Academic literature on the topic 'One Ending Digit'
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Journal articles on the topic "One Ending Digit"
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Choi, Jungsil, Yexin Jessica Li, and Adriana Samper. "The Influence of Health Motivation and Calorie Ending on Preferences for Indulgent Foods." Journal of Consumer Research 46, no. 3 (2019): 606–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz002.
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Abstract Food and beverage manufacturers now regularly display “just below” calorie amounts (e.g., 99, 199, 299) in advertisements, presumably to appeal to health-motivated consumers. “Just below” values are those that fall one or more digits below a round number, most commonly seen as nine-ending numbers. However, although nine-ending prices are known to stimulate purchase intent, it is unclear whether or when nine-ending calorie labeling shapes food preferences. The present research shows that when consumers view indulgent foods with just-below (vs. round-ending) calorie amounts, they exhibit higher consumption intentions, purchase intent, and consumption behavior, yet only if they are high in health motivation. This is due to a tendency for health-motivated consumers to overweigh the leftmost digit in multidigit numbers—a cognitive bias known as the “level effect.” This bias results in the perception that just-below (vs. round) -ending indulgent foods have relatively fewer calories, decreasing anticipated guilt and increasing consumption intentions and behavior. The superiority of just-below calorie presentation under health motivation is attenuated with the addition of reference intake labeling (i.e., % daily calorie intake values), which equalizes the magnitude of nine- and round-ending calorie indulgent foods.
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Byers, Bryan, and Richard A. Zeller. "Death Heaping in Vital Statistics." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 22, no. 2 (1991): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tafv-36nh-vtu2-n63x.
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Several authors have maintained that there tends to be a practice in statistical record keeping for an individual's age to be rounded off to the nearest digit ending in zero or five. This practice has been termed “age heaping.” This is a well established tendency in census data. The present study attempts to expand the aforementioned premise of age heaping to the study of death or mortality records. Since it has been established that age heaping occurs, one might speculate that a similar occurrence may be present in mortality data. This study presents statistical data that support the idea of “death heaping” in state vital statistics. Specifically, the authors attempt to show the possibility for the death date to be assigned as the birth date when there may be no adequate record of the date of birth for an individual who dies.
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Dzuba, Gregory, Alexander Filatov, Dmitry Gershuny, Igor Kil, and Vadim Nikitin. "Check Amount Recognition Based on the Cross Validation of Courtesy and Legal Amount Fields." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 11, no. 04 (1997): 639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000275.
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Check amount recognition is one of the most promising commercial applications of handwriting recognition. This paper is devoted to the description of the check reading system developed to recognize amounts on American personal checks. Special attention is paid to a reliable procedure developed to reject doubtful answers. For this purpose the legal (worded) amount on a personal check is recognized along with the courtesy (digit) amount. For both courtesy and legal amount fields, a brief description of all recognition stages beginning with field extraction and ending with the recognition itself are presented. We also present the explanation of problems existing at each stage and their possible solutions. The numeral recognizer used to read the amounts written in figures is described. This recognizer is based on the procedure of matching input subgraphs to graphs of symbol prototypes. Main principles of the handwriting recognizer used to read amounts written in words are explained. The recognizer is based on the idea of describing the handwriting with the most stable handwriting elements. The concept of the optimal confidence level of the recognition answer is introduced. It is shown that the conditional probability of the answer correctness is an optimal confidence level function. The algorithms of the optimal confidence level estimation for some special cases are described. The sophisticated algorithm of cross validation between legal and courtesy amount recognition results based on the optimal confidence level approach is proposed. Experimental results on real checks are presented. The recognition rate at 1% error rate is 67%. The recognition rate without reject is 85%. Significant improvement is achieved due to legal amount processing in spite of a relatively low recognition rate for this field.
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Schindler, Robert M., H. G. Parsa, and Sandra Naipaul. "Hospitality Managers’ Price-Ending Beliefs." Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2011): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965511421168.
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The use of “just-below” pricing (such as pricing an item at $6.99 or $6.95, rather than $7.00) has been common in some segments of the hospitality industry (such as quick-service and mid-scale dining). The results of a detailed survey of the price-ending beliefs of hospitality managers show that many believe that just-below prices connote good value and round-number prices connote high quality. Furthermore, the majority of these managers believe that consumers tend to drop off or otherwise give insufficient consideration to a price’s rightmost digits. Although one might expect this drop-off belief among those managers who use just-below price endings, it is found also in a majority of those managers who do not use just-below price endings. The survey results suggest that managers who decline the benefits of a consumer drop-off tendency do so because they also believe in one or more possible negative consequences of using just-below price endings. These include the beliefs that just-below endings (1) impair perceptions of high quality, (2) work against an upscale image, (3) give an impression of not being fully honest or straightforward, and (4) involve inconvenience in calculating or communicating the price or in making change.
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Knellwolf, T. P., A. R. Burton, E. Hammam, and V. G. Macefield. "Firing properties of muscle spindles supplying the intrinsic foot muscles of humans in unloaded and freestanding conditions." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 1 (2019): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00539.2018.
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We recently developed an approach for recording from muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the foot in freestanding humans by inserting a tungsten microelectrode into the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus of the ankle. Here we characterize the behavior of muscle spindles in the small muscles of the foot in 1) seated subjects with the leg horizontal and the foot naturally plantarflexed and 2) standing subjects. In the first study, recordings were made from 26 muscle spindle afferents located within flexor digiti minimi brevis ( n = 4), abductor digiti minimi ( n = 3), quadratus plantae ( n = 3), plantar interossei ( n = 4), flexor digitorum brevis ( n = 3), dorsal interossei ( n = 2), and lumbricals ( n = 2), with one each supplying abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis. The identity of another two muscle afferents was unknown. The majority of the units were silent at rest, only seven (27%) being spontaneously active. Because of the anatomic constraints of the foot, some spindles supplying muscles acting on the toes responded to movements of one or more digits. In the second study, 12 muscle spindle afferents were examined during standing. The ongoing discharge of eight spindle afferents covaried with changes in the center of pressure during postural sway. We conclude that the majority of spindle endings in the small muscles of the foot are silent at rest, which may allow them to encode changes in conformation of the foot when it is loaded during standing. Moreover, these muscle spindle afferents can provide useful proprioceptive information during standing and postural sway. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have characterized the firing properties of muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the human foot for the first time. The majority of the spindle endings are silent in seated subjects, and most fire tonically during standing, their discharge covarying with center of pressure during postural sway. We conclude that spindle endings in the intrinsic muscles of the foot provide useful proprioceptive information during free standing.
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Michelsen, William. "Om tankebilledet i Grundtvigs sidste digt." Grundtvig-Studier 46, no. 1 (1995): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v46i1.16182.
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About the Thought-Image in Grundtvig’s Last PoemBy William MichelsenThe article is a contribution to the on-going debate about the interpretation of a hardly legible line in Grundtvig’s last poem, .Old Enough I Now Have Grown. (Grundtvig Studier, 1994, p. 107).In last year’s Grundtvig Studier, FI. Lundgreen Nielsen argues in favour of the reading .Soul-Ferry-Prow., understanding the phrase as determined by .a reversed Charon myth, the antique ferryman having been replaced by the Spirit of God, and his barge pole by the compass of God’s word. (Grundtvig Studier, 1994, p. 116).Thus, with some support in Bent Noack’s interpretation (Vartovbogen, 1993), FI. Lundgreen-Nielsen can read the poem as pervaded by maritime images. William Michelsen agrees on this point, but objects to the understanding of Grundtvig’s last poem as a reversed Charon myth. Instead William Michelsen reads the poem as an example of Grundtvig’s use of the symbol world of Nordic mythology in his personal Christian poetry. Grundtvig expresses his thoughts in poetry, and thus a thought image arises. The decisive feature of the thought image in this poem is precisely that it contradicts the Charon image, i.e. the notion that man’s death is a journey to the land of the dead. To Grundtvig, the sea is usually not an image of death, but an image of history, of human life. In Grundtvig’s view, death does not mean that life comes to an end, but death means a dangerous journey, since it takes man either towards the land of the dead or the heavenly harbour. In accordance with the old world picture, the firmament is close to the earth, encircling the horizon. In Nordic mythology, the inhabited land was surrounded by the ocean, separating the earth from the land of the dead, Hel or Valhalla. Thus William Michelsen defines the poem not just as a »song of farewell«, but as a poem expressing a view of life, applicable to every Christian. Instead of »Soul-Ferry-Prow«, Grundtvig’s son Svend Grundtvig reads the difficult line as »Soul-Eye-Prow«, which would make the poem into an exclusively personal poem. William Michelsen does not reject this personal interpretation, but sees the ship as the nave, the »church ship«, the Christian church, where the Spirit of God is the master mariner, and where many people, the whole of Christendom, together with Grundtvig, are on board. Usually Grundtvig sees the church in terms of a house, and not until now, during the composition of this poem, does he see the church as a ship, steered by the Spirit of God to ensure that the church reaches the »Heavenly Harbour« - this being emphasized by the masculine ending of the last stanza but one. The poem is an expression of Grundtvig’s Christian interpretation of the existential situation of man facing death.
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Allendorf, T. S. "SENECAN SIGNIFICATION.TROADES1055." Classical Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2017): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838817000246.
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The fourth choral ode in Seneca's tragedyTroadesends thus (1050–5):tum puer matri genetrixque natoTroia qua iaceat regione monstransdicet et longe digito notabit:‘Ilium est illic, ubi fumus alteserpit in caelum nebulaeque turpes.’Troes hoc signo patriam uidebunt.This ending provides a powerful conclusion to the Chorus’ Epicurean-inspired philosophizing in the ode. The image of the Trojan women ‘seeing’ (uidebunt) the ‘smoke and squalid clouds creep[ing] high into the heavens’ (1053–4) recalls the Lucretian description of the soul, atomic in nature, leaving the dead body: compare especiallyet nebula ac fumus quoniam discedit in auras,|crede animam quoque diffundi …(Lucr. 3.436–7) andergo dissolui quoque conuenit omnem animai|naturam, ceu fumus, in altas aeris auras(Lucr. 3.455–6). The image and the Lucretian resonance also create an intratextual link with the second ode ofTroades(371–408). In that ode, the Chorus set out to develop a philosophical position about the question of death and the possibility of an afterlife. Their philosophizing is aided by Lucretian language and imagery, and the clear verbal echoes of Lucretius include the soul escaping into air like vapour: ‘the spirit, with fleeing breath, has mingled with the clouds and passed away into air’ (…profugo spiritus halitu|immixtus nebulis cessit in aera, 379–80), which recalls the Lucretian lines above. At the end of the fourth ode, the Lucretian intertext of the smoke image is linked to another startling element that may point to (Epicurean) philosophizing: Seneca's use ofsignum(1055).
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Ansuini, Caterina, Marco Santello, Stefano Massaccesi, and Umberto Castiello. "Effects of End-Goal on Hand Shaping." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 4 (2006): 2456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01107.2005.
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The aim of the present study was to determine whether hand shaping was affected by planning of an action subsequent to object contact. Ten subjects (5 females and 5 males, ages 19–33) were requested to reach toward and grasp a convex object between the thumb and the four fingers of the right hand and to perform one of the following actions: 1) lift up the object; 2) insert the object into a niche of a similar shape and size as the object, or 3) insert the object into a rectangular niche much larger than the object. Flexion/extension at the metacarpal-phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of all digits were measured using resistive sensors embedded in a glove. Although all experimental conditions required grasping the same object, we found different covariation patterns among finger joint angles across conditions. Gradual preshaping of the hand occurred only when planning object lift or when the end-goal required object placement into the tight niche. In contrast, for the larger niche, gradual preshaping was not evident for the ring and the little finger. Further, reaching movements were faster for movements ending with the larger niche than for the other movement conditions. The present results suggest that hand shaping takes into account end-goal in addition to object geometry. We discuss these findings in the context of forward internal models that allow the prediction of the sensorimotor consequences of motor commands in advance to their execution.
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Hodges, Brady T., and Haipeng (Allan) Chen. "In the Eye of the Beholder: The Interplay of Numeracy and Fluency in Consumer Response to 99-Ending Prices." Journal of Consumer Research, June 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucab040.
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Abstract Across three laboratory studies, a biometric eye tracking and facial recognition experiment, and a secondary data analysis, we reveal the unique interaction of consumer numeracy and numerical processing fluency as a significant determinant of consumer response to 99-ending prices. We argue that less numerate individuals create mental analog representations around 99-ending prices’ left digits, whereas highly numerate individuals encode 99-ending prices as their one-cent neighbor, with consumers responding more favorably to prices when they mentally encode them around a fluent number. Specifically, highly numerate individuals respond more favorably when 99-ending prices (e.g., 17.99) border a fluent number (i.e., 18). Conversely, less numerate individuals respond more favorably when 99-ending prices (e.g., 16.99) contain fluent left digits (i.e., 16). We provide empirical evidence for the effects of this processing difference on liking, purchase intentions, and actual sales. We also obtain evidence for the underlying process using eye tracking and facial recognition that reveals that highly (vs. less) numerate individuals exhibit less anxiety when processing multi-digit prices, and consequently fixate sooner, more frequently, and for longer durations on the right digits of a price. The findings contribute significantly to the price processing literature and yield substantial managerial implications.
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Foti, Kathryn E., Lawrence J. Appel, Kunihiro Matsushita, Josef Coresh, G. Caleb Alexander, and Elizabeth Selvin. "Digit Preference in Office Blood Pressure Measurements, United States 2015–2019." American Journal of Hypertension, November 27, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpaa196.
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Abstract Background Blood pressure (BP) measurement error may lead to under- or overtreatment of hypertension. One common source of error is terminal digit preference, most often a terminal digit of ‘0’. The objective was to evaluate national trends in terminal digit preference in office BP measurements among adults with treated hypertension. Methods Data were from IQVIA’s National Disease and Therapeutic Index, a nationally representative, serial cross-sectional survey of office-based physicians. The analysis included office visits from 2015 to 2019 among adults aged ≥18 years receiving antihypertensive treatment. Annual trends were examined in the percent of systolic and diastolic BP measurements ending in zero by patient sex, age, and race/ethnicity, physician specialty, and first or subsequent hypertension treatment visit. Results From 2015 to 2019, there were ~60 million hypertension treatment visits annually (unweighted N: 5,585-9,085). There was a decrease in the percent of visits with systolic (41.7% to 37.7%) or diastolic (42.7% to 37.8%) BP recordings ending in zero. Trends were similar by patient characteristics. However, a greater proportion of measurements ended in zero among patients aged ≥80 (vs 15-59 or 60-79) years, first (vs subsequent) treatment visits, visits to cardiologists (vs primary care physicians), and visits with systolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 (vs <140/90) mmHg. Conclusions Despite modest improvement, terminal digit preference remains a common problem in office BP measurement in the U.S. Without bias, 10-20% of measurements are expected to end in zero. Reducing digit preference is a priority for improving BP measurement accuracy and hypertension management.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "One Ending Digit"
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Kupadakvinij, Naree, and Saruta Cholviroj. "Internationalization of Pricing Strategy : A case study on 9-Ending Prices using by Thai and Swedish retailers." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10633.
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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the differences between 9-ending on promotion prices used by Thai retailers and Swedish retailers. The quantitative research approach is the chosen method in order to evaluate the differences between 9-ending on promotion prices used by Thai retailers and Swedish retailers. The collection of data will be mainly concentrated on primary data through brochures from retailers in both countries. Evaluation of the price endings for advertised products in the brochures from Thai and Swedish retailers founded the distinctions between the use of 9-ending prices in many ways such as the way the retailers used left and right digits for price endings, the way they set the prices compared between the same product category and the same product sub-category.
Book chapters on the topic "One Ending Digit"
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Goldfinger, Eliot. "Four-Legged Animals Skeleton & Muscles (Numerous Views)." In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0011.
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Horse (equid) characteristics: One digit per foot ending in symmetrical, horny hoof. Walks on very tip of toe. Elongated skull; large lower jaw. Large upper and lower incisors. In side view, neck widens as it approaches shoulder (elongated triangular shape). Mane present, upright on wild species. Tuft of hair often present on forehead (“forelock”). Rear profile of neck straight or arched. Pointed, upright ears. Long, slender limbs. Humerus and femur short; lower portion of limb long, especially forefoot and hind foot (adaptation for speed by shifting weight of muscles mass upward, close to the body). Ulna and fibula reduced and fused to adjacent, weight-supporting bones. Femur has projecting third trochanter on outer side of shaft for attachment of the gluteus superficialis muscle. Barrel-like trunk. Long hair on tail. In same group as tapirs and rhinoceroses.
Conference papers on the topic "One Ending Digit"
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McNeal, David, Bassem elHassan, Farid Amirouche, and Mark Gonzalez. "Analysis of Finger Joint Kinematics Before and After MCP Joint Arthroplasty." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42990.
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The purpose of this study is to assess the kinematical changes in the flexion of the finger joints after MCP arthroplasty. Angular joint position in relation to its corresponding excursion was used to quantify the kinematics of the finger. The assessment used real time data acquisition and fresh-frozen cadaver hands. Several important benchmarks were considered in analyzing the data. First of all, the initiation of the digit was considered. When a tendon is pulled, motion is normally observed in the DIP first, followed by the PIP, and finally the MCP. This order should be maintained after the arthroplasty. For our kinematics study, it is also important to note any significant increase or decrease in the time of the initiation. Other benchmarks we considered include the starting and ending angle of the joints. The start and ending angle is important when studying the overall range of motion of the digit. The overall range of motion affects basic hand function and is one measure of successful arthroplasty. Excursion was also considered as an overall measure of how well the prosthesis mimics the original joint. Large changes in excursion could indicate that the original center of rotation has not been maintained.