Academic literature on the topic 'One compartment model'
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Journal articles on the topic "One compartment model"
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Chaudhry, Duaa Aslam, Urooj Fatima, Kainat Waqar, and Mubashar Rehman. "Pharmacokinetic Modeling Concepts: Compartmental and Non-compartmental approach for Drug Designing." Global Drug Design & Development Review I, no. I (2016): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(i-i).02.
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Pharmacokinetic modeling helps to estimate the ADME parameters of all the natural and synthetic drug substances in humans and animals. There are two types of approaches for predicting the kinetic processes inside the body i.e., model approach and model independent approach. Model approach is further divided into compartmental and physiological models and model independent approach consists of non-compartmental models. Compartmental modeling is the most widely used approach. It visually shows the rate processes of drug deposition and also predict the drug concentration time graph. Compartmental model consists of catenary and mammillary models. Mammillary models can either be one compartment, multi compartment or two compartments. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic models consists of compartments that correlates with various body tissues, connected by blood circulatory system. Another name for non- compartmental analysis is model-independent approach that means it does not require any compartment model.
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Tamrin, N. S. Ahmad, and N. Ibrahim. "Post-dialysis urea concentration: comparison between one- compartment model and two-compartment model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 546 (November 7, 2014): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/546/1/012022.
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Blomhoff, R., M. S. Nenseter, M. H. Green, and T. Berg. "A multicompartmental model of fluid-phase endocytosis in rabbit liver parenchymal cells." Biochemical Journal 262, no. 2 (1989): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2620605.
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Fluid-phase endocytosis was studied in isolated rabbit liver parenchymal cells by using 125I-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a marker. First, uptake of 125I-PVP by cells was determined. Also, cells were loaded with 125I-PVP for 20, 60 and 120 min, and release of marker was monitored for 120-220 min. Then we used the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling (SAAM) computer program and the technique of model-based compartmental analysis to develop a mechanistic model for fluid-phase endocytosis in these cells. To fit all data simultaneously, a model with three cellular compartments and one extracellular compartment was required. The three kinetically distinct cellular compartments are interpreted to represent (1) early endosomes, (2) a prelysosomal compartment equivalent to the compartment for uncoupling of receptor and ligand (CURL) and/or multivesicular bodies (MVB), and (3) lysosomes. The model predicts that approx. 80% of the internalized 125I-PVP was recycled to the medium from the early-endosome compartment. The apparent first-order rate constant for this recycling was 0.094 min-1, thus indicating that an average 125I-PVP molecule is recycled in 11 min. The model also predicts that recycling to the medium occurs from all three intracellular compartments. From the prelysosomal compartment, 40% of the 125I-PVP molecules are predicted to recycle to the medium and 60% are transferred to the lysosomal compartment. The average time for recycling from the prelysosomal compartment to the medium was estimated to be 66 min. For 125I-PVP in the lysosomal compartment, 0.3%/min was transferred back to the medium. These results, and the model developed to interpret the data, predict that there is extensive recycling of material endocytosed by fluid-phase endocytosis to the extracellular environment in rabbit liver parenchymal cells.
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Buck, Alfred, Pascale M. Gucker, Roland D. Schönbächler, et al. "Evaluation of Serotonergic Transporters using PET and [11C](+)McN-5652: Assessment of Methods." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 20, no. 2 (2000): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200002000-00005.
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[11C](+)McN-5652 is an established positron emission tomography tracer used to assess serotonergic transporter density. Several methods have been used to analyze [11C](+)McN-5652 data; however, no evaluation of candidate methods has been published in detail yet. In this study, compartmental modeling using a one-tissue compartment model ( K1, k″2), a two-tissue compartment model ( K1 to k4), and a noncompartmental method that relies on a reference region devoid of specific binding sites were assessed. Because of its low density of serotonergic transporters, white matter was chosen as reference. Parameters related to transporter density were the total distribution volume DV″ (= K1/ k″2, one tissue compartment), DVtot (= K1/ k′1 (1 + k3/ k4), two tissue compartments), and Rv (= k′3/ k4, noncompartmental method). The DV″, DVtot, and Rv values extended over a similar range and reflected the known pattern of serotonergic transporters. However, all parameters related to transporter density were markedly confounded by nonspecific binding. With regard to K1, the one-tissue compartment model yielded markedly lower values, which were, however, more stable. The minimal study duration needed to determine stable values for the distribution volume was ∼60 minutes. The choice of the method to analyze [11C](+)McN-5652 data depends on the situation. Parametric maps of Rv are useful if no information on K1 is needed. If compartmental modeling is chosen, both the one- and the two-tissue compartment models have advantages. The one-tissue compartment model underestimates K1 but yields more robust values. The distribution volumes calculated with both models contain a similar amount of information. None of the parameters reflected serotonergic transporter density in a true quantitative manner, as all were confounded by nonspecific binding.
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Saccomani, M. P., R. C. Bonadonna, E. Caveggion, R. A. DeFronzo, and C. Cobelli. "Bicarbonate kinetics in humans: identification and validation of a three-compartment model." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 269, no. 1 (1995): E183—E192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.1.e183.
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A model of bicarbonate kinetics is crucial to a correct interpretation of experiments for measuring oxidation in vivo of carbon-labeled compounds. The aim of this study is to develop a compartmental model of bicarbonate kinetics in humans from tracer data by devoting particular attention to model identification and validation. The data base consisted of impulse-dose studies of 14C-labeled bicarbonate in nine normal subjects. The decay curve of specific activity of CO2 in expired air (saRCO2) was frequently sampled for 4-7 h. In addition, endogenous production of CO2, VCO2, was measured by indirect calorimetry. A model of data, i.e., an exponential model, analysis of decay curves of saRCO2 showed first that three compartments are necessary and sufficient to describe bicarbonate tracer kinetics. Compartmental models were then used as models of system. To correctly describe the input-output configuration, labeled CO2 flux in the expired air, phi RCO2 (= saRCO2.VCO2), has been used as measurement variable in tracer model identification. A mammillary three-compartment model with a respiratory and a nonrespiratory loss has been studied. Whereas there is good evidence that respiratory loss takes place in the central compartment, whether nonrespiratory loss is taking place in the central compartment or in one of the two peripheral compartments is uncertain. Thus three competing tracer models were considered. Using a model-independent analysis of data, based on the body activity variable, to calculate mean residence time in the system, we have been able to validate a specific model structure, i.e., with the two irreversible losses taking place in the central compartment. This validated tracer model was then used to quantitate bicarbonate masses in the system. Because there is uncertainty about where endogenous production enters the system, lower and upper bounds of masses of bicarbonate in the body are derived.
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Fagan, Terry. "DEATH: A ONE-COMPARTMENT DRUG MODEL EQUATION." Chest 128, no. 4 (2005): 303S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.4_meetingabstracts.303s.
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Goldman, Saul. "A new class of biophysical models for predicting the probability of decompression sickness in scuba diving." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 2 (2007): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00315.2006.
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Interconnected compartmental models have been used for decades in physiology and medicine to account for the observed multi-exponential washout kinetics of a variety of solutes (including inert gases) both from single tissues and from the body as a whole. They are used here as the basis for a new class of biophysical probabilistic decompression models. These models are characterized by a relatively well-perfused, risk-bearing, central compartment and one or two non-risk-bearing, relatively poorly perfused, peripheral compartment(s). The peripheral compartments affect risk indirectly by diffusive exchange of dissolved inert gas with the central compartment. On the basis of the accuracy of their respective predictions beyond the calibration regime, the three-compartment interconnected models were found to be significantly better than the two-compartment interconnected models. The former, on the basis of a number of criteria, was also better than a two-compartment parallel model used for comparative purposes. In these latter comparisons, the models all had the same number of fitted parameters (four), were based on linear kinetics, had the same risk function, and were calibrated against the same dataset. The interconnected models predict that inert gas washout during decompression is relatively fast, initially, but slows rapidly with time compared with the more uniform washout rate predicted by an independent parallel compartment model. If empirically verified, this may have important implications for diving practice.
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Yamada, Toshio, Takashi Akiba, and Fumiaki Marumo. "One-Compartment Urea Kinetic Modeling Is Not Acceptable for Quantifying the Adequacy of Hemodialysis: Comparison of a One-Compartment Model with a Two-Compartment Model." Blood Purification 14, no. 2 (1996): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000170254.
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Schmidt, Kathleen. "Which Linear Compartmental Systems Can Be Analyzed by Spectral Analysis of PET Output Data Summed over All Compartments?" Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 19, no. 5 (1999): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199905000-00010.
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General linear time-invariant compartmental systems were examined to determine which systems meet the conditions necessary for application of the spectral analysis technique to the sum of the concentrations in all compartments. Spectral analysis can be used to characterize the reversible and irreversible components of the system and to estimate the minimum number of compartments, but it applies only to systems in which the measured data can be expressed as a positively weighted sum of convolution integrals of the input function with an exponential function that has real-valued nonpositive decay constants. The conditions are met by compartmental systems that are strongly connected, have exchange of material with the environment confined to a single compartment, and do not contain cycles, i.e., there is no possibility for material to pass from one compartment through two or more compartments back to the initial compartment. Certain noncyclic systems with traps, systems with cycles that obey a specified loop condition, and noninterconnected collections of such systems also meet the conditions. Dynamic positron emission tomographic data obtained after injection of a radiotracer, the kinetics of which can be described by any model in the class of models identified here, can be appropriately analyzed with the spectral analysis technique.
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Booth, James G. "A note on a one-compartment model with clustering." Journal of Applied Probability 29, no. 3 (1992): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214891.
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The classical one-compartment model with no input or pure death process is shown to be a limiting case of a ‘binomial cascade' model which has the same mean and in which particles exit the compartment in binomial clusters. The transition probabilities of the binomial cascade process are derived in closed form. The model is easily modified to allow Poisson input into the compartment. Distributional results are given for this model also. In particular, it is shown that the M/M/∞ queue is a limiting case.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "One compartment model"
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Jonasson, My. "Blood Flow Modeling of H215O PET Studies in Liver Metastases." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126721.
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<p>Positron Emission Tomography, PET, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique to get functional information of the kinetics of radioactive compound injected in the body. The data used in this thesis comes from a total of five H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O PET studies of one patient. This was done in order to study the blood flow in liver metastasis of the patient, before and after treatment.</p><p>A one compartment model was used to do the ROI based analyses. With a least square method in Matlab the unknown parameters in the model, such as the kinetic rate constants, the dispersion and the fraction of blood in the tissue, was extracted. Also a brief analysis of different parts of the metastases, edge and center, was done to see the variations within the metastases. The results show some increase of the blood flow after the treatment, and two of the three studied metastases showed a distinct difference of the activity in the center versus the edge. Given in the thesis are also some basic PET and compartmental modeling theory.</p><br><p>Positronemissionstomografi, PET, är en icke-invasiv medicinsk bildteknik för att få funktionell information om kinetiken av radioaktiva föreningar injicerade i kroppen. Det data som används i denna kandidatuppsats kommer från totalt fem H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O PET-studier av en patient. Detta gjordes för att studera blodflödet i levermetastaser hos patienten före och efter behandling.</p><p>En 1-kompartmentmodell användes för att göra ROI-baserade analyser. Med en minsta kvadrat-metod i Matlab kunde de okända parametrarna i modellen, såsom den kinetiska hastighetskonstanten, spridningen och andelen blod i vävnaden, fås ut. En kort analys gjordes också av olika delar av metastaserna, kanten och mitten, för att se variationerna inuti metastaserna. Resultaten visar en viss ökning av blodflödet efter behandlingen, och två av de tre studerade metastaser visade en tydlig skillnad av aktiviteten i mitten jämfört med kanten. I rapporten ges också grundläggande teori om bland annat PET och kompartmentmodellering.</p>
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Jonasson, My. "Blood Flow Modeling of H215O PET Studies in Liver Metastases." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126721.
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Positron Emission Tomography, PET, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique to get functional information of the kinetics of radioactive compound injected in the body. The data used in this thesis comes from a total of five H215O PET studies of one patient. This was done in order to study the blood flow in liver metastasis of the patient, before and after treatment. A one compartment model was used to do the ROI based analyses. With a least square method in Matlab the unknown parameters in the model, such as the kinetic rate constants, the dispersion and the fraction of blood in the tissue, was extracted. Also a brief analysis of different parts of the metastases, edge and center, was done to see the variations within the metastases. The results show some increase of the blood flow after the treatment, and two of the three studied metastases showed a distinct difference of the activity in the center versus the edge. Given in the thesis are also some basic PET and compartmental modeling theory.<br>Positronemissionstomografi, PET, är en icke-invasiv medicinsk bildteknik för att få funktionell information om kinetiken av radioaktiva föreningar injicerade i kroppen. Det data som används i denna kandidatuppsats kommer från totalt fem H215O PET-studier av en patient. Detta gjordes för att studera blodflödet i levermetastaser hos patienten före och efter behandling. En 1-kompartmentmodell användes för att göra ROI-baserade analyser. Med en minsta kvadrat-metod i Matlab kunde de okända parametrarna i modellen, såsom den kinetiska hastighetskonstanten, spridningen och andelen blod i vävnaden, fås ut. En kort analys gjordes också av olika delar av metastaserna, kanten och mitten, för att se variationerna inuti metastaserna. Resultaten visar en viss ökning av blodflödet efter behandlingen, och två av de tre studerade metastaser visade en tydlig skillnad av aktiviteten i mitten jämfört med kanten. I rapporten ges också grundläggande teori om bland annat PET och kompartmentmodellering.
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Cabras, Francesco. "Development and validation of a one-zone fire model to predict fire induced pressure in multi-compartment low-energy buildings." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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The need for sustainability and smaller ecological footprint leads to the construction of more airtight building envelopes with better thermal insulation, like passive houses, in order to increase the energy efficiency.
But this type of structures has specific risks when a fire occurs inside due to the high level of airtightness. These risks are related to the pressure increase due to the thermal expansion of fumes. This was confirmed in February 2013 when a fire occurred in a passive apartment in Cologne. The occupant was blocked for 2 minutes inside his apartment due to the thermal expansion of fumes. Consequently, passive houses are an object of study in order to find a better configuration that minimizes all the risks for the occupants if a fire occurs.
Before of this thesis work, eleven full-scale firetests had been carried out in Bauffe (BE) between summer 2016 and summer 2019. These tests were done in different configurations of passive house and with different fire loads. The experimental data were used to validate two software as CFAST and FDS, commonly employed in this field in order to simulate fires inside this kind of buildings. Unfortunately CFAST doesn’t take into account the leakages area and the time of calculation is very high with FDS.
During this thesis work a new zone model code has been devoleped for the calculation of the fire induced pressure in a multiple rooms airtight building, taking into account the effects of the fire induced pressure on both the effective leakages area and the characteristic curve of the fans. This new code has been validated thanks to the novel experimental results obtained at large scale and satisfactory results were obtained for the main parameters of interest during the fire. Moreover, three new tests were performed in this Master thesis, in order to have a better understanding of HVAC modelling and to find a way to decrease the pressure inside the building when a fire is occuring.
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Klee, Ulysses. "Evaluation of a body-residue-based one-compartment first-order kinetic model for estimating the toxicity of mixtures of chlorinated organic contaminants to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0012/NQ30618.pdf.
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Bains, Lauren Jean. "Assessing the effects of water exchange on quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced MRI." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/assessing-the-effects-of-water-exchange-on-quantitative-dynamic-contrast-enhanced-mri(e04de84b-45e2-429f-9fc4-4a76b8f018ec).html.
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Applying mathematical models to dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE MRI) data to perform quantitative tracer kinetic analysis enables the estimation of tissue characteristics such as vascular permeability and the fractional volume of plasma in a tissue. However, it is unclear to what extent modeling assumptions, particularly regarding water exchange between tissue compartments, impacts parameter estimates derived from clinical DCE MRI data. In this work, a new model is developed which includes water exchange effects, termed the water exchange modified two compartment exchange model (WX-2CXM). Two boundaries of this model (the fast and no exchange limits) were used to analyse a clinical DCE MRI bladder cancer dataset. Comparisons with DCE CT, which is not affected by water exchange, suggested that water exchange may have affected estimates of vp, the fractional volume of plasma. Further investigation and simulations led to the development of a DCE MRI protocol which was sensitised to water exchange, in order to further evaluate the water exchange effects found in the bladder cancer dataset. This protocol was tested by imaging the parotid glands in eight healthy volunteers, and confirmed evidence of water exchange effects on vp, as well as flow Fp and the fractional volume of extravascular extracellular space ve. This protocol also enabled preliminary estimates of the water residence times in parotid tissue, however, these estimates had a large variability and require further validation. The work presented in this thesis suggests that, although water exchange effects do not have a large effect on clinical data, the effect is measurable, and may lead to the ability to estimate of tissue water residence times. Results do not support a change in the current practise of neglecting water exchange effects in clinical DCEMRI acquisitions.
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Huang, Huang-Fueng, and 黃鳳凰. "Testing for bioequivalence in the pharmacokinetics of one-compartment model for concetration-time profile." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3hnw7d.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>統計研究所<br>96<br>The pharmacokinetics study of clinical phaseⅠ trial, the two drugs are administered as volunteers. One is test drug and the other is reference drug. Then, the drug concentrations in blood and the concentration-time profile are obtained after administration drugs. Finally, the bioequivalence of two drugs is inferenced by area under the blood concentration cruve (AUC) or maximum blood concentration ( ). Seeing that the measured values are only the function of the drug concentration-time profile, this paper constructs a multiple testing or the simultaneous confidence-intervals of the two drugs concentration-time profile by directly using the measured values under the one-compartment model in a pharmacokinetics. Next, testing whether the two drugs have bioequivalence. In this paper, besides testing the type Ⅰerror and power of bioequivalence is using a simulation study which is conducted by above two methods and the traditional AUC method, using a data to illustrate the application of these methods.
Books on the topic "One compartment model"
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Delaney, Anthony. Physiology of body fluids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0068.
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An understanding of the physiology of body fluids is essential when considering appropriate fluid resuscitation and fluid replacement therapy in critically-ill patients. In healthy humans, the body is composed of approximately 60% water, distributed between intracellular and an extracellular compartments. The extracellular compartment is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The movement of fluids between the intravascular and interstitial compartments, is classically described as being governed by Starling forces, leading to a small net efflux of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. More recent evidence suggests that a model incorporating the effect of the endothelial glycoclayx layer, a web of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are bound on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium, better explains the observed distribution of fluids. The movement of fluid to and from the intracellular compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment, is governed by the relative osmolarities of the two compartments. Body fluid status is governed by the difference between fluid inputs and outputs; fluid input is regulated by the thirst mechanism, with fluid outputs consisting of gastrointestinal, renal, and insensible losses. The regulation of intracellular fluid status is largely governed by the regulation of the interstitial fluid osmolarity, which is regulated by the secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. The regulation of extracellular volume status is regulated by a complex neuro-endocrine mechanism, designed to regulate sodium in the extracellular fluid.
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van Dorp, Eveline L. A., Douglas Eleveld, Erik Olofsen, and Jaap Vuyk. Drug distribution and elimination in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0012.
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An understanding of pharmacokinetics is vital for the practice of anaesthesia. Drugs are, after administration, distributed throughout the body to the effect site (mostly the brain) to exert their effects. This can be influenced by differences in protein binding, systemic blood flow, and concomitant medication. Elimination of drugs from the body is through two main routes: either unchanged through the kidneys or through metabolism by the liver (and consecutive excretion through the kidneys). This process depends on the amount of hepatic blood flow and the amount of hepatic extraction. This in turn depends on the amount of protein binding and the intrinsic hepatic clearance. The cytochrome P450 enzyme family also plays an important role in drug elimination. Individual differences in enzyme activity can lead to differences in drug effect and clearances. Changes in enzyme activity by enzyme induction and inhibition can also be of influence on drug clearance. Compartmental, non-compartmental, and physiologically based models, and various statistical approaches to estimate these models, may be used to analyze the distribution and elimination of anaesthetic agents.
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Raghunathan, Karthik, and Andrew Shaw. Crystalloids in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0057.
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‘Crystalloid’ refers to solutions of crystalline substances that can pass through a semipermeable membrane and are distributed widely in body fluid compartments. The conventional Starling model predicts transvascular exchange based on the net balance of opposing hydrostatic and oncotic forces. Based on this model, colloids might be considered superior resuscitative fluids. However, observations of fluid behaviour during critical illness are not consistent with such predictions. Large randomized controlled studies have consistently found that colloids offer no survival advantage relative to crystalloids in critically-ill patients. A revised Starling model describes a central role for the endothelial glycocalyx in determining fluid disposition. This model supports crystalloid utilization in most critical care settings where the endothelial surface layer is disrupted and lower capillary pressures (hypovolaemia) make volume expansion with crystalloids effective, since transvascular filtration decreases, intravascular retention increases and clearance is significantly reduced. There are important negative consequences of both inadequate and excessive crystalloid resuscitation. Precise dosing may be titrated based on functional measures of preload responsiveness like pulse pressure variation or responses to manoeuvres such as passive leg raising. Crystalloids have variable electrolyte concentrations, volumes of distribution, and, consequently variable effects on plasma pH. Choosing balanced crystalloid solutions for resuscitation may be potentially advantageous versus ‘normal’ (isotonic, 0.9%) saline solutions. When used as the primary fluid for resuscitation, saline solutions may have adverse effects in critically-ill patients secondary to a reduction in the strong ion difference and hyperchloraemic, metabolic acidosis. Significant negative effects on immune and renal function may result as well.
Book chapters on the topic "One compartment model"
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Aura, Anna-Marja, and Johanna Maukonen. "One Compartment Fermentation Model." In The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4_25.
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Talevi, Alan, and Carolina L. Bellera. "One-Compartment Pharmacokinetic Model." In The ADME Encyclopedia. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51519-5_58-1.
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Saiti, Kyriaki, Martin Macaš, Kateřina Štechová, Pavlína Pit’hová, and Lenka Lhotská. "Predicting Blood Glucose Levels for a Type I Diabetes Patient by Combination of Autoregressive with One Compartment Open Model." In EMBEC & NBC 2017. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_193.
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Kalenscher, Tobias, Lisa-Maria Schönfeld, Sebastian Löbner, et al. "Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations as Social Reinforcers—Implications for a Multilevel Model of the Cognitive Representation of Action and Rats’ Social World." In Language, Cognition, and Mind. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_19.
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AbstractRats are social animals. For example, rats exhibit mutual-reward preferences, preferring choice alternatives that yield a reward to themselves as well as to a conspecific, over alternatives that yield a reward only to themselves. We have recently hypothesized that such mutual-reward preferences might be the result of reinforcing properties of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by the conspecifics. USVs in rats serve as situation-dependent socio-affective signals with important communicative functions. To test this possibility, here, we trained rats to enter one of two compartments in a T-maze setting. Entering either compartment yielded identical food rewards as well as playback of pre-recorded USVs either in the 50-kHz range, which we expected to be appetitive or therefore a potential positive reinforcer, or in the 22-kHz range predicted to be aversive and therefore a potential negative reinforcer. In three separate experimental conditions, rats chose between compartments yielding either 50-kHz USVs versus a non-ultrasonic control stimulus (condition 1), 22-kHz USVs versus a non-ultrasonic control stimulus (condition 2), or 50-kHz versus 22-kHz USVs (condition 3). Results show that rats exhibit a transient preference for the 50-kHz USV playback over non-ultrasonic control stimuli, as well as an initial avoidance of 22-kHz USV relative to non-ultrasonic control stimuli on trend-level. As rats progressed within session through trials, and across sessions, these preferences diminished, in line with previous findings. These results support our hypothesis that USVs have transiently motivating reinforcing properties, putatively acquired through association processes, but also highlight that these motivating properties are context-dependent and modulatory, and might not act as primary reinforcers when presented in isolation. We conclude this article with a second part on a multilevel cognitive theory of rats’ action and action learning. The “cascade” approach assumes that rats’ cognitive representations of action may be multilevel. A basic physical level of action may be invested with higher levels of action that integrate emotional, motivational, and social significance. Learning in an experiment consists in the cognitive formation of multilevel action representations. Social action and interaction in particular are proposed to be cognitively modeled as multilevel. Our results have implications for understanding the structure of social cognition, and social learning, in animals and humans.
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Wickström, Ulf. "Post-Flashover Compartment Fires: One-Zone Models." In Temperature Calculation in Fire Safety Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30172-3_10.
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Zhang, Zhixiong, Xinwen Zhang, and Ravi Sandhu. "Towards a Scalable Role and Organization Based Access Control Model with Decentralized Security Administration." In Handbook of Research on Social and Organizational Liabilities in Information Security. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-132-2.ch006.
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This chapter addresses the problem that traditional role-base access control (RBAC) models do not scale up well for modeling security policies spanning multiple organizations. After reviewing recently proposed Role and Organization Based Access Control (ROBAC) models, an administrative ROBAC model called AROBAC07 is presented and formalized in this chapter. Two examples are used to motivate and demonstrate the usefulness of ROBAC. Comparison between AROBAC07 and other administrative RBAC models are given. We show that ROBAC/AROBAC07 can significantly reduce administration complexity for applications involving a large number of organizational units. Finally, an application compartment-based delegation model is introduced, which provides a method to construct administrative role hierarchy in AROBAC07. We show that the AROBAC07 model provides convenient ways to decentralize administrative tasks for ROBAC systems and scales up well for role-based systems involving a large number of organizational units.
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Shinbrot, Troy. "Diffusion." In Biomedical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812586.003.0012.
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The diffusion equation is derived and solved for simple geometries. Fourier series are described, and superposition is used to combine simple solutions into more complicated ones. Advection is combined with diffusion, and compartment models defining diffusion between contacting systems (e.g. a pill, the gut, the bloodstream and tissues) are described.
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Doveton, John H. "Saturation-Height Functions." In Principles of Mathematical Petrophysics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199978045.003.0012.
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As observed by Worthington (2002), “The application of saturation-height functions forms part of the intersection of geologic, petrophysical, and reservoir engineering practices within integrated reservoir description.” It is also a critical reference point for mathematical petrophysics; the consequences of deterministic and statistical prediction models are finally evaluated in terms of how closely the estimates conform to physical laws. Saturations within a reservoir are controlled by buoyancy pressure applied to pore-throat size distributions and pore-body storage capacities within a rock unit that varies both laterally and vertically and may be subdivided into compartments that are not in pressure communication. Traditional lithostratigraphic methods describe reservoir architecture as correlative rock units, but the degree to which this partitioning matches flow units must be carefully evaluated to reconcile petrofacies with lithofacies. Stratigraphic correlation provides the fundamental reference framework for surfaces that define structure and isopach maps and usually represent principal reflection events in the seismic record. In some instances, there is a strong conformance between lithofacies and petrofacies, but all too commonly, this is not the case, and petrofacies must be partitioned and evaluated separately. Failure to do this may result in invalid volumetrics and reservoir models that are inadequate for fluid-flow characterization. A dynamic reservoir model must be history matched to the actual performance of the reservoir; this process often requires adjustments of petrophysical parameters to improve the reconciliation between the model’s performance and the history of production. Once established, the reservoir model provides many beneficial outcomes. At the largest scale, the model assesses the volumetrics of hydrocarbons in place. Within the reservoir, the model establishes any partitioning that may exist between compartments on the basis of pressure differences and, therefore, lack of communication. Lateral trends within the model trace changes in rock reservoir quality that control anticipated rates and types of fluids produced in development wells. Because the modeled fluids represent initial reservoir conditions, comparisons can be made between water saturations of the models and those calculated from logs in later wells, helping to ascertain sweep efficiency during production.
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Koch, Christof. "The Membrane Equation." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0007.
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Any physical or biophysical mechanism instantiating an information processing system that needs to survive in the real world must obey several constraints: (1) it must operate at high speeds, (2) it must have a rich repertoire of computational primitives, with the ability to implement a variety of linear and nonlinear, high-gain, operations, and (3) it must interface with the physical world—in the sense of being able to represent sensory input patterns accurately and translate the result of the computations into action, that is motor output (Keyes, 1985). The membrane potential is the one physical variable within the nervous system that fulfills these three requirements: it can vary rapidly over large distances (e.g., an action potential changes the potential by 100 mV within 1 msec, propagating up to 1 cm or more down an axon within that time), and the membrane potential controls a vast number of nonlinear gates—ionic channels—that provide a very rich substrate for implementing nonlinear operations. These channels transduce visual, tactile, auditory, and olfactory stimuli into thanges of the membrane potential, and such voltage changes back into the release of neurotransmitters or the contraction of muscles. This is not to deny that ionic fluxes, or chemical interactions of various substances with each other, are not crucial to the working of the brain. They are, and we will study some of these mechanisms in Chap. 11. Yet the membrane potential is the incisive variable that serves as primary vehicle for the neuronal operations underlying rapid computations—at the fraction of a second time scale—in the brain. We will introduce the reader in a very gentle manner to the electrical properties of nerve cells by starting off with the very simplest of all neuronal models, consisting of nothing more than a resistance and a capacitance (a so-called RC circuit). Yet endowed with synaptic input, this model can already implement a critical nonlinear operation, divisive normalization and gain control. As a starting point, we choose a so-called point representation of a neuron. Here, the spatial dependency of the neuron is reduced to a single point or compartment.
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"A Stochastic Compartmental Model for Dynamic Biological Systems." In Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloguium on Differential Equations. De Gruyter, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783112314050-037.
Full textConference papers on the topic "One compartment model"
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Kocher, M., JL Daire, P. Thevenaz, et al. "Myocardial perfusion assessment by use of system identification method in a one-compartment model." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4353337.
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Doury, Maxime, Alexandre Dizeux, Alain De Cesare, Olivier Lucidarme, Lori Bridal, and Frederique Frouin. "Regularized linear resolution of a one-compartment model to improve the reproducibility of perfusion parameters in CEUS." In 2016 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2016.7728584.
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McGrattan, Kevin B., Michelle Donnelly, Anthony Hamins, et al. "Validation Experiments of Large Compartment Fires." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41384.
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In cooperation with the fire protection engineering community, a computational fire model, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is being developed at NIST to study fire behavior and to evaluate the performance of fire protection systems in buildings. The software was released into the public domain in 2000, and since then has been used for a wide variety of analyses by fire protection engineers. An on-going need is to develop and validate new sub-models. Fire experiments are conducted for a variety of reasons, and model predictions of these experiments over the past few decades have gradually improved. However, as the models become more detailed, so must the measurements. The bulk of available large scale test data consist of temperature (thermocouple) measurements made at various points above a fire or throughout an enclosure. While it is useful to compare model predictions with these measurements, one can only gauge how closely the model reproduces the given data. There is often no way to infer why the model and experiment disagree, and thus no way to improve the model. Also, it is difficult to separate various physical phenomena in a large scale fire test so that combustion, radiation and heat transfer algorithms can be evaluated independently. For example, the heat release rate of the fire governs the rate at which energy is added to the system, convective and radiative transport distribute the energy throughout, and thermal conduction drains the system of some of the energy. The measured value of a temperature, heat flux, or gas concentration at any one point depends on all the physical processes, and uncertainties in each phase of the calculation tend to combine in a non-linear way impacting the prediction.
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Kothakapu, Divya, and Srinivas Avishetti. "Gas Turbine Compartment Ventilation System." In ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8161.
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The configuration of the compartment ventilation system is an important requirement in the gas turbine industry. The purpose of heating and ventilation system is to keep the turbine compartment within a fixed temperature envelope for at least personnel safety, equipment protection and reduction of turbine distortion by maintaining circumferentially uniform temperature distribution. The ventilation system also provides capability to detect and dilute the leaks by continually purging potential gas build up areas. Displacement ventilation is commonly used for the above considerations. The current GE approach is to perform CFD analysis to quantify the ventilation fan flow rate and arrive at fan static pressure head through simplified 1-D calculations. A detailed CFD geometric model is developed by including the entire turbine, piping, major support structure, all components with stringent temperature limits, ventilation inlets and outlets, enclosure roof and walls to verify the flow field. The fan static pressure head for various ambient conditions is obtained through 1-D calculations using the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) duct-fitting database. The goal of this work is: (1) accurate modeling of the components within the enclosure for better prediction of component temperatures; (2) consideration of solar radiation; and (3) integration of the 1-Dimensional Flowmaster models and 3-Dimensional CFD results to improve the predictions from One-Dimensional model.
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Perez, Rodrigo, and Veronica Alonso. "The ultimate approach for General Arrangement Definition." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2014-p8.
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General Arrangement Drawing is a communication language that uses graphics to represent principally: volumes, spaces, compartments, bulkheads, hull forms, decks and main equipment’s. The general arrangement of a vessel can be defined as the allocation of volumes for all the crucial functions/operations, correctly synchronized for position and access. The well-organized operation of a ship depends upon the proper arrangement of each individual volume/space and the most efficient interrelationships among all compartments. It is vital that the general arrangement of a ship be usefully, practically and cost-effectively developed with respect to key factors that influence construction and operation cost, in particular the manpower required to operate the vessel. It is essential for those who are involved in shipbuilding industry to understand new tools for this kind of vessel drawing and know how to draw them, saving time for the rest of the process of ship design. In this paper it is showed, for first time in a conference, a new module dedicated to definition and management the compartment arrangement of a ship. Compartment arrangement of a vessel is based on the definition of its spaces. Each space is represented by its 3D model. Spaces contain further information than the geometric one, been able to set different user attributes to them or to their limits. 3D model of the spaces is generated taken as reference the surfaces of the ship as well as auxiliary geometry. It is also possible the definition of spaces from 2D drawing in a specific definition environment. Finally, this compartment arrangement is available for hydrostatic and stability calculations.
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Shah, Parthiv N., Tricia Waniewski Sur, R. Scott Miskovish, and Albert Robinson. "Theoretical and Computational Analysis of an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Installation Cooling System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68643.
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This paper presents a theoretical one-dimensional model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a tailcone-installed APU cooling system. The work is motivated by the need to deliver sufficient cooling airflow to critical components within an aircraft tailcone compartment. The cooling system considered herein utilizes (1) an eductor system at the APU exhaust and (2) a ram air scoop near an upstream inlet to the compartment to induce the necessary cooling flow during ground and in-flight APU operation. A one-dimensional flow network model provides a framework for the quantification and matching of eductor pumping and system pressure drop characteristics. Detailed CFD models that simulate internal tailcone compartment flows driven by ambient conditions external to the aircraft in ground or flight operation support the one-dimensional model and are used to characterize component performance and assess different scoop and eductor designs. The one-dimensional flow network model is calibrated to the CFD results to predict system cooling performance under known APU loads at points on the ground and in the flight envelope. The agreement between the models is encouraging and suggests the modeling framework and CFD techniques discussed will be applicable to future designs and improvements of eductor-driven aircraft compartment cooling systems.
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Walter, Jonathan P., Hugh Pun, Terese L. Chmielewski, Newton Chan, and Benjamin J. Fregly. "Real-Time Model-Based Gait Retraining for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206567.
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According to the Arthritis Foundation, 66 million Americans (or nearly 1 in 3 adults) currently suffer from arthritis, with osteoarthritis (OA) being the most common form, and the knee being the joint most commonly affected. Despite the need for early treatment, few clinical interventions slow the progression of knee OA. Since articular cartilage is responsive to the amount of joint loading, reducing compressive loads in the diseased compartment may slow the rate of cartilage breakdown. Because medial compartment load cannot be measured non-invasively in vivo, an external measure to quantify the desired load reduction has been sought. The best candidate found thus far is the external knee adduction moment during gait [1]. This moment exhibits two peaks during the gait cycle, one during early stance phase and the other during late stance. A high peak knee adduction moment has been correlated with increased disease severity [2] and an increased rate of disease progression [3].
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Wei, Y., U. Nienhuis, and E. Moredo. "Two Approaches to Scheduling Outfitting Processes in Shipbuilding." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2009-p09.
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In shipbuilding, outfitting is the process of installing non-structural components, like equipment, pipes, cables, ducts, etc., which can run through several structural compartments. Pre-outfitting is defined as outfitting activities that take place before hull erection, thus during panel, section and block assembly. The outfitting process is characterized by interferences between yard and many subcontractors, disturbances by unexpected delays, and technological constraints concerning the installation of main propulsion machinery. Scheduling of this process is therefore quite complex and a difficult topic to research. According to extensive literature study, there have been some relevant paper published more than twenty years ago[1],[2],[3],although since then the topic has not received much attention.. Traditionally, the initial outfitting process planning is generated largely manually by experts with the help of computer software, like Microsoft Project and Primavera. These tools allow some limited plan checking and evaluation. As soon as special simulation tools, for example based on eM-Plant or, Arena, are fully developed, plans can be tested, analyzed and optimized in a more accurate way. Even though the digitalization of downstream work is being developed, the initial plan depends greatly on experts. They have to be trained and then gain their expertise from practice. It generally takes over five years for someone to acquire sufficient expertise in a particular area[4]. Furthermore, the knowledge the experts gained by their years of experience may be lost, due to retirement and personnel quitting the company. Hence, it is indispensable to make such tacit knowledge explicit through models. It means that in order to optimize the facilities, maximize the production efficiency and minimize the building time, it is necessary to develop a system to automatically generate plans for outfitting processes, which can also support the simulation models afterwards for verification purposes. The research discussed in this paper looks into the possibilities to automatically generate an outfitting sequence and planning, based on two approaches. The first approach is an analytical approach, where the focus lies on the most convenient installation sequence on a system or compartment level. This sequence considers all relations between activities within one system and with activities of other systems, and relations within one compartment and its adjacent compartments. Then a mathematical approach is discussed. Physical constraints between the pipes, ducts, cable trays, etc. are introduced and represented. A model is made to generate an installation sequence of these components in one compartment.
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Li, Yabing, and Xuewu Cao. "Study on Hydrogen Risk of Spent Fuel Compartment Induced by Containment Venting." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67800.
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Hydrogen risk in the spent fuel compartment becomes a matter of concern after the Fukushima accident. However, researches are mainly focused on the hydrogen generated by spent fuels due to lack of cooling. As a severe accident management strategy, one of the containment venting paths is to vent the containment through the normal residual heat removal system (RNS) to the spent fuel compartment, which will cause hydrogen build up in it. Therefore, the hydrogen risk induced by containment venting for the spent fuel compartment is studied for advanced passive PWR in this paper. The spent fuel pool compartment model is built and analyzed with integral accident analysis code couple with the containment analysis. Hydrogen risk in the spent fuel pool compartment is evaluated combining with containment venting. Since the containment venting is mainly implemented in two different strategies, containment depressurization and control hydrogen flammability, these two strategies are analyzed in this paper to evaluated the hydrogen risk in the spent fuel compartment. Result shows that there will not be significate hydrogen built up with the hydrogen control system available in the containment. However, if the hydrogen control system is not available, venting into the spent fuel pool compartment will cause a certain level of hydrogen risk there. Besides, suggestions are made for containment venting strategy considering hydrogen risk in spent fuel pool compartment.
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Metzger, Lukas, and Matthias Kind. "Compartment Method for Dynamic Multi-Scale Simulation of Precipitation Reactors." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21547.
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Precipitation crystallization is one possibility to produce nano-scaled solid particles from the liquid phase. High nucleation and growth rates are generated by mixing two well soluble reactants and their subsequent reaction to a sparingly soluble product. These primary processes can be very fast. Therefore experimental access to internal parameters is given insufficiently due to predominantly very short process times. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based methods are a promising tool to gain insight into those inaccessible processes. Unfortunately, 3D modeling of complex precipitation reactors poses enormous difficulties and computational costs to CFD especially in the production scale under the aspect of macroscopic flowfields down to microscale modeling of mixing, rheology and particle formation. Therefore, a new methodic approach is presented that is able to handle these complex interactions. Due to local and temporal multiscale complexity, it is not advisable to model the complete apparatus. One basic principle of the methodical consideration is the arrangement of cross-linked compartments to reduce the huge unsimulatable control volume in its complexity and dimensions. Thereby, population balance equations (PBE) are solved, using CFD measured, average state variables, with a discrete one-dimensional High Resolution Finite Volume (HRFV) algorithm. Nevertheless appropriate fundamental kinetics for primary and secondary processes have to be implemented. Besides the new methodic approach, this paper deals with the influence of temporal supersaturation buildup on the product particle distribution. It is shown that important conclusions about the mixing behavior of Confined Impinging Jet mixers (CIJMs) can be drawn by coupling CFD and external population balancing even without any micromixing model. The contribution provides an insight into the methodic approach and first derived results.
Reports on the topic "One compartment model"
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Zeng, Gengsheng, Dan Kadrmas, and Grant Gullberg. Closed-Form Formulas for Estimation of Kinetic Parameters in One- and Two-Compartment Models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1169337.
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Tollar, Eric S. On the Limit Behavior of a Multi-Compartment Storage Model with an Underlying Markov Chain. I. Without Normalization. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada161293.
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Tollar, Eric S. On the Limit Behavior of a Multi-Compartment Storage Model with an Underlying Markov Chain. II. With Normalization. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada161661.
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Lenz, Mark. RV POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS536/Leg 1. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_56_2020.
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DIPLANOAGAP: Distribution of Plastics in the North Atlantic Garbage Patch Ponta Delgada (Portugal) – Malaga (Spain) 17.08. – 12.09.2019 The expedition POS 536 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative of GEOMAR investigating the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus will be on the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the surface and near-surface waters to the deep sea and on the processes that mediate this transport. The obtained data will help to develop quantitative models that provide information about the level of plastic pollution in the different compartments of the open ocean (surface, water column, seafloor). Furthermore, the effects of plastic debris on marine organisms in the open ocean will be assessed. The cruise will provide data about the: (1) abundance of plastic debris with a minimum size of 100 μm as well as the composition of polymer types in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (2) abundance and composition of plastic debris in organic aggregates (“marine snow”), (3) in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates and fish) and in fecal pellets, (4) abundance and the identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.