Academic literature on the topic 'Once upon a time (Television program)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Once upon a time (Television program)"
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Marrone, Gaetana. "Once upon a time in Latin America: An interview with Lorenzo Codelli." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms_00120_7.
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In this interview, which was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in early March 2021, Lorenzo Codelli reflects on Latin American cinema and its underlying aesthetics, as well as on the global influence of Italian cinema, in particular neorealism, on filmmakers such as Ruy Guerra, Fernando Solanas and Alfonso Cuarón, among others. In recent years, the Latin American film industry has produced commercially successful films, such as Cuarón’s Roma (2018), but few movies receive international distribution in particular if directed by women. For example, Melina Léon’s Cancion sin nombre (Song Without a Name) (2019), which premiered at Cannes’ Directors’ Fornight and has won many awards, is a case in point. Of special interest is Codelli’s point of view on the status of contemporary national cinemas and the impact of popular television series on its very survival.
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O’Dette, Katarina. "Fantasy Worlds on the Small Screen." Extrapolation: Volume 62, Issue 1 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/extr.2021.3.
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This article draws on worldbuilding theory, US television industrial practices, and textual analysis of a variety of fantasy series to explore the medium-specific forces that shape how fantasy worlds are built on television. With particular focus on Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2003), Once Upon a Time (2011-2018), and Dead Like Me (2003-2004), this article proposes the concepts of stationary movement and adaptive creation to analyze how televisual worldbuilding is shaped by industrial practices such as standing sets and actors’ contracts. Scrutinizing the medium-specific manifestation of fantasy worlds on television, this article aims to address the gap in the literature surrounding this televisual genre.
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Jakubowicz, Andrew Henry. ""Once upon a Time in … ethnocratic Australia: migration, refugees, diversity and contested discourses of inclusion "." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 3 (December 13, 2016): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v8i3.5239.
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To what extent can Australia be analysed as an ‘ethnocracy’, a term usually reserved for ostensibly democratic societies in which an ethnic group or groups control the life opportunities of a more widely ethnically diverse population? Australia adopted its first refugee policy in 1977 having been forced to address the humanitarian claims of Asian and Middle Eastern refugees. Only a few years after abandoning the White Australia policy of three generations, the public discourse about refugees was framed by the ethnic origins of these groups (primarily Vietnamese and Lebanese). Over the decades a utopian light has come to be cast on the Indo Chinese as a success story in settlement, while the Middle Eastern peoples have been shaded as a settlement failure. Yet the counter narratives developed in the SBS television documentary series “Once Upon a Time...” demonstrate how ethnocratic framing can be challenged and more nuanced and analytical discourses introduced into the public sphere.
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Lederman, Leon. "Science: The End of the Frontier." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2849.
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Once upon a time American science sheltered an Einstein, went to the moon, and gave to the world the laser, the electronic computer, nylon, television, the cure for polio, and observations of our planet's location in an expanding universe. Today we are in the process, albeit unwittingly, of abandoning this leadership role. It is up to the President, the Congress, and the American people to decide whether this is really the road we want this country to travel.
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Smitala, Mariah. "Once Upon a Wall: Storytime Mural Project Increases Engagement, Attendance." Children and Libraries 17, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/cal.17.3.3.
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When I first started my position as one half of the team responsible for preschool storytime in summer 2017, attendance at our Friday morning program for kids ages four to six was stagnant and low. Later that summer we also learned that Friday mornings would no longer be a consistent time slot, at least not in fall 2017.
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Vaughan, Patrick. "“AMERIKA”: The Story Behind the American Television Series that Once Divided a Nation." Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 64, no. 4 (248) (2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996362pz.21.023.14291.
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This paper will examine the history of the television series “Amerika”. Upon its airing in 1987, the television project was regarded as one of the most controversial projects in American television history. Made in response to the television spectacular “The Day After” the series “Amerika” portrayed a fictional American town living under a Soviet occupation a decade after a nuclear war forced the American government to sue for peace. The emotional plotline follows the drama of a small Nebraska farming town attempting to survive under the boot of a despotic military occupation. The aim of this paper is to examine “Amerika” within the larger historical context of how the Soviet Union was portrayed in the American mass media and Hollywood television and film productions. This will involve a historical narrative that will challenge the notion of a perpetual “Red Scare” in Hollywood while providing a more subtle alternative view that in terms of cultural and entertainment it can be reasonably argued that the Soviet Union was perhaps given a more sympathetic portrayal than the unvarnished objective historical facts merited at the time. STRESZCZENIE „Amerika”: Historia amerykańskiego serialu, który kiedyś podzielił naród Artykuł dotyczy historii serialu telewizyjnego „Amerika”. Po premierze w 1987 r. był on uważany za jeden z najbardziej kontrowersyjnych projektów w historii telewizji amerykańskiej. Stworzony w odpowiedzi na telewizyjną superprodukcję „Dzień po” serial „Amerika” przedstawiał fikcyjne amerykańskie miasteczko pod radziecką okupacją, dekadę po tym, jak wojna nuklearna zmusiła rząd amerykański do kapitulacji. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie serialu „Amerika” w szerszym historycznym kontekście tego, jak Związek Radziecki był przedstawiany w amerykańskich mediach masowych oraz hollywoodzkich produkcjach telewizyjnych i filmowych. Obejmuje to narrację historyczną podważającą tezę o nieustannej „czerwonej panice” w Hollywood, przy jednoczesnym wskazaniu bardziej zniuansowanego poglądu, że jeżeli chodzi o kulturę i rozrywkę, można zasadnie argumentować, że Związek Radziecki był przedstawiany w bardziej pozytywnych barwach, niż wynikało to z nieupiększonych faktów historycznych w tym okresie.
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Taufik, Ali, and Suid Saidi. "METODE PENGAJARAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL AUDISI PENCARIAN BAKAT DI TELEVISI." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Guru Sekolah Dasar (JPPGuseda) 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55215/jppguseda.v4i1.3186.
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TEACHING METHODS USING THE TELEVISION TALENT SEARCH AUDITION MODELThe main purpose of this study was to answer the five (5) questions the research on: Motivation, Achievement, competition, prestige (esteem) and orderly time, will be missed on the research results, in addition to the collaboration between the teaching style audition with, the development of a model audition that of the entertainment program on television. This research study is to do a collaboration between teaching style audition to audition models program television.The study the authors chose a model using fenomenology, in an effort to further explore the internal factors and external factors of the participants individually, so not just displaying figures on the above calculation paper. Findings From the results obtained from processing of data and calculation of the amount of value as well as the interview shows the results of the acquisition value the better of each meeting seen this from the value that was obtained, at a meeting of the audition stage three (3), already visible once the values are moving fluctuating. Significance those who scored high and moderate increased while the low score decreased, indicating a significant change, after combining teaching methods and audition models such as television programs (talent shows)., There was a significant increase.
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Ran, Yu, Yina Dai, and Tong Cai. "“Leaving” and “Gathering” of Post-90s Collective Memory in the Age of Media Convergence." E3S Web of Conferences 189 (2020): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018903003.
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The latest media, which is called the “fifth media”, was a only show that brought about changes in the media age once upon a time. But in the modern and contemporary media development, it is leading the media integration upon other types. Traditional newspapers, outdoor media, radio and television known as the four major media are also steadily moving forward with compatibility, reform and innovation. French social science scientist, Halbwachs, first proposed the concept of collective memory. Of course, many elements that constitute and form collective memory can be taken into consideration, while this article only cuts through from the perspective of the media, and hopes that a more positive collective memory framework will be formed. The cultural self-confidence, and explore new methods and outlets for cultural self-confidence.
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Usmankhujaev, Saidasul, Shokhrukh Baydadaev, and Kwon Jang Woo. "Real-Time, Deep Learning Based Wrong Direction Detection." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072453.
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In this paper, we develop a real-time intelligent transportation system (ITS) to detect vehicles traveling the wrong way on the road. The concept of this wrong-way system is to detect such vehicles as soon as they enter an area covered by a single closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera. After detection, the program alerts the monitoring center and triggers a warning signal to the drivers. The developed system is based on video imaging and covers three aspects: detection, tracking, and validation. To locate a car in a video frame, we use a deep learning method known as you only look once version 3 (YOLOv3). Therefore, we use a custom dataset for training to create a deep learning model. After estimating a car’s position, we implement linear quadratic estimation (also known as Kalman filtering) to track the detected vehicle during a certain period. Lastly, we apply an “entry-exit” algorithm to identify the car’s trajectory, achieving 91.98% accuracy in wrong-way driver detection.
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Warman, Brittany. "“I Am the Wolf: Queering ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ and ‘Snow White and Rose Red’ in the Television Show Once Upon a Time”." Humanities 5, no. 2 (June 8, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h5020041.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Once upon a time (Television program)"
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Bousso, Karina. "Os contos de fadas na televisão: procedimentos de criação de “Once Upon A Time”." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19106.
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Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
The purpose of this research is to study the creative processes of narrative productions in the television series Once Upon a Time. In this series, created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, we face a new format to narrate the fables and tales that belong to the fictional tradition. The authors extend the biography of the characters and reconstitute the myth of Happily Ever After. It is believed that by using the methodology of the process of creation presented by Salles (2008, 2011), it will be possible to investigate the characteristics of the creative actions of appropriation of the roots of fairy tales, in order to determine the audiovisual procedures used in the adaptation for television media. The focus of the study is the analysis of versions of Charles Perrault, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, as well as the archives available regarding the production of the show, to examine the course of the authors in the creation and production of this form of entertainment. The theoretical basis of the thesis is based on three center lines: the reflections on the process of creation as a network construction based on a semiotic approach (Salles); thinkers discussing the imaginary of myths, fairy tales, legends and fables (Propp, Zipes); and finally, discussions related to postproduction (Bourriaud). Thus reflections and analyses concerning the process of creation of the co-creators are presented in The Cultural Networks of Fairy Tales: a look at Once Upon A Time; the way in which the image of the characters is built in Audiovisual Resources of Appropriation on the Construction of Characters; and finally, how all these points come together to create the magical environment within the show, in the chapter Audiovisual Resources of Appropriation on the Construction of Magic
A proposta da presente pesquisa é estudar os processos criativos das produções narrativas no seriado televisivo Once Upon a Time. Nesta série, criada por Edward Kitsis e Adam Horowitz, nos deparamos com um novo formato de narrar as fábulas e os contos que pertencem à tradição ficcional. Os autores ampliam a biografia dos personagens e reconstituam o mito de felizes para sempre. Acredita-se que ao utilizar a metodologia da crítica de processo apresentada por Salles (2008, 2011), será possível investigar as características do ato criador ao se apropriar das raízes dos contos de fadas, a fim de averiguar os procedimentos audiovisuais usados na adaptação para a mídia televisiva. O foco do estudo estará na análise das versões de Charles Perrault, Jacob e Wilhelm Grimm, assim como nos arquivos disponíveis relativos à produção do seriado, para examinar o percurso dos autores na criação e produção desta forma de entretenimento. A fundamentação teórica da dissertação se sustenta em três eixos: as reflexões sobre o processo de criação como rede em construção de base semiótica (Salles); os pensadores que discutem o imaginário dos mitos, contos de fadas, lendas e fábulas (Propp, Zipes); e por último as discussões de pós-produção (Bourriaud). Assim são apresentadas reflexões e análises relativas ao processo de criação dos criadores em As redes culturais dos contos de fadas: um olhar sobre Once Upon A Time; a maneira pela qual a imagem dos personagens é construída em Recursos Audiovisuais de Apropriação na Construção de Personagens; e por fim, a forma como todos estes pontos se juntam para criar o ambiente mágico presente no seriado no capítulo Recursos Audiovisuais de Apropriação na Construção da Magia
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Whitehurst, Katherine F. "Adapting Snow White : tracing female maturation and ageing across film, television and the comic book." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24054.
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This thesis analyses 21st century filmic, televisual and comic “Snow White” adaptations. The research is interdisciplinary, bringing together scholarship on gender, childhood, ageing, adaptation, media and fairy tales. The first half of the thesis contextualises the broader historical and sociocultural conversation “Snow White” tellings are immersed in by nature of their shared culture and history. It also identifies the tale’s core and traces the tale’s formation as a tale type from the seventeenth to the twenty–first century. The second half of this thesis moves to an analysis of two films (Mirror Mirror, 2012; Snow White and the Huntsman, 2012), a television series (Once Upon a Time, 2011–present) and a comic book series (Fables, 2002–2015). It considers the kinds of stories about female growth and ageing different media adaptations of “Snow White” enable, and contemplates how issues of time and temporality and growth and ageing play out in these four versions. In analysing the relationship between form and content, this thesis illustrates how a study of different media adaptations of “Snow White” can enrich fairy–tale scholarship and the fairy–tale canon. It also details the imaginative space different media adaptations of “Snow White” provide when engaging with dominant discourses around female growth and ageing in the West. Using “Snow White” as a case study, this thesis centrally facilitates a dialogue between ageing, childhood, fairy–tale and adaptation studies.
Books on the topic "Once upon a time (Television program)"
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(Firm), Titan Books. Once upon a time: Behind the magic. London: Titan Books, a division of Titan Publishing Group Ltd., 2013.
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Yeager, Kennedy. Once Upon a Time and the Perpetuation of the Mother/Anti Mother Dichotomy. New York, NY: Yeager Kennedy, 2019.
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Editions, 5. Continents, Denver Art Museum, and Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, eds. Once upon a time ..: The western : a new frontier in art and film. 2017.
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Once Upon A Time (MacMillan Beginning Reading Language Program). MacMillan Publishing Company, 1988.
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Matheson, Richard. The Twilight Zone: Once upon a Time the Television Script. Harvest Moon Pub, 2001.
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Once Upon A Time (Skills Practice...Macmillan Beginning Reading & Language Program). Macmillan Publishing Co., 1988.
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Matheson, Richard. The Twilight Zone: Once upon a Time the Television Script (Twilight Zone (Harvest Moon)). Harvest Moon Books, 2001.
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Ozgenalp, Nur. Becoming-shewolf and the Ethics of Solidarity in Once Upon a Time: Feminist and Posthumanist Re-assembling of Little Red Riding Hood. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0010.
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The continuing television series Once upon a time (2011 – present) proposes unconventional politics of ‘becoming’ and engages in a discussion on the limits of body and soul, and those of females and animals in particular. The fairy-tale drama pushes fixed definitions of body and presents narratives of continuously inter-transforming characters. In the traditional telling of the story, through the act of cutting her way out of the wolf’s stomach, we see resistance in the character of Red Riding Hood. Once upon a time takes this resistance a step further by putting the wolf inside the girl. This brings out a question which serves as the focus of this chapter: What happens when the wolf is inside the girl? And, additionally: What kind of affects are born from this particular serial and televisual version of Red Riding Hood? Using Deleuze and Guattari’s notions ‘becoming-animal’ and ‘becoming-woman’, the analysis covers the story of mental transformation and corporeal mutation as developed in the episode, Red Handed in order to understand its political and ethical potential as well as its limits in relation to the twenty-first century mental, cultural and socio-political transformation.
Book chapters on the topic "Once upon a time (Television program)"
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Whitehurst, Katherine. "Stories of Motherhood and Ageing in ABC’s Television Programme Once Upon a Time." In Ageing Women in Literature and Visual Culture, 129–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63609-2_8.
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Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria. "Once Upon a Time in a Documentary." In Television Discourse, 22–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11717-5_3.
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Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria. "Once Upon a Time in a Talk Show." In Television Discourse, 40–54. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11717-5_4.
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Gazzaniga, Andrea. "From Whore to Hero: Reassessing Jill in Once Upon a Time in the West." In Love in Western Film and Television, 53–69. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137272942_5.
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Yermish, Ira. "A Case for Case Studies via Video-Conferencing." In Distance Learning Technologies, 208–17. IGI Global, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-80-3.ch015.
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Demands are being placed on educational institutions to provide course content in new and complex forms to address the needs of an ever more mobile student body. This chapter explores the issues of delivering a normally highly interactive graduate level course using these new technologies within the demands of organizational missions and constraints. We will argue that a course covering topics of organizational technology assimilation is the ideal place to begin this process. It will describe the problems and issues that were faced in one typical course. We will also suggest that this is an ideal area to focus future research in organizational adoption of new technologies that address missions and strategies. The “passing of remoteness” is how one commentator described the phenomenon of the rise of the Internet and other distance-shrinking technologies. Ever since the advent of television, educators have wrestled with the viability of using this technology to reach wider audiences. Educational television facilitated the distribution of high-quality program content in a one-directional fashion. Yet for many educators, this approach lacked the interactive give-and-take so important to the educational process. Video-conferencing has been used heavily in industry to reduce the costs of travel within far-flung organizations. This technology made it possible to meet “face-to-face,” even if the faces were a little blurry and movements were jumpy at best. The visual cues so often considered important in determining if messages were being properly communicated were now available. Immediate visual feedback leads to more productive dialog. Educational institutions have always lagged behind industry in adopting these technologies for two critical reasons. First, there is the psychological barrier that faculty must cross adapting new technologies. One could argue that despite the popular view of “radical academia”, the reality is much more conservative. Changes in curriculum or program delivery can be glacial. Second, and perhaps more critically, the investment in the infrastructure to support these technologies was beyond the means of the organization. Yet these same constraints are tipping the balance toward the requirements to adopt these technologies. Resource constraints, particularly in the area of a scarce, high-quality faculty, competition among educational institutions for market share, and the declining technology costs and improvements in transmission quality are combining to drive experiments in this area. In graduate business education, there has always been an emphasis on the interactive approach to education. Universities pride themselves on, and like to print, glossy brochures about the interactive classrooms where the faculty and students conduct highly charged dialogues on topics of immediacy. One popular form of this dialogue is the case study approach. Similar to the kinds of activities one might find in a law school moot-court experience, potential managers must, with often limited and yet at the same time overwhelming data, process situations, explore options and develop recommendations. The instructor may provide a gentle push based upon the direction the class takes but shouldn’t, assuming good case study pedagogy, be dominating a one-sided presentation. Unlike a lecture in nuclear physics, there is no way to predict the exact direction of the class interests - a very dynamic approach is required. How can the video-conferencing technologies address the needs of this very complex form of the educational experience? This chapter will review our experiences and organizational issues surrounding this issue and raise some future research questions that should be addressed to improve the quality and efficiency of this specific form of education.
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Hyman, Wendy Beth. "Telling Time on the Body." In Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry, 79–110. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837510.003.0003.
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“Telling Time on the Body” examines carpe diem in conversation with Renaissance visual arts of death. Lyrics that once seemed merely imitative of classical tropes take on paradoxical new life when we recognize that their depictions of time, aging, and death incorporate distinctly visual strategies for representing desiccation and emptiness. These artists ekphrastically reveal the effect of Time upon matter, turning the abstraction of temporality into something rendered hauntingly in green and ochre. Early modern poets, likewise, present pictorialized “Time” as the figure that divulges hidden truths about decaying bodies. They thereby claim their own consanguinity to Time, as fellow actants upon bodily material, while also presenting decay as an event that happens predominantly to women. Yet it is not misogyny alone that motivates these sometimes-grisly figurations of the aging or postmortem female body. Rather, in decomposing the idealized beloved—rosy cheeks, pearly teeth, and all—the poet also “unmakes” the Petrarchan poetry that first invented her, demonstrating his temporal triumph over tired poetic conventions. By vividly rendering the postmortem decay of the woman’s body, that is, the poet brings “death” not just to his supposed beloved, but also to Petrarchist clichés about the red and gold and white. Carpe diem’s unforgivingly visual program of poetic representation confronts outmoded mystifications with brute empiricism, and demands that erotic verse leave behind courtly conventions and claim a new place in literary history.
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Olechowska, Elżbieta. "Between Hope and Destiny in the Young Adult Television Series Once Upon a Time, Season 5, Episodes 12–21 (2016)." In Our Mythical Hope. The Ancient Myths as Medicine for the Hardships of Life in Children’s and Young Adults’ Culture. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323552888.pp.593-612.
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Kenan, Randall. "James Baldwin, 1924–1987." In A Historical Guide to James Baldwin, 21–60. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195366532.003.0002.
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Abstract In death James Baldwin received something that seemed to have eluded him for several decades: recognition as one of the greatest writers America has produced. Once upon a time, in the early 1960s, he was hailed as the voice of the civil rights movement; his books were best sellers; his image was emblazoned on the covers of national magazines; he was interviewed on television and radio; politicians and leaders sought his advice. Then, in the late 1970s and 1980s, he became viewed essentially as an exile, living on a bucolic estate in the south of France, the diminishing voice of a bygone era, slowly growing faint, less relevant, out of touch with mainstream Reagan America. His last major work was published in 1979. While his importance as a public figure had never been in doubt, the literary merit of his work and its continued aesthetic relevance was up for debate.
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Rosewarne, Lauren. "“Nothing Crueler Than High School Students”." In Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use, 749–67. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7909-0.ch041.
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The Internet as a fearful place is a theme apparent in numerous film and television presentations whereby fears and anxieties about new technology are exploited and new ethical challenges are mounted. The idea that the Internet can make a person, particularly a young person, vulnerable has much traction on screen: in the context of bullying, narratives frequently demonstrate that while it was once restricted to the parameters of school—the school grounds and the school day—the Internet enables such behavior to happen at any time and for it to occur repeatedly with an infinite audience. Anybody with Internet access—be it via their laptop or smartphone—can be bullied; equally, anyone with access to such technology can become the bully. Revictimization is the starting point for this discussion and is a key factor in distinguishing cyberbullying from the schoolyard terror of the pre–Web era. The public nature of many online attacks means that victims experience abuse in an ongoing fashion in turn, exacerbating and prolonging the trauma. Other themes explored include the flexibility of roles: whereas in schoolyard bullying the victim is frequently the weaker kid preyed upon by someone older and stronger; online the weaker kid can effortlessly become the bully themselves in a world where physical brawn is less important than computer prowess. Age and gender are also examined, along with emerging social concerns such as slut-shaming and revenge porn. These themes are each explored to expose the ways film and television depict social concerns exacerbated by new technology.
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Cushman, Barry. "Introduction." In Rethinking The new deal court, 3–8. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115321.003.0001.
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Abstract The story of the “switch-in-time” is among the most enduring chapters of our constitutional history. It is repeated every year in countless courses in govern ment, history, and constitutional law in our nation’s high schools, colleges, and law schools. One of the great morality plays of American civics, it is both celebratory and cautionary. A vast and remarkably homogenous literature built by legions of lawyers, historians, and political scientists recounts and reiterates the story with varying degrees of subtlety and sophistication. In truncated, composite, and only mildly caricatured form, it goes as follows: Once upon a time, in the dark days of the Great Depression, there was a great liberal president (Franklin Roosevelt) who fought valiantly against rich and powerful economic royalists in a noble effort to better the lot of the common man and save the country from economic ruin. His plan, which he called the New Deal, enjoyed widespread public support but was repeatedly rejected by the Supreme Court. The president was aided in his crusade by three wise and visionary liberal justices (Brandeis, Stone, and Cardozo), who generally supported his program and voted accordingly in the cases that came before the Court. Their efforts were frustrated, however, by four reactionary conservative justices (the “Four Horsemen” Van Devanter, McReynolds, Sutherland, and Butler), whose jurisprudence was driven by their devotion to the anachronistic tenets of laissez-faire economics and their sympathetic subservience to the interests of rich and powerful people and institutions. The conservatives were too frequently aided in their obstructionist enterprise by two waffling moderates (Hughes and Roberts), whose business-class origins likewise disposed them against the New Deal. In the general election of 1936, however, the American people forcefully repudiated the jurisprudence of the Court’s majority and wholeheartedly embraced the constitutional theories of Franklin Roosevelt. Emboldened by his landslide victory, Roosevelt soon thereafter announced his plan to pack the Court. Fearing institutional evisceration, the mod erates, in an act spurred by a mixture of cowardice, “statesmanship,” and newfound constitutional enlightenment, decided to switch rather than fight.
Conference papers on the topic "Once upon a time (Television program)"
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Loney, Patrick. "Integrating an Electronics Component Database Into a Thermal Design Tool." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89080.
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When developing a thermal model of a highly populated electronics board, a significant amount of time and effort is needed to track the thermal characteristics of all the dissipating components. In business sectors where multiple boards are thermally designed and analyzed each year, developing a components database and integrating it into the analysis tool will save time and ensure that consistent values are used in every design. With an “in tool” component database, multiple advantages are achieved. Once a component is entered into the database, the component information can be accessed in subsequent designs that employ the component. All engineers doing thermal design have access to the database. Once the thermal characteristics of a component are agreed upon, consistency across all boards is maintained. Additionally, values for each component in the database can be automatically brought into the analysis tool. By making a computer program develop the model of the component, human error is removed. The database tracks all major thermal aspects of a component. This includes the maximum junction temperature, Theta JC (case to junction resistance), leg/pin configuration (size, length, number, conductivity), and board to case gap thickness. Optional values can include top side cooling resistance, performance temperature limits, manufacturer, datasheet web address, and even an entry to identify the configuring engineer.
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Ahmad Mohammed AlMatar, Mohammed, Zakaria Al-Bahar, Fahad Mahmoud Bastaki, Mizan BinOmar Chong, Jassim Hamed Barki, Mariam Jamal, Mehanna Al-Mehena, et al. "A Tailor-Made Approach for Temporary Well Suspension Saves Cost for Remedial Stimulation and Well Activation: A Case Study from Northern Kuwait." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212899-ms.
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Abstract Following the rig-based well testing stage, completion programs of high-pressure wells in North Kuwait call for well killing with heavy oil-based mud (OBM). The workover rig is then demobilized, and production flowlines are installed. Well activation plans are carried out riglessly, and coiled tubing (CT) is instrumental to bringing the wells back to sustainable production. One of the major drawbacks from this practice is the formation damage generated by the OBM, which often requires additional interventions for remediation. To address this limitation, a new approach leveraging instrumented CT for temporary well suspension was recently implemented. Real-time downhole telemetry is enabled by an optical line installed in the CT pipe and used to accurately set a through-tubing inflatable packer (TTIP). Once the latter is anchored at the planned depth, above the interval open to the formation, CT is disconnected from the packer assembly, and the fishing neck is protected with a sand plug. CT is then retrieved to surface, and a slickline dump bailer is run to spot cement on top of the sand plug. Once the cement has set, CT is run to displace the wellbore to kill fluid. Two pilot wells were selected to implement this new approach for temporary well suspension. Both wells had a maximum potential wellhead pressure in the order of 7,400 psi, and 15.0-ppg OBM was originally planned for well suspension purposes. Upon completion of the zonal testing program - which included initial stimulation, well activation, and flowback - instrumented CT was run with high- pressure rotary jetting to condition the TTIP setting depth and displace the wellbore with brine, after which, a shut-in wellhead pressure near 2,000 psi was observed. In the next CT run, TTIP was set close to the end of the production tubing, and critical stages, such as depth correlation, packer inflation, and packer anchoring testing were closely controlled via real-time downhole measurements. Additional verification of the TTIP effective seal was carried out before the CT was disconnected from the packer assembly through an inflow test relying on live downhole pressure monitoring. Once the TTIP released, the temporary suspension was completed following the methodology described above. Finally, the wells were observed at surface with zero pressure for more than 24 hours, receiving acceptance from the operator. This alternative approach for temporary well suspension represents an innovative solution to bring wells back into production without additional restimulation or well activation. This methodology greatly relies on CT real-time downhole telemetry, and operators from the Middle East can benefit from the experience gained in this project.
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Bastaki, Fahad Mahmoud, Mohammed Ahmad Mohammed AlMatar, Zakaria Al-Bahar, Mizan BinOmar Chong, Jassim Hamed Barki, Mariam Jamal, Mehanna Al-Mehena, et al. "A Custom-Fit Approach for Temporary Well Suspension Saves Remedial Stimulation and Well Activation in North Kuwait." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216948-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Following the rig-based well testing stage, completion programs of high-pressure wells in North Kuwait call for well killing with heavy oil-based mud (OBM). The workover rig is then demobilized, and production flowlines are installed. Well activation plans are carried out riglessly, and coiled tubing (CT) is instrumental to bringing the wells back to sustainable production. One of the major drawbacks from this practice is the formation damage generated by the OBM, which often requires additional interventions for remediation. To address this limitation, a new approach leveraging instrumented CT for temporary well suspension was recently implemented. Real-time downhole telemetry is enabled by an optical line installed in the CT pipe and used to accurately set a through-tubing inflatable packer (TTIP). Once the latter is anchored at the planned depth, above the interval open to the formation, CT is disconnected from the packer assembly, and the fishing neck is protected with a sand plug. CT is then retrieved to surface, and a slickline dump bailer is run to spot cement on top of the sand plug. Once the cement has set, CT is run to displace the wellbore to kill fluid. Two pilot wells were selected to implement this new approach for temporary well suspension. Both wells had a maximum potential wellhead pressure in the order of 7,400 psi, and 15.0-ppg OBM was originally planned for well suspension purposes. Upon completion of the zonal testing program - which included initial stimulation, well activation, and flowback - instrumented CT was run with high-pressure rotary jetting to condition the TTIP setting depth and displace the wellbore with brine, after which, a shut-in wellhead pressure near 2,000 psi was observed. In the next CT run, TTIP was set close to the end of the production tubing, and critical stages, such as depth correlation, packer inflation, and packer anchoring testing were closely controlled via real-time downhole measurements. Additional verification of the TTIP effective seal was carried out before the CT was disconnected from the packer assembly through an inflow test relying on live downhole pressure monitoring. Once the TTIP released, the temporary suspension was completed following the methodology described above. Finally, the wells were observed at surface with zero pressure for more than 24 hours, receiving acceptance from the operator. This alternative approach for temporary well suspension represents an innovative solution to bring wells back into production without additional restimulation or well activation. This methodology greatly relies on CT real-time downhole telemetry, and operators from the Middle East can benefit from the experience gained in this project.
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Hamadah, Omar Abdulrazzaq, Abdullah Ali Al-Ibrahim, Abdulaziz Najaf, Mohamed Hedi Slama, Kareem Badrawy, Nestor Molero, Valentin Pochetnyy, and Mohannad Adel Sebaih. "A Pioneer Step in Restoring Well Integrity for Workover Rig Intervention through Instrumented Coiled Tubing and Through-Tubing Inflatable Packer." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214144-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Even though technology development has leveraged a consistent grow in the number of rigless interventions, many remedial programs still require the support of workover rigs. In South-East Kuwait, mechanical constraints at the production tree tubing hanger prevented the operator to install the blowout preventer (BOP) of the workover rig following the conventional practices and called for a custom-fit approach to enable the required number of pressure barriers to intervene this well. The intervention approach relied on instrumented CT for well killing and temporary well suspension. CT real-time downhole telemetry enabled accurate placement and setting of a through-tubing inflatable and retrievable packer (TTIRP) inside the production tubing. Once the packer integrity is pressure tested in both directions, CT is disconnected, and then a sand plug followed by an acid soluble cement plug are spot on top of the TTIRP. Upon confirmation of cement plug integrity, the workover rigs come into play, nipples down the production tree and installs the BOP. Instrumented CT is then rigged up and run back-in-hole to dissolve the cement plug, circulate the sand out and recover the TTIRP to surface. The candidate well where this innovative intervention workflow was implemented had a maximum potential wellhead pressure in the order of 1,100 psi and a plug-back true depth (PBTD) near 10,100 ft. The well was completed with 3 1/2-in. production tubing set close to 3,500 ft MD and 8 5/8-in. casing until PBTD. An e-line through-tubing puncher was carried out in the production tubing before the first CT run to enable circulation of killing fluid. TTIRP setting depth was conditioned via instrumented CT and high-pressure rotary jetting tool, and displacing the wellbore to brine, resulting in a shut-in wellhead pressure near zero psi. In the next CT run, TTIRP was positioned around 620 ft, and important steps like depth correlation, packer inflation, and packer anchoring tests were actively monitored using real-time downhole measurements. Both positive and extended inflow tests using live downhole pressure monitoring were carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the TTIRP sealing before the CT was disconnected from the packer assembly. Once the TTIRP was released, the temporary suspension was completed following the methodology described above. Finally, the well was closely observed at surface with zero pressure for more than 24 hours, receiving acceptance from the operator to service the well. Upon completion of the workover program, the estimated saving by eliminating deferred production was estimated to be around 200,000 bbls. This case study from South-East Kuwait discusses a custom-fit approach via instrumented CT and TTIRP for restoring well integrity in wells planned for workover rig intervention where mechanical constraints at production tree prevented installing the workover rig BOP, and the lessons learned are now reference for operators in the Middle East with wells with similar challenges.
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Schinzel, Glen E. "Integration of Risk Insights Into Nuclear Power Plant Operations." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48444.
Full textAbstract:
Today’s nuclear plant operator is challenged to safely operate a complex power plant while prudently managing the business aspects with efficiency. Risk insights provide a ready tool to aid today’s operators in effectively performing both of these sometimes contradictory tasks with a sound basis. While plants possess and maintain Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) models, other regulatory applications are readily available to aid the nuclear operator. Some of these tools include 10CFR 50.69 Risk-informed Categorization and Treatment of Structures, Systems, and Components for Nuclear Power Reactors, Industry Initiative 4(b) Risk Managed Technical Specifications, and Industry Initiative 5(b) Risk-informed Surveillance Test Intervals. This paper will introduce each of these risk-informed tools and will discuss practical applications of these insights at the South Texas Project nuclear power plant. These insights are readily translatable to other nuclear power facilities. 10CFR 50.69 permits a risk-informed categorization of selected structures, systems, and components. For components determined to be Low Safety Significant, many of the current regulatory controls can be reduced while maintaining reasonable confidence that these ‘Low-ranked’ components continue to perform their design functional requirements. South Texas Project was the industry’s proto-type pilot for this effort. Initiative 4(b) is a risk-informed, configuration-based approach to managing Technical Specification allowed out of service times. The limiting, deterministic allowed outage times are replaced with a Configuration Risk Management Program which uses risk threshold values to determine the length of time a Technical Specification piece of equipment can remain out of service. An imposed back-stop of 30 days is used to limit the allowed outage time. This approach was approved for South Texas Project in July 2007, and South Texas Project was the industry pilot plant for this effort. Initiative 5(b) is a risk-informed approach to Technical Specification surveillance test intervals. This approach allows surveillance test intervals to be removed from Tech Specs and placed in an owner-controlled program. Once relocated, a blending of probabilistic and deterministic insights is used to assess proposed extensions of surveillance test intervals. Once implemented, a feedback process is relied upon to validate the acceptability of the revised testing interval. This approach was piloted by the Limerick Nuclear Station, and South Texas Project submitted a request in October 2007 to the NRC to pursue this initiative. The above risk insights have proven very effective at South Texas Project, and could aid other nuclear operators in making well-founded, informed decisions. Risk insights also allow a Station’s limited resources to be focused on those activities and equipment which are of greatest safety significance. These insights are valuable for current licensees, and may be very beneficial to apply toward new nuclear construction.
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Yanko, T. E. "RUSSIAN ADVERB DAVNO ‚LONG AGO, FOR A LONG TIME‘ REVISITED FROM A CORPUS PERSPECTIVE." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-773-783.
Full textAbstract:
During the last twenty years, the Russian adverb davno ‘long ago, for a long time’ was widely discussed in literature. It was recognized that the unique parameter of davno is its inability to be the theme of a sentence. Moreover, if davno functions in the context of aspectual forms relating to the past it can only be the rheme. In the context of the aspectual verbal forms relating to the past but preserving the connection with the moment of speech, davno can be either the rheme proper, or a component of the rheme. A classic example of an aspectual verb form referring to the past is the general factual meaning of the imperfective aspect. At present, the spoken data corpora can shed light on the communicative structure analysis, since the prosodic structure of the sound speech provides a straightforward access to the communicative structure. Novel parameters of davno are as follows. 1) Whereas davno is traditionally recognized as a word of rhematic polarity it can nevertheless function as a component of the theme in the context of attributive clauses and constructions (Davno soglasovannyj visit dolzhen byl sostojatjsja v aprele ‘A visit planned long ago would take place in April’). 2) The general factual meaning of the imperfective aspect, contrary to what was assumed before, is not an absolute prerequisite for davno to function as the rheme. The spoken corpus showed that in the context of negation and in the context of the verbs of speech, the general factual allows for davno to function as a component of the rheme but not the rheme proper (Ja davno tebja ne videl ‘I have not been seeing you for a long time’; My davno govorili, chto nasha zadacha — eto borjba s terrorismom ‘We have been insisting for a long time that our main goal is the struggle against terrorism’). 3) A specific type of questions with the initial davno (as well as with other adverbs with the meaning of a considerable quantity like chasto ‘often’, mnogo ‘much’, and daleko ‘far away’) is singled out. Such questions cannot be unambiguously classified either as yes-no-questions or as wh-questions (I davno vy zdesj stoite? ‘And how long are you staying here?’). A description of unique prosody of such questions is given. 4) In the context of discourse continuity, davno acquires the rising prosody which is in fact uncharacteristic of a word, which is unable be the theme (Xotel eto sdelat’ davno, no teperj sdelaju tochno ‘I wished to do it long ago, but now I will do it for sure’). The rising tone is accounted for by the meaning of continuity, which has the same prosody as the theme. 5) In constructions kogda-to davno ‘once upon a time’, ochenj davno ‘very long ago’, davno-davno ‘very long ago’, davnymdavno ‘very long ago’, dovoljno davno ‘quite long ago’, ne tak davno ‘not so long ago’ davno loses its rhematic polarity. The parameters of davno are exemplified by spoken fragments taken from the Multimodal corpus of the Russian National corpus, and the minor working collection of the Russian speech recordings specifically set up for this investigation. The software program Praat was used in the process of analyzing the sound data.
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Shaik Mohammad, Asif Basha, Iyyappan M, and Vikram MR. "New Approach for Road Induced Noise Prediction in Battery Electric Vehicles." In Noise and Vibration Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1069.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In general, in-cabin booming noise is low frequency (20 Hz∼300 Hz) phenomenon which excites the cabin structure mainly due to excitations from the powertrain, exhaust system, road loads, etc. When a vehicle drives over road seams or a bumpy surface, low-frequency drumming noise is generated, causing driver discomfort. The generation of drumming noise is due to road irregularities, transferred and amplified through the vibration characteristics of the suspension, body frame, and body panels, as well as the acoustic characteristics of the vehicle interior. It is therefore difficult to take measures to get rid of drumming, after the basic vehicle construction has been finalized. The regular practice in vehicle development is finite element method (FEM) to obtain acoustical transfer functions of the body, and multi body simulation to get suspension load characteristics. The full vehicle simulation needs more time for analysis and extracting data. So traditional computational aided engineering (CAE) will not support development timeline. Market has become very dynamic, benchmark changes very often, so getting complete data is difficult for very accurate analysis in ‘early to market’ project timeline. Most of the automotive companies are using computational tools for predicting road noise in simulation phase. But with the help of method, we developed can predict road noise at early design stage itself. It is a novel hybrid tool which can give strong directional results in comparatively lesser time.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This user-friendly hybrid tool is developed for predicting and improving road noise at early stage with limited data, especially for new age battery electric vehicle. The inputs used during the initial stage of the program are vibration data of benchmark vehicle at body attachment points, targets, or simulation data (DPDS, NTF), etc. By the proposed methodology, overall trend of road noise can be predicted. In addition to that critical paths can be identified by using transfer path analysis. Once the project/program matures, we can use physically measured data (DPDS & NTF) of the trimmed body and perform the robust root cause analysis to identify the critical paths. Based upon the analysis, modifications to be made on actual body structure for effective drumming reduction. Hence new hybrid approach is proposed, which consists of mathematical model and design philosophy for better in cabin noise. It is worth to note that there are some limitations in the tool and results from the calculations such as granularity of benchmark test data availability, accurate trimmed body level test or simulation data.</div></div>
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Abdallah, Dalia, Mark Grutters, Arit Igogo, and Manjit Kumar Singh. "Dynamic Mitigation Strategy to Flow Assurance Challenges Associated with CO2 EOR in an Onshore Abu Dhabi Field." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211228-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A CO2-WAG (water-alternate-gas) injection EOR pilot is currently ongoing in a carbonate reservoir, in an Onshore Abu Dhabi field, as part of the company's strategy for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage. The pilot is an important phase to de-risk challenges associated with CO2 injection prior to full field implementation. This paper will focus on the mitigation of subsurface flow assurance challenges to handle corrosion, asphaltene and inorganic scaling risks in production wells. As the conditions change during the CO2 pilot duration from producing dry oil to producing oil with miscible gas along with water, the flow assurance mitigation strategy must change to address the different challenges at each stage. Based on extensive lab studies and modeling work confirming the risk of corrosion, asphaltene and scale, it was decided to equip producer wells with downhole chemical injection facilities. Inhibitors for different applications were lab qualified as part of the chemical program to be injected, upon demand, during the pilot life cycle. A comprehensive surveillance program of gauge cutter runs, logging and fluid sampling was put in place to monitor pilot performance and changes in fluid properties and conditions that warrant mitigation by chemicals. The plan was to inject corrosion inhibitor at the start of the pilot and switch to a corrosion/asphaltene combo chemical with CO2 break-through, as it tends to destabilize asphaltene and lead to deposition. Once water cut increases, asphaltene deposition starts to diminish and the risk of inorganic scale increases. At that stage the strategy is to switch back to corrosion inhibitor injection with scale inhibitor squeeze application into the reservoir to protect from scaling. The pilot has been operational for 5 years. Water cut increased in producers from 0% to > 10% with instances of inorganic scale deposition in the lower part of the tubing. This was handled through acid washes due to favorable economics in comparison to inhibitor injection. CO2 levels at the producers increased from 6 mol% to 13-20 mol%, confirming CO2 break-through. With an effective corrosion inhibitor injection, the time-lapse corrosion logs confirmed that the tubing was in good condition. No asphaltene deposition experienced up to date hence no asphaltene inhibitor injection was administered. This paper describes steps required to assess different flow assurance challenges during a CO2-WAG pilot and outlines the mitigation strategy including a robust surveillance program during pilot execution. This mitigation strategy should be dynamic, responding to the changes in challenges posed at each phase considering the most cost-effective solution. For scale and asphaltene deposition the frequency of occurrence should be considered to decide on whether to inject inhibitors or apply solvent soaks.
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Ahmad, Bilal, Andrey Yugay, Mohamed Masud Akhtar, Mohammad Rajai Baker Hijjawi, Sergei Vorozhikhin, Abdulla Almuharrami, Amir Nadeem, Mayank Varshney, Ehsan Arif, and Eisa Al Harmoodi. "Curing Packer Leak Riglessly Using Bismuth Alloy: Results of the Field Pilot." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216178-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Wells with positive pressure at surface must comply with double barrier policy. Packer is part of primary barrier envelope, its failure causes well non-compliance to the policy, leaving it with single barrier only. Standard practice is to perform a rig intervention to replace the packer. This paper describes the outcome of the 2nd phase (5 wells) field testing of the new technology available on the market that is designed to cure packer leak riglessly. Packer is the element of the primary barrier envelope that seals off the annulus between the tubing and the casing ("A" annulus). The new technology consists of dropping of bismuth alloy beads from the wellhead into the tubing casing annulus aimed to descending by gravity and settling on top of the leaking packer. Once beads were in place in the annulus "A", a thermite heater was run inside the tubing on electric line and placed on depth across the beads. Upon activation the thermite heater produced an exothermic reaction melting the beads resulting in molten bismuth alloy but keeping the tubing integral. As the alloys cool and solidify, they expand to provide a seamless gas tight seal. Pilot project was divided into two phases. The 1st phase of the pilot (3 wells) completed in 2021 (Yugay et al, 2022). The 2nd phase (5 wells) execution completed in Mar-2023. The wells are under monitoring for evaluation at the time of Abstract submission, 2 wells are showing success. Already some interesting findings and lessons learned have been obtained, that would add value for those who might think of implementing the same in their fields. Step by step execution process including verification and validation will guide you through the whole exercise and will help to design the program in a most effective and efficient way. Positive business impact of this technology consists not only from the direct cost savings due to cancelled rig intervention (around USD2.5MM plus additional "hidden" costs associated with the well and location preparation for the rig entry), but also saved rig slot that can be utilized for the acceleration of other projects. Avoidance of the several months of the deferred production also makes this technology very attractive.
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Sims, Jeremy. "Process Accuracy vs Process Uncertainty (Risk Mitigation: Calibration and the Customer’s Process)." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2013.45.
Full textAbstract:
The requirements for the process accuracy may be dictated by the requirements of the expected output of the process or product. The ratio between the process accuracy (i.e., the acceptance limits of the manufacturing process, or it could be the product itself) and the instrument accuracy (i.e., the equipment used to measure the process) is the Process Accuracy Ratio (PAR). Just as a calibration standard’s accuracy is an incomplete representation of a calibration process, the sole use of accuracies of the manufacturing measurement process may omit large errors that could change the outcome of the measurement or test. The measuring process can be impacted by many factors. We will define the inclusion of possible sources of error as uncertainty components of the process and thus more exactly define the ratio as the Process Uncertainty Ratio (PUR).Calibration laboratories have the same need to determine the uncertainties of their measurement processes. An important part of metrological traceability is uncertainty and a good measurement assurance program. We have to build an uncertainty budget for the measurement process whether it relates to calibration of instruments or the use of instruments to measure a manufacturing process or the end product. Metrology laboratories that are accredited to ISO17025 are required to calculate the uncertainties of their calibration processes. In a similar manner, you can demonstrate that all the possible components of error are accounted for when determining the process uncertainty. Questions that should be asked: What possible components of error will affect my output or product (time, atmospheric conditions, uncertainty of the calibration performed on the instrument I am using, proper use of the instrument upon which pass/fail decisions are being made, et.al.)? What is the potential risk involved if the process isn’t evaluated for potential components of error? We may find that the accuracy of the instrument used to measure the process may not be the biggest contributor of error in the process. Once we determine the potential errors, we can begin to eliminate as much of that error as possible through statistical process control (SPC) or other means. As the customer of calibration services, it is your responsibility to ensure the calibration received supports your process requirements and that you take into account all sources of error when using instruments to make decisions about your manufacturing processes or concerning your product’s quality.