compression. Almost uniquely along the Oman Mountains, it also contains intrusions of salt. Detachment of oceanic sediments and volcanics during the early phases of NE-directed subduction beneath the nascent Semail Ophiolite created an in-sequence stack of imbricated thrust units comprising distal trench units (Haybi Complex), and deep-ocean and continental rise sediments derived from the Mesozoic Oman margin (the Hawasina Complex). These were emplaced onto the depressed margin beneath and ahead of the ophiolite during its obduction in the Cenomanian– Coniacian. The Mesozoic continental slope sediments of the Sumeini Group had already been largely over-ridden by the more distal thrust sheets when the Hawasina sole thrust propagated into those sediments. This detached a Sumeini Group thrust sheet, which was transported westward for at least 7 km, carrying with it the overlying Hawasina thrust stack. Structurally lower parts of the Hawasina thrust stack (Hamrat Duru Group) also extended ahead of the Sumeini Group thrust sheet, but they were not restacked with it, indicating motion continued along this part of the Hawasina sole thrust. Further footwall collapse detached at least one more imbricate within the Sumeini Group and the combined thrust stack was then folded along a N-S axis, possibly above a frontal ramp. This was associated with complex out-of-sequence forward and back-thrusting at the lower structural levels. A right-lateral scissors fault developed at right angles to the direction of nappe transport, associated with normal faulting down-to-south. Late-stage culmination within the nappe pile created an asymmetrical west-facing dome, around which the structurally overlying Hawasina thrust sheets are folded. Passive margin sedimentation was re-established in the Campanian–Maastrichtian following subsidence of the locally emergent nappe pile and was dominated by carbonate sedimentation with little clastic input from the ophiolite or Hawasina sediments. Stable sedimentation persisted until Oligocene–Miocene compression, synchronous with the Zagros compressional event in Iran, resulted in west-facing folding along the western side of the northern Oman Mountains and their subsequent uplift. The Jabal Qumayrah massif preserves a salt intrusion composed of gypsum and anhydrite, the top of which is now exposed in the centre of the culmination. The origin of the salt remains unclear and investigations continue. Possible sources include the extension of the major regional salt basins found in the foreland, in particular those at the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary (Ara Group), beneath the Hawasina Nappes and Semail Ophiolite. Alternatively, evaporitic basins may have developed locally along the edge of the proto Neo-Tethyan margin during the earliest rifting phase, beneath what became the continental slope deposits, although there is little evidence for these elsewhere in the autochthonous shelf succession.

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38

Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 2 Tectonostratigraphy of the eastern part of the Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 11–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.2.

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AbstractThis chapter provides comprehensive descriptions of 52 numbered formations/rock units of the Southeastern Oman Mountains, based on available literature. The oldest eight siliciclastic and carbonate formations are positioned below the ‘Hercynian’ Unconformity. The overlying formation (9–16) mostly represent carbonates which accumulated in a passive margin platform setting during or after the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The passive margin slope and platform collapsed during the late Cretaceous because of the obduction of the Semail Ophiolite along with the deep marine Hawasina sedimentary rocks. The collapsing passive margin interval was recorded within the syn-obductional Aruma Group (17; Muti Formation). Above this formation are the allochthonous units (18–42) of the tectonically lower Hawasina deep-sea basin and the structurally overlying Semail Ophiolite. The former contains Permian to Upper Cretaceous formations, while the latter is Cenomanian in age. Above the allochthonous rocks, the Neo-autochthonous formations were deposited, starting with the post-obductional uppermost Cretaceous Aruma Group (43; Al-Khod Formation) until the Quaternary deposits (52). All these formations/rock units are depicted on an accompanying map and stratigraphic chart.

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39

Ali, Mohammed Y., and A. B. Watts. "Subsidence history, gravity anomalies and flexure of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) foreland basin." GeoArabia 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia140217.

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ABSTRACT Seismic reflection profile, gravity anomaly, and exploratory well data have been used to determine the structure and evolution of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) foreland basin. The basin is of tectonic significance because it formed by ophiolite obduction in the northern Oman Mountains and flexural loading of an underlying Tethyan rifted margin. Existing stratigraphic data shows that this margin is characterised by an early syn-rift sequence of mainly Triassic age that is overlain by a post-rift sequence of Lower Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous age. Backstripping of the well data provides new constraints on the age of rifting, the amount of crustal and mantle extension, and the flexural effects of ophiolite load emplacement. The tectonic subsidence and uplift history at the wells can be generally explained by either a uniform extension model with an initial age of rifting of 210 Ma and a stretching factor, β, of 2.5 or a depth-dependant extension model with crustal extension factor of, γ, 1.3 and a mantle extension factor, β, of 2.5. While both models account for the general exponential decrease that is observed in the tectonic subsidence and uplift between 210 Ma and 95 Ma, we prefer the depth-dependant model because the depth-to-Moho that is implied better accounts for the increase that is observed in the regional Bouguer gravity anomaly between the UAE foreland and the Oman coastline. However, there are discrepancies, which we attribute to uncertainties in palaeobathymetry, sea level, and stratigraphic ages. Irrespective, the backstrip curves suggest that there was a significant thinning of the continental crust prior to ophiolite emplacement. The timing of emplacement cannot be constrained precisely, but the backstrip curves suggest that ophiolite loading and foreland basin flexure was initiated during the Late Cretaceous. The basin shape can be explained by a simple model in which both surface (i.e. topographic) and subsurface (i.e. ophiolitic) loads were emplaced on a lithosphere with an effective elastic thickness, Te´ of c. 20–25 km. This Te is similar to what we would expect for loading of extended continental lithosphere 80 My after a rifting event. It predicts a c. 4 km flexural depression and a few hundred metres flanking bulge that is presently located beneath the Abu Dhabi region. The bulge is obscured, however, by at least 2 km of sediment, possibly because of an increase in accommodation space due to dynamic effects associated with the subduction of the Arabian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.

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40

Augé, Thierry. "Platinum-group-mineral inclusions in chromitites from the Oman ophiolite." Bulletin de Minéralogie 109, no. 3 (1986): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1986.7937.

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41

Ahmed, A. H., and S. Arai. "PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS IN PODIFORM CHROMITITES OF THE OMAN OPHIOLITE." Canadian Mineralogist 41, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.41.3.597.

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42

SHIRAO, Motomaro. "Pictorial: The Samail Ophiolite, Oman: An ancient mid-oceanic ridge." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 108, no. 3 (1999): plate3—plate6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography/108.3_plate3.

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43

Mée, Laurent Le, Jacques Girardeau, and Christophe Monnier. "Mantle segmentation along the Oman ophiolite fossil mid-ocean ridge." Nature 432, no. 7014 (November 2004): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03075.

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44

BOUDIER, F., and A. NICOLAS. "Nature of the Moho Transition Zone in the Oman Ophiolite." Journal of Petrology 36, no. 3 (June 1, 1995): 777–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.3.777.

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45

Jordan, Benjamin R., Abdel-Rahman Fowler, Bahaa El Dein Mahmoud, Ayman K. El-Saiy, and Osman Abdelghanny. "Peperites and associated pillow lavas subjacent to the Oman Ophiolite." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 173, no. 3-4 (June 2008): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.019.

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46

Oeser, Martin, Harald Strauss, Paul Eric Wolff, Jürgen Koepke, Marc Peters, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, and Marcel Dietrich. "A profile of multiple sulfur isotopes through the Oman ophiolite." Chemical Geology 312-313 (June 2012): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.04.008.

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47

Hacker, B. R., J. L. Mosenfelder, and E. Gnos. "Rapid emplacement of the Oman ophiolite: Thermal and geochronologic constraints." Tectonics 15, no. 6 (December 1996): 1230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96tc01973.

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48

Pezard, Philippe A., Florence Einaudi, Daniel Hermitte, Jean-Jacques Cochemé, Christian Coulon, and Christine Laverne. "MORB emplacement and structure: Insights from the Semail Ophiolite, Oman." Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 23 (December 1, 2000): 3933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011877.

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49

Kawahata, H., M. Nohara, H. Ishizuka, S. Hasebe, and H. Chiba. "Sr isotope geochemistry and hydrothermal alteration of the Oman ophiolite." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, B6 (June 10, 2001): 11083–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900456.

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50

Christiansen, F. G., and S. Roberts. "Formation of olivine pseudo-crescumulates by syntectonic axial planar growth during mantle deformation." Geological Magazine 123, no. 1 (January 1986): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800026558.

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AbstractLarge elongated euhedral olivines, resembling olivines appearing in crescumulates, from dunite bodies of ophiolite mantle sequences have been subjected to a detailed structural and fabric study. Localities from the Semail Ophiolite, Oman and the Vourinos Complex, Greece are described. The studies indicate that the regional mantle flow structures control the shape and crystallographic orientation of the large euhedral olivines, which are elongated parallel to [001] and flattened parallel to (100) due to syntectonic high temperature metamorphic growth. The growth is controlled by the deformation such that grains oriented unsuitable for slip are growing whereas grains with other orientations are selectively deformed. This being so there may be more than one interpretation of crescumulate textures developed in environments that have suffered a penetrative deformation.

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