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1
di Francia, G. Toraldo, ed. Onde superficiali. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10983-6.
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United, States Congress House Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on National Security Veterans Affairs and International Relations. VA health care: Structural problems, superficial solutions : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, May 14, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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Francia, G. Toraldo di. Onde superficiali: Lectures given at a Summer School of the Centro Internazionale Matematico Estivo held in Varenna , Italy, September 4-13, 1961. Springer, 2011.
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Pascale, A. J. Are You A Superficial Man or Are You Dating One?! Big Production, 1999.
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Mendelovici, Angela. Propositionalism without Propositions, Objectualism without Objects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0009.
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Propositionalism is the view that all intentional states are propositional states, which are states with a propositional content, while objectualism is the view that at least some intentional states are objectual states, which are states with objectual contents, such as objects, properties, and kinds. This chapter draws a distinction between two features of contents, their superficial characters and their deep natures, and argues that there are two corresponding distinct ways of understanding the debate between propositionalism and objectualism. The chapter argues that the debate is best understood as one over superficial characters and that this has implications for arguments for propositionalism and objectualism from claims about the nature of intentional content. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of how related points apply to the debate over singular content.
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Hornblower, Simon. Sibylline Oracles and Other Apocalyptic Literature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723684.003.0005.
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The pseudo-prophetic Alexandra is one of many such productions of the period. There are similarities with the Third Sibylline Oracle in particular. Also with stories in Phlegon of Tralles, the Book of Daniel, and the Oracle of the Potter. But these are merely stylistic and superficial parallels. Messianism and anti-Roman venom are absent from Lykophron. Polybius (not a Rome-hater) is the best analogy.
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Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0016.
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The virtues of the profession of engineering are extolled. The views of one of the greatest electrical engineers (Rudolf Kompfner) of the last century are quoted as follows: “The feeling one experiences when he obtains a new important insight when a crucial experiment works, when an idea begins to grow and bear fruit, these mental states are indescribably beautiful and exciting. Nomaterial reward can produce effects even distantly approaching them. Yet another benefit is that an inventor can never be bored. There is no time when I cannot think of a variety of problems. All waiting to be speculated about, perhaps tackled, perhaps solved. All one has to do is to ask the questions, why? How? And not be content with the easy, the superficial answer.”
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Shattuck, S. Australian Ants. CSIRO Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100671.
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Ants are one of the most influential elements in Australian ecosystems, having a major impact on plant growth and reproduction, and soil structure. They act as predators and competitors of other arthropods, and are an important food source for other animals.
The book provides details on separating genera from those which are superficially similar and those which are commonly confused. The distribution, habitat preferences and general biologies of each genus are discussed, and there is an introduction to the more important research papers investigating each group.
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Canfield, Donald Eugene. The Early History of Atmospheric Oxygen: Biological Evidence. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the history of atmospheric oxygen through geologic time. One of the giants in this discussion is Vladimir Vernadsky 1863–1945), a Ukranian mineralogist turned geochemist and visionary thinker. In 1926 he published his magnum opus The Biosphere, in which he systemically explored how life works as a geological force. One subject he touched upon was the history of atmospheric oxygen. He initiated this discussion by stating that in all geological periods, the chemical influence of living matter on the surrounding environment has not changed significantly. He concluded that the phenomena of superficial weathering clearly show that free oxygen played the same role in the Archean Era that it plays now. The chapter then explores early Earth biology, focusing on signs of cyanobacteria, without which oxygen could not have accumulated into the atmosphere.
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Cheng, Anne Anlin. Ornament and Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0014.
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Who constitute “natural persons”? How do we move from a biological person to a legal standing? And what does a superficial, minor, and feminized category like the ornament have to do with these large questions? This chapter introduces a case that is little known but arguably one of the most significant habeas corpus cases in the nineteenth century in order to track the surprisingly critical role that racialized and feminized objects played in forming juridical ideas of natural and unnatural persons, legal and illegal subjects, citizenship and criminality. What this case reveals about how a body comes to be legally discernible holds profound implications and challenges for how we conceptualize citizenship and civil rights today.
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Hicks, Michael, and Christian Asplund. Not to Do Something I’ve Already Done: 1982–1999. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037061.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at what is arguably Wolff's last style period, which encompassed a large body of pieces for diverse players, from solos (from flute to contrabass) to works for chamber groups of many sizes and combinations, though almost no “standard” ensembles. What defined the style of this large body of works was perhaps its most important—if seemingly superficial—trait: almost every score differs in its design and layout from every other. One finds in Wolff's late style a seemingly endless nonredundancy, an avid attempt to keep remixing notational styles and instructions. In addition, the chapter turns to the other, more recent developments in Wolff's personal life, such as the deaths of Cage and Tudor.
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Kachun, Mitch. Crispus Attucks and the Black Freedom Struggle, 1950s–1970s. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731619.003.0008.
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As the integrationist civil rights movement took shape, Attucks became one of the most prominent black figures to enter elementary and secondary school curricula and textbooks. In most mainstream texts he became merely a token black presence, yet some white commentators took issue with even this superficial elevation to the status of Revolutionary patriot, reviving the contention that Attucks was no more than a rabble-rousing ruffian. Meanwhile, black writers characterized him as everything from a peaceful integrationist to an Afrocentric rebel to a sellout Uncle Tom. Attucks was now more present than ever in the nation’s public schools and popular culture, but widespread disagreement remained regarding his status as a national hero to be honored by all, an embodiment of race pride, a symbol of violence and disorder, or an irrelevant nobody who should be forgotten.
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Danks, David. Singular Causation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.15.
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Causal relations between specific events are often critically important for learning, understanding, and reasoning about the world. This chapter examines both philosophical accounts of the nature of singular causation, and psychological theories of people’s judgments and reasoning about singular causation. It explores the content of different classes of theories, many of which are based on either some type of physical process connecting cause and effect, or else some kind of difference-making (or counterfactual) impact of the cause on the effect. In addition, this chapter examines various theoretical similarities and differences, particularly between philosophical and psychological theories that appear superficially similar. One consistent theme that emerges in almost every account is the role of general causal relations in shaping human judgments and understandings about singular causation.
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Bodor, Marko, Sean Colio, and Andrew Toy. Ankle and Foot Injections: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0042.
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Ultrasonography can be highly useful in diagnosing and treating common musculoskeletal conditions affecting the foot and ankle, ranging from plantar fasciitis to osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe, as well as uncommon ones such as impingement of a tendon or nerve by fixation screw. One of the greatest advantages of ultrasonography is its high resolution for muscle, tendon, nerve, and bony surfaces and the opportunity to simultaneously identify, image, and evaluate tender structures. It can be used in a clinic setting and in the presence of metallic hardware. The short-axis injection approach is best for superficial, vertically oriented joints such as the cuneiform-metatarsal joints, whereas the long-axis approach is best for relatively deeper structures such as the tibiotalar joint and when it is important that the needle be visualized at all times, such as when performing a tibial nerve block.
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Anderson, Grace L. Competitive Communication Among Women. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.12.
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According to many communication scholars, aggression is a consequence of sociocultural experiences and less often considered an evolved response to environmental triggers. While there are many factors of aggression, an evolutionary rationale helps to isolate which of these factors are more crucial in explaining aggression among women, one of which is physical attractiveness. Far from superficial, attractive women enjoy better bargaining positions during intrasexual competition than those less attractive, and aggress to negotiate better treatment from rivals. However, evidence of this is mixed because women exaggerate their physical attractiveness during times of heightened ovulatory fertility. Consequently, women’s competitive bargaining positions are based on the interplay between everyday attractiveness and their exaggerations of physical attractiveness. In comparison to traditional social psychology and communication models of aggression, human evolution more parsimoniously explains the ways women functionally match their communication of aggression to many environmental triggers and individual differences between competitors.
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Gooley, Dana. Liszt and the Romantic Rhetoric of Improvisation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633585.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 follows another musician of strong improvisatory inclinations who modified his practice in response to criticism. Unlike Schumann’s more linear development, Liszt’s relationship with improvisation vacillated. Free improvisations were central to his reputation as a child prodigy, yet the more he sought recognition as a composer, the more compelled he felt to rein it in for fear of being judged as superficial. At the same time, George Sand and Heinrich Heine were advancing a positive new vision of improvisation as a privileged, elevated mode of artistic utterance, and Liszt was one of their main exhibits. To an extent matched only by Chopin and Paganini, Liszt gave the impression he was blurring the line between playing a prepared piece and improvising. He thus played a key role in linking improvisational practice with the emerging imaginary ideal of improvisation, while submitting himself to the new order of “works” and “interpreters.”
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Esterhammer, Angela. The 1820s and Beyond. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.5.
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In light of new research on print culture and media history, the 1820s—once considered an age of superficiality, conservatism, and mediocrity—are emerging as a key moment of experimentation and innovation at the interface of Romanticism and modernity. The era abounds in periodicals and literary magazines, non-traditional stage performances and spectacles, popular novels and serialized fiction, and curious hybrids of prose, poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction. The chapter argues that a recurring contrast between theatricality and authenticity characterizes these forms of expression, as do themes of spectatorship and speculation. The 1820s may be redefined and reinterpreted as an ‘age of information’ as well as an ‘age-in-formation’, a time when literature thematizes and reflects on rapid changes in the conditions of communication and in the relationship between writers and readers.
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Borg, Emma. Intention‐Based Semantics. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0012.
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There is a sense in which it is trivial to say that one accepts intention- (or convention-)based semantics. For if what is meant by this claim is simply that there is an important respect in which words and sentences have meaning (either at all or the particular meanings that they have in any given natural language) due to the fact that they are used, in the way they are, by intentional agents (i.e. speakers), then it seems no one should disagree. For imagine a possible world where there are physical things which share the shape and form of words of English or Japanese, or the acoustic properties of sentences of Finnish or Arapaho, yet where there are no intentional agents (or where any remaining intentional agents don't use language). In such a world, it seems clear that these physical objects, which are only superficially language-like, will lack all meaning.
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Roberts, Ian, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Universal Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199573776.001.0001.
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The idea that all languages show affinities in their organisation, and particularly in grammar, is not a new one. It arguably originates in the thought of Plato and Aristotle, and manifests in medieval scholastic philosophy, in the 17th-century Port-Royal grammarians, and in modern linguistic theory. In modern linguistics, the concept of a universal set of structural principles that underlies the superficial grammatical diversity of the world’s languages has been most influentially developed by Noam Chomsky. The primary goal of this Handbook is to provide an overview and guide to this aspect of Chomsky’s thinking, to set Chomsky’s ideas in context, to look at their motivation, and to consider their implications. The Handbook is divided into five parts. Part I deals with the philosophical questions related to Universal Grammar (UG), Part II deals with general questions of linguistic theory, Part II with language acquisition, Part IV with comparative syntax and Part V with wider issues.
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Walden, Victoria. Studying Hammer Horror. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733322.001.0001.
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When Hammer Productions was formed in the 1920s, no one foresaw the impact this small, independent studio would have on the international film market. Christopher Lee's mesmerizing, animalistic, yet gentlemanly performance as Dracula, Frankenstein's Monster, and the Mummy were celebrated worldwide, and the Byronic qualities of Peter Cushing's Dr. Frankenstein, among his many other Hammer characters, proved impossible to forget. Hammer maintained consistent period settings, creating a timeless and enchanting aesthetic. This book treats Hammer as a quintessentially British product and through a study of its work investigates larger conceptions of national horror cinemas. The book examines genre, auteur theory, stardom, and representation within case studies of Curse of Frankenstein (1957), Twins of Evil (1971), and Hammer's latest film, Beyond the Rave (2008). The book weighs Hammer's impact on the British film industry, past and present. Intended for students, fans, and general readers, this book transcends superficial preconceptions of Hammer horror in order to reach the essence of Hammer.
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Stoddart, Scott F. Queer Sondheim. Edited by Robert Gordon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195391374.013.0026.
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Road Showmarked the acknowledgement of a gay sensibility in Sondheim’s work: not only do the homosexual couple, Addison Mizner and Hollis Bessemer, represent the show’s only functional relationship, the lovers sing its one duet, “The Best Thing that Ever Has Happened.” How do the queer instances that have always permeated Sondheim’s work resonate for gay audiences? While some critics attest that Sondheim must be read as a closeted writer, this is true only if you read his work superficially, focusing on questions regarding the relationships in his works: from Bobby’s chosen isolation inCompanythrough Sweeney’s villainous rampage inSweeney Todd(1979) to Fosca’s destructive behavior patterns inPassion(1994). The chapter reveals how, in dismantling the heteronormative structure of the traditional musical, Sondheim “queered” the form in a variety of ways.
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Siegenthaler, Andreas. Cervical Facet Nerve Block: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0008.
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The cervical facet joints are well-documented sources of chronic neck pain and headache. Ultrasound may offer the advantage of visualizing the actual target nerves, which is not possible with fluoroscopy. The relevant structures are located much more superficially than in the lumbar spine, hence visibility of the potential targets with ultrasound is expected to be better than in the lumbar region. Besides the ability to perform diagnostic nerve blocks, ultrasound imaging is expected to increase precision of radiofrequency neurotomy due to the ability to localize the exact course of a facet joint supplying nerve. For practitioners with only little experience in cervical sonoanatomy, we recommend performing ultrasound-guided cervical medial branch blocks with parallel fluoroscopic control first till one gains more experience. Correct level determination with ultrasound as described may be difficult for beginners, and the parallel use of fluoroscopy will help developing a “feel” for the procedure.
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van der Ven, Hamish. Beyond Greenwash. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866006.001.0001.
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Modern consumers are confronted by a growing array of colorful eco-labels on everything from coffee to computers. Yet, not all of these eco-labels are trustworthy. Despite the existence of well-established best practices for eco-labeling, many labels remain little more than superficial exercises in “greenwash.” How can consumers separate greenwash from genuine attempts to address environmental challenges? Beyond Greenwash? systematically investigates the credibility of transnational eco-labeling in a global and cross-sectoral context. It brings original data, an innovative mixed-method research design, and a unique measure of procedural credibility in transnational governance to bear on one of the most salient questions in contemporary global environmental politics. In doing so, it reaches the important conclusion that the rigor and credibility of transnational governance depends as much on who is being governed as who is doing the governing. Beyond Greenwash? offers practical insights into the viability of eco-labeling as a form of transnational governance and makes a timely contribution to broader debates in political science and international relations about when and how emergent forms of transnational governance can succeed in achieving their stated objectives.
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Egan, David. The Pursuit of an Authentic Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832638.001.0001.
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Superficially, Wittgenstein and Heidegger seem worlds apart: they worked in different philosophical traditions, were mostly ignorant of one another’s work, and Wittgenstein’s terse aphorisms in plain language could not be farther stylistically from Heidegger’s difficult prose. Nevertheless, Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations and Heidegger’s Being and Time share a number of striking parallels. In particular, this book argues that both authors manifest a similar concern with authenticity. The argument develops in three stages. Part One explores the emphasis both philosophers place on the everyday, and how this emphasis brings with it a methodological focus on recovering what we already know rather than advancing novel theses. Part Two argues that the dynamic of authenticity and inauthenticity in Being and Time finds homologies in Philosophical Investigations. In particular, the book articulates and defends a conception of authenticity in Wittgenstein that emphasizes the responsiveness and reciprocity of play. Part Three considers how both philosophers’ conceptions of authenticity apply reflexively to their own work: both are concerned not only with the question of what it means to exist authentically but also with the question of what it means to do philosophy authentically. For both authors, the problematic of authenticity is intimately linked to the question of philosophical method.
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Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.
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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending on the level of dermal involvement. Damage in a third-degree burn extends to subcutaneous fat. There is a substantial hypermetabolic response to severe burn, resulting in significant catabolism and untoward effects on the immune, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Accurate assessment of the extent of burn injury is critical for prognosis and initiation of resuscitation. Burn size, measured in total body surface area, can be quickly estimated using the rule of nines or palmar method. A more detailed sizing system is recommended once the patient has been triaged. Appropriate diagnosis of burn depth will be important for later management. First-degree burns are erythematous and painful, like a sunburn; third-degree burns are leathery and insensate. Differentiating between second-degree burn types remains difficult. There are a number of formalized criteria during assessment that should prompt transfer to a burn centre.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Transparency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0005.
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We begin this chapter by considering the ecological distribution of transparent organisms and, in particular, how they are found predominantly in one particular habitat type (open waters); we aim to explain this trend. A perfectly transparent organism (or part of an organism) will not absorb or scatter incident light. Superficially, transparent might seem like a synonym for visually undetectable, but this is not quite true: we discuss how transparent organisms can still be visually detected by their predators or prey. Conversely, there are circumstances where a little transparency can go a long way to reducing an organism’s visibility. Some body parts cannot be made transparent, but we argue that opaque body parts need not always significantly increase the detectability of a generally transparent organism. We will then consider the distribution of transparency among natural organisms. The distributional observations we seek to explain are: the greater prevalence of transparency among aquatic than terrestrial organisms, and the particular prevalence among midwater species. An alternative but related strategy to transparency, adopted by some midwater fish, and considered later in this chapter, is silvering of the body to provide crypsis by broadband reflection.
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Leite, Maria José de Holanda. Co-produtos da extração de vermiculita na produção de mudas de espécies arbóreas da Caatinga. Editora Amplla, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51859/amplla.cpe535.1121-0.
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A degradação ambiental ocorre principalmente nas regiões áridas, semiáridas e subúmidas secas do planeta, e resulta de fatores climáticos e antrópicos tais como as atividades pecuárias, de agricultura e de mineração (LIMA, 2004). Especificamente na região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil, que se estende por mais de 980 km2 distribuídos em todos os Estados nordestinos (exceto o Maranhão) e no norte de Minas Gerais, o desequilíbrio ambiental atinge mais de 20 milhões de hectares, o que equivale a mais de 12% da região Nordeste e quase 22% da região semiárida nordestina (MEDEIROS et al., 2012; SILVA et al., 2004). Estes autores informam que este quadro é mais crítico no Ceará e na Paraíba, onde a degradação ambiental é observada em mais da metade dos seus territórios. Esta degradação tem um forte componente humano, pois 21,3 milhões de habitantes habitam essa região, além dos rebanhos constituídos de 23,9 milhões de bovinos, 8,8 milhões de caprinos e 8,0 milhões de ovinos que se alimentam da vegetação nativa (IBGE, 2007; MEDEIROS et al., 2012), sendo por isso considerada a região semiárida mais populosa e com maior grau de antropismo do planeta (DRUMOND et al., 2000). As atividades humanas, tais como a pecuária e a mineração praticadas de maneira inadequada, podem desencadear processos de degradação ambiental, caracterizada pelo empobrecimento da flora e da fauna, erosão do solo e deterioração da qualidade da água dos rios e dos reservatórios (AZEVÊDO, 2011). Especificamente no solo, a densidade e a porosidade da camada superficial são os atributos mais prejudicados e precisam ser melhorados para favorecer a regeneração da vegetação, pois desequilíbrios nesses atributos prejudicam o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e no estabelecimento e crescimento das plantas (NUNES, 2012). A mineração é uma atividade de forte impacto ambiental, pois implica geralmente na remoção da camada superficial do solo na área da jazida e na deposição superficial de rejeitos (BARRETO, 2001). A exploração da vermiculita, um produto utilizado na construção civil, melhoria das propriedades físicas de solos agrícolas, produção de cerâmica e remediação de solos contaminados por petróleo (NASCIMENTO, 2008). Há várias jazidas em exploração na região Nordeste do Brasil, uma delas no município de Santa Luzia-PB. Em visita à Mineradora Pedra Lavrada, que extrai a vermiculita no município de Santa Luzia, constatou-se a presença de crateras resultantes da extração do minério e a deposição de rejeitos no entorno da unidade de beneficiamento. Estes rejeitos não têm valor comercial que justifique o seu processamento. Este material de menor valor, doravante denominado de coproduto, afeta diretamente o ambiente pela ocupação de áreas de Caatinga, causando poluição visual e soterrando a vegetação nativa. Além disto, provoca efeitos indiretos no ambiente quando é carreado pelo vento e pelas águas pluviais, poluindo a água e assoreando rios e reservatórios. Este material de menor valor comercial é gerado quando a rocha é moída, e a vermiculita é separada de acordo com a sua granulometria. Dos cinco co-produtos gerados, apenas os de menor granulometria (poeira fina e ultrafina) são compatíveis para a produção de mudas, pois as pedras e pedaços menos friáveis do minério não apresentam, por motivos óbvios, potencial para a nutrição de plantas. Estes dois co-produtos provêm de um material friável do grupo das micas que formam silicato hidratado de magnésio, ferro e alumínio e constitui uma fonte de Ca, K e Mg para as plantas (NASCIMENTO, 2008). A utilização destes co-produtos se mostrou adequada para compor até 50% do substrato de produção de mudas de maracujá Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.) (LEITE, 2012) e pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) (TRAJANO, 2010), propiciando ao substrato boas características de porosidade e capacidade de retenção de umidade, o que sugere a possibilidade de seu uso na produção de mudas de outras espécies. As mudas produzidas com estes co-produtos poderiam ser direcionadas para plantios em geral ou para a revegetação de áreas degradadas pela mineração, num círculo virtuoso em que a degradação ambiental provocada pela mineração em si e pela deposição dos co-produtos no ambiente seria parcialmente revertida pela utilização dos co-produtos gerados.
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Mignon, B., and M. Monod. Zoonotic infections with dermatophyte fungi. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0077.
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Dermatophytes are highly specialized pathogenic fungi which are the most common agents of superficial mycoses. These fungi grow exclusively in the stratum corneum, nails or hair utilising them as sole nitrogen and carbon sources. Dermatophyte species are recognized and classified as antropophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic, depending on their major reservoir in nature (humans, animals, and soil, respectively). Zoophilic dermatophytes may result in zoonoses when humans are exposed to these organisms and dermatophytosis is considered to be one of the most common zoonotic diseases. The majority of zoonotic dermatophytoses are caused by four species: Microsporum canis (usually derived from pet animals, particularly cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum (usually derived from cattle), Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (usually derived from cats and dogs) and Arthroderma benhamiae (usually derived from guinea-pigs). Infection results most often from direct contact with an infected animal, but may be also acquired indirectly through contact with a contaminated environment. While clinical disease is rarely serious, the lesions can result in disfigurement and pain. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical appearance and diagnostic procedures, e.g. direct microscopic examination of scales, hair or nail and fungal culture. Specific treatment is generally required to resolve lesions, and this may be prolonged depending on the fungal species and the host status. Identifying animals as the source of infection for people can help in the prevention of recurrence or new infections, especially in children, by adequately treating affected pets and their environments. Immunoprophylaxis is an attractive means of controlling infection in animals, and the development and widespread use of efficacious T. verrucosum vaccines in certain countries has already proved valuable in the management of cattle ringworm.
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Charnavel, Isabelle. Locality and Logophoricity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902100.001.0001.
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Anaphors such as English herself, French elle-même, and Mandarin ziji are usually claimed to obey locality requirements stated by Condition A of Binding Theory. But we observe that in various languages, the same anaphors can be exempt from these locality requirements under certain conditions. The goal of this book is to describe and explain this widespread dual behavior of anaphors on the basis of French, English, Mandarin, Korean, and Icelandic. First, several strategies are proposed for distinguishing between the two possible behaviors of anaphors. Plain instances of anaphors require local and exhaustive binding, as well as sloppy readings in ellipsis. Exempt instances of anaphors, however, only require a logophorical interpretation, that is, to occur in phrases expressing the first-personal, mental perspective of their antecedent. Second, a new theory of exempt anaphora is proposed, which consists in deriving all properties distinguishing exempt from plain anaphors to one: the presence of a silent, syntactically represented logophoric operator introducing a local, perspectival binder for superficially exempt anaphors. This hypothesis parsimoniously reduces exempt to plain anaphors obeying Condition A, thus directly accounting for the cross-linguistically widespread morphological identity of plain and exempt anaphors. Under this proposal, the reason why exempt anaphors appear to escape locality requirements is that their binder is implicit, and their mandatory logophoric interpretation derives from the nature of this binder. Finally, several diagnostics are provided for testing the hypothesis that so-called long-distance anaphors can be analyzed just like exempt instances of anaphors.
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Bowman, Dwight D. Zoonotic hookworm infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0069.
Full textAbstract:
Hookworms on occasion cause creeping lesions in the superficial layers of the human skin that have been designated as cutaneous larva migrans for the purpose of contrasting the condition with visceral larva migrans. Currently, the disease is presenting most commonly to physicians specializing in tropical or travel medicine in patients who have just visited a tropical beach and are presenting with serpiginous tracks in their skin. The serpiginous tracts can persist for week, and are often pruritic, may be associated with accompanying bulla, and can rarely lead to secondary sequelae. The larval are likely to penetrate ultimately to deeper tissues, where they may be persisting in the tissues of humans in the same fashion as they would within the tissues of any other vertebrate paratenic host.Most hookworm larvae are capable of penetrating the skin and causing lesions that are similar to cutaneous larvae migrans. However, the geographic distribution of cases still seems to suggest that only one species, A. braziliense, is the offending species. The other species appear to spend less time in the skin of the human host, and if they do cause lesions, they appear to produce lesions that are more vesicular or that cause disease of a markedly shorter duration. It seems that the development of improved molecular methods will ultimately lead to the means of more carefully discrimination the geographical location of the offending species and may someday be able to identify specific larvae from lesions.There are other manifestations of zoonotic hookworm infection. These include the infection of the human intestinal tract with the adults of the canine/feline hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum; the induction of cases of eosinophilic colitis in people with the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum; suspected cases of ocular larva migrans due to hookworm larvae, and the rare case of cutaneous larva migrans due to hookworm species that are only rarely associated with human infections.
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Beiser, Frederick C. David Friedrich Strauß, Father of Unbelief. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859857.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book is an intellectual biography of one of the most controversial thinkers of nineteenth-century Germany: David Friedrich Strauß (1808–74). It examines Strauß’s intellectual development from his first work—Das Leben Jesu—to his last—Der alte und der neue Glaube. This is the first comprehensive study of all of Strauß’s most important theological and philosophical writings. It investigates in detail works that have been ignored or treated only superficially: the 1840 Die christliche Glaubenslehre, the 1864 Das Leben Jesu für das deutsche Volk, and the1865 Der Christus des Glaubens und der Jesus der Geschichte. It also examines many writings that have hitherto eluded scholarly attention, especially Strauß’s political writings. It also provides an account of Strauß’s early Tübingen lectures. This book is also a partial defense of Strauß as a philosopher. It argues that his biblical criticism did not presuppose the truth of any metaphysics but was only an application of the historical method. His method was essentially limited to an internal critique of the Bible and did not apply alien standards to it. Strauß’s theory of myth, which went through several formulations, was essentially an attempt to explain the social and cultural origin of religious belief. It did not hold that myths are fictions but only the expression of the values of a culture. The idea of a Volksgeist was not a metaphysical postulate but a heuristic maxim to investigate the social, political, and historical factors behind the formation of a religious belief. The book concludes with a chapter defending Strauß against his most eminent critics, Nietzsche, Treitschke, and Schweitzer.