Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Omixta'

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella yrittäjyyteen fokusoituneen opiskelijayhteisö Oulu Entrepreneurship Societyn (OuluES) toiminnassa mukana olleiden yliopisto-opiskelijoiden käsityksiä omista yrittäjyysvalmiuksistaan sekä niistä tekijöistä, joiden he ovat OuluES-toiminnassa kokeneet edistäneen omien yrittäjyysvalmiuksiensa muodostumista. Yrittäjyysvalmiuksia tarkasteltiin kolmen osa-alueen kautta, joita olivat asenne, tiedot sekä taidot. Osana yrittäjyysvalmiuksia tarkasteltiin myös tutkittavien yrittäjyysintentioita, jossa teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimivat Icek Ajzenin suunnitellun toiminnan teoria sekä Banduran minäpystyvyys. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena, jonka aineisto koostuu viiden OuluES-toiminnassa mukana olleen yliopisto-opiskelijan yksilöhaastattelusta. Aineisto kerättiin alkukesästä 2018 puolistrukturoidulla teemahaastattelulla ja aineisto analysoitiin teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Yrittäjyysvalmiudet painottuivat asenteellisiin sekä taidollisiin valmiuksiin, jotka tutkittavien osalta olivat hyvällä pohjalla. Tiedolliset valmiudet sen sijaan olivat heikommalla tasolla, jota tutkittavat itse eivät kuitenkaan kokeneet ongelmallisena. Yrittäjyysintentioiden osalta kaikki tutkittavat asennoituivat yrittäjyyteen myönteisesti ja myös näkivät ulkoisen yrittäjyyden olevan itselleen mahdollinen vaihtoehto. OuluES-toiminnan osalta tulokset osoittivat yrittäjyysvalmiuksia edistäviä tekijöitä olevan neljä, joita olivat tapahtumat, tunnelma ja ilmapiiri, käytännön työskentely sekä yhteisö. Toiminnan seurauksena haastateltavat kertoivat saaneensa lisää itseluottamusta, uusia näkökulmia, inspiraatiota, käytännön valmiuksia sekä verkostoja. Tutkimus tarjoaa tärkeää ja ajankohtaista tietoa niistä tekijöistä, joiden OuluES-toiminnassa koettiin edistävän yrittäjyysvalmiuksien muodostumista. Näitä tuloksia voivat hyödyntää erityisesti samankaltaiset yrittäjyyteen suuntautuneet opiskelijayhteisöt arvioidessaan ja kehittäessään omaa toimintaansa<br>This thesis considers the phenomenon of entrepreneurial competencies among the University of Oulu students, who have been involved in the activities and the board of student lead entrepreneurial club called Oulu Entrepreneurship Society (OuluES). More specifically, this thesis provides deeper insights into the ways OuluES has affected the participants’ perceptions of their own entrepreneurial competencies and explores the factors they have experienced contributing to the development of their competencies in the areas of attitudes, skills and knowledge. As part of the competencies also entrepreneurial intentions are examined in which Icek Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior as well as Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy are applied. The present study consists of interview data of five University of Oulu students who have been part of OuluES board at some point of their studies. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and the data was analyzed with content analysis. Attitude and skill related competencies stood out more than those related to knowledge, and overall attitudes towards entrepreneurship were positive among all of the participants. Events and activities, atmosphere, learning by doing and the community were described as the most valuable factors of OuluES considering the development of the participants’ personal entrepreneurial competencies. As a result, the participants felt more confident as well as gained new perspectives, inspiration, networks and higher level or practical readiness. The results offer valuable insight to meaningful factors of student lead entrepreneurial clubs when it comes to developing entrepreneurial competencies among university students. These results can be considered especially when developing practices in similar student lead clubs in a university context

Pro gradu -työssäni tutkin saamenpukua omivia puhetapoja ja niiden vastadiskursseja epäaitoa saamenpukua käsittelevissä verkkokeskusteluissa. Tutkimusaineistooni kuuluu 559 verkkoon kirjoitettua kommenttia, jotka käsittelevät suomalaisen missin pilailupuodista ostettua saamenpukua muistuttavaa asua. Kommentit on kirjoitettu Ilta-Sanomien aihetta käsittelevän uutisen kommenttiosioon sekä viiteen julkiseen Facebook-tilapäivitykseen joulukuussa 2015. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on tuottaa tietoa saamenpuvun kulttuurisesta omimisesta. Tutkielmani teoreettisena viitekehyksenä ja metodina toimii diskurssianalyysi. Sen keskeisin ajatus on, että kieli on mukana rakentamassa todellisuuttamme. Oma työni edustaa diskurssianalyysin kriittistä näkökulmaa, jonka lähtökohtaoletuksena on valtasuhteiden olemassaolo. Lähestyn aineistoani kulttuurisen omimisen (cultural appropriation) näkökulmasta. Kulttuurista omimista määritellään älyllisen omaisuuden, tiedon, historian, kulttuuri-ilmausten ja kulttuuristen artefaktien ottamiseksi sellaisesta kulttuurista, joka ei ole oma. Pro gradussani tutkin, miten verkkokommentit rakentavat kulttuurisen omimisen diskurssia. Saamenpukua omivia puhetapoja ovat muun muassa omistajuusmäärittelyt, joissa saamenpuvun asema saamelaisena kulttuuriperintönä haastetaan. Alue- ja valtioperustaisessa puhetavassa saamenpuvun omistajuutta määritellään alueellisena, valtioon sidottuna kysymyksenä. Puku hahmotetaan lappilaiseksi kansallisasuksi ja osaksi suomalaista kulttuuria. Yksilönvapauden ja tasa-arvon puhetavan ydin on, että jokaisella tulee olla oikeus pukeutua haluamiinsa vaatteisiin — myös saamenpukuun. Puhetavassa vaikuttaa tasa-arvoideologia, jonka mukaan yksilöillä tulisi olla täsmälleen samat oikeudet ja velvollisuudet. Vastadiskurssina toimiva saamelaisten erillisyyttä korostava puhetapa alleviivaa saamenpuvun etnisyyteen sidottua omistajuutta sekä saamelaisen kulttuurin erillisyyttä ja itsenäisyyttä. Aineistossani kulttuurista omimista tuetaan myös kansan- ja kansallispukujen normien kautta. Normeihin liittyvät pukuliberalismin ja pukukonservatismin puhetavat ottavat kantaa epäaidon saamenpuvun käytön puolesta ja sitä vastaan. Pukuliberalismin puhetapa puolustaa epäaidon saamenpuvun käyttöä. Kansan- ja kansallispukujen normien noudattamista ei pidetä tärkeänä eikä pukujen aitoutta välttämättä arvosteta. Saamenpukua tarkastellaan puhetavassa Suomen kansallispuvun kontekstista käsin. Pukukonservatismin puhetapa puolustaa kansan- ja kansallispukujen normien noudattamista. Normeja noudattaville puvuille annetaan aitousstatus, jonka puku voi menettää, jos sen normeja rikotaan. Käsitys saamenpuvusta saamelaisten kulttuuriperintönä haastetaan myös puhetavalla, joka mitätöi saamelaistoimijoiden mielipiteet ja haastaa heidän legitimiteettinsä. Mitätöinnin keinona käytetään saamelaisten ominaisuuksiin liittyvää kategorisointia. Saamelaiset määritellään mielensäpahoittajiksi, jolloin kyseisestä kategoriasta käsin esitetyt mielipiteet mitätöidään automaattisesti. Puhetavan parina on empatiaa hakeva vastadiskurssi, joka etsii ymmärrystä vetoamalla saamelaisten alistettuun yhteiskunnalliseen asemaan. Aineistoni valtarakenteet ovat melko selviä: saamelaisten ääntä ei keskustelussa juurikaan kuulla. Saamelaiset ja saamenpuku nähdään pääosin osana suomalaisuutta, Suomen valtiota ja suomalaista kulttuuripiiriä. Tästä kertoo muun muassa se, että epäaitoa saamenpukua määritellään Suomen kansallispukujen normeista käsin. Jopa niissä puhetavoissa, jotka vastustivat kulttuurista omimista, ei välttämättä suoraan tunnistettu tai tunnustettu saamelaisten erillisyyttä.

Koulun aloittamista on tutkittu Suomessa, mutta näissä tutkimuksissa ei ole juurikaan huomioitu lasten näkökulmaa. Jokaisella lapsella on ainutkertaisia ja tärkeitä mielipiteitä ja käsityksiä koulumaailmasta. Lasta osallistavalla menetelmällä tämä hiljainen tieto tuodaan esiin. Tutkimukseni on kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, jonka tavoitteena on saada uutta ymmärrystä siitä, (1) Millaisia koulukäsityksiä esi- ja alkuopetusikäisten lasten omissa saduista nousee esiin sekä (2) Millaisia toiveita lapset esittävät koulua kohtaan. Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä tarkastellaan lapsuutta tutkimuksen kohteena, johon koko tutkimus pohjautuu. Lapsen maailmaan tutustutaan ensin osallisuuden kautta, josta yksi toimintamalli on sadutusmenetelmä. Lapsen koulun aloittamisen nivelvaiheeseen liittyviä kehityshaasteita tuodaan esiin erilaisten kontekstien kohdatessa siirryttäessä esiopetuksesta perusopetukseen. Tutkielman metodologisena lähtökohtana on kerronnallisen ja lapsinäkökulmaisen tutkimuksen yhdistelmä, joka mahdollistaa lapsen äänen kuulemisen. Aineisto kerättiin kolmelta esi- ja alkuopetusikäiseltä lapselta sadutusmenetelmän avulla muutamalla sadutuskerralla. Lapsi sai kertoa haluamiaan kouluaiheisia satuja sekä piirtää sadun unelmien koulustaan. Sadut kirjattiin juuri sellaisina ylös kuin ne kerrottiin. Analyysin lähtökohtana käytetään narratiivien analyysiä, jolloin huomio kohdennetaan satujen luokitteluun teemojen pohjalta. Tutkimustulosten mukaan koulu näyttäytyy ensinnäkin hyvin realistiselta, fyysisen ympäristön kuvailuna, jossa oli mukana myös mielikuvitusta. Toiseksi koulun arki tulee esiin siellä tapahtuvan toiminnan ja osallistumisen kautta oppituntien ja yhteisten retkien muodossa. Kolmanneksi koulumaailmaan kuuluu kaverien ja ystävien läsnäolo. Unelmat koulua kohtaan toivat esiin vapauden tematiikkaa, toiveita fyysisen ympäristön värikkyydestä sekä herkkuja osana koulun arkea. Eettiset lähtökohdat seuraavat tutkimuksen jokaista vaihetta. Tutkijana teen tulkintani lapsen saduista. Tutkimuksessa käsittellään kolmen lapsen koulusatuja, joten tutkimustulokset ovat yksilöllisiä ja ainutkertaisia. Tulokset eivät ole suoraan yleistettävissä muiden lasten satuihin. Ne auttavat kuitenkin tiedostamaan lasten näkemyksiä, joita voi hyödyntää esi- ja alkuopetuksen arjessa sekä siirtymävaiheissa.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são pequenos RNAs não codificadores de proteínas que atuam principalmente como silenciadores pós-transcricionais, inibindo a tradução de RNAs mensageiros. Evidências crescentes revelam que tais moléculas desempenham papéis críticos em muitos processos biológicos importantes. Uma vez que não existem anotações de termos de miRNAs na Gene Ontology (GO), tampouco um banco de dados de referência com anotações funcionais dos mesmos, o cálculo da medida de similaridade entre miRNAs de forma direta não possui um padrão estabelecido. Por outro lado, a existência de bancos de dados de genes-alvo de miRNAs, como o TarBase, e bases de dados contendo informações sobre associações de miRNAs e doenças humanas, como o HMDD, nos permite inferir a similaridade funcional dos miRNAs indiretamente, por meio da análise de seus genes-alvo na GO ou entre suas doenças relacionadas na ontologia MeSH. Além disso, de acordo com a estrutura da ontologia de miRNAs OMIT, um miRNA também pode ser anotado com outras informações, tais como a sua natureza de atuação como oncogênico ou supressor de tumor, o organismo em que se encontra, o tipo de experimento em que foi encontrado, suas associações com doenças, genes-alvo, proteínas e eventos patológicos. Dessa forma, a similaridade entre miRNAs pode ser inferida com base na combinação de um conjunto de informações contidas nas respectivas anotações, de forma que possamos obter um aproveitamento de várias informações existentes, definindo assim um cálculo de similaridade funcional composta. Assim, neste trabalho, propomos a criação e aplicação de um método chamado CFSim, aplicado sobre a OMIT e que utiliza a ontologia de doenças, MeSH, e a ontologia de genes, GO, para calcular a similaridade entre dois miRNAs, juntamente com informações contidas em suas anotações. A validação de nosso método foi realizada por meio da comparação com a similaridade funcional inferida considerando diferentes famílias de miRNAs e os resultados obtidos mostraram que nosso método é eficiente, no sentido de que a similaridade entre miRNAs pertencentes à mesma família é maior que a similaridade entre miRNAs de famílias distintas. Ainda, em comparação com os métodos de similaridade funcional já existentes na literatura, o CFSim obteve melhores resultados. Adicionalmente, para tornarmos viável a utilização do método proposto, foi projetado e implementado um ambiente contendo a infraestrutura necessária para que pesquisadores possam incluir dados obtidos de novas descobertas e consultar as informações sobre um determinado miRNA, assim como calcular a similaridade entre dois miRNAs, baseada no método proposto.<br>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA that mainly negatively regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation of target RNAs. Increasing evidences show that such molecules play critical roles in many important biological processes. Since there are no terms of miRNAs annotations in Gene Ontology (GO), nor a database with microRNAs functional annotations, directly calculating the functional similarity between miRNAs does not have an estabilished pattern aproach. However, the existence of miRNAs target genes database, such as TarBase, and a miRNAs-disease associations database, such as HMDD, allow us to indirectly infer functional similarity of miRNAs through the analysis of their target genes in GO or between their related diseases in MeSH. Moreover, according to the structure of the ontology of miRNAs OMIT, a miRNA can also be annotated with other information, such as if it acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor, the organism that it belongs, the experiment in which it was found, its associations with diseases, target genes, proteins and pathological events. Thus, miRNAs similarity can be inferred based on the combination of a broad set of information contained in their annotations, indeed, we can use all available information defining the calculation of a composed functional similarity. In this study, we propose the creation and application of CFSim method applied to the OMIT using the diseases ontology, MeSH, and gene ontology, GO, to compute miRNAs similarity based on different information in their annotations. We validated our method by comparing with functional similarity inferred by miRNA families and the results showed that our method is efficient in sense that the functional similarity between miRNAs in the same family was greater compared to other miRNAs from distinct families. Furthermore, in comparison with existing methods of functional similarity in the literature until the present day, the CFSim showed better results. Finally, to make feasible the use of the proposed method, an environment was designed and implemented, containing the necessary infrastructure so that researchers can include data from new discoveries and see information about a particular miRNA, as well as calculate the similarity between two miRNAs, based in the proposed method.

The diploma thesis is concerned with study of preparation and properties of historic mortars. In theoretical part, there is summarized the historic progress of mortars and their material composition. The experimental part is focused on proposition of mortar mixes. The diploma thesis referring to actual research on Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, FCE VUT in Brno. The base mixe of historical mortar came from this research. In experiment, there is the base mixe of historical mortar modified with gypsum. In the first phase of the experimental part the basic technological and aplication properties are assessed. The second phase of the experimental part is focused on the course of hydration of the binder in different environments and subseqeunt determination of the phase composition by X-ray diffraction analysis. The aim of the thesis is to determine the optimal amount of gypsum and to optimize the recipe of historical mortar.

To questions about the who, what and why of item omission on tests in short-response format, very few answers have been provided from a combination of the discipline areas of psychology and educational measurement. In this research study, an empirical approach is taken subsequent to the proposal of a theoretical model. It posits that the three clusters constituting "presage" have effects, some direct, some indirect, some positive, some negative, on the "product"-short-response omit rate-and also influence the hidden (and therefore unable-to-be-measured) "process"-the interaction between item and person. Data were obtained on the 1997 QCS Test population (N = 29 273). A 120-item questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 1908 students, interviews were conducted with selected students, and information was extracted from the test construction matrix. The results are analysed in terms of background and psychological characteristics of the candidate and features of the testing process. It is concluded that the predeterminants of the propensity to omit short-response items include sex of candidate, type of school attended, test-irrelevant thinking, academic self-concept, test-taking strategies, and self-imposed difficulty. One of the subsidiary findings is concerned with attitudes to high-stakes testing, another with the consequences of the contextualization of test items for a certain type of student.

Con il termine di –omica spaziale si intende l’insieme di diverse tecniche che consentono di rilevare alterazioni significative delle biomolecole all’interno dei loro tessuti d’origine o delle strutture cellulari, permettendo quindi di integrare ed ampliare la comprensione dei cambiamenti biologici che si verificano in tessuti patologici complessi ed eterogenei, come il cancro. Tuttavia, per comprendere appieno la complessità e le dinamiche al di là delle condizioni patologiche, è necessario studiare e integrare diverse analisi molecolari, come quelle di lipidi e glicani, in modo da ottenere un’istantanea molecolare il più completa ed estesa possibile della malattia. Tra le tecniche di -omica spaziale, quella di desorbimento e ionizzazione laser assistiti da matrice (MALDI) abbinata alla spettrometria di massa imaging (MSI), permette lo studio della componente molecolare del tessuto patologico tramite un approccio multiplex, che permette di esaminare diverse centinaia di biomolecole in una singola analisi. Pertanto, l’analisi MALDI-MSI viene utilizzata per studi -omici spaziali di proteine, peptidi e N-glicani su campioni di tessuti clinici fissati in formalina e inclusi in paraffina (FFPE). Per quanto riguarda i lipidi, invece, questo tipo di analisi è sempre stato considerato poco efficace su campioni FFPE a causa della perdita di una grande quantità di contenuto lipidico durante le fasi di lavaggio con solventi organici, mentre i restanti lipidi resistenti ai solventi sono inaccessibili poiché trattenuti nei legami incrociati della formalina. In questi tre anni di dottorato, abbiamo sviluppato nuovi approcci MALDI-MSI per l'analisi spaziale multi-omica su campioni di tessuto clinico FFPE. Le prime tre pubblicazioni riportate in questa tesi si sono concentrate sullo sviluppo di protocolli MALDI-MSI per lipidi in campioni FFPE. In particolare, due di essi descrivono il metodo di preparazione del campione per la rilevazione di ioni di fosfolipidi carichi positivamente, principalmente fosfatidilcoline (PC), in campioni clinici di carcinoma renale a cellule chiare (ccRCC) e in un modello di xenotrapianto di cancro al seno. La terza pubblicazione riporta la possibilità di utilizzare ioni di fosfolipidi carichi negativamente, principalmente fosfatidilinositoli (PI), per definire firme lipidiche in grado di distinguere i gradi di tumore del colon-retto che presentano diverse quantità di linfociti infiltranti il tumore (TIL). Il lavoro finale propone un originale metodo MALDI-MSI multi-omico per l'analisi sequenziale di lipidi, N-glicani e peptidi triptici su una singola sezione FFPE. In particolare, il metodo è stato inizialmente implementato su replicati tecnici di cervello murino e successivamente utilizzato su campioni di ccRCC, come ulteriore prova, ottenendo una caratterizzazione più completa del tessuto tumorale grazie alla combinazione delle informazioni molecolari. Complessivamente, questi risultati aprono la strada a un nuovo approccio multi-omico spaziale basato sulla spettrometria di massa imaging (MSI) che è in grado di restituire un ritratto molecolare più ampio e più preciso della malattia.<br>The field of spatial omics defines the gathering of different techniques that allow the detection of significant alterations of biomolecules in the context of their native tissue or cellular structures. As such, they extend the landscape of biological changes occurring in complex and heterogeneous pathological tissues, such as cancer. However, additional molecular levels, such as lipids and glycans, must be studied to define a more comprehensive molecular snapshot of disease and fully understand the complexity and dynamics beyond pathological condition. Among the spatial-omics techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) offers a powerful insight into the chemical biology of pathological tissues in a multiplexed approach where several hundreds of biomolecules can be examined within a single experiment. Thus, MALDI-MSI has been readily employed for spatial omics studies of proteins, peptides and N-Glycans on clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Conversely, MALDI-MSI analysis of lipids has always been considered not feasible on FFPE samples due to the loss of a great amount of lipid content during washing steps with organic solvents, with the remaining solvent-resistant lipids being involved in the formalin cross-links. In this three-year thesis work, novel MALDI-MSI approaches for spatial multi-omics analysis on clinical FFPE tissue samples were developed. The first three publications reported in this thesis focused on the development of protocols for MALDI-MSI of lipids in FFPE samples. In particular, two of them describe a sample preparation method for the detection of positively charged phospholipids ions, mainly phosphatidylcholines (PCs), in clinical clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) samples and in a xenograft model of breast cancer. The third publication reports the possibility to use negatively charged phospholipids ions, mainly phosphatidylinositols (PIs), to define lipid signatures able to distinguish colorectal cancers with different amount of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The final work proposes a unique multi-omic MALDI-MSI method for the sequential analysis of lipids, N-Glycans and tryptic peptides on a single FFPE section. Specifically, the method feasibility was first established on murine brain technical replicates. The method was consequently used on ccRCC samples, as a proof of concept, assessing a more comprehensive characterisation of the tumour tissue when combining the multi-level molecular information. Altogether, these findings pave the way for new MSI-based spatial multi-omics approach aiming at an extensive and more precise molecular portrait of disease.

El descubrimiento de nuevos y novedosos materiales, procesos y fenómenos a escala manométrica, así como los nuevos métodos experimentales y teóricos proveen oportunidades para el desarrollo de sistemas innovadores a esa escala. La naturaleza muestra como construye objetos macroscópicos desde unidades básicas con formas definidas, propiedades, orden y control estructural en materiales. Este concepto es utilizado para la construcción de macro-sistemas, orgánicos e inorgánicos, desde una estrategia “bottom-up”. El trabajo de la tesis se ha centrado en el estudio experimental de sistemas modelo muy diferenciados (uno orgánico y otro inorgánico): i) películas autoorganizadas (selfassembled monolayers, SAMs) de organosulfuros sobre Au(111), en concreto (C20H16O2S, mercaptomethyl therphenyl carboxylic acid, MMTA) y ii) substratos óxidos tipo perovskita, en concreto SrTiO3 (STO). La técnica que se ha utilizado es la microscopia de fuerzas de barrido (Scanning Force Microscopy, SFM) tambien llamado microscopio de fuerzas atómicas (Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM) con el fin de obtener información sobre las propiedades estructurales, mecánicas y electrónicas (transporte y electrostáticas) de estas superficies y establecer correlaciones entre las propiedades y la funcionalidad. El presente trabajo consta de 7 capítulos, los primeros 5 capítulos describen la completa caracterizacion del sistema pi-conjugado MMTA. Una introducción a la técnica SFM en sus diversos modos de uso, preparacion de substratos, soluciones y procesos termicos involucrados para observar posibles cambios morfólogicos son abordados en el capítulo 2. El capítulos 3 de la tesis describe el trabajo realizado desde la preparación de las capas hasta su caracterización. Para poder estudiar la influencia de los solventes en la estructura y propiedades de las superficies, se ha utilizano toda una serie de protocolos en los que se han variado todos los parámetros involucrados en la preparación: solventes (etanol (EtOH, 99.8%), ácido acético (AA, 99%), tetrahydrofuran (THF) y ácido trifluroacético (TFA, 99%)), concentraciones (de 1 μM hasta 1 mM) y tratamientos térmicos (25°C y 120°C y post-annealing). También se incluye en la tesis la funcionalización confinada lateralmente de superficies de oro con MMTA utilizando la técnica de microcontact printing (-CP) con sellos de Poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS impregnados en la concentración óptima de la solución molecular. Un arduo trabajo de pruebas han llevado a concluir la metodología adecuada para obtener películas de una o dos alturas, cuya terminación consecuentemente es diferente (COOH o SH) proporcionando diferente respuesta tanto en propiedades tribológicas (fricción) como en propiedades electrónicas (corriente y potencial de superficie), cuyos resultados son presentados en los capítulos 4 y 5. Algunas de las novedades más resaltables implican la diferenciación y establecimiento de la transición ente mecanismos de transporte (e.g. túnel coherente a bajos voltajes y Fowler-Nordheim a mayores campos) a través de las películas y en función del espesor de la película y de la fuerza aplicada. El capítulo 6 esta dedicado al segundo sistema modelo, el óxido tipo perovskita STO, es el substrato por excelencia para el crecimiento de óxidos complejos. La estructura cristalina de estos óxidos, con fórmula general ABO3 contiene planos alternados de composiciones atómicas AO (A=Sr) y BO2 (B=Ti) de tal manera que las superficies (001) pueden tener esas dos posibles terminaciones químicas. Durante la tesis se ha puesto en evidencia que la terminación de la superficie (dependiente del modo de obtención) es determinante, por ejemplo, en la secuencia de empaquetamiento de películas depositadas o en la reactividad de la propia superficie. Como principal conclusión que obtener superficies SrO(001) y TiO2(001) bien caracterizadas es de gran importancia. En coordinación con el grupo del Prof. Fontcuberta se ha demostrado que, variando las condiciones de tratamientos térmicos (temperatura y tiempo de calentamiento) a que se someten los cristales, se puede controlar la coexistencia y separación espacial de las dos terminaciones en la misma superficie, obteniendo patrones químicos a escala nanométrica. Y, en particular ha permitido el crecimiento selectivo tanto de películas delgadas de óxidos funcionales como para la obtención de materiales híbridos orgánico/inorgánico mediante la adsorción selectiva de monocapas orgánicas autoensambladas. Por último, la técnica PM-IRRAS fue empleada para la caracterización de la película molecular MMTA obtenida con tratamiento térmico y líneas abiertas de trabajo de investigación para futuros estudios de crecimiento selectivo usando metalorgánicos (dinuclear copper (II) acetate complexes (Cu2(CH3COO)4 2H2O)) son expuestos en el capítulo 7. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis doctoral evidencia que la estrategia combinada de diferentes modos de microscopía de fuerzas de barrido (Scanning Force Microscopy, SFM) en condiciones de ambiente controladas es la adecuada para, tanto para SAMs como substratos de STO, determinar las características superficiales a nivel de estructura molecular y morfología con gran precisión y obtener, simultáneamente, la información a escala nanométrica de las propiedades tribológicas (estabilidad mecánica, fricción) y electrónicas (transporte, potencial de superficie) de las superficies modelo bajo estudio. De tal modo, como novedad a destacar en conjunto, se ha establecido la correlación entre las características estructurales y las propiedades de las superficies en el marco del transporte electrónico (C-SFM) para diferentes morfologías dependiendo del método de obtención, y de cómo la terminación superficial modifica los potenciales de contacto superficiales de los substratos de partida (Au en el caso de SAMs y el “as-received” STO), mediante Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM).<br>The discovery of new and novel materials, process and phenomena at the nanoscale, as well as the new experimental and theoretical methods provide opportunities for the development of innovative nanosystems. Nature shows how builds macroscopic objects from small molecular building blocks with de ned shapes, properties, high order and degree of structural control in atomic scale materials. Under this evidence, nowadays is possible to assemble any kind of device or functional system, ranging from functional surfaces materials. This attractive concept is presented to pro t from the order of the arrangement of molecules or inorganic surfaces in well-ordered patterns to interlink the molecular or building block to other macro-systems in a bottom-up strategy. The present work lies within the scope of the mechanical and electrical characterization of functional surfaces, organics and inorganics, at the nanoscale by using the Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM) with their modes Friction Force Microscopy (FFM), Conductive Scanning Force Microscopy (C-SFM) and Kelvin Probe Force Microcopy (KPFM) which comprises of 7 chapters. Chapter 2 introduces the fundamental description about the technique, instrumentation and components for the data acquisition. A description of the main operation modes and the forces that can be measured is presented. The rst experimental part of this work describes the sample preparation, protocols and strategies to obtain layers or multilayers of a -conjugated organic aromatic thiol anchored on a gold surface. Chapter 3 describes the morphological characterization of Self Assembled Monolayers of the aromatic thiol mercapto-methyl terphenyl carboxylic acid (MMTA) for solutions using di erent solvents, concentrations and their in uence on the molecular packing. We show how to control the self-assembly and the formation of 3D structures from the aromatic thiol adsorbed on Au(111) and patterned gold surfaces by means of microcontact-printing ( CP). Moreover, we present how to control the size of the 3D structures by using a thermal treatment. The chapter 4 describes the tribological studies mainly on low and tall islands obtained by using di erent solvents after annealing. Chapter 5 shows the electronic transport measurements carried out on the MMTA molecular lms obtained with or without annealing. Complementary studies of KPFM (Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy) were mainly performed at low relative humidity over these surfaces. Chapter 6 is devoted to study the inorganic surface of complex oxides type perovskite, case STO(001), as a functional surface model by exploding the presence of both TiO2 and SrO chemical terminations. It is known that both terminations are presents in a random distribution in as-received surfaces, however under annealing chemical segregation can appear. We show that SrTiO3 surfaces can be used as a versatile template for growing ordered organic and inorganic nanostructures. Finally in chapter 7 we will present the characterization of the MMTA lms after annealing by means of the PM-IRRAS technique. A rst attempt of selective growth with dinuclear copper(II) acetate complexes (Cu2(CH3COO)4 2H2O) on the MMTA islands is studied by SFM. This chapter gives an outlook for the future implication of the selective growth on di erentiate chemical terminations.

In November 1558, Elizabeth I ascended the throne of England as a single Queen with Protestant tendencies in a male-dominated Catholic world. Her council believed it was imperative that she marry immediately, and the rest of Western Europe agreed. Catholic suitors sought to bring England back under Catholic control. Protestant suitors hoped for an ally in the religious wars that were ravaging Europe. Even Englishmen sought to become king. Ambassadors from the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Baltics and Scotland came to negotiate the suits of their monarchs. Ambassadorial correspondences are often used as primary source material for historians, yet few rarely recognize the importance of the ambassador and his role in the court, especially during the marriage negotiations of Elizabeth I. Ambassadors left their home to live in a foreign country, often for long periods of time. The ambassadors were the embodiment of their sovereigns during the negotiations, and often success or failure rested on their abilities. An ambassador was the eyes and ears of the Elizabethan court for his sovereign in a foreign country. They wrote minutely detailed letters that included basic facts and information along with court gossip and personal opinions and recommendations. Their intimate relationship with the Queen and her court made their recommendations invaluable to their monarch. They were far more than mere note takers and should be recognized as such. The focus of this thesis deals primarily with the ambassadorial reports of the Spanish and Hapsburg ambassadors as they participated in the negotiations in one form or another during the time frame discussed, 1558-1560. They also not only wrote about their own negotiations but the negotiations involving Protestant and English suitors. Their reports are full of pertinent information that, without, their monarchs would have been blind to the goings on of the English court. The marriage of Elizabeth I was seen as a priority by all except her. During the first two years of her reign, more than a half dozen suits were pursued, not just by kings and dukes, earls and knights, but, more importantly, by their ambassadors.

La divination est à Rome l’instrument central du dialogue avec les dieux, et les sources témoignent de l’attention que les Romains portent aux signes divins sous la République et sous l’Empire, dans la pratique publique comme privée. Or, loin d’être une simple manifestation de crédulité, ou à l’inverse la coquille vide d’un ritualisme formel, la croyance aux signes divins a un caractère rationnel, attesté par l’existence à Rome de savoirs et de procédures divinatoires très élaborés. Cette rationalité est sensible dans un autre champ, qui n’a pas ou peu été exploré : les récits de signes. La narration d’un signe divin, telle qu’on en trouve en abondance chez les historiens impériaux, se présente sous la forme d’une description factuelle et sèche dont l’intérêt paraît limité. L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer au contraire que le récit de signes est une forme très riche qui traduit et met en œuvre la pensée divinatoire des Romains.Un signe divin ne peut être reconnu, interprété, discuté qu’à condition d’avoir été verbalisé. Puisqu’un signe est toujours mis en mots, la posture d’un sénateur devant un prodige qui lui est annoncé, celle d’un simple particulier face à un présage et celle d’un lecteur vis-à-vis du signe qu’il lit ou entend raconter sont similaires : ils reconnaissent et interprètent un signe à partir de sa traduction verbale. Ce que l’étude du récit de signes éclaire alors, ce sont les enjeux de cette mise en mots et de sa réception : sur quels critères un phénomène était-il reconnu à Rome comme un signe ? Quels obstacles rencontrait ensuite son interprétation ? À quelles conditions un signe divin pouvait-il être chargé d’une signification politique, morale, voire d’un sous-texte comique ? Quelles sont enfin les potentialités esthétiques propres au récit de signes ? Il s’agit là de montrer, en déployant ces strates de sens et en dégageant la structure fonctionnelle d’un signe, comment il pouvait être construit et compris – de montrer, autrement dit, pourquoi la divination est un art de lire et d’écrire les signes divins<br>In Rome, divination is the essential instrument of the dialogue with the gods, and sources are witness to the attention that the Romans paid to divine signs under the Republic and the Empire, in the public as well as in the private practice. Yet, far from being a simple expression of credulity, or, conversely, the hollow shell of a formal ritualism, the belief in divine signs has a rational nature, as shown by the existence in Rome of extremely elaborate divinatory knowledge and procedures. This rationality is discernible in another field, which has not, or only partially, been explored: tales of signs. The narratives of divine signs, plenty of which can be found in imperial historians’ works, appear as factual and plain descriptions whose interest seems limited. The aim of this dissertation is nonetheless to show that tales of signs are a rich form of expression which translates and implements the Romans’ divinatory thought. A divine sign cannot be recognised, interpreted, discussed unless it has been verbalised. Since a sign is always put into words, the stances of a senator confronted with a heralded wonder, of an average individual faced with an omen and of a reader vis-à-vis a sign which he reads or hears about are similar: they recognise and interpret a sign from its verbal translation. Thus, the study of tales of signs sheds light on what is at stake in this verbalisation and its reception: what criteria allowed for a phenomenon to be recognised as a sign in Rome? What could impede its subsequent interpretation? Under what conditions could a divine sign be charged with political, moral meaning or even a comical subtext? Finally, what are the aesthetic potentialities specific to tales of signs? We intend to show, by unfolding these strata of meaning and by exposing the functional structure of a sign, how it could be constructed and construed – in other words, to show why divination is a craft of reading and writing divine signs

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping constitutes a challenging problem due to the high-dimensional multivariate nature of continuous gene expression traits and discrete genotypes from genetical genomics experiments. Next to the expression heterogeneity produced by confounding factors and other sources of unwanted variation, indirect e ects spread throughout genes as a result of genetic, molecular and environmental perturbations. Disentangling direct from indirect e ects while adjusting for unwanted variability should help us moving from current parts list of molecular components to understanding how these components work together in networks of eQTL and gene to gene associations. There is a large body of statistical methodology to tackle this challenge within the context of linear models for continuous data. However, little has been investigated in using graphical Markov models (GMMs) and conditional independence on mixed continuous and discrete data from genetical genomics data sets, which are powerful tools for the analysis of complex associations. In this thesis we investigate the use of mixed GMMs to estimate eQTL networks from data. We develop procedures to simulate these models and data from them to gather insight into the propagation of additive e ects throughout the network. We derive the parameters for a likelihood ratio exact test that enables use of higher-order conditional independence with mixed GMMs. We exploit this test in the context of limited-order correlations and marginal distributions to obtain estimates of the underlying eQTL net- work. We show in the context of a yeast genetical genomics data set, that this estimate leads to a sparser network with more direct associations that provide valuable insight into the genetic control of gene expression in yeast. We develop an algorithm for accurate es- timation of the genetic e ects of eQTLs in the presence of missing data. All algorithms described in this thesis are implemented in the R/Bioconductor package qpgraph.<br>La cartogra a gen etica dels trets quantitatius d'expressi o (eQTL) esdev e un gran repte degut a la naturalesa multivariant d'alta dimensionalitat dels trets continus d'expressi o g enica i els genotips discrets dels experiments de gen omica gen etica. A m es de l'heterogene tat de l'expressi o produ da pels factors de confusi o i altres fonts de variabilitat no desitjada, els efectes indirectes s'estenen per tots els gens com a resultat de perturbacions gen etiques, moleculars i ambientals. L'identi caci o d'efectes directes tot ajustant pels efectes de variabilitat no desitjada, ens hauria de permetre entendre com els diferents components moleculars interaccionen en xarxes d'associacions entre eQTLs i gens. Per abordar aquest problema, existeixen nombrosos m etodes estad stics en el context dels models lineals per a dades cont nues. En canvi, els models gr a cs de Markov (GMMs) i la independ encia condicional, tot i que s on eines adients per a l'estudi d'associacions complexes, han estat poc investigades en el context de dades mixtes cont nues i discretes de gen omica gen etica. En aquesta tesi, investiguem l' us dels GMMs mixtes per a estimar xarxes d'eQTLs. Desenvolupem procediments per a simular GMMs mixtes i simular dades a partir d'aquests models per tal d'investigar la propagaci o dels efectes additius a trav es de la xarxa. Derivem els par ametres d'un test de versemblan ca exacte que ens permet utilitzar independ encies condicionals d'ordre gran amb els GMMs mixtes. Utilitzem aquest test en el context de correlacions d'ordre limitat i distribucions marginals per a obtenir estimacions de la xarxa d'eQTLs subjacent. Tamb e mostrem que, en el context d'un conjunt de dades de gen omica gen etica de llevat, aquesta estimaci o d ona lloc a una xarxa esparsa amb associacions m es directes que ens proporcionen informaci o rellevant sobre el control gen etic de l'expressi o dels gens en llevat. Desenvolupem un algoritme per estimar de manera acurada els efectes gen etics dels eQTLs a partir de dades missing. Tots els algoritmes descrits en aquesta tesi estan implementats en el paquet de R/Bioconductor qpgraph.

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>心理學系<br>82<br>Neill(1977) 發現 Stroop 色字干擾作業中前一嘗試 (S1) 的干擾字和 後一嘗試 (S2) 的顏色反應相同時，會對後一嘗試的正確反應形成干擾項 －抑制效果。 本研究以 Neill(1977) 的連續嘗試叫色作業，探討 S2 刺 激類型與 S1 反應至 S2 刺激呈現時距 (RSI) 對干擾項－抑制效果的影 響，並說明簡單抑制論 Neill (1977) 、反應抑制論 Tipper(1985) 及編 碼調適論 Lowe(1985) 的適切性。實驗一探討不同 S2 刺激類型產生的影 響，結果合諧字並沒有任何抑制或促進的效果，符號非字和不合諧字得到 干擾項－抑制效果，皆符合簡單抑制論的預測，反應抑制論也能以策略的 因素來解釋實驗一的結果，而編碼調適論不易解釋合諧字的結果。實驗二 探討色條在不同 RSI 產生效果的變化情形，發現色條在短 RSI 產生很少 的促進影響， 在 RSI 較長的情境中色條皆產生干擾項－抑制效果，較為 支持簡單抑制論的假設，反應抑論和編碼調適論則無法解釋色條在長 RSI 產生的干擾項－抑制效果。因此在連續嘗試的 Stroop 叫色作業中， S2 刺激類型及 RSI 對干擾項－抑制效果產生的影響， 簡單抑制論能直接預 測與解釋， 反應抑制論及編碼調適論對色條在長 RSI 的干擾項－抑制效 果則不易解釋。

Vários autores antigos incluíram nas suas obras uma série de ocorrências tidas enquanto omina mortis, presságios de morte. A primeira dinastia imperial romana não foi excepção, autores como Suetónio, Díon Cássio, Apiano, Plutarco ou Flávio Josefo fizeram com que a dinastia Júlio-Cláudia chegasse aos nossos dias como um dos períodos mais ricos em omina mortis na história do Império Romano. A presente Dissertação tem por objectivo o estudo dos elementos simbólicos e dos constructos imagéticos que dão sentido aos presságios da morte de Júlio César, Augusto, Tibério, Calígula, Cláudio e Nero. Trata-se assim de compreender o sentido dos portentos e o simbolismo dos elementos internos que constituem esses presságios, procurando-se, no processo, demonstrar que os omina mortis em estudo são uma clara expressão da mentalidade religioso-cultural romana da época e, outrossim, da memória colectiva desenvolvida para cada uma das figuras em estudo.<br>Several ancient authors included in their works a series of occurrences interpreted as omina mortis, death omens. The first Roman imperial dynasty wasn’t an exception. Authors as Suetonius, Cassius Dio, Appian, Ovid, Plutarch or Flavius Josephus were essential in making that the Julio-Claudian dynasty could reach our days as one of the richest periods of the history of the Roman Empire in omina mortis. The present Dissertation aims to study the symbolic elements and the imagetic constructs that give meaning to the death omens of Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius Caligula, Claudius and Nero. Hence, it’s about understanding the meaning of the portents and the symbolism of the internal elements that constitute those omens, trying, in the process, to demonstrate that the omina mortis in study are an obvious expression of the Roman religious and cultural mentality at the time and, also, of the Collective memory developed around each of the characters in study.

With the remarkable increase in the population and number of vehicles, traffic has become a severe problem in most metropolitan areas. Traffic congestion has imposed tight constraints on economic growth, national security, and mobility of riders and goods. The open-mode integrated transportation system (OMITS) has been designed to improve the traffic condition of roadways by increasing the ridership of vehicles and optimizing transportation modes through smart services integrating emerging information communication technologies, big data management, social networking, and transportation management. Even a modest reduction in the number of vehicles on roadways will lead to a considerable cost savings in terms of time and money. Additionally the reduction in traffic jams will lead to a significant decrease in both gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, novel transportation management is critical to reduce vehicle mileage in the peak time of the road network. The OMITS was proposed to enhance transportation services in respect to the following three aspects: optimization of the transportation modes by multimodal traveling assignment, dynamic routing and ridesharing service with advanced traveler information systems, and interactive user interface for social networking and traveling information. Therefore, the OMITS encompasses a broad range of advanced transportation research topics, say dynamic trip- match, transportation-mode optimization, traffic prediction, dynamic routing, and social network- based carpooling. This dissertation will focus on a kernel part of the OMITS, namely traffic simulation and prediction based on data containing the distribution of vehicles and the road network configuration. A microscopic traffic simulation framework has been developed to take into account various traffic phenomena, such as traffic jams resulting from bottlenecking, incidents, and traffic flow shock waves. Four fundamental contributions of the present study are summarized as follows: Firstly, an accurate and robust vehicle trajectory data collection method based on image data of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been presented, which can be used to rapidly and accurately acquire the real-time traffic conditions of the region of interest. Historically, a lack in the availability of trajectory data has posed a significant obstacle to the enhancement of microscopic simulation models. To overcome this obstacle, a UAV based vehicle trajectory data collection algorithm has been developed. This method extracts vehicle trajectory data from the UAV’s video at different altitudes with different view scopes. Compared with traditional methods, the present data collection algorithm incorporates many unique features to customize the vehicle and traffic flow, through which vehicle detection and tracking system accuracy can be considerably increased. Secondly, an open mechanics-based acceleration model has been presented to simulate the longitudinal motion of vehicles, in which five general factors—namely the subject vehicle’s speed and acceleration sensitivity, safety consideration, relative speed sensitivity and gap reducing desire—have been identified to describe drivers’ preferences and the interactions between vehicles. Inspired by the similarity between vehicle interactions and particle interactions, a mechanical system with force elements has been introduced to quantify the vehicle’s acceleration. Accordingly, each of the aforementioned five factors are assumed to function as an individual trigger to alter each vehicle’s speed. Based on Newton’s second law of motion, the subject vehicle’s longitudinal behavior can be simulated by the present open mechanics-based acceleration model. By introducing feeling gap, multilane acceleration behavior is included in the presented model. The simulation results fit realistic conditions for the traffic flow and the road capacity very well, where traffic shockwaves can be observed for a certain range of the traffic density. This model can be extended to more general scenarios if other factors can be recognized and introduced into the modeling framework. Thirdly, a driver decision-based lane change execution model has been developed to describe a vehicle’s lane change execution process, which includes two steps, i.e. driver’s lane selection and lane change execution. Currently, most lane change models focus on the driver’s lane selection, and overlook the driver’s behavior during a process of lane change execution which plays a significant role in the simulation of traffic flow characteristics. In this model, a lane change execution is analyzed as a driver’s decision-making process, which consists of desire point setting, priority decision-making, corresponding actions and achievement of consensus analysis. Compared with the traditional lane change execution models, the present model describes a realistic lane change process, and it provides more accurate and detailed simulation results in the microscopic traffic simulation. Based on the presented open mechanics-based acceleration model and the driver decision- based lane change execution model, a reverse lane change model has further been developed to simulate some complex traffic situations such as reverse lane change process at a two-way-two- lane road section where one lane is blocked by a traffic incident. Based on this reverse lane change model, information on the average waiting time and road capability can be obtained. The simulation results show that the present model is able to reflect real driver behavior and the corresponding traffic phenomenon during a reverse lane change process Through a homogenization process of the microscopic vehicle motion, we can obtain the macroscopic traffic flow of the roadway network within certain time and spatial ranges, which will be integrated into the OMITS system for traffic prediction. The validation of the models through future OMITS operations will also enable them to be high fidelity models in future driverless technologies and autonomous vehicles.