Relevant bibliographies by topics / On-off current

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'On-off current'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "On-off current"

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Kaharudin, K. K. E., F. Salehuddin, A. S. M. Zain, Ameer F. Roslan, and I. Ahmad. "Work function variations on electrostatic and RF performances of JLSDGM Device." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (2021): 150–61. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp150-161.

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This paper offers a systematic analysis on the impact of work function (WF) variations on electrostatic and radio frequency (RF) performances of nchannel junctionless strained double gate (DG) (n-JLSDGM) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The study has been performed under othe constant level of design parameters that operates in saturation as a transconductance amplifier, considering the dependence of electrostatic and RF performance on the variation of WF. Furthermore, this paper aims to provide physical insight into the improved electrostatic and RF performances of the proposed n-JLSDGM device. The device layout and characteristics were designed and extracted respectively via a comprehensive 2-D simulation. Device performances such as on-state current (I<sub>ON</sub>), off-state current (I<sub>OFF</sub>), on-off current ratio, subthreshold swing (SS), intrinsic capacitances, dynamic power dissipation (P<sub>dyn</sub>), cut-off frequency (f<sub>T</sub>) and maximum oscillation frequency (f<sub>max</sub>) are intensively investigated in conjunction with WF variations.
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Hakkee, Jung, and Kim Byungon. "Analysis of on-off current ratio in asymmetrical junctionless double gate MOSFET using high-k dielectric materials." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (2021): 3882–89. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3882-3889.

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The variation of the on-off current ratio is investigated when the asymmetrical junctionless double gate MOSFET is fabricated as a SiO 2 /highk dielectric stacked gate oxide. The high dielectric materials have the advantage of reducing the short channel effect, but the rise of gate parasitic current due to the reduction of the band offset and the poor interface property with silicon has become a problem. To overcome this disadvantage, a stacked oxide film is used. The potential distributions are obtained from the Poission equation, and the threshold voltage is calculated from the second derivative method to obtain the on-current. As a result, this model agrees with the results from other papers. The on-off current ratio increases as the permittivity of the high dielectric material increases, but that is saturated at the relative permittivity of 20 or more. The on-off current ratio is in proportion to the arithmetic average of the upper and lower high dielectric material thicknesses. The on-off current ratio of 10 4 or less is shown for SiO 2 , but the on-off current ratio for TiO 2 (k=80) increases to 10 7 or more.
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Nisha, Patel, Saloda M.A., S. Khidiya M., L. Salvi B., Jindal S., and Patel Narendra. "To Study the Effect of Process Parameters on Surface Roughness during Electric Discharge Machining of Al6061t6 Work Piece with Graphite Electrode." Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 8, no. 5 (2021): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10589705.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> In most industries, Manufacturing with machining plays a greater role because&nbsp;the formation of&nbsp;&nbsp;parts need&nbsp;&nbsp;surface&nbsp;finish&nbsp;during the machining process. The non-conventional machining processes are only method to machine hard materials. Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of such processes used for removing the material in hard materials. It is non tradition by means of thermal energy instead of cutting force. In this study, experiments are carried out to find the optimum values of the parameters for addressing the issue of surface roughness in aluminium parts produced with graphite electrode in EDM. The experiments are carried out on ZNC-250 die-sink electric discharge machine for drilling of Aluminium T061 work piece using Graphite rod as electrode. In order to understand the response of the system, experiments were conduct out at three levels of Current (I), Pulse-on Time (T<sub>on</sub>), Pulse-off Time (T<sub>off</sub>) and Servo Voltage (V). From the measured value of Surface Roughness (SR), it is found that the surface finish deteriorates with increase in current. Current is found to be the highest effect factor which has highest upshot on the Surface Roughness followed by pulse off time and last by pulse on time.
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Kim, Kang-Sik. "Current Issues on the Time-off System." Ordo Economics Journal 23, no. 4 (2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20436/oej.23.4.035.

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Nakamura, Toru, Ayako Tanaka, Youichi Maekawa, et al. "On the Westward Current off Cape Shionomisaki." Oceanography in Japan 17, no. 5 (2008): 319–35. https://doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.17.5_319.

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Lattouf, Omar M., and Kumari N. Adams. "Current Readings on Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass." Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 25, no. 3 (2013): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semtcvs.2013.09.004.

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Xu, Zhe, Jinyan Wang, Yong Cai, et al. "300°C operation of normally‐off AlGaN/GaN MOSFET with low leakage current and high on/off current ratio." Electronics Letters 50, no. 4 (2014): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.3928.

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Ehrenman, Gayle. "Current From Currents." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 02 (2003): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-feb-2.

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This article discusses that in the quest for renewable energy, the oceans’ tides and flow have gone largely untapped. Companies in the United Kingdom and Canada are trying to harvest the power of sea current through new application of an old technology: turbines. IT Power is using technology from its spin-off company, Marine Current Turbines, also in Hampshire. The technology consists of a pair of axial flow rotors that are roughly 50 to 65 feet in diameter. Each drives a generator via a gearbox, much like a wind turbine. Blue Energy Canada is also working the currents. Its approach differs from that of IT Power in two significant ways: orientation of the turbine blades and their arrangement. A study conducted in 2001 by Triton Consultants, based in Vancouver, BC, on behalf of BC Hydro (one of the largest electrical utilities in Canada), found that the cost to develop a current turbine site is rather high, but the cost of annual power generation would be low. The study considered a site at the Discovery Passage in British Columbia, which it speculated would run 7941-MW Marine Current Turbines spread over roughly 3922 acres.
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Panda, S., S. Dash, S. K. Behera, and G. P. Mishra. "Delta-doped tunnel FET (D-TFET) to improve current ratio ( $$I_\mathrm{ON}/I_\mathrm{OFF}$$ I ON / I OFF ) and ON-current performance." Journal of Computational Electronics 15, no. 3 (2016): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-016-0860-z.

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Yu-Syuan Lin, Yi-Wei Lain, and S. S. H. Hsu. "AlGaN/GaN HEMTs With Low Leakage Current and High On/Off Current Ratio." IEEE Electron Device Letters 31, no. 2 (2010): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2009.2036576.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "On-off current"

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Somma, Carmine. "Coherent Multidimensional Off-resonant THz Spectroscopy on Semiconductors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18512.

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Zum ersten Mal konnte die kohärente Erzeugung von ultrakurzen Pulsen mit Feld stärken im MV/cm Bereich mit einem Spektralbereich von 0.1-30 THz im organischen Kristall DSTMS. Kohärente mehrdimensionale Terahertzspektroskopie (CMTS) hat sich zu einer wichtigen Methode zur Untersuchung der niederenergetischen Anregungen von Halbleitern and deren kohärenter Dynamik entwickelt. Eine neuartige CMTS Methode mit drei phasenstarren, zueinander zeitverzögerten Terahertzpulsen wurde entwickelt. Sie beruht auf der kollinearen Wechselwirkung der Pulse mit der Probe, sodass verschiedene Ordnungen des nichtlinearen Signals in gleicher Richtung emittiert werden und deshalb gleichzeitig gemessen werden können. Amplitude und Phase des nichtlinearen Signals können durch elektro-optisches Abtasten vermessen werden, wodurch die zeitliche Entwicklung der kohärenten Wechselwirkungen in Echtzeit untersucht werden kann. CMTS erlaubt zusätzlich die eindeutige Zerlegung des nichtlinearen Signals in die verschiedenen nichtlinearen Ordnungen in der jeweiligen mehrdimensionalen Frequenzdomäne. Die nichtlineare, nicht-resonante Antwort zweier undotierter Halbleiter, des Ferroelektrikums Lithiumniobat (LiNbO3) und Indiumantimonids (InSb) kann mit dieser neuartigen Methode untersucht werden. In LiNbO3 wird das nichtlineare Signal durch einen Femtosekunden nichtlinearen Verschiebestrom (SC) hervorgerufen. SC wird durch die gebrochene Inversionssymmetrie des Kristalls in Verbindung mit einer ultraschnellen Dephasierung der feldinduzierten, kohärenten interband-Polarisation hervorgerufen. Die Dephasierung der interband-Polarisation erlaubt das Tunneln von Elektronen vom Valenzband in das Leitungsband. In InSb wird das kohärente Signal durch sowohl zwei-Phonen als auch zwei-Photonen interband-Anregungen erzeugt. Die impulsive Anregung einer kohärenten zwei-Phononen Polarisation wird durch das große Übergangsdipolmoment von InSb verstärkt, was zu deutlich größeren Amplituden der Polarisation als im linearem Regime führt.<br>For the first time, the coherent generation of ultrashort MV/cm field pulses with a spectrum covering the frequency range 0.1-30 THz is demonstrated in the organic crystal DSTMS. Coherent multidimensional terahertz spectroscopy (CMTS) has become a prominent technique for, e.g., driving low-energy excitations in semiconductors and monitoring their coherent dynamics. A novel CMTS technique using three phase-locked inter-delayed THz pulses is implemented. It relies on a collinear interaction of the pulses with a sample, so that different contributions to the nonlinear signal are emitted in the same direction, and thus can be measured all at once. Phase-resolved detection by electro-optic sampling allows for measuring amplitude and absolute phase of the nonlinear signal, thereby enabling to investigate the evolution of coherent interactions between quantum excitations in real time. In CMTS, the nonlinear signal is dissected into the distinct nonlinear contributions in the corresponding multidimensional frequency domain. This novel technique is applied to study the nonlinear off-resonant response of two undoped bulk semiconductors, the wide-bandgap ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and the narrow-bandgap indium antimonide (InSb). In LiNbO3, the nonlinear signal is generated by a femtosecond nonlinear shift current (SC), a distinctive characteristic of the bulk photovoltaic effect. The SC stems from the lack of inversion symmetry and the ultrafast dephasing of the field-induced interband coherent polarization due to a sufficiently high decoherence rate, which enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band. In InSb, the nonlinear signal is caused by the coherent response on both the two-phonon and two-photon interband excitations. The impulsive generation of the two-phonon coherent polarization is enhanced by the large interband transition dipole of InSb, resulting in much larger polarization amplitudes than in the regime of linear response.
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Skrypzeck, Heidi. "Observations on the ecology and life-history of Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud 1830) (Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae) and other pelagic cnidarians in the inshore waters off central Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6925.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>Although jellyfish are recognised recently as key components that can influence ecosystem functioning and trophic flows in the northern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, the number of published studies on their abundance, seasonality, life history and ecological roles off Namibia is strictly limited. Chrysaora fulgida is one of the most common and conspicuous medusae in the plankton off Namibia, and has flourished in the region, following the decline of the pilchard fishery at the end of the 1960s. It is said that their biomass (together with Aequorea forskalea) exceed that of the commercially important fish stocks off Namibia. In addition, this species is also capable of forming large swarms in northern Benguela where they are a nuisance to fisheries operations. The objective of this study is to try and fill gaps regarding our knowledge of the biology and ecology of Chrysaora fulgida off Namibia, with a view to improve our understanding of its success in the northern Benguela ecosystem. In the Chapter 1, a general overview on the current knowledge and population dynamics of jellyish blooms and their ecology is compiled. Other key topics of the thesis such as jellyfish life cycles and their reproduction are also introduced. Chapter 2 investigates the temporal changes in the jellyfish community in Walvis Bay over a 23-month period from biweekly plankton samples. All twelve of the recovered taxa were characteristically neritic, and included meroplanktonic Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa, as well as cydippid ctenophores and shallow water siphonophores. Whilst, ephyrae of Chrysaora fulgida were dominant overall, and peaked in abundance during mid-spring (Year 2012: 168 933 ind. 100 m-3) and late winter (Year 2013: 23 389 ind. 100 m-3), they were not present all year round, being replaced (in part) by Obelia in summer and autumn, Bougainvillia in spring and summer, and Muggiaea atlantica in summer. Seasonal changes in the composition and structure of the community were driven primarily by bottom water temperature and day length (explaining 24% of the variability in community structure), with wind speed and moon illumination playing a secondary role. The recruitment of ephyrae of C. fulgida to the plankton off Walvis Bay is confirmed not to be continuous throughout the year. Chapter 3 present the first detailed investigation on the identification, morphological development and growth of wild caught ―ephyrae‖ of the scyphozoan Chrysaora fulgida and Chrysaora africana in Walvis Bay, off Namibia. Concrete morphological dissimilarities are documented to distinguish C. africana from C. fulgida, despite the limited sample size of C. africana: coloration differences and the presence/absence of branched canals on the periphery of velar and rhopalial canal tips. In the case of C. fulgida the morphological development from an ephyra (Stage 0) to a juvenile medusa could be described successfully in six stages, whilst missing stages were noted for C. africana. In general, the development of ephyrae described here agrees with patterns described for other species in the genus from elsewhere. The ephyrae stages of C. fulgida illustrated a low overall growth rate (4.33 and 3.45% d-1, respectively) and longer ontogenic development (~164 days), respectively, than most other jellyfish species. Through the histological examination of medusa gonads, Chapter 4 investigates the sexual reproduction and maturation of both Chrysaora species, collected off Walvis Bay, Namibia. Both species were non-brooding, gonochoristic, displayed a 1:1 sex ratio and exhibited no clear sexual dimorphism features. Gametogenesis in both species was similar to that displayed by other Discomedusae, whilst some differences in gonad maturity were evident between them – Chrysaora fulgida displayed aseasonal, reproductive heterogeneity (maturing at ~300 mm diameter) and individuals were semelparous, whilst C. africana appeared strongly seasonal but iteroparous. Through stable isotope analysis (𝛿13C, 𝛿15N and C:N ratios), Chapter 5 examines the presence of tissue, ontogenetic, seasonal, spatial and interspecific variability in medusae of Chrysaora fulgida and Chrysaora africana off Walvis Bay, in the northern Benguela, Namibia. This study did not only illustrate size-associated shifts in trophic ecology, but also revealed spatial, inter-species and some tissue differences in the northern Benguela upwelling system. Size would appear to be the over-riding factor that influences the isotope signatures of Chrysaora fulgida; size being linked in turn to space. A clear negative relationship is illustratred between 𝛿15N and individual size for two scyphozoans (C. fulgida and C. africana) off central Namibia, indicating that larger jellyfish feed lower down the food chain than smaller ones in both species. This is explained by the need and ability of ephyrae and small medusae to access the microbial food web which consists of many trophic steps and hence numerous opportunities for enrichment of nitrogen isotopes, resulting in higher 𝛿15N values of smaller individuals. Chapter 6 provides a synthesis of the main findings of the thesis, and makes recommendations on ways that the research can be carried forward.<br>2020-08-31
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Spence, Luke J. "On the calculation of particle trajectories from sea surface current measurements and their use in satellite sea surface products off the Central California Coast." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FSpence.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Mathematics)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Giraldo, Francis ; Paduan, Jeffrey. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 18, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69). Also available in print.
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Abbott, Christopher Lynn. "Observation of wind forced circulation on the continental shelf off Point Sur, California from a self-contained acoustic doppler current profiler." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28417.

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Paterson, Harriet. "Microzooplankton from oligotrophic waters off south west Western Australia : biomass, diversity and impact on phytoplankton." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0031.

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[Truncated abstract] The role of marine microzooplankton in aquatic food webs has been studied in most regions of the world’s oceans, with the exception of the subtropical/temperate eastern Indian Ocean. This thesis addresses this gap in knowledge by investigating microzooplankton from five stations on a cross continental shelf transect and in two mesoscale features ∼300 km offshore of south west Western Australia. My primary focus was to measure and evaluate microzooplankton community change over space and time and their impact on phytoplankton on a cross shelf transect, sampling five stations from February 2002 December 2004 as part of a large multidisciplinary investigation into the pelagic ecosystem on the shelf (Chapter 2). This transect was named the Two Rocks transect. I also investigated an eddy pair (Chapter 5), which had originated from water in the vicinity of the Two Rocks transect, also undertaken as part of a larger study, investigating biophysical coupling within mesoscale eddies off south west Western Australia . . . The distribution of mixotrophic cells differed across the transect. Those mixotrophs that use photosynthesis as their primarily energy source exploited nutrient limited conditions inshore consuming particles, while mixotrophs that are primarily heterotrophic survived low prey conditions offshore by photosynthesizing. In the eddies, the grazing behaviour of microzooplankton was dependent on the specific phytoplankton assemblage in each eddy. The warm core eddy had a resident population of diatoms that were consumed by heterotrophic dinoflagellates present in high numbers. The cold core eddy had a warm cap which prevented upwelled water reaching the surface, resulting in stratification and a very active microbial food web, particularly in the surface.
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Andrade, Alexandre Motta de. "Análise, desenvolvimento e projeto de um conversor duplo Forward on-off zcs para aplicação em fontes chaveadas isoladas." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2012. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14496.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>A complete study of a topology resulting from a combination of two Forward structures, attached to the same magnetic core of a transformer and operating as a Full-Bridge converter is presented. In order to reduce the switching losses and the electromagnetic interference, a soft commutation cell that provides ZCS commutation of all the switches is implemented. This converter limits the current on the main switches at the load current because diverts the sinusoidal half cycle to a auxiliary switch. This way, a new Double Forward On-Off ZCS was developed.<br>Um estudo completo de uma topologia, resultante de uma combinação entre duas estruturas Forward, acopladas ao mesmo núcleo magnético de um transformador, e operando como um conversor Full-Bridge, é apresentado. Com o objetivo de reduzir as perdas por chaveamento e a interferência eletromagnética, uma célula de comutação não dissipativa, que fornece uma comutação ZCS para todas as chaves do conversor é implementada. Este conversor limita a corrente nas chaves principais ao valor da corrente nominal, pois desvia o semiciclo senoidal da corrente ressonante para uma chave auxiliar. Deste modo, um novo conversor Duplo Forward On-Off ZCS é obtido.<br>Mestre em Ciências
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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.

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Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.<br>Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.
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Ku, Ming-Che, and 古明哲. "High on/off current ratio polymer vertical transistor." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42724186163230038128.

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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>顯示科技研究所<br>98<br>High performance OTFT has been studied for many years. The most important issue is low cost, high performance, and stability. By the mature process of MOSFET, OTFT has been improved a lot, but unfortunately most of them are fabricated on silicon base or thermal oxide, this is expensive and not suit for low cost requirement. For future application, we fabricated a vertical organic transistor, which is similar to vacuum tube. We achieved a comparable performance of on/off ratio, and lower driving voltage, increasing output current compared to the FET made by same P3HT materials. Here we purposed three kinds of SCLT devices. First is bottom injection SCLT, which owns highest on/off ratio. And then we discussed the impact of grid position in the SCLT space. The second is top injection which is good for new ambient material, because we won’t be limit by ITO work function. Third is simplified from the first structure, we use SAM to replace insulator layer, and use in solvent annealing SCLT devices, which has great output current but higher grid leakage current. By using SAMs treatment, we get higher current gain. Here we discussed a lot of information and process about SCLT, it’s useful for future developing.
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Huang, Mao-Cheng, and 黃茂城. "The Impact of Subtropical Counter Current Eddies on Kuroshio Transport off East China Sea." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3vk26a.

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Jia-Huang, Lin, and 林佳煌. "Investigation of Structural Materials on Polymer Thin Film Transistor (RR-P3HT) to Improve Threshold Voltage and On/Off Current Ratio." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81409253449262701944.

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碩士<br>長庚大學<br>光電工程研究所<br>95<br>More researches are investigated on organic thin film transistor (OTFT) due to the development of flexible electronics. The polymer thin film transistor has the advantage of its simple process. However, it has some drawbacks such as higher threshold voltage and lower on/off current ratio. These disadvantages limit its applications on circuit. In order to improve the electrical performance, we focus our attentions on the three components of device such as dielectrics, electrodes, and active materials. First, we use Al2O3 and HfO2 as dielectrics. Devices with the dielectric layer of higher dielectric constant lead to lower threshold voltage. Devices with the dielectric of HfO2 have threshold voltage lower than 3V. Next, we try to limit the gate leakage current and to enhance the carrier injection current by using different metals as electrodes in device. We use Al and Al/Au as gate and contact electrodes, respectively. The gate leakage current will be controlled less than 10-8A and the performance of carrier injection current will also be improved. Finally, we choose rr-P3HT dissolved in various solvents, p-xylene, chloroform, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as active materials. We used spin coating system to deposit the rr-P3HT films. The results show that chloroform devices have a lower gate leakage current and the threshold voltage of ~2V, mobility of 3 10-3 cm2/V-s, driving current of 1uA, and the on/off current ratio of 186 can be extracted from measurements.
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Books on the topic "On-off current"

1

Mukherjee, Pranab. Off the track: A few comments on current affairs. K.P. International, 1987.

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Survey, Newfoundland Geological, ed. Report on blocking off land along the railway line: Also, mineral statistics for current year. Robinson, 1997.

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Richter, Christoph F. Sperm whale watching off Kaikoura, New Zealand: Effects of current activities on surfacing and vocalisation patterns. Dept. of Conservation, 2003.

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Abbott, Christopher Lynn. Observation of wind forced circulation on the continental shelf off Point Sur, California from a self-contained acoustic doppler current profiler. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopolies, and Business Rights. NOLHGA bails out a healthy insurance company: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopolies, and Business Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on examining the current system the state guaranty fund system uses to pay off insurance policyholders, June 29, 1993. U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Dawson, W. Bell. The currents at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy and on the steamship routes in its approaches off southern Nova Scotia. Govt. Print. Bureau, 1997.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Banking Housing and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on International Trade and Finance. The role of charities and NGO's in the financing of terrorist activities: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Trade and Finance of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session on examining the scope of the current problem; steps the administration has taken to curb the diversion of charitable funds to terrorist organizations; ways to curtail the flow of money from foreign and U.S.-based Islamic charities to terrorist organizations; and what additional tools are necessary for law enforcement to identify and cut off terrorist financing networks, August 1, 2002. U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Art, S. M. Notice : Due to Current Workload, Light at the End of the Tunnel Will Be Turned off Notebook : Lined Notebook Journal - - 108 Pages .: Funny Notebook for the Office - Idea with Funny Saying on Cover. Independently Published, 2020.

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Willem (Pim), Rank, and Silverentand Larissa. 22 The Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0022.

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This chapter discusses the law of set-off in the Netherlands. Under Dutch law, set-off operates as a mechanism for discharging claims. It allows a debtor to discharge his claim by reducing or extinguishing his creditor's claim by the amount of his cross-claim. There is no special regime for set-off clauses in finance documentation in the Netherlands. The chapter first provides an overview of set-off between solvent parties, focusing on statutory set-off, contractual set-off, and current account set-off. It then considers set-off against insolvent parties, taking into account the cooling-off period in bankruptcy, before turning to the so-called actio pauliana. It also explains specific provisions of the EU Collateral Directive aimed at protecting close-out netting provisions in a financial collateral arrangement. Finally, it analyses set-off in recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms, along with issues arising in cross-border set-off.
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Virick, Meghna, and Frances McKee-Ryan. Reemployment Quality, Underemployment, and Career Outcomes. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.012.

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This chapter provides an overview of research on underemployment among laid-off workers, with a particular focus on workers who are more vulnerable to underemployment based on age, gender, and minority status. This review identifies issues, problems, and gaps in the current research and outlines directions for future research, specifically highlighting the importance of examining career outcomes of underemployed workers.
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Book chapters on the topic "On-off current"

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Bhidayasiri, Roongroj, and Daniel Tarsy. "Parkinson’s Disease: “On-Off” Phenomenon." In Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-426-5_7.

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Jung, Hakkee, and Jongin Lee. "Analysis on Off-Current of Double Gate MOSFET for Composition of Forward and Backward Current." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6516-0_45.

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Yanagimoto, Daigo, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Shinzou Fujio, Hajime Nishigaki, and Miho Ishizu. "Observation of Near-Bottom Current on the Continental Shelf Off Sanriku." In Oceanography Challenges to Future Earth. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00138-4_13.

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Sadakata, N., K. Uchiyama, K. Goto, et al. "Turn-off and Turn-on Characteristics of Magnetic Persistent Current Switch for SMES." In Advances in Superconductivity VII. Springer Japan, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68535-7_269.

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Dong, Xiongying, Qun Wang, Xuxin Dang, et al. "Off-Grid Microgrid Protection Based on the Combination of Current and Temperature Measurement." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1674-6_13.

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Harris, P. T., and P. E. O’Brien. "Current and Glacial Erosion on the Shelf off Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica." In Glaciated Continental Margins. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5820-6_82.

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Verma, Prateek Kishor, and Santosh Kumar Gupta. "Virtually Doped Silicon-on-Insulator Junctionless Transistor for Reduced OFF-State Leakage Current." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6840-4_53.

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Saita, T., S. Yano, A. Tai, Y. Hashimoto, and T. Komatsu. "In Situ Measurement on Tidal Current off The Shimabara Peninsula in The Ariake Bay, Japan." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_241.

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Jagtap, Sarika M., and Vitthal J. Gond. "“Device Design of 30 and 10 nm Triple Gate Single Finger Fin-FET for on Current (ION) and off Current (IOFF) Measurement”." In Smart Computing Techniques and Applications. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1502-3_80.

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Salehin, Mohammad Musfequs. "The Rohingya Crisis: Background on Myanmar, the Current Conflict, and Relevant Actors." In Gendered Vulnerabilities and Violence in Forced Migration. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62435-3_3.

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AbstractThe chapter delves into the history behind the Rohingya crisis, tracing its roots beyond the events of 2017. Although the Myanmar government established the year 1824 as the cut-off date for citizenship, historical evidence suggests that the term ‘Rohingya’ was used prior to this period, indicating the longstanding presence of this Muslim minority group in the region. Furthermore, the chapter sheds light on the multifaceted nature of the crisis, involving actors such as the state, the military, Buddhist monks, and the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA). Of particular significance is the unlikely alliance formed between ultranationalist Buddhists and the military, who were once adversaries but joined forces against the Rohingya population, leading to intensified violence and displacement. This historical context provides crucial insights into the complexities and underlying factors driving the ongoing Rohingya crisis.
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Conference papers on the topic "On-off current"

1

Thompson, N. G., and K. M. Lawson. "Long-Line Current Effects on off-Potential Measurements." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95363.

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Abstract There are several factors that can introduce an error to the off-potential such that it no longer represents an accurate measure of the polarized potential at the steel surface. One such phenomena created between two areas of pipe due to a potential gradient on the pipe. Although long-line currents have been discussed for many years, very little is known as to their magnitude and their effect on measuring an off-potential. The objective of the research discussed in this paper was to establish and verify the amount of error introduced by long-line currents when measuring an off-potential. The scope of the project included field testing on operating pipelines and computer modeling utilizing circuit analog models. It was shown that under certain conditions, long-line currents can produce an IR-drop error in the pipe-to-soil off-potential measured by interruption techniques, such that the off-potential is no longer an accurate measure of the polarized potential of the pipe. The driving force for long-line currents is any potential gradient on the surface of a pipe. This potential gradient can be due to local coating degradation, varying environmental conditions, or to the use of remote anodes to protect a long length of pipe.
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Cui, Tongfei, Fang Fang, Xiaojun Li, Tengkai Yu, Qi Zhang, and Jingyuan Dong. "Research on Current Balance Control of Off-Grid Inverter with Asymmetric Load." In 2024 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced63421.2024.10754357.

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Song, Fengmei. "Field Methods for Measuring off-Potentials on a Buried Pipeline in Challenging Conditions." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-18793.

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Abstract A literature survey was performed to understand field methods to measure pipe “off” potentials without the need of interrupting all current sources, or in the presence of stray currents or connected sacrificial anodes. These methods were developed prior to and evaluated in the 1980s. Early field validation tests showed their reasonable performance. Although the merits of these methods may not be obvious when the -850 mV “on” potential criterion is used, it is useful if an “off” potential criterion is desired and the current sources cannot all be interrupted. This paper reports the theory behind each method, the field validation results, and the practical procedures for using them.
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Thompson, Neil G., and Kurt M. Lawson. "Circuit Analog Modeling of IR-Drop Transients (Spike) Following Interruption of CP Current." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93588.

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ABSTRACT During a prior Gas Research Institute (GRI) research program, a spiking phenomenon (potential-time transient) was identified that prevented the measurement of the off-potential directly from the pipe-to-soil potential waveform. Furthermore, the spike made it impossible to measure an off-potential during current interruption for some period of time following interruption. In recent years, there has been discussion that the spike in the pipe-to-soil potential waveform affects the ability of the CP system to mitigate corrosion. In addition, the increased significance that has been placed on off-potential measurements within the industry has made it important to understand any phenomenon that may affect the ability to measure the off-potential. The purpose of this program was to provide the CP engineer with a standard practice for measuring off-potentials in the presence of the spiking phenomenon. Although an exact practice was not established that can be applied to all pipeline conditions, guidelines for making off-potential measurements in the presence of the spike were established. In addition, the root cause of the spike was determined and the ramifications to the off-potential are discussed.
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Olesen, Andreas Junker, and Lars Vendelbo Nielsen. "A Remote Monitoring System Featuring GPS Synchronized Instant-off Potential and Line-current Measurements." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17635.

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Abstract The traditional instant-off survey is time-consuming and will not provide information on the continuous evolution of the pipeline instant-off potential. This paper presents results from a small- and large-scale test of a remote-controlled GPS time-synchronized remote monitoring system, that is capable of capturing the instant-off potential at every logger position, when synchronized with a rectifier interrupter unit. Additionally, the loggers have a built-in line-current measurement module, that allows for detection of changes in the CP consumption in between logger positions, allowing for detection of 3rd party coating damage incidents. Finally, the loggers are capable of full AC/DC interference analysis with associated ER probe corrosion rate measurements.
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Igarashi, Mitsuhiko, Yuuki Uchida, Keiichiro Iwamoto, Yoshio Takazawa, and Yasumasa Tsukamoto. "Leakage Current Fluctuation of On/Off-State Stress in 3 nm Process and its Guard-band Compensation." In 2025 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/irps48204.2025.10983237.

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Li, Yuanyuan, Qing Guo, Haoran Zhao, Hengyu Wang, Ren Na, and Kuang Sheng. "A Si/SiC Hybrid Switching Gate Driver Design and Turn-Off Loss Optimization Based on IGBT Current Detection." In 2024 21st China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2024 10th International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors (SSLCHINA: IFWS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/sslchinaifws64644.2024.10835290.

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Turnbull, Alan. "Current Understanding of Environment Induced Cracking of Steam Turbine Steels." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07rts5.

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Abstract An overview is given of current knowledge and understanding of environment induced cracking of steam turbine discs and blades. There has been extensive research on this theme, though our ability to predict the impact of environmental variables on service life is still constrained as early research had focused on environments that were not always representative of condensates formed in service. More recent research has yielded insight into the evolution of damage from pits and has provided more detailed long crack growth rates but the growth of cracks in the short crack regime is largely undetermined. For aging coal-fired plants, the advent of two-shifting (switching on and off-load on a daily basis) will lead to a reduction in remnant life due to transients in stress and environment. Since the number of cycles is small the impact of load cycling is predicted to be modest. However, there may be an effect of the transient exposure to oxygen off-load on the subsequent crack growth rate on-load and this also needs to be accounted for in life assessment.
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Tao, Yuxuan, Qing Wang, Chunsheng Guo, Chengbin Hu, Shilin Gao, and Yuhong Wang. "Hierarchical System Commutation Failure Prevention Method for UHVDC Based on Turn-Off Area and Commutation Current Area Criteria." In 2024 IEEE PES 16th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/appeec61255.2024.10922492.

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Hesjevik, Sven M., and Øystein Birketveit. "Telluric Current Effect on Short Gas Pipelines in Norway Risk of Corrosion on Buried Gas Pipelines." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01313.

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Abstract Unexpectedly large potential fluctuations, in the range of +/- 12-15 volts, have been experienced on relatively short pipelines. These fluctuations have been related to Geomagnetic Induced Currents (GIC, or Telluric Currents). Geomagnetic activity together with the pipe-to-soil potential have been recorded and correlated to each other. In addition, measurements of instant off potentials together with flow of current to coupons, distributed along the pipeline route were carried out. Laboratory studies have also contributed to a better understanding of the corrosion risk from GIC.
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Reports on the topic "On-off current"

1

Buchler, M., H. G. Schoneich, and F. Stalder. DRS04BSS Criteria to Assess the Alternating Current Corrosion Risk of Cathodically Protected Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011818.

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This paper addresses the assessment of the corrosion risk of a pipeline due to alternating currents. The state of the art technique is the use of coupons, which simulate a coating fault and which allow to measure the ac-current density and also to evaluate corrosion products and pits. Recently, different criteria to assess the corrosion risk have been proposed that are based on the ratio between ac- and dc-current density or the instantaneous off-potential (high-speed off-potential measurement) measured on a coupon. Furthermore, the charge needed to oxidize corrosion products (under alkaline conditions) on a corroded steel surface indicates the level of metal loss. These criteria are discussed on the basis of field experience from coupons and from alternating current-corrosion pits on high voltage interfered pipelines. Results from long term laboratory corrosion measurements under constant AC and DC load are presented which indicate that not only a reduction of pipe/ground AC potential but also a careful adjustment of cathodic protection level helps to minimize a.c. corrosion rates. Based on the results from cyclic potentiodynamic experiments under alkaline conditions, a basic model explaining AC corrosion on cathodically protected pipelines has been developed.
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Huatian, Xu, and Bi Wuxi. PR469-183600-R01 The Influence of Solid State Decouplers on Pipeline CP Surveys. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011935.

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The objectives of this research are to figure out how solid state decouplers (SSDs) influence the surveys related to pipeline cathodic protection (CP) and provide corresponding field guidelines on how to mitigate the adverse effects of SSDs. Firstly, by combining the classical capacitor discharge theory and the equivalent circuit of the CP system, a four-stage physical model is built to explain how SSDs' discharge current pulse influences the CP related readings. From the physical model, we can obtain the following conclusions: (1) The driving force behind the discharging of an SSD's capacitor, after CP currents are cut off, is the voltage drop in the pipeline; (2)There are two contributors to the CP instant-off potential spikes: self-induced pipeline current and SSD discharge current; (3) The time constant ( and tau;=RC) of an SSD installation determines how fast the SSD finishes its discharging process; (4) The adverse effects of SSDs can be mitigated by making the SSD discharge time constant and tau; small enough (3 and tau; Before performing numerical modeling, some commonly used SSDs are tested for their capacitances in the lab according to the classical capacitor impedance theory. The test results show that the typical SSD capacitance is between 0.15 F and 0.36 F. The target pipeline for numerical modeling is a 50 km pipeline with different levels of coating quality, SSD grounding resistance, and SSD capacitance. An equivalent circuit model with ten parallel branches is built accordingly, and solved by an open-source electrical circuit software module. The numerical modeling results firmly support the primary conclusions drawn from the four-stage physical model. Moreover, the parallel analog circuit tests in the lab further prove the rationality of the four-stage model. Finally, comprehensive field tests are performed to study how SSDs influence the CP install-off potential survey, close interval potential survey, direct current voltage gradient, and alternating current voltage gradient. Practical field guidelines on how to mitigate SSDs' influence are proposed.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51693 Most Accurate Method for Measuring an Off-Potential. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010317.

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�During a prior Gas Research Institute (GRI) research program, a spiking phenomenon was identified that prevented the measurement of the off potential directly from the pipe-to-soil potential waveform. Furthermore, the spike made it impossible to measure an off potential during current interruption for some period of time following interruption. In recent years, there has been discussion that the spike in the pipe-to-soil potential waveform affects the ability of the CP system to mitigate corrosion. In addition, the increased significance that has been placed on off-potential measurements within the industry has made it important to understand any phenomenon that may affect the ability to measure the off potential. Because of the above concerns, the Corrosion Supervisory Committee of the Pipeline Research Committee authorized this two-year program to establish the cause and effects of the spiking phenomenon. To accomplish this program, a Work Plan was established that provided for the following four tasks: Task 1 - Field Measurements, Task 2 - Circuit Analog Model, Task 3 - Effect of the Spike on Off- Potential Measurements, and Task 4 - Laboratory Experiments. Through this combined effort of field evaluations, modeling, and laboratory experiments, the root cause of the spike was established along with guidelines for making the off-potential measurement. The results of this project provides the CP engineer with a standard practice for measuring off-potentials in the presence of the spiking phenomenon.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51667 Causes and Effects of the Spiking Phenomenon. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010141.

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During a prior research program, a spiking phenomenon was identified that prevented the measurement of the off potential directly from the pipe-to-soil potential waveform. Furthermore, the spike made it impossible to measure an off potential during current interruption for some period of time following interruption. In recent years, there has been discussion that the spike in the pipe-to-soil potential waveform affects the ability of the CP system to mitigate corrosion. In addition, the increased significance that has been placed on off-potential measurements within the industry has made it important to understand any phenomenon that may affect the ability to measure the off potential. This effort works to establish the cause and effects of the spiking phenomenon. To accomplish this program, a Work Plan was established that provided for the following four tasks: Task 1 - Field Measurements, Task 2 - Circuit Analog Model, Task 3 - Effect of the Spike on Off- Potential Measurements, and Task 4 - Laboratory Experiments. Through this combined effort of field evaluations, modeling, and laboratory experiments, the root cause of the spike was established along with guidelines for making the off-potential measurement. The results of this project provides the CP engineer with a standard practice for measuring off-potentials in the presence of the spiking phenomenon.
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Walshire, Liucas, Joseph Dunbar, and Maureen Corcoran. USACE relief wells for dams and levees : history and current practice. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49664.

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The purpose of this study was to review relief well practices within the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). A literature review was performed on the history and use of relief wells relief and the state of practice within the USACE. As part of this study, a survey about relief well use and maintenance practice was prepared and distributed to selected Districts containing a large number of relief wells to determine their standard operating procedures for using those wells and to learn the history of their use. Responses obtained from these Districts were tabulated and classified according to the subject categories requested. Research needs and tools were requested as part of the survey, and a large portion of the responses indicated that there is an important need for research into biofouling prevention and remediation. Finally, a laboratory experiment was performed on several commercial-off-the-shelf sensors to measure effluent flow remotely. The results of the experiment showed that remote sensing of relief well flow is viable. It was found that pore pressures could be used to measure the relief well flows over a wide range of flow rates and with an error of 10 percent or less on average. Ultrasonic sensors also performed well during testing, with an average error of 10 percent or less.
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Goreczky, Péter. The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Major Transformation Trends of the Global Economy. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.28.

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The Ukraine war and the implications of the sanctions on Russia have amplified the need for more resilient and transparent supply chains, which is expected to give extra impetus to the adoption of digital technologies both in supply chain management and in manufacturing. The crisis has the potential to catalyse the development of central bank digital currencies around the world, especially in countries that are seeking alternatives to the dollar-based international financial system. Russia and China have been actively working on the de-dollarisation of their bilateral trade flows, which could be accelerated by the current sanctions. Cutting off the dependency on Russian fossil fuels will altogether speed up the use of clean energy in the EU; however, this may generate imbalances in the green transition. The current crisis has only amplified the challenges that the global electric vehicle supply chain was already facing. The Ukraine war has further boosted the price increase of critical raw materials of EVs, which could hamper the broader adoption of the technology.
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Kiefner. L51606 Technique Development for Polarized Pipe-to-Soil Potential Measurements. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010103.

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In the recent past years there has been a considerable amount of effort devoted to developing methods and instruments to correct measured pipe-to-soil potentials for IR drops that may occur from currents (from the cathodic protection system or stray sources) in the soil to obtain the polarized potential. However, many of the methods or instruments available are either time-consuming, cumbersome to use in the field, applicable to only certain types of cathodic protection systems and under particular circumstances, subject to influences from stray current sources or not fully developed as of yet. Thus, there is a need to develop a practical method of determining the polarized pipe potential free of IR drop errors. This report examines and compares seven available methods for measuring polarized potential and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The following methods for measuring polarized potential were evaluated: (1) pipe-to-soil measurements with cathodic protection; (2) pipe-to-soil measurements with interrupted cathodic protection (also called instant-off); (3) measurements based on rectifier AC waveform analysis; (4) stepped current reduction; (5) a four-terminal network; (6) extrapolation to zero resistance (IR drop); and (7) a combination of DC/AC transverse measurements.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51888 Development of Coupons for Monitoring Cathodic Protection Systems. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010179.

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The use of coupons has been discussed and utilized for some time and is more prevalent in Europe than in the United States. Externally buried coupons have been utilized for different reasons including corrosion rate measurements, but their primary use has been for monitoring the effectiveness of a CP system. A detailed review of coupon studies is presented below. Renewed interest in the coupon technology was prompted by several studies performed by CC Technologies for PRCI that examined the use of off-potential measurements for evaluating the effectiveness of the CP system. These studies examined possible errors in the off-potential measurements including: Potential transients following the interruption of the CP system (spiking phenomenon). Interference due to multiple pipelines in the same right-of-way. Errors caused by long-line currents. Errors in monitoring local pipe conditions due to averaging large areas of pipe when making ground level pipe-to-soil potential measurements. In addition to the above studies which show conditions for which the off-potential measurements may not accurately represent the conditions locally on the pipe surface, a relatively common condition is the inability to interrupt all sources of the CP current on pipelines in congested areas or those structures with sacrificial anode cathodic protection directly bonded to the structure. Interpretation of pipe-to-soil potentials is made more difficult in areas of stray and/or telluric current activity. Therefore, there is a desire to utilize coupons as a more general tool for evaluating the level of CP. The areas targeted in this study are those areas for which the off-potential measurements are either difficult to perform or to interpret and for which a better means is needed for monitoring the CP level of the structure. Beginning in 1992, PRCI funded a program for the development, proof of concept, and evaluation of the coupon technology as applied to monitoring cathodic protection effectiveness on underground pipelines. The objectives for this project were: To provide a proof of concept for the use of coupons as a method to monitor the effectiveness of CP without interruption of the CP System. (Phase I). To establish guidelines for the use of coupons as a monitoring methodology for determining the level of protection on a pipeline. (Phase II). To provide a better understanding of the relationship between the coupon and the surface condition of the pipe. (Phase III). To quantify the technology such that it can be used as an alternative to conventional monitoring practices, specifically as a means of applying an acceptable criteria for CP. (Phase III). The scope of work included laboratory tests involving large soil boxes containing simulated coated-pipe segments with full size coupon test stations, finite element modeling of coupons near the pipe, full scale pipe tests at the Sugar Grove Test Facility and CC Technologies' Dublin, Ohio Pipe Test Facility, and test sites on operating pipelines throughout the United States.
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Mejias-Santiago, Mariely, Lyan I. Garcia, and Lulu Edwards. Rapid Airfield Damage Recovery Next Generation Backfill Technologies Comparison Experiment : Technology Comparison Experiment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39661.

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Abstract:
The Rapid Airfield Damage Recovery (RADR) Next Generation Backfill Technology Comparison Experiment was conducted in July 2017 at the East Campus of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), located in Vicksburg, MS. The experiment evaluated three different crater backfill technologies to compare their performance and develop a technology trade-off a nalysis. The RADR next generation backfill technologies were compared to the current RADR standard backfill method of flowable fill. Results from this experiment provided useful information on technology rankings and trade-offs. This effort resulted in successful crater backfill solutions that were recommended for further end user evaluation.
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10

Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson, and Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.

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Abstract:
Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
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